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 NYPL RESEARCH LIBRARIES

3 3433 03435847 7

PUBLIC
EN * 1
Callendar
646
 A MANUAL
OF

ORTHOGRAPHIC
CURSIVE SHORTHAND
THE CAMBRIDGE SYSTEM .

BY -

HUGH L . CALLENDAR, M . A .
FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE , CAMBRIDGE.

London : C . J. CLAY AND SONS,

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE ,
AVE MARIA LANE.
1891
Price One Shilling.
3 ,872
LOR Plese opinions of Cursive Shorthand.
(cademy APMG 1889.--" The author has wisely discarded
the impracticable listinction between thin and thick strokes ;
he allows only two sizes of each character instead of Pitman's
ten or eleven , and he is strictly phonetic...Cursive seems to be
a better system than Pitman's in every respect.”
2085literary World . It can be absolutely scribbled without
oflogibility
Pdl Maxi Gazette, March 26. - " The book throughout is
severely reasonable, contrasting favourably with Pitman 's
Manual. Joined vowels are written in their proper order with
the consonants, thus avoiding the uncertainty and worry of
Pitman 's detached vowel dots and dashes, and no distinction
is made between thin strokes and thick ."
Science and Art,March . -- " His system only requires to be
known to be largely adopted.”
John Bull,March 2, 1889. — “ A system in our opinion far
superior to any other....It is easy, and intelligible in theory ,
handy in practice and eminently legible. We strongly recom
mend it to students of Shorthand.”
School Guardian , March .- “ Simple, scientific, and well
adapted for general use."
Mr H . W . Innes, B .A ., of 42 Great Coram Street, Russell
Square, W .C ., a Gurney writer and reporter from the Metro
politan School of Shorthand, who holds the Certificate of the
Phonetic Shorthand Writers' Association for a speed of 160
words a minute , writes as follows in the Feb. No. of The Office,
with regard to the corresponding style of Cursive as developed
in the Primer.
“ Sir, - In a recent communication to your journal, I
spoke of Cursive Shorthand as a system merely for popular
use. Since writing the letter in question I have been in cor.
respondence with Mr Callendar, and I find, after careful com
parison, that his system , as expounded in the sixpenny Primer,
is capable of expressing any passage, easy or difficult, with
greater brevity and considerably greater expressiveness than is
attainable with the Gurney system . Now that I have had it
clearly demonstrated to me that Mr Callendar's system needs
nearly 10 per cent. less ' inflections,' uses more facile strokes,
and, nevertheless, provides greater safeguards against faulty
transcription than Gurney, I must apologise for my faulty
valuation of . Cursive ' as an instrument for verbatim report
ing. At the same time I may mention that it is capable of
being written far more briefly than one would imagine from a
perusal of the published text-books, and that we may look for
further developments of the system in the future."
H . W . INNES.
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
The present system is an adaptation of the alphabet
and principles of Cursive Shorthand to the common ortho
graphy.
Two and a half years' experience in teaching Cursive
has convinced me that the difficulties which beginners
find in learning to spell correctly by sound are much
greater than I had previously imagined ; and that it is
unadvisable to attempt to introduce a phonetic system
of shorthand at an early stage in education .
I have every reason to believe that the present adapta
tion of Cursive to the common spelling will be found much
more simple and easy to learn than any of the phonetic
systems at present in vogue. There is very little to learn
beyond an alphabet of 26 characters, and the method of
joining them . In fact many students have succeeded in
reading and writing the present system with nothing but
the bare alphabet to guide them .
With the exception that themethod of spelling adopted
is orthographic instead of phonetic, no change has been
made in the fundamental principles of the system . These
have been already discussed and explained in the intro
duction to the Manual of Cursive Shorthand. It is
needless therefore to repeat them here.
The characters of the alphabet are for the most part
the same as in Phonetic Cursive; but the change of spell
ing has made it necessary to rearrange some of them .
 Introductory Remarks.
Advantage has been taken of this rearrangement to in
troduce several improvements in matters of detail, which
have been suggested by the experience of teachers. The
general style of the writing has been made even more flow
ing and lineal than before. The awkward backslope
has been eliminated from the alphabet, and restricted to
use in terminations, where it is comparatively harmless.
The writing requires no great niceties of penmanship .
No distinction is made, as in other systems, between thin
strokes and thick. Only two sizes of character are em
ployed ,instead of three or four. The vowel characters are
connecting strokes joined in their natural order together
with the consonants. The great majority of the signs are
written on the ordinary slope of longhand, and the forms
and distinctions between the characters are such as are
already familiar to every one who has learnt to write in
the ordinary style.
The system is strictly alphabetic. A letter is always
represented by its alphabetic character. There are no
alternative hooks and loops, or halving and doubling
principles, to puzzle and distract the student. A word
can be written in one way only. The rules are conse
quently very few , definite, and easy to apply.
In learning the system the student should work straight
through the alphabet and following pages, writing and
analysing every example as he comes to it. By the time
he reaches p. 12 he will thus have become thoroughly
familiar with the alphabet. He will then be able to read
the specimen on p. 14 , in which every word is spelt in full.
 igulñ
The Cursive Alphabet.
Letter Example Letter Example
oods
uro
on
A - lab, e act N . to know
deg

Dan oo
Bele bad lo los proof
fr.?

šes
cabby PNL plate

yggi
adder &*T
o query
Fala left
i trust
Hooi hit
I it ci city v u
w .wow
K ) los luck x s si exit
Lo b like ly . eyes
More melt Z vs sire
The arrows show the directions in
which the characters are written .
Doubled letters are shown , not by
repeating the character , but by putting
a dot below ; thus, - odd one too.
| Exception Itee ; thus,I sleep , op. y sup .
1– 2
 General Rules for Writing.
GENERAL RULES.
1. Orthographic Spelling . Allwords,when
written in full , are spelt according to the
common orthography . The characters are
to be joined together smoothly,without
lifting the pen , or making any unneces
sary angles or breaks. All the more com
mon and important joinings are fully
explained and illustrated in § 6 .
2 . Diphthongs. When twovowels come
together forming a diphthong , the angle
between them is slurred or rounded off
into a continuous curve ; thus, j ai aj,
Loyaninou v s reau = / .
When , however,the vowels are separately
sounded , either the characters are separated ,
on the angle between them is marked , as
in thewords, andre-enter , - Pölite ,
✓ Dea , on create , o Leo ,iz fiasco,
in serious,ad fuel , La poem .
 General Rules for Writing.

3 . The Two Sizes of Character must be

carefully distinguished , just as Cacol
exl, are distinguished in longhand .
The first letter of aword is generally
written so as to and on the line . The be
ginner should write between double ruled )
lines at first , as in the following examples:
Elencoiplaan = falu
est i taolst;uste,JV,oh,men
pend,minst ,ont; 92 , 585, lk, faks
Giltzu)against , tiz epitaph -
4 . Dividing aWord . A word may always
|be divided if it happens to be convenient .
The necessity for this, however, very seldom
arises except in the case of compoundwords
av lawsuit , coo Woolwich ,ja virgin .
5. Punctuation is effected in theusual
way,except the typhen & , and the Dash us .
| Initial Capitals are marked this
* 5 Jack , Clay , S.E., OISOLSW.R.
 How to Join the Characters.
|6 . How to write and Join the Characters.
In the following alphabetic list are
given examples and explanations of all
the joiningswhich are likely to cause
the beginner any difficulty .
A - is a short horizontal connecting stroke.
It forms the diphthongs jai , au ,nay.
ay may be curved eitherway. The forma
is used whenever it joins more clearly on
rasily than the form , asafter wuronny
thus, us days, a quay ; ep. e says , a hay .
B l iswritten like the letter b , but with
a more open loop and without the hook
upwards at the end . It formsthe compounds
bd lel robd bj f fe object ,be s
fable , br b b bray , bs f fe absurd ,
bt l be subtract , bo b b subvent .
Sc iswritten like the letter e , but is not
tumed up at the end ,unless followed by a
Cho is written and joined exactly like
 How to Join the Characters.
the longhand letter o; thus, o chair ,
loi Christ , o ache , op. eu ahead .
Other compounds are ; ck sy suckle ,
I soo close , credo crutch ,eta .
Du and ut have similar characters,
but that for & is made much flatter , and
about three times as long . It forms the
compounds dge erbjudge , dj y ,
ale osis fiddle , dr w dread , dow
dw us dwell .
Erisa short upstroke; it must not be
confused with is,which iswritten downwards
la rs may be curved eitherwaylike ay .
The form & is used except after online
an angle must always be made after a
before unor is thus to seat , u seas ,
weat , eo real , Lo pearl , we years,
The diphthongs eel, eil, el, are all
written upwards much more steeplythan u .
I d steep , op ho stupid . eur , rw ? a new .
8 Hlow to Join the Characters.
Z , is joined without an angle after vowels;
this,is if (not s). It is joined to following
characters like the longh and letter &;thus,
fta s soft , ida h puffd, zlafran
is rifle , zi afraid , fs a skiffs .
Gl is like the left-hand half of a capital
G . It forms the compounds, gh 6 of high
Igls se glory , go 6V agree , gnGRsign
Quo

He is a large circle or backward loop

beginning at the bottom . It is distinguished
from cho by theway it is joined ; thus, I
& hat ,sou chat , q what , to which
I ; is a short upstroke , like e ,but dotted .
iars maybe curved either way like ea ;
this, io social , e optician ; Schief
Ij is like the letter j, but is not dotted .
K ) is like Cg , but is turned the other way.
It is joined in the same way asof
Le od is a small circle or look like a rol
I but is turned the oppositeway , clockwise /
 9
How to Join the Characters.
When standing by itself as an initial of
is distinguished from GR by prefining a
short hair-stroke showing theway it is turned.
In other cases the distinction is obvious ; ep .
of black Ibe bread & play a pray
& clay to crow so little pe litre(2 )
crow

|_baddle ce dry a slay is Israël

po flow & fro be held oe herd
s glad 6 grade eworld for already
Other compounds are: lfa lo half lggwalk
ep qog help, ita ewilt , lo q la salve .
|Mn is like an , but much longer & flatter.
ยาวนาน, * / ind,
No is like the first hook of the letter n .
No angle reed be made in the compounds
ng 2 2 singer , nsp / 2 inspect . Other com
poundsare:- ni ere since ,nck o inches.
nd India ,of 3 is infer , y j injury
nlom unless, nson sense , ntar sent.
nk 3 is sink , rguz je inquest ,aw vir invent
1– 5
 How to Join the Characters.

10 - is made about three times aslong as-a

Oa - is distinguished from a bywriting
the - a above ; thus, o oar, upot ; Joak.
‫ن ن نے‬tid , a sf‫و‬ , ‫ماھ‬
Plis a long downstroke,like the upper half )
of the stroke of the letter pe. It is made about
three times as long asis. In joining is before
and after 12, the s-tick is sloped backwards!
thus, sprer de spear , ps J(= ) Scuops.
ph bd, or phrase , oth phlegm ; pl d de place
pro for present , pt 1 to depth , phth B .
Qu is like the lower loop of the letter of ;
it is turned the oppositeway to j. fresquire.
Reis a small circle like ļ, but is always
turned the oppositeway , like the loop of the
longhand letter e . For examples,see I .
. The compound & ree iswritten like the al
|foom of the longhand letter e ;thus, fierce |
other compoundsare: - rde,rte,of 3,k3
work , ma & leam , fp,rsp , rot
 How to Join the Characters. 11
S , is a short down- stroke like the tick
at the beginning on and of a capital S .
When standing alone, as an initial, it is
written straight down , this is to distinguish
it clearly from se ; ep . S .E .
In the compound Shothe h circle is made
smailler for neatness ; shib is distinguished
from ste by theway it is joined ; this;cp.
w shed , Tissi ,ou shred , 6 .o school.
Other compounds are:- se car scent ,sks
sl od slew , sm n , in ne skrbsphere ,
squ ffo square , st.cui still , Swt Panswer
In is like the hook at the end of the
letter t . Ihoiswritten like the letter d .
at the end of a wood the circle of the h need
not be completed ; thus , å with , lo both .
other compounds are :- teh o bo sketch ,
the ab eo turtle , trood truth , twoo two
I - is a long up-stroke on a flat slope,
|making an angle of about 430°with the line,
1-6
12 How to Join the Characters.
Tur is distinguished from tee by being
written much less steeply; ep. Vseen ,isun
Diphthongs narce guard , un
PA
suit
Lu is distinguished from u ste boy ito size
|cp. wie minster ,sº Minver ,o stews, Jview.
W EB is an upward hook ,which may be
turned either way. The first form is always
used at the beginning of aword , except before
I . Thus anway, wol , ewet up & write.
wr a is distinguished from oth by its size.
wh o, is made by enlarging thewhook so
as to look like the h circle ;up.or who,a hai.
ws;at the end of a word the addition of the s
tick to thewhook forms a loop ;thus, & sews,
co cows , laws. Other compounds are:
wk g Og hawk ,weco nowls,who dawn
X s. hoangle reed bemade in schools
set Engv extent ,fe exhort , 7, expense
Ye. t yacht ,wyet , no gove , yule.
Z tus daze , y Fitz , lo puzzle. I
 Key to the Specimen on Page 14. -
SPECIMEN OF FULLY-WRITTEN STYLE .
The preceding rules and examples will enable the student to
read the (1) specimen of writing given on the opposite * page, of
which this page is a (2)key. Every word of this specimen is written
in full letter for letter (3) just as it is here spelt. Nothing is
left out. The small figures in (4) brackets show where each line
of the shorthand ends, so that the stu -(5)dent may have no
difficulty in finding his place in the key, if (6) he happens to be
at a loss to make out a word. (7)
The ability to write any word in full just as it is spelt, is (8)
of the greatest value, especially for the correct spelling of ·
proper (9) names and foreign words, which is often a serions
matter ,(10) and is quite impossible in any phonetic system (11)
Even when thus written in full the system is very brief as
contrasted (12) with ordinary writing. For practical purposes a
still further increase (13) of brevity may be effected without any
sacrifice of clearness, by (1+) the use of shorter out- lines for such
words as and, the,(15) for, to, etc., which occur so often in every
page of English (16), and by the employment of a few other
simple methods of(17)abbreviation , which are illustrated in the
sections that follow ,(18 )and which constitute the ordinary style
of Cursive.
In the reporting style two new methods are introduced ,
namely 'expression by mode' and phraseography.' These.
together with the extension of themethods used in the ordinary
style, combine to render the reporting style of Cursive as short,
consistently with clearness, as any system of writing can pos
sibly be made. It is intended to treat this subject more fully
in a future publication , but the methods are so simple that it
has been thoughtworth while to include a short sketch of them
in the present manual. It is probable that the hints given on
pp. 30 - 32 will be sufficient to enable any intelligent student to
apply them successfully for himself without further assistance.
* After the execution of the plate it was thought better to arrange it so as
to be on the next page, instead of the opposite page,
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪Specimen of Fully-Written Style.‬‬
‫م نه‬ ‫‪ .‬انه‬
‫مروربهرهنما و‬ ‫و‬
‫‪ 02 ,‬م ) ننه ‪6 -‬‬ ‫ده نو‬
‫و به مربیبزنه نه نو ‪ -‬رم و ‪۸ .‬‬
‫از مو به ره وه ‪ .‬ک نند‬
‫حه ‪| 4‬‬ ‫او و ا ‪ ,‬ہموه ‪ - 9‬ن م‬
‫‪unga‬‬ ‫‪scainzoideroh ,in‬‬
‫‪ - - - - - -‬وه‬ ‫| س ‪ .‬رمی‬
‫‪ö fiu a sinreinglinik in‬‬
‫مسلم ‪9‬‬ ‫با معج ‪ 8‬مد بن‬ ‫دو را‬
‫‪,‬ممه نادیہ سہ‬ ‫(‪, )0‬بہن ‪-‬‬
‫‪wij 2b intrig .‬‬
‫‪ 9‬ب بني ‪69‬‬ ‫نت‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫یہی‬
‫مفهد نجم ‪ -‬ما غامد ‪ .‬نه منم هم‬
‫‪bineswon ese son , low‬‬
‫ی ہ معبه مامد من فمه ‪9 -‬‬
‫بني ‪ ..‬صمد‬ ‫من‬ ‫و‬
‫‪worms - o dinero‬‬
‫نه‬ ‫‪ ,‬هد و مز » ‪ 9‬نمران و من‬
‫به عنوسرےمنہ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫|‬
 Abbreviations Used in the Ordinary Style. 15
9. abbreviations. The following meth
lods of abbreviation are used in coore -
Ispondence and in ordinarywriting .
(a ) The vowels a to are omitted before
man , except initially andin rarewords ;
thus, as can orcom , or alone , con il mahni
An omission of this kind can always be
corrected ,if desired ,bywriting the omitted
character above ;thus, he band , he bond .
(b ) Dots are generally omitted in common
words such as it, in, is,is , him ,his ,will.
(C ) Initial Ih is omitted in all common
words. The omission is shown bywriting
the rest of theword above the line ; this,
- the , they , ...this, them,... tho', that
Exception . The character a ... written above
the line stands for the word and
(d ) In adding inflections towords ending
ling, the y is not changed to i orie ; thus,
12 applied , astmy , rasiest , & happier :
 Common Terminations.

(e) Some common terminations are abbre

viated as shown in the following list :
Ed. The & may generally be omitted ; thus,
i usd , i kiss'd , ce stir'd .
Ful afl ; Puseful , fa beautyfully .
Hood & hd ; me manhood .
Ingl a using a saying , n seeming
This form is used only for the inflection ing ]
and not in such words as n king , op .
Èsing , ₂ singing . It is better tocuire the
stroke ,thus , after a,minta, & vowels.
Ight ut,below ; a night , o, light :
Ion - un , dothed if necessary; Vaction
styy ,above , frabfil)ities,kºpeculation
Less als ; - Thankless , De fearlessness .
dy y below ; re nearly , I rasily, a dailie
ment mt ; a comment , q arangent
ress ins; & happiness , I thought fulness
Augh - esought , be brought .
Therehe; others ,Ward e ard , wes towards
 General Method , and Phrases.

| 10. The general method of abbre

viating long words is towrite only
the first syllable , and , if necessary,
to indicate the termination bywriting
the last letter or two , separated bya
small interval from the first part ; thus,
su different , so difference , Jacknow
ledge , I especially , ce circumstance ,
& extraordinary , f representative .
In many cases the termination may be
ljoined , as in the last three examples .
11.Phrases.Words may often be joined
together provided that they are closely
connected in sense . This applies sap.
ecially to common words, auxilianes ,
and particles , such as those contained
in the list on the opposite page : ex . gr.
fe able to do , ry asit is , n I am not ,
se Ihave had, of I shall be very, of tobe
thought to have been,of with aview to.
18 Abbreviations for Common Words.

[12. The following is a list of the abbrems

for common words used in the correspon
ding style . Many of them are such as
are commonly used in longhand .
abforust e lever & ... Iright at a
always a flor ) as forfra round ) a
(alm n,I'm ffriend 2 self as-ves a
amfunft - Igloold c Ishall)o,she
an (or a ) grleaft 6 Ishould a
and ...,afnly hate)e,holde themsfellures ....
are ) e, werke) e male a therefore). S .
ble) & beenh onlight a thing ..
because ) ke thos' out a
between ) to most a tousinto a
butt b Inostnoeffort an ufader ) /
cafa)e , be al nothing a week o
chilld a of , ofthe would a
efoulld a (otn nolotnly a which ) o
do) , does (the rafface a (with a
down as perhapsph ylou ) ,yours &
 Specimen of Ordinary Style ( Key, p. 1). 19
renerg
for an- fh by w
cor . can do
wo- ogregor acqagen
lussokenrorubcowen
ferrocarreras un nos
lurzorom - free - oor . .
‫ ها و‬,‫رہ‬
I rejechu bol u for w ch
ankelarong enor
‫ماه‬ - ‫ ها‬- ‫ رح‬. ‫وي هه وه‬
in - fh - 2600 orji
riranerordeon on
for non elfh . cur .
2° ° — K -94
- fore, a oq ahuinoby
rorehou asurans
m choor , wadeBuqro.
L ' ore - fh eszke 'worbre q ;
leo - koneneuognar .
20 Specimen of Ordinary Style (Key, p. 2).
wahy - corunongozi
hoone - woohola logo
vol. ' Goog orahnaman
groob. ' de Goglahoma the
on arren , & nnya .
' on gapin Tenis - my oward
wororrebron si no in
oro o 2 . v _34. Worrent
anon ero amid
zo - Geora' ere y - you .
" » - иел Д 'oysо,она
wooohoonlere yol
100 the .. den you lozha
ore . com eres geoque
e bg ,uto - vou in . read
granaridegroom- eva . |
noramago fh sol
16oor nogoochun . I'moool
lera , oera kremorqh . ooool
fun for 14 pre - oikrai
 ‫‪Specimen of Ordinary Style (Key, p. 23). 21‬‬
‫مه‬ ‫ه‬ ‫‪- of I .‬‬ ‫|‬
‫هه ر وه‬ ‫که وهبو‬
‫‪ .‬ع ‪ -‬نی به‬ ‫ا م‬ ‫وب‬ ‫لری ب‬
‫وہ بمہر‬ ‫‪ -‬اب ما اب‬
‫لرمه و‬ ‫سر ‪-‬‬ ‫میری‪,‬‬
‫‪ .‬ا د ا هما ما "‪ ,‬فمع ‪ -‬می ‪-‬‬
‫‪nocorolwarmesabir so‬‬
‫‪Kore 'nrmrindenfor‬‬
‫ره ‪ -‬سه ر یہ‬ ‫راک رهفه‬
‫‪-‬مرد‬ ‫‪ -‬ھ ‪ -‬وهو به ر‬ ‫یہ‬
‫ه بود ‪ -‬مہ ومه و‬ ‫ما ‪-‬‬
‫یہ ا ‪ .‬مرسی ام واسه دی ۔‬
‫‪smoor- u - og - en - us‬‬
‫‪wearannolla‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬
‫و ‪ -‬مه ‪08‬مهر ‪28‬‬
‫ه ه ه موو ‪-‬‬ ‫ه‬ ‫مهد ‪ 8‬ه‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ .‬هم‬
‫|‬ ‫ما هر بهانه‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪, 72‬‬
‫‪ 30‬ا و ر ه ‪- -‬‬ ‫‪, 226‬‬
‫‪na ka zen arouoria‬‬ ‫‪tao‬‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪From Macaulay's History (Key, p. 23).‬‬
‫‪ . .‬خہ|‬ ‫ه‪،‬‬ ‫د ‪-‬‬ ‫|‬
‫او دو ہم‬
‫) به‬ ‫م ن‪,‬وهی ‪-‬‬ ‫‪,,‬‬
‫ہ‪7685, 8‬‬ ‫هم د ولا ‪ -‬زهیہ سن ‪ -‬و‬
‫م‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫مہ ‪ 1685,‬م ‪,‬بہراہ ‪-‬‬
‫‪ .‬یہ رسم ‪ -‬وه‬ ‫موم به‬
‫ه‪ .‬ا ‪6 -‬‬ ‫میر و ےک ھ ه‬
‫‪ -‬مم‬ ‫‪ .- -‬هم‬ ‫‪..‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ . -‬ه مه ع ‪ a8‬سی‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه مي‬
‫‪/27 - 04‬‬ ‫ومره‪, , 280‬‬
‫‪whumor - geralmerend‬‬
‫‪ -‬می ‪-‬‬ ‫مو ‪ - - * .‬م‬
‫‪.‬پوهنه ‪ -‬وہ سرہ لہب‬
‫ی ما |‬ ‫دمہ ‪- ,‬‬
‫‪aho won bor . mangsollt‬‬
‫‪gree who r 1685 na Löwheel‬‬
‫) " راوهو اومه‪ ,‬وهوما‬
‫وہمہم‪ -‬هههه ‪ -‬ها‬
‫»‬ ‫ہے سہہ‪,‬مے بہتہی‬
‫‪lagefnino abs .‬‬
 Key to the Macaulay, Pages 21, 22. 23
THE STATE OF ENGLAND IN THE REIGN OF CHARLES II.
It is timethat this description ofthe England which Charles
the Second governed should draw to a close. Yet one subject
of the highest moment still remains untouched . Nothing has
yet been said of the great body of the people, of those who held
the ploughs, who tended the oxen , who toiled at the looms of
Norwich , and squared the Portland stone for St Paul's. Nor
can very much be said . Themost numerous class is precisely
the class respecting which we have the most meagre infor
mation . In those times philanthropists did not yet regard it
a sacred duty, nor had demagogues yet found it a lucrative
trade, to talk and write about the distress of the labourer .
History was too much occupied with Courts and camps to spare
a line for the hut of the peasant, or the garret of the mechanic.
The press now often sends forth in a day a greater quantity of
discussion and declamation about the condition of the working
man than was published during the twenty -eight years whicħ
elapsed between the Restoration and the Revolution . But it
would be a great error to infer from the increase of complaint
that there has been any increase ofmisery.
The great criterion of the state of the common people is the
amount of their wages ; and as four-fifths of the common people
were, in the seventeenth century, employed in agriculture , it is
especially important to ascertain what were then the wages of
the agricultural industry . On this subject we have the means
of arriving at conclusions sufficiently exact for our purpose .
It seems clear that the wages of labour, estimated in money,
were, in 1685 , not more than half of what they now are; and
there were few articles important to the working man of which
the price was not, in 1685 , more than half of what it now is.
Beer was undoubtedly much cheaper in thatage than at present.
Meat was also cheaper, but was still so dear that hundreds of
thousands of families scarcely knew the taste of it. In the cost
of wheat there has been very little change. The average price
of the quarter, during the last 12 years of Charles the Second,
was fifty shillings. Bread, therefore, such as is now given to
the inmates of a workhouse, was then seldom seen , even on the
trencher of a yeoman or of a shopkeeper. The great majority
of the nation lived almost entirely on rye, barley, and oats.
The produce of tropical countries, of mines, and of
machinery, was positively dearer than at present. Among the
commodities for which the labourer would have had to pay
higher in 1685 than his posterity now pay, were sugar, salt,
coals, candles, soap , shoes, stockings, and generally all articles
of clothing and all articles of bedding. It may be added, that
the old coats and blankets would have been , not only more
costly, but less serviceable, than the modern fabrics.
‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪Specimen of Ordinary Style ; St John II.‬‬
‫‪ -‬یہ وی ‪I )(-- /‬‬ ‫;‪- Q‬‬
‫هہ‬ ‫| ‪ , " o‬بهورم ‪ : )2( 2‬و‬
‫‪ -‬هہ' ‪,‬نبه ‪ . )3( - 6‬وہ ‪,‬‬
‫گا‬ ‫ه‪ .‬ن ه و ‪,‬‬ ‫ما )‬ ‫‪,‬‬
‫‪moov avuu !! ? re son war .‬‬
‫‪,‬اره همه‪ / / e/ ,‬م ه ه (‪)5‬‬
‫عم و لا ريو ‪)6( -‬‬ ‫م و و ا ‪-‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫ی هوه ‪3 -‬‬ ‫م (‪ , P .)7‬هه‬
‫‪ ’ 8 .‬محرم ‪ . - ۸‬یہہاوہ ضر ‪ ,‬ر‬
‫حرمت ‪ ,‬دہی‪ ,‬حرم ‪)8( -‬‬
‫(‪)4‬ه ‪ . - ۸ . .‬د ‪ -‬مہ‬ ‫بد‬
‫یہ وہ وہی ۔‬ ‫)‪ . :‬ر ه ~ ‪-‬‬
‫بهانه بهدهوك (‪ ( :‬وہ یہ‬
‫‪ -‬محرم ‪)۵(-‬‬ ‫‪:‬من هدم‬
‫‪ ( ,201‬یہ‪60‬‬ ‫‪:0 -‬‬ ‫‪4C‬‬
‫) ‪ .‬ہرنی‬ ‫* ‪-‬‬ ‫*‬
‫‪Coa naizdaises and blenor .‬‬
‫مه ور (‪) 2‬‬ ‫‪ ,"a 6 ,‬ههه ‪, ,‬‬
‫مجہونه ‪ : - ۸‬ه ‪o‬‬ ‫و‬
‫لاوه ‪ ۹۶‬وام ‪)3(-‬‬ ‫ع‬ ‫‪,‬‬
 ‫‪Specimen of Ordinary Style ; St John II. 25‬‬
‫محمد (ع)‬ ‫‪ - - - ,‬رها‬
‫ہے ۔ یہ رو ‪ : )5( 60‬ن م ‪ -‬و ‪-‬‬
‫‪, - - -‬رسمی ‪ ,‬ممے *‬
‫له (‪ - , - - - ;)6‬وسروران‬
‫بهار‬ ‫مد ‪, * , oe ; 171‬‬
‫عمره ‪.‬مه‬ ‫‪ .)17( "a‬من‬ ‫&‬
‫‪ .‬دردهه" ‪ -‬م ‪ ,‬و به‬
‫مرري نهاي‪ - / ,‬م عم (‪| ) 8‬‬
‫‪۸۰‬‬ ‫*‬ ‫(‪? ) ۹‬‬ ‫را معه‬
‫‪ ,‬ر عه‬ ‫نه‪۰۰‬‬ ‫‪.)go‬‬
‫مد‬ ‫م ‪ 2‬وهو من‬ ‫روه‪-‬‬
‫‪.)226‬مه ه ‪ )1(20 - -‬؟ ‪.‬‬
‫‪8 andraw , a gankowa‬‬
‫ر‬ ‫در راهرفتووره ‪; -‬‬
‫علاوہ‪ 6‬بہ (‪)23‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬
‫|‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫ر‪,6‬‬ ‫مع(‪ .)24‬به ه‬
‫طه ‪ ,‬رہنے یہ سب‬ ‫(‪, )22‬‬
‫‪ -‬م ماہرہ‬ ‫‪ .‬و نه دهد ‪:‬‬
‫نهم‪ ,‬ناب ‪m ( -‬‬ ‫رفه ‪-‬‬
‫‪ ,‬مه ‪ ,‬ورد ‪ ,‬مهره ها (‪: )2‬‬
26 Application to Foreign Languages.
APPLICATION TO FOREIGN LANGUAGES.
Owing to the peculiar character of the vowel system and
the facility with which the characters can be joined , the
alphabet of Orthographic Cursive is immediately applicable
with very slight modifications to almost all foreign languages.
It is impossible here to work out this subject fully , but the
following specimens will be of interest as shewing the capa
bilities of the system . They are written almost in full, con
taining only one or two trifling abbreviations, such as -mt for
-ment,analogous to those used in the ordinary style of English .
KEY TO THE FRENCH .
De tous les systèmes de gouvernement et de garanties
politiques, à coup sûr le plus difficile à établir, à faire pré
valoir, c'est le système fédératif ; ce système qui consiste à
laisser dans chaque localité, dans chaque société particulière,
toute la portion de gouvernement qui peut y rester, et à ne lui
enlever que la portion indispensable au maintien de la société
et l'y
générale, pour la porter au centre de cette même société,
constituer sous la forme de gouvernement centrale.
KEY TO THE GERMAN.
Die anziehende Kraft des geriebenen Bernsteins war bereits
im Alterthume bekannt, jedoch ohne dass derselben weiter
nachgeforscht wurde. Sie wurde gewöhnlich in Gemeinschaft
mit der Anziehung des Magnetsteines genannt, und von dieser
nicht unterschieden . Die gleiche Eigenschaft wie beim Bern
stein war später noch an einer bituminösen Steinkohle (Gagat)
wahrgenommen worden .
Der Erste , welcher die Anziehung des geriebenen Bern
steins von der des Magnetsteins mit Bestimmtheit unterschied,
und sie mit dem von der griechischen Benennung des Bern
steins ( lektpov) entlehnten Namen bezeichnete, war W .Gilbert
(um 1600 ). Er fand, dass Edelsteine,Glas, Harz , Schwefel,
u. S. w ., nach dem Reiben . . .
 Specimens of French and German . 27
French . (é final =1 , le = \\ . ) /
unornuconucallop
‫۔ے‬ ‫ مم له ه‬- . - ‫وبما لد‬
cognosceros - of of
‫لما له م و ميه‬, ‫پاپ‬
‫ و رسالا‬, ‫ ه‬-‫الماهر مره‬
‫بهرامہ وہ‬ C3 ,‫رمایا‬
‫هلن پور‬ ,‫ههر‬ ‫ب‬ ‫و‬
concro .
ema .) = ) , ‫ و‬, $eh = 4, ‫لاهور‬
ho isomitted after vowels and t .)
Jarihudhr borrebrnah
‫ بع همیہقمری ہی ہے ہر‬. ‫ولع‬
| soraras regluraaman , ro
I nov . Jso cold breloro
‫ م‬8‫در‬ 4 (‫ مهمی‬.
veous u ohrbus sources
‫وه ها‬ ‫ر‬ ‫لو‬ ‫م‬
bus ( Ro ) now how , escole ( 1600)
, ‫ بع‬.
| ‫ رمہ م به‬, ,, , ‫ه مه‬
28 Key to Specimens of Italian, Latin and Greek .
KEY TO THE ITALIAN .
L' historia si puo veramente deffinire una guerra illustre
contro il Tempo, perchè togliendoli di mano gli anni suoi
prigionieri, anzi già fatti cadaveri, li richiama in vita , li passa
in rassegna, e li schiera di nuovo in battaglia . Ma gl' illustri
Campioni che in tal Arringo fanno messe di Palme e d' Allori,
rapiscono solo che le sole spoglie più sfarzose e brillanti,
imbalsamando co' loro inchiostri le Imprese de' Principi e
Potentati, e qualificati Personaggi, e trapontando coll’ ago
finissimo dell' ingegno i fili d' oro e di seta, che formano un
perpetuo ricamo di Attioni gloriose. I Promessi Sposi, Intro
duction .
KEY TO THE LATIN .
Urbem Romam a principio reges habuere. Libertatem et
consulatum L . Brutus instituit. Dictaturae ad tempus sume
bantur. Neque decemviralis potestas ultra biennium , neque
tribunorum militum consulare jus diu valuit. Non Cinnae,
non Sullae longa dominatio ; et Pompeii Crassique potentia
cito in Caesarem , Lepidi atque Antonii arma in Augustum
cessere, qui cuncta ,discordiis civilibus fessa, nomine Principis
sub imperium accepit. TACITUS, Annals 1. 1.

KEY TO THE GREEK .

'Επειδήπερ πολλοί επεχείρησαν ανατάξασθαι διήγησιν περί των
πεπληροφορημένων εν ημίν πραγμάτων, καθώς παρέδοσαν ημίν οι
απ' αρχής αυτόπται και υπηρεται γενόμενοι του λόγου, έδοξε κάμοι
παρηκολουθηκότι άνωθεν πάσιν ακριβώς καθεξής σοι γράψαι, κρά
τιστε θεόφιλε. ST LUKE 1. 1 – 3.
 Specimens of Italian, Latin , and Greek. 29
Italian . ( Final & isomitted after consenta
odine iror sorcoooool
moorgroinfirler . n.cl
siapoorvochnagrodu
rurliginsoligionen
honumihisomolyti
for , rhoncaonog by Lui
pocitherquosqirivers
woonh anis lor .
Latin .( Final um iswritten ) shan
byall for ugou ofriwand
verhingizgohes se for, yol
menor googasipliner .net
wrichraytraorang yang
erraco , jah dalam
het za
Greek . (now ) berse.
zbunkben meritum Schlaze
raro r solu an ouens
4 Ag + R 29 20 %
. 30 Hints for Reporting Style.
onsdag.
. งw : 48 49 - พ.
er birerequenza l' ha
- Goby rario. 1 dringo- go
ke - 1 - 40 . л. ,
laq cfw 1001hrvera Cell
mi- com ou qramore those
- wesi francesc' n - - vele
malorifw- pantother ,
erebrua - rorool - rou .
|(1)r br - ance mcoa sor ou 'real
Lesa -com , lon - sroopage
le'aqnlm . nifoqroquin
vol. 18,000 ,l=4 . 0- 0 .6=bya4
for 7 =2ews =2 ,roo ,rano
ra bereana hugrae;b=le ,
6 =60 ,rawa, 8 - 8 , nach rana
Moogmegrow = 66. 26
enhinorroreinarga kar
bn cuoio = 0Q , wac0 ,p = 00.
 ‫‪Hints for Reporting Style. .‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫مه ‪)2( .‬‬ ‫موسم م مه‬

‫دهه‬ ‫و ‪ 10‬و ‪2‬‬
‫دعا۔ او‬ ‫مد ‪ -‬لاتمدد ‪ , 4‬مهمی‬
‫‪ 20‬ما|‬ ‫ه ‪ . -‬ره ‪- -‬‬ ‫‪: -‬م‬
‫‪:‬ب‬ ‫الممزہ= ں ویم‬
‫عمر و‪ ,03‬حهمه وع ہو‬
‫او ‪ , 8 : A ,‬م = ع ونعرہ‬
‫‪,‬و‪:‬‬ ‫ہوہ‬
‫‪,‬‬ ‫عہد‬
‫ه ‪.‬مہ(‪)3‬‬ ‫م‬ ‫مهم ‪ ,‬م‬
‫‪, 469‬بہ بسمة ‪#‬‬
‫‪usele ure‬‬ ‫‪wallevinawel‬‬
‫‪ 1 , 8 92 : 0 = opy ,(* -q‬ہ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫وو مهموم‬ ‫به‬
‫‪۸۰۰۰۰ ۰۹ : 20 * 75647‬از مرہ‬
‫‪m -‬‬ ‫‪of -shaporenigre‬‬
‫وه‬ ‫ء امیرمه‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪nonces - bs. Ich fragen‬‬
‫‪, 048‬مہم مع‬ ‫هدم‬
‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫‪, '' ,‬‬ ‫‪ . oq A‬ه ‪ .‬له ‪ :‬ه ‪,‬‬
‫‪volnak , da bonohys =0‬‬
. 30 Hints for Reporting Style.
onsda yo
.. * - * #3 - 0
- k . resoluarga la
|_ Geo begeirarionering oras
4& าไ349, , , ะ
laq sh 1001hrvera Cell
mi_ orm o gromne those
weil fiancesc'n - - vele
" 28 now who hefurbriser,
ecobruq - rorool - rou .
| orar - ance mcoa soror ze2
Lesot-com . com - moopage
le'acnlm . nifaqes que
is. 1:18,000 , l=400- gebzby, 4
for 7 =2ewaarderoo ,rano
ra berean shugrad;b=le,
6 te ,nave,dao ,ward nang
Moogmegrow = 66. 28
enhinorrerenraa kar
bon cuoio = 02 , 60 ,0 = 00.
 ‫‪Hints for Reporting Style. ..‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫مه ‪)2( .‬‬ ‫| ‪ :‬مه ھه مه‬

‫‪ /‬دهه‬ ‫به چه ‪ ،‬و ‪2‬‬
‫۔ا او‬ ‫د‬ ‫‪ -‬مد ‪ -‬لاعمدهو مهمه‬
‫‪ C‬ها‬ ‫‪:-‬و م ه ‪ . -‬رمی ‪ - -‬من‬
‫= ومی‪ :‬ب‬ ‫م‬
‫‪ 20‬م ‪ ,‬فيه ‪ ,‬معه به متوهم ح ‪-‬‬
‫او‪ = Se , M : Al, :‬ع و نعرہ‬
‫وہ ل ہووہ ‪ :‬وہ ‪- 6 ,‬‬
‫همسه چه‪.‬یہ(‪)3‬‬ ‫و‬
‫ة‬
‫‪, 444‬بہ) بسم |‬ ‫و ‪-‬‬
‫‪usele re .‬‬ ‫‪alleginawe‬‬
‫‪ 1,8 9‬ہ‬ ‫‪; - ot9 , ۰q‬‬
‫‪w - ogg100 foronkace‬‬
‫ہ‬ ‫‪• 4 : 40 * 20 *75* 7‬از‬
‫‪m -‬‬ ‫‪op - shafonewogel‬‬
‫ه وو‬ ‫; مه‬ ‫‪ , 4 : 02‬ن ‪0 :‬‬
‫‪nonces - bs., Ica frangon‬‬
‫مع‬‫‪, 01 -‬یہ‬ ‫مرد ‪27‬‬
‫ر‬ ‫م‬ ‫ه وه وه ‪ ,‬طه ‪ , 4 :‬له‪, ' ,‬‬
‫محمد * * * دہ‪ ,‬قد ‪, 94‬عط ‪ :‬بهدیا‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪Reporting Style (Moderately Abbreviated ).‬‬

‫‪75 ،‬‬ ‫بهبه ‪-‬وصر هي م م‬

‫‪conneronn - od gorcenta - 8‬‬
‫هویهطبه هرمع‬
‫‪۸۰‬‬
‫‪toshiar ornarvon Josh _ 32‬‬
‫‪viermacogenato -eronate ,‬‬
‫ا وروہبہو ‪-‬وہ و‬
‫ه ?‪ - 67‬هده ‪-‬‬ ‫لار‬ ‫په‬
‫است ‪ .‬عمر به وےپر ہلہ ‪ - - 4 -‬مره‬
‫‪nrohodroby ascanso. aion‬‬
‫‪men‬‬ ‫‪couzot g ' oof nu- inuat‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬مےر‬ ‫۔ ‪8‬‬ ‫ممري مابعد‬
‫ه ‪ .‬قا‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫ساهم ‪.‬‬
‫| لما منع ہے ‪,‬اهور به مهر‬
‫‪ -‬مي‪-‬امتو اه|‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪. -‬‬
‫ے ۔‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪ -‬وم مع مه‬ ‫مع ‪.‬‬
‫بووم‪ ،‬سلا‬ ‫به ‪ .‬رمم‬ ‫‪ -‬هما ‪-‬‬
‫‪۰‬‬ ‫ہهو و ما ‪- -‬‬ ‫ه‬ ‫‪ ) 4A‬مه ‪.‬‬
‫ع ? لاب‬ ‫ه هم‬ ‫ام ‪ 94‬م ع ‪.‬‬
‫‪' a donna scuorn he foorum‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫رم ‪ -‬مصطاد به ‪-‬‬
‫‪ .‬و هه بعد مہ‪, -‬مه ما بر ‪ ( ۰‬م ما‬
‫‪ ? 3‬روبرا ‪ - a -‬وی‬ ‫کہ‬
‫" ‪ ,‬وود ‪ -‬د بهر ه م مه ‪ -‬تا‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪of u‬‬ ‫‪h - roh‬‬ ‫‪onounce s .‬‬
 Key to Specimen of Reporting Style on Page 32.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT.
I agree with Sir Charles Dilke in attributing the utmost
importance to the question of local government in the future.
I agree with him in the estimate which he has formed of the
high place that question will occupy in the programme of the
Liberal party. Experience justifies us in the hope that the
Reformed Parliament will do much in the direction of com
pleting the work which previous Reformed Parliaments have
commenced . What was the main and the material advantage
which resulted from the Reform Bill of 1832 ? It was the con
cession of municipal government to our country townsa
concession which has been highly appreciated , and which has
been wisely used , and which has added most materially to the
comfort and the happiness of the populations concerned . And
what was the greatest result of the Reform of 1867? It was
the extension of the functions of local governments by the
creation of a system of education , national in its scope, but
locally administered . And it remains for the Reformed Par
liament which will meet in 1886 to complete this work and to
carry it further. I can conceive of no nobler and no more
congenial task for those who represent the whole people than
that of extending to the counties and to themetropolis and to
the sister kingdom the liberties and the institutions which
have conferred so great a benefit upon us in the provinces.
Gentlemen, local government is important altogether beyond
its localusefulness. It is the best political education, and I
am convinced that the welfare and the contentment of the
whole population can only be secured in proportion as the
whole population are called in to take a part and a share in the
obligations and the responsibilities of government. But, the
extension of municipal institutions is not all that we have to
do in the way of local government. We have in the future to
elevate our conception of the meaning of the word . It is not
merely a parochial and municipal, it is not even merely a pro
vincial question , it is a national question also. What are the
great problems of the future ? We have to deal with obstruc
tion in the House of Commons. We have to deal with the
system under which the greatest legislative assemblage in the
world has begun to lose its usefulness, and in consequence lose
its influence. And that result can never be accomplished as
long as the Imperial Parliament is burdened with an ever
increasing amount of petty detail with which it is incompetent
to deal, and which ought to be referred to other bodies.
What are the two greatest and most pressing needs of our
time? I think most men would say the provision of healthy
decent dwellings in our large towns at fair rents, and in the
country facilities for the labourer to obtain a small plot of land
which hemay be able to work .
 CURSIVE SHORTHAND PUBLICATIONS.

PHONETIC CURSIVE .
The Primer. 32 pp. Price Sixpence.
A complete practical exposition of the system .
Essays from the Spectator. 20 pp. Price Sixpence.
Written in a large bold hand in the corresponding style'
of Cursive, with a Key in common print on the opposite
page ; and some Notes on Abbreviation at the end .

Lessons and Exercises. A Key to the Primer with easy

progressive reading and writing exercises, very useful for
class-work and for self-tuition , reproduced by a manuscript
process. 68 pp. Price 18.
Phonetic Spelling. 32 pp. Price Sixpence.
Explaining more fully the phonetic basis of Cursive.
The Manual. 128 pp. Price 2s.
Containing a discussion of the principles of Shorthand.

ORTHOGRAPHIC CURSIVE.
A Manual of Orthographic Cursive. Price 18.
A complete exposition of the system containing 12 pp. of
reading practice.

Reporting Methods and Abbreviations.

[In preparation .
The text-books may be ordered through any bookseller or will
be sent post free on remitting prices to the publishers,
C. J. CLAY & Sons, Cambridge University Press Ware
house, Ave Maria Lane, London, E .C.
 THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY
REFERENCE DEPARTMENT
This book taken
is under
fromnothecircumstances
Building to be

* *
*

form 410