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CONTEC Design, Assembly and Pre-Operation of

Comissão de
Normalização Técnica Cathodic Protection Systems for Offshore
Floating Structures/Fixed and Subsea
SC-15 Equipment
Cathodic Protection
1st Amendment

This is the 1st Amendment to PETROBRAS N-2838 REV. A, and it is used to alter the text of the
Standard in the part(s) indicated below:

NOTE 1 The new(s) page(s) with the performed amendment(s) is (are) placed in its corresponding
position(s).
NOTE 2 The amended pages, indicated the date of the amendment, are placed at the end of this
standard, in chronological order, and shall not be used.

- Section 2: (1St Amendment)

Exclusion of PETROBRAS N-1643.

- Subsection 4.13.2: (1St Amendment)

Alteration of the text.

- Subsection 6.3.4.8: (1St Amendment)

Alteration of the text.

- Subsection 6.3.5: (1St Amendment)

Alteration of the text.

- Subsection 6.7.1: (1St Amendment)

Alteration of the text.

- Table 5: (1St Amendment)

Alteration of the Table.

- Table 6: (1St Amendment)

Alteration of the Table.

- Table 7: (1St Amendment)

Alteration of the Table.

PROPERTY OF PETROBRAS 2 pages

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N-2838 REV. A ENGLISH 08 / 2011

1st Amendment

- Subsection 6.7.4.1: (1St Amendment)

Alteration of the equation.

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Design, Assembly and Pre-Operation of

Cathodic Protection Systems for Offshore
Floating Structures/Fixed and Subsea
Equipment

Procedure

This Standard replaces and cancels its previous revision.

The CONTEC - Authoring Subcommittee provides guidance on the
interpretation of this Standard when questions arise regarding its contents. The
Department of PETROBRAS that uses this Standard is responsible for adopting
and applying the sections, subsections and enumerates thereof.

Technical Requirement: A provision established as the most adequate and

CONTEC which shall be used strictly in accordance with this Standard. If a decision is
taken not to follow the requirement (“non-conformity” to this Standard) it shall be
Comissão de Normalização based on well-founded economic and management reasons, and be approved
Técnica and registered by the Department of PETROBRAS that uses this Standard. It is
characterized by imperative nature.
Recommended Practice: A provision that may be adopted under the conditions
of this Standard, but which admits (and draws attention to) the possibility of
there being a more adequate alternative (not written in this Standard) to the
particular application. The alternative adopted shall be approved and registered
by the Department of PETROBRAS that uses this Standard. It is characterized
by verbs of a nonmandatory nature. It is indicated by the expression:
[Recommended Practice].
Copies of the registered “non-conformities” to this Standard that may contribute
to the improvement thereof shall be submitted to the CONTEC - Authoring
SC - 15 Subcommittee.

Cathodic Protection Proposed revisions to this Standard shall be submitted to the CONTEC -
Authoring Subcommittee, indicating the alphanumeric identification and revision
of the Standard, the section, subsection and enumerate to be revised, the
proposed text, and technical/economic justification for revision. The proposals
are evaluated during the work for alteration of this Standard.

“The present Standard is the exclusive property of PETRÓLEO

BRASILEIRO S.A. - PETROBRAS, for internal use in the Company, and any
reproduction for external use or disclosure, without previous and express
authorization from the owner, will imply an unlawful act pursuant to the
relevant legislation through which the applicable responsibilities shall be
imputed. External circulation shall be regulated by a specific clause of
Secrecy and Confidentiality pursuant to the terms of intellectual and
industrial property law.”

Introduction

PETROBRAS Technical Standards are prepared by Working Groups - WG

(consisting specialized of Technical Collaborators from Company and its Subsidiaries), are
commented by Company Units and its Subsidiaries, are approved by the Authoring Subcommittees -
SCs (consisting of technicians from the same specialty, representing the various Company Units and
its Subsidiaries), and ratified by the Executive Nucleus (consisting of representatives of the Company
Units and its Subsidiaries). A PETROBRAS Technical Standard is subject to revision at any time by its
Authoring Subcommittee and shall be reviewed every 5 years to be revalidated, revised or cancelled.
PETROBRAS Technical Standards are prepared in accordance with PETROBRAS Technical
Standard N-1. For complete information about PETROBRAS Technical Standards see PETROBRAS
Technical Standards Catalog.
.
PROPERTY OF PETROBRAS 39 pages, Index of Revisions and WG
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Summary

1 Scope................................................................................................................................................... 5

2 Normative References......................................................................................................................... 5

3 Terms and Definitions.......................................................................................................................... 6

4 General Design Criteria ..................................................................................................................... 10

5 Impressed-Current Cathodic Protection System ............................................................................... 13

5.1 Definitive Cathodic Protection System ................................................................................. 13

5.1.1 Areas to Be Protected .................................................................................................. 14

5.1.2 Materials and Equipment ............................................................................................. 14

5.1.2.1 Anodes ................................................................................................................. 14

5.1.2.2 Reference Eletrodes ............................................................................................. 14

5.1.2.3 Rectifiers .............................................................................................................. 14

5.1.3 Specific Criteria for Design, Construction and Assembly ............................................ 14

5.1.4 Design Parameters ...................................................................................................... 15

5.1.5 Design .......................................................................................................................... 15

5.2 Rectifiers .............................................................................................................................. 17

5.3 Provisional Cathodic Protection System .............................................................................. 17

6 Galvanic Current Type Cathodic Protection System - Definitive System.......................................... 18

6.1 Areas to Be Protected .......................................................................................................... 18

6.2 Anodes ................................................................................................................................. 18

6.3 Specific Design, Construction, and Assembly Criteria......................................................... 18

6.4 Design Parameters............................................................................................................... 23

6.4.1 Ballast Tanks with Non-Explosive Atmosphere ........................................................... 23

6.4.2 Cargo Tanks, Drainage Tanks and Ballast Tanks with an Explosive Atmosphere...... 23

6.4.3 Sea chests, Buoys, Monobuoys, Turrets and Temporary Systems of Vessel Hulls.... 23

6.4.4 Fixed Platform Jacket................................................................................................... 23

6.4.5 Risers and Subsea Equipment .................................................................................... 23

6.5 Sizing Tanks, Sea chests, Buoys, Monobuoys, Turret, and Provisional System of Vessel
Hull....................................................................................................................................... 24

6.6 Sizing of Offshore Fixed Platform and Risers ...................................................................... 27

6.7 Sizing of Subsea Equipment ................................................................................................ 30

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6.7.1 Current Density (mA/m2) .............................................................................................. 30

6.7.2 Coating Efficiency (E)................................................................................................... 31

6.7.3 Calculating Current Requirements............................................................................... 31

6.7.3.1 Initial Current (Ii) .................................................................................................. 31

6.7.3.2 Mean Current (Im)................................................................................................. 32

6.7.3.3 Final Current (If)................................................................................................... 32

6.7.4 Calculation of Anode Mass .......................................................................................... 32

6.7.5 Calculating the Necessary Quantity of Anodes ........................................................... 32

6.7.6 Calculating the Total Current Supplied by Anodes ...................................................... 33

6.7.7 Check of Initial and Final Current of Anodes ............................................................... 33

7 Procedures for Pre-Operation of the Impressed-Current CPS.......................................................... 34

7.1 General Conditions............................................................................................................... 34

7.2 Shipyard Tests ..................................................................................................................... 34

7.3 Sea Tests ............................................................................................................................. 35

7.4 Site Tests ............................................................................................................................. 35

8 Pre-Operation Procedures for CPS by Galvanic Current.................................................................. 35

9 Documentation Requirements ........................................................................................................... 36

10 Design Acceptance.......................................................................................................................... 36

Annex A - Figures.................................................................................................................................. 37

Figures

Figure A.1 - Suspended Inert Anodes (Typical) .................................................................................... 37

Figure A.2 - Installation of Inert Anodes Laid on the Surface (Typical)................................................. 38

Figure A.3 - Installation of Inert Anodes Laid on the Seabed (Typical)................................................. 39

Tables

Table 1 - Design Service Life for CPS................................................................................................... 11

Table 2 - Coating Efficiency Factor ....................................................................................................... 12

Table 3 - Tank Lining Efficiency Factory ............................................................................................... 12

Table 4 - Speed Factor X Relative Speed Structure/Electrolyte ........................................................... 15

Table 5 - Current Density - Depth Up To 100 m.................................................................................... 30

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Table 6 - Current Density - Depth Between 100 m and 300 m ............................................................. 31

Table 7 - Current Density - Depth Between 300 m and 1 000 m .......................................................... 31

Table 8 - Current Density - Depth Exceeding a 1 000 m ...................................................................... 31

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Foreword

This Standard is the English version (issued in 03/2011) of PETROBRAS N-2838 REV. A 01/2011. In
case of doubt, the Portuguese version, which is the valid document for all intents and purposes, shall
be used.

1 Scope

1.1 This Standard establishes the additional requirements to DNV-RP-B401:2005, which may be
adopted in the design, assembly and pre-operation of the cathodic protection system of the structures
listed below:

1.1.1 Offshore Floating Structures:

— Semi-Submersible (SS) platforms;

— Floating Storage and Offloading (FSO) platforms;
— Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) platforms;
— transport ships;
— buoys and monobuoys.

1.1.2 Metal fixed offshore oil production platforms, including the risers.

1.1.3 Subsea Equipment:

— wet christmas tree (ANM, with its abbreviature in Portuguese);

— manifolds;
— Pipeline End Manifold (PLEM);
— Pipeline End Terminal (PLET);
— manifold control system (SCM, with its abbreviature in Portuguese);
— drilling support bases (BAP, with its abbreviature in Portuguese).

1.2 The paragraphs of DNV-RP-B401:2005 not referred to in this Standard shall be considered fully
applicable.

1.3 This Standard applies to procedures started as of its date of issuance.

1.4 This Standard contains Technical Requirements and Recommended Practices.

2 Normative References

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.

PETROBRAS N-133 - Welding;

PETROBRAS N-1814 - Inspeção Submarina - Medição de Potencial Eletroquímico;

PETROBRAS N-1983 - Presentation of Cathodic Protection System Design;

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PETROBRAS N-2037 - Painting of Equipament Submerged in Seawater;

PETROBRAS N-2608 - Rectifiers for Cathodic Protection;

PETROBRAS N-2912 - Tinta Epóxi “Novolac”;

PETROBRAS N-2913 - Revestimentos Anticorrosivos para Tanque, Esfera, Cilindro de

Armazenamento e Vaso de Pressão;

ABNT NBR 7403 - Proteção Catódica Galvânica da Carena, Caixas de Mar, Tanques de
Lastro, de Carga/Lastro e de Porões Alagáveis em Embarcações de Aço;

ABNT NBR 8734 - Anodo Galvânico e Inerte para Proteção Catódica;

ABNT NBR 9240 - Anodos de Liga de Ferrossilício e Ferrossilício-Cromo, para Proteção

Catódica;

ABNT NBR 9358 - Anodo de Liga de Zinco para Proteção Catódica;

ABNT NBR 9363 - Anodo de Liga de Zinco para Proteção Catódica - Formatos e
Dimensões;

ABNT NBR 10387 - Anodo de Liga de Alumínio para Proteção Catódica;

ABNT NBR 10388:1988 - Anodos de Liga de Alumínio para Proteção Catódica - Formatos e
Dimensões;

ABNT NBR 10742 - Inspeção de Anodos Galvânicos para Proteção Catódica;

ISO 8501-1 - Preparation of Steel Substrates before Application of Paints and Related
Products - Visual Assessment of Surface Cleanliness - Part 1 - Rust Grades and Preparation
Grades of Uncoated Steel Substrates and of Steel Substrates after Overall Removal of
Previous Coatings;

IEC 60092-502:1999 - Electrical Installations in Ships - Part 502: Tankers - Special

Features;

DNV-RP-B401:2005 - Cathodic Protection Design;

Mil-A 18001K - Anodes, Sacrificial Zinc Alloy.

NOTE For documents referred in this Standard and for which only the Portuguese version is
available, the PETROBRAS department that uses this Standard should be consulted for any
information required for the specific application.

3 Terms and Definitions

For the purposes of this document the following terms and definitions apply.

3.1
vessels
vessels are considered SS, FSO, and FPSO platforms and ships

3.2
CPS
Cathodic Protection System

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3.3
Initial current Density (Di)
current intensity per surface unit required for polarization of a structure subjected to cathodic
protection

3.3.1
Initial Subsea Current Density (Dis)
Initial subsea current density required for polarization of submerged surfaces of jacket and
accessories

3.3.2
Density of Initial Buried Current (Die)
initial current density required for the initial polarization of the buried surfaces of the piles, casing of
the wells and provisional mud mats

3.3.3
Initial Current Density of the Risers (Dir)
current density required for the initial polarization of the surfaces of the risers

3.4
Medium Current Density (Dm)
current intensity per surface unit required to maintain the polarization of a structure throughout the
service life of the cathodic protection system

3.4.1
Density of Submerged Medium Current (Dms)
medium current density for the submerged surfaces of the jacket and accessories

3.4.2
Density of Medium Buried Current (Dme)
medium current density for the buried surfaces of piles, casings of the wells and provisional mud mats

3.4.3
Medium Current Density of Risers (Dmr)
medium current density for the surfaces of risers

3.5
Final Current Density (Df)
current intensity per surface unit required for the protection of a structure at the end of the service life
adopted for the cathodic protection system

3.5.1
Final Subsea Current Density (Dfs)
Final subsea current density for submerged surfaces of jacket and accessories

3.5.2
Density of Final Buried Current (Dfe)
final current density to the surfaces of buried piles, casing of wells and provisional mud mats

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3.5.3
Final Current Density of Risers (Dfr)
final current density for the surfaces of risers

3.6
Coating Efficiency (E)
fraction of the surface actually protected by the anticorrosive coating of a structure that causes a
reduction in the percentage of the protection current required for polarization of the coated surface in
relation to the bare surface

3.7
Initial Efficiency (Ei)
coating efficiency when a structure starts operating

3.8
Medium Efficiency (Em)
coating efficiency in the middle of the service life adopted for the CPS

3.9
Final Efficiency (Ef)
coating efficiency at the end of the service life adopted for the CPS

3.10
Initial Current (Ii)
current intensity required for polarization of a structure subjected to cathodic protection

3.10.1
Initial Submerged Current (Iis)
initial current intensity for submerged surfaces of the jacket and accessories

3.10.2
Initial Buried Current (Iie)
initial current intensity for the buried surfaces of the piles, casings of wells and provisional mud mats

3.10.3
Initial Current of Risers (Iir)
Initial current intensity for the surfaces of the risers

3.11
Medium Current (Im)
current intensity required to maintain the polarization of a structure throughout the service life of the
cathodic protection system

3.11.1
Medium Submerged Current (Ims)
medium current intensity for submerged surfaces of the jacket and accessories

3.11.2
Medium Buried Current (Ime)
medium current intensity for buried surfaces of piles, casing of the wells and provisional mud mats

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3.11.3
Medium Current of Risers (Imr)
medium current intensity for the surfaces of the risers

3.12
Final Current (Ιf)
current intensity required to protect a structure at the end of the service life adopted for the cathodic
protection system

3.12.1
Final Submerged Current (Ifs)
final current intensity for the submerged surfaces of the jacket and accessories

3.12.2
Final Buried Current (Ife)
intensity of the final current for the buried surfaces of piles, casings of wells and provisional mud mats

3.12.3
Final Current of Risers (Ifr)
final current intensity for the surfaces of the risers

3.13
Final Current Supplied (Drained) by Anode (Ii)
intensity of current supplied by an anode in its original dimensions

3.14
Initial Resistance of Anode-to-Electrolyte Contact (Ri)
anode-to-electrolyte resistance with the anode in its initial dimensions.

3.15
Final Current Supplied (Drained) by Anode (If)
intensity of current supplied by an anode for maintenance of polarization, with the anode having
reduced dimensions due to the consumption of the galvanic anode along its service life

3.16
Final Resistance of Anode-Electrolyte Contact (Rf)
anode-electrolyte contact resistance, having an anode with reduced dimensions due to the
consumption of the galvanic anode along its lifetime

3.17
polarization time
time required for stabilization of the electrochemical potentials of a structure subjected to cathodic
protection.

3.18
sea tests
tests to check the operation of the CPS of the offshore floating structure in a region near the shipyard

3.19
site tests
CPS pre-operation tests performed in the region where the offshore floating structure is located

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3.20
cofferdam
water-tight compartment installed below the water level of a vessel, which allows electrical
interconnection of anodes and reference electrodes to the electrical cables within the vessel,
restricting the ingress of seawater inside it

3.21
turret
asymmetric structure anchored to the seabed internally or externally incorporated to the hull of a
vessel through one or more bearings, which allows the vessel to freely rotate around the axis of this
structure, ensuring total alignment of the vessel with the environmental forces

3.22
sea chest
opening made in the hull of a vessel through which salt water used in different services and systems
of the vessel is drawn in or discharged

3.23
speed factor
correction factor of the protection current due to the relative speed between the electrolyte and the
structure to be protected

3.24
jacket
structural part of a fixed platform which stretches from the foundation to just above the sea level and
over which the deck and/or modules are installed

3.25
mud mat
wood or steel panel used for supporting a structure on the sea floor. In the case of jackets, the support
is provisional until the final piling

3.26
riser
pipeline which interconnects a production unit to a submarine pipeline or a flowline. On fixed
platforms, they are usually placed on the external part of the jackets secured by support and guided by
clamps

4 General Design Criteria

4.1 Applicable Types of Cathodic Protection

4.1.1 In the case of vessels, mentioned in 3.1, provision shall be made, whenever possible, for the
adoption of the impressed-current cathodic protection system, unless there are technical restrictions
making its application unfeasible. In that case, the alternative shall be subjected to approval by
PETROBRAS.

4.1.2 For the turret, tank interior, sea chests, buoys, monobuoys, subsea equipment and jacket of
fixed platforms, the galvanic-current type CPS shall be adopted.

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4.2 Check whether or not it will be necessary to install a temporary CPS for the hull of the vessels
until the definitive one starts operating. This system shall be installed according to 5.2 of this
Standard.

4.3 The designs shall satisfy the safety assumptions, following the area classification plan of the
offshore floating structure.

4.4 The service life adopted for the cathodic protection system shall satisfy the requirements of
Table 1.

Table 1 - Design Service Life for CPS

Structure Time adopted for the CPS design

Service life of vessel or time between dockings, as
Hulls of vessels
defined by PETROBRAS.
Buoys and monobuoys Time between dockings.
Service life of vessel or time between dockings, as
defined by PETROBRAS, unless there is proper
Sea chests
access for the replacement of anodes. In that case, a
service life of at least 5 years shall be adopted.
Service life of vessel or time between dockings, as
Tanks
defined by PETROBRAS.
Service life of vessel or time between dockings, as
Turret
defined by PETROBRAS.
Jacket Service life of the unit or as defined by PETROBRAS
Service life equivalent to that defined for the platform
Risers
jacket.
Sea equipment Service life of the equipment

4.5 The potential range to be adopted as the cathodic protection criterion, for carbon-manganese
steel structures, shall be -800 mV to -1 100 mV, measured in relation to the silver-silver chloride
(Ag/AgCl seawater) reference electrode, or between +250 mV and -50 mV, measured in relation to the
Zinc (Zn) reference electrode.

NOTE 1 Structures and/or accessories made of materials other than carbon-manganese steel may
require potential limits different from those mentioned above, in which case a specific study
(see 4.6) will be required.
NOTE 2 Potentials shall be measured according to PETROBRAS N-1814.
NOTE 3 In anaerobic media with sulfate-reducing bacteria, it will be necessary to adopt, as the
cathodic protection criterion, a range between -900 mV and -1 100 mV, in relation to the
silver-silver chloride (Ag/AgCl seawater) reference electrode, or between +150 mV and -50 mV,
in relation to the zinc reference electrode, following the provisions in Note 1.

4.6 The design shall consider the harmful effects of the cathodic protection to the various types of
material and to the coating as described in 5.5 of DNV-RP-B401:2005.

4.7 The design of the CPS of vessels, buoys, and monobuoys shall consider the entire submerged
area at the maximum operating draft, including wire ropes, propellers, anchor chains, and accessories
having continuity between each other and with the hull of the vessel.

NOTE For anchor chains and/or wire ropes consider a region corresponding to their metallic area
limited to 300 m.

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4.8 The impressed-current cathodic protection system shall be tested as specified in Section 7 and in
accordance with the requirements stipulated by the classification society.

4.9 The coating efficiency factor (%) shall comply with the requirements of DNV-RP-B401:2005,
Table 2 or more restrictive criteria established by the classification society.

Table 2 - Coating Efficiency Factor

Service life of
Initial Medium Final
structure
(%) (%) (%)
(years)
2,5 (see Note) 95 80 70
10 95 90 86
15 95 86 82
20 95 82 78
25 95 78 74

NOTE Applicable only to transport ships.

4.10 For tank with type III lining (according to PETROBRAS N-2912 and specific conditions of
PETROBRAS N-2913), the lining efficiency factor shall follow Table 3:

Table 3 - Tank Lining Efficiency Factory

Service Life of
Initial Medium Final
Structure
(%) (%) (%)
(years)
10 98 92 90
15 98 88 85
20 98 84 80
25 98 84 80

4.11 The connections of the anodes to the structures must preferably be made using the welding
process. These connections must be performed by qualified welders and must be approved by the
classification society according to the qualified welding procedures.

4.12 Criteria for the Cathodic Protection for the Jacket of Fixed Platforms

4.12.1 All the submerged areas, the areas of the buried parts and, at least, 50 % of the areas
corresponding to the transition zone (splash zone) must be considered in the sizing.

4.12.2 The corresponding areas of the casing of wells, piles and provisional mud mats must be
considered as buried surfaces.

4.12.3 The conductors and accessories, other than the risers, must be electrically interconnected to
the jacket.

4.12.4 The risers must be electrically isolated from the submarine pipelines and platforms, and must
have an independent CPS.

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4.12.5 The initial, medium and final current densities, for the submerged and buried parts and risers,
must be determined according to the local installation of the platform, the experience of PETROBRAS
and/or designer or international standards such as the DNV-RP-B401:2005. The densities listed in
Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8 of 6.7.1 of this Standard may be used as reference values.

4.12.6 The anodes designed for the jacket must be made of ATS type aluminum alloy, according to
ABNT NBR 10388:1988.

4.12.7 The initial dimensions of the anodes must be such that each anode is capable of injecting, at
least, the initial current of submerged and buried areas and risers, divided by the number of anodes
determined, respectively, for each one of these areas.

4.12.8 With reduced dimensions, each anode must be capable of injecting, at least, the final current
of the submerged and buried areas and risers, divided by the number of anodes determined,
respectively, for each one of these areas.

4.13 Criteria for Cathodic Protection of Subsea Equipments

4.13.1 The design of the CPS must be prepared individually for each of the parts in the case of
equipment consisting of several dismountable or recoverable parts, such as: manifold structure,
manifold modules, SCMs, ANMs, and BAPs.

4.13.2 The anodes must be secured by welding or bolts, nuts and washers of AISI 316 or 304
stainless steel, secured on supports welded on the equipment.

4.13.3 The design of CPS may consider the use of aluminum or zinc anodes. However, the aluminum
or zinc anodes must not be used to protect the same structure or different structures electrically
interconnected, directly or through pipelines and/or umbilicals.

4.13.4 For components heated by internal fluid, the medium and final densities of the initial current
must be incremented by 1 mA/m² per °C that the temperature of the external wall of the equipment
exceeds of the ambient temperature. When the temperature of the external wall is not availablethe
internal temperature of the fluid may be used for conservative purposes. The ambient temperatures
must be considered of 18 °C at 100 m of depth, 12 °C of 100 m to 300 m of depth and 4 °C for depths
higher than 300 m.

4.13.5 The design of the CPS must be provided with drawings showing the distribution of the anodes
in the equipment.

4.13.6 The areas to be protected must be specified per type of material of the equipment (carbon
steel, stainless steel, nickel-plated steel etc.) to be cathodically protected, taking into account that
each area stands as a share of this current for the calculation of the current necessary for protecting
the equipment.

5 Impressed-Current Cathodic Protection System

5.1 Definitive CPS

The definitive CPS for the protection of vessel hulls shall be in accordance with the requirements
specified in 5.1.1 to 5.1.5 of this Standard.

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5.1.1 Areas to Be Protected

The CPS shall be designed for cathodic protection of the entire submerged surface of the hull in
accordance with 4.7 of this Standard.

5.1.2 Materials and Equipment

5.1.2.1 Anodes

The design shall preferably use inert titanium anodes coated with mixed metal oxides (MMO).
Specifications of other types of anodes shall be previously subjected to approval by PETROBRAS.

5.1.2.2 Reference Eletrodes

Zinc reference electrodes shall be in accordance with Mil-A 18001K.

5.1.2.3 Rectifiers

5.1.2.3.1 Rectifiers shall be in accordance with the requirements set forth in PETROBRAS N-2608.

5.1.2.3.2 For the same vessel, rectifiers should be identical. [Recommended Practice]

5.1.3 Specific Criteria for Design, Construction and Assembly

5.1.3.1 Anodes and reference electrodes shall be distributed on submerged surfaces below the
minimum draft so as to reach the cathodic protection potential range specified in 4.5 of this Standard.

5.1.3.2 Anodes shall be provided with a cable or rod section so as to allow connection to the main
electrical cable.

5.1.3.3 In the area around and beneath the anodes, electrical insulating coating at least 4 mm thick
(dielectric shield), extending 2 m around the anode, shall be applied to the surface to be protected.

NOTE In case there is any metal structure installed within a radius of 2 m from the anode, it shall be
duly coated.

5.1.3.4 The installation of the electrical cable of the anodes and reference electrodes outside the hull
is not permitted for transport ships and shall be avoided in stationary units.

5.1.3.5 Should it not be possible to comply with 5.1.3.4 and the anodes or reference electrodes
coincide with the tanks containing explosive atmospheres (cargo tank and adjacent spaces and
drainage), the following aspects shall be considered:

a) the penetration of electrical cables in the hull shall occur in the closest possible non-
hazardous region, minimizing the submerged external installation section;
b) electrical cables shall be installed as follows:
— electrical cables shall be insulated and be resistant to abrasion, ozone and weathering
(immersed installation), suitable for full immersion in seawater; cables shall be
installed on trays protecting them against physical damages;

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— in the tide variation zone, only vertical cable sections may be installed so as to
minimize ocean forces on the structure.

5.1.3.6 At least, two impressed-current cathodic protection units shall be installed. Each unit shall be
composed of 1 rectifier and respective anodes and reference electrodes so as to improve current
distribution along the hull, in accordance with the following requirements:

a) it shall have, at least, two reference electrodes; one of the electrodes shall be installed
3 m away from one of the anodes, whereas the other one shall be installed as far as
possible from the anodes;
b) it shall allow the connection of any reference electrode to the respective rectifier so as to
allow automatic control of the potential of the structure;
c) rectifiers shall be installed in a sheltered and easily accessible location at a temperature
below 45 °C and protected from the marine atmosphere; in case the area is hazardous,
the rectifier shall be in accordance with IEC 60092-502:1999 (group IIA, temperature
T3 - 200 °C). For some types of chemical loads and products, such as LPG and LNG,
classification into other temperature groups and classes shall be evaluated.

5.1.3.7 All anodes and reference electrodes shall be positioned, at least, 3 m below the minimum
draft line to ensure the operational continuity of the impressed-current cathodic protection system.

5.1.3.8 At least, 4 lifting eyes shall be installed in stationary units, distributed along the hull, to allow
the possible installation of a suspended anode system. PETROBRAS shall previously approve the
design of those eyes and their respective locations.

5.1.3.9 For the cathodic protection designs of the hull a numerical simulation shall be made of the
potential distribution to confirm the absence of electrochemical potentials that are harmful to the hull
and other components connected to it.

5.1.4 Design Parameters

The parameters to be considered in the design of the CPS shall be as follows:

a) electrolyte resistivity: 25 Ω.cm;

b) Di: 208 mA/m2;
c) Dm: 55 mA/m2;
d) Df: 71 mA/m2;
e) Ei, Em e Ef: as defined in 4.9;
f) speed factor (fv) according to Table 4.

Table 4 - Speed Factor X Relative Speed Structure/Electrolyte

Speed (m/s) Speed Factor

0 to 1,5 1,0
1,5 to 3,5 1,1
> 3,5 1,2

5.1.5 Design

5.1.5.1 The CPS design shall utilize the values for the adopted service life, the coating efficiency, the
cathodic protection current density, the electrical resistivity of the electrolyte, and the speed factor
defined in 4.4, 4.9, and 5.1.4 of this Standard.

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5.1.5.2 Calculate Ii, using the following formula:

Ιi  S . D i (1  E i ).f v

Where:
Ii is the initial current, in A;
S is the area of the surface to be protected, in m2;
Di is the initial current density, in A/m2;
Ei is the initial coating efficiency;
fv is the speed factor.

5.1.5.3 Calculate Im, using the following formula:

Ιm  S . D m (1  E m ).f v

Where:
Im is the medium current, in A;
S is the area of the surface to be protected, in m2;
Dm is the medium current density, in A/m2;
Em is the medium coating efficiency;
fv is the speed factor.

5.1.5.4 Calculate If, using the following formula:

Ι f  S . D f (1  E f ).f v

Where:
If is the final current, in A;
S is the area of the surface to be protected, in m2;
Df is the final current density, in A/m2;
Ef is the final coating efficiency;
fv is the speed factor.

5.1.5.5 Select the highest among Ii, Im and If and define the quantity and rated current of the rectifiers
(In), noting that In shall be a multiple of 10.

5.1.5.6 Based on the service life adopted for the cathodic protection system, according to 4.4, and the
selected anode (preferably Mixed Metal Oxide - MMO), check with the manufacturer the maximum
current (Imáx) with which the anode can operate.

5.1.5.7 Calculate the minimum number of anodes (n) per rectifier, using the following formula:

In
n
I max

Where:
n is the minimum number of anodes;
In is the rated current of the rectifier, in A;
Imax is the maximum current with which the anode can operate (in A).

5.1.5.8 Calculate, per anode, the resistance of the electrical cable interconnecting the rectifier to the
node (RCABO), as follows:

R CABLE  R E  L

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Where:
RCABLE is the resistance of the electrical cable interconnecting the rectifier to the anode
(Ω);
RE is the electrical resistance of the selected cable (Ω/m);
L is the cable length (m).

NOTE The electrical cable selected shall be compatible with the current to be drained by the anode.

5.1.5.9 Calculate the electrical resistance of the anode-to-electrolyte contact (RANODE) calculated by
means of the following formula for rectangular flat electrodes:

ρ
R ANODE 
2 Le

Where:
RANODE is the electrical resistance of the anode-to-electrolyte contact (Ω );
 is the electrical resistivity of the electrolyte in Ω.m;
Le is the average between the length and the width of the flat MMO anode, in mm.

NOTE This formula is used when the length of the anode is, at least, twice its width.

5.1.5.10 Calculate the Total Resistance (RTOTAL) per anode as being:

R TOTAL  R CABLE  R ANODE

5.1.5.11 Calculate the Equivalent Resistance (Req) of the parallel of the RTOTAL of the anodes of the
same rectifier.

5.1.5.12 Calculate the minimum output voltage of the rectifier (VMIN) using the following formula:

VMÍN  In  R eq

Where:
VMiN is the minimum output voltage of the rectifier, in V;
In is the rated current of the rectifier, in A;
Req is the parallel of the RTOTAL of the anodes of the same rectifier, in Ω.

5.1.5.13 Define the rated voltage of the rectifiers of the vessel (VN), which shall be preferably a
multiple of 10 and above VMiN.

5.2 Rectifiers

The minimum conditions required for supply, inspection and tests of manual and automatic (air cooled
and oil) rectifiers used in the cathodic protection systems of offshore facilities (vessels and platforms)
must follow PETROBRAS N-2608.

5.3 Provisional CPS

The provisional cathodic protection system to protect the vessel hull must comply with the
requirements set out in items 5.3.1 to 5.3.3.

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5.3.1 The provisional CPS may be performed by impressed or galvanic current whenever the hull is in
contact with sea water and the definitive system is not operating. In the case of the adoption of a CPS
by galvanic current, the criteria defined in Section 6 of this Standard must be applied.

5.3.2 It is not necessary that the anodes are welded or bolted to the hull, unless the system is used
for trip or tow of the unit. [Recommended Practice]

5.3.3 If a CPS by galvanic current by suspense anodes is adopted, the following precautions must be
observed:

a) the contact of electric cable with the hull is recommended to be made with a connector
preferably connected to accessories such as fenders, anchor berths and handrails, in
order to avoid damage to paint or hull structure; [Recommended Practice]
b) the top of the anode must be located at least 1,5 m below the bottom of the hull or keel;
c) the anodes must be distributed evenly around the entire hull.

6 Galvanic Current Type Cathodic Protection System - Definitive System

The definitive galvanic-current type cathodic protection system shall be in accordance with the
requirements set forth in 6.1 to 6.7 of this Standard.

6.1 Areas to Be Protected

The CPS shall be designed for the cathodic protection of the entire submerged surface according
to 4.7. For potable water tanks cathodic protection is not applied. For this case an anticorrosive
protection based on the selection of materials and/or a suitable coating system shall be adopted.

6.2 Anodes

6.2.1 Aluminum or zinc alloy galvanic anodes shall be used according to the specifications in ABNT
NBR 10387 and ABNT NBR 9358, respectively.

6.2.2 Anodes shall be inspected according to ABNT NBR 10742 and their performance according to
ABNT NBR 9358.

6.2.3 The cathodic protection system shall be designed using the following current capacities:

a) aluminum anode: 1 850 A.h/kg (at 20 °C);

b) zinc anode: 740 A.h/kg.

NOTE 1 A current capacity higher than 1 850 A.h/kg (at 20 °C) may be used for aluminum anodes,
provided this is demonstrated through long-term tests determining, in a reliable manner, this
new current capacity.
NOTE 2 For sizing subsea equipment, use, for the aluminum anodes installed in the region of the
equipment buried in the seabed, the current capacity of 1 500 Ah/kg, and, for zinc anodes,
the capacity of 700 Ah/kg.

6.3 Specific Design, Construction, and Assembly Criteria

6.3.1 Anodes made of different materials or alloys shall not be used in the design of the CPS for
protecting the same area.

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6.3.2 The utilization factor of galvanic anodes shall be 90 % for bar-shaped anodes (AQS and ZQS
type) and 85 % for flat-shaped anodes (AES and ZES type) according to DNV-RP-B401:2005.

NOTE The types of anodes mentioned are classified in ABNT NBR 8734.

6.3.3 For ballast tanks and drainage tanks, the service factor shall be 100 %.

6.3.4 Specific conditions for the Inspection and Performance of Welding.

6.3.4.1 Anodes shall have a steel support suitable for welding and compatible with the structure to be
protected. Anode cores and burned areas shall be treated and painted in the same manner as the rest
of the vessel according to ABNT NBR 7403.

6.3.4.2 In the case of fixed platforms, the criteria to be applied in the welding of the anode core to the
structure of the jacket are identical to those applied to the manufacture and assembly of the jacket and
must be in accordance with PETROBRAS N-133.

6.3.4.3 In regions of the welding of the anode core to the structure, the anti-corrosion casing, if any,
must be removed, in addition to grinding and/or brushing the surface, until standard of cleanliness
equivalent, at least, to St 3 of ISO 8501-1 is achieved.

6.3.4.4 The securing of the anodes must be made through continuous weld bead, and discontinuous
welding may not be allowed.

6.3.4.5 The welding of the anode must not coincide with the weldings of structural elements and must
be far from said weldings by 150 mm, at least.

NOTE The support plate, when necessary, must be assembled in the field, as established in
Figure 9 of ABNT NBR 10388:1988.

6.3.4.6 After positioning the anode and preparing the surfaces which will receive the welding, this
must be made, in accordance to qualified procedure and staff.

6.3.4.7 Inspect the weldings for the fastening of the anodes on the structures, as for its sizes and
possible welding defects. The criteria for acceptance/rejection to the weldings of the anodes are those
established in the qualified welding procedure of assembling of the structure.

6.3.4.8 The coating scheme, if any, must be removed in the points of welding and in the points in
contact between the anode support and the equipment. After welding, it must be repaired according to
the original. The grounded regions and/or Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ) by welding process shall be also
painted.

6.3.4.9 The welding of the anodes must be performed in accordance with the requirements of the
design of equipment, piping or submerged structure.

6.3.5 For bolted anodes, all nuts, serrated washers and bolts, shall be made of AISI 316 or 304 stainless
steel, according to the provisions in 4.6 and 6.3.17.2. In the regions in contact between the anode core and
the structure, the procedure described in 6.3.4.3 shall be done. It must be ensured an adequate tightening
of the nuts so that the serrated washers allow a full metal contact. After fastening process all existing slits
shall be sealed with epoxy filler or similar material, previously approved by PETROBRAS.

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6.3.6 Ballast tanks with a non-explosive atmosphere may be protected by galvanic anodes made of
aluminum alloy.

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6.3.7 Cargo tanks, drainage tanks and ballast tanks with an explosive atmosphere may be protected
using galvanic anodes made of zinc alloy, as long as the maximum operating temperature does not
exceed 50 ºC. For use of zinc anodes at temperatures higher than 50 °C, they must be made of
special alloy suitable for the new temperature specified and purchased from qualified suppliers by
PETROBRAS.

6.3.8 If the operating temperature exceeds 50 ºC, aluminum alloy anodes shall be used, provided the
product of the anode installation height (m) by its gross weight (kgf) is less than 28 kgf.m. The height
shall be measured from the bottom of the tank to the center of the anode.

6.3.9 Sea chests shall be protected by galvanic anodes bolted to supports welded to the hull.

6.3.10 The electrical resistance in the connection between the anodes and the structure shall not
exceed 1 Ω.

6.3.11 Specific Conditions for Anode Distribution

6.3.11.1 As a criterion for distribution of anodes in floating installations, each anode must be
2
considered to protect at least one area of 40 m . On vessels, the installation of 20 % to 30 % of the
anodes at the stern region is recommended, in accordance with ABNT NBR 7403. [Recommended
Practice]

6.3.11.2 The anodes selected for the jacket must be distributed to cover an area of 30 m² to 60 m² per
anode and proportionally to current intensities of submerged and buried parts. They must be
distributed since the minimum tide until the seabed, in order to also ensure the protection of buried
surfaces of the jacket. The anodes for protection of the conductors must be placed on the jacket
tables, next to the leads of the conductors.

6.3.11.3 The distribution of anodes on structures must be determined in accordance with the design
drawings and they must be subsequently updated to the “as built” review.

6.3.11.4 For distribution of anodes in subsea equipment, the guidelines below must be complied with:

6.3.11.4.1 The distribution of anodes shall not cause problems during interventions and operation of
the equipment.

6.3.11.4.2 Distribute anodes as uniformly as possible and avoid installing them in confined regions in
which only one side of the anode will operate under suitable conditions for cathodic protection of the
equipment.

6.3.11.4.3 A larger mass of anodes shall be installed near components made of stainless steel, noble
alloys and noble metal coatings, since these components are generally not coated and require a
higher initial current density for their polarization.

6.3.11.4.4 Closed and non liquid-tight compartments shall be internally protected, i.e. anodes shall be
installed therein. Openings shall be provided for exit of corrosion products from anodes.

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6.3.11.4.5 In special cases and for highly complex structures comprised of various dissimilar
materials and components, it may be necessary to use computer programs based on boundary
elements to check on the best current distribution.

6.3.12 Special Conditions for Acceptance/Rejection after Fastening of the Anodes on the Structures

6.3.12.1 Measure the distance between adjacent regions of the structure already cleaned and which
will receive the fastening welding of the anodes, and, after the fastening of the anode, a tolerance
of ± 100 mm in the distance between the weldings of the cores of adjacent anodes may be allowed.

6.3.12.2 Measure the angular position of the anode related to the position estimated in the design
drawings, given that, after fastening, a tolerance of ± 5° may be allowed.

6.3.13 The jacket anodes for protection must be installed on the structure before the lifting of each
panel.

6.3.14 The receipt, storage and handling of the anodes must comply with the following criteria:

a) the recipient agency must compare the material to be received to the Material Purchase
Order (PCM), including as to the documentation which must accompany the anodes;
b) in the event of receipt, they must be free from damages;
c) they must be stored in locations which are clean, isolated from the soil and supported on
wood. The maximum piling permitted of the anodes is five units;
d) they must be handled carefully, avoiding shocks, breaks, bruises or averages at large.

6.3.15 Before the start of the operations of assembly of anodes on the structure of the jacket of the
fixed platform, the company must develop an assembly procedure, in accordance with this Standard,
containing, at least, the following items:

a) objetive;
b) applicable standards;
c) receipt of the anodes;
d) storage of the anodes;
e) welding procedure of the anodes and the welders;
f) sequence of assembly of the anodes;
g) inspection;
h) acceptance and rejection;
i) traceable result registration form (containing the number of anodes and its position).

6.3.16 Galvanic Monitoring System Installed on the Jacket

6.3.16.1 The monitoring system of potential and/or current drained by the anodes must contain:

a) location of reference electrodes;

b) location selected for the anode current measurement;
c) location of the pipes used to carry ropes from the monitored reference electrodes and
anodes;
d) instrument panel for measurement of currents with accuracy higher than 1 % at the end
of the scale and with potential instruments for measuring potential with internal
impedance equal or higher than 10 MΩ.

6.3.16.2 The criteria for determining the location and number of monitored reference electrodes and
anodes must be presented.

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6.3.16.3 A technical specification containing the principal technical characteristics of the instrument
panel must be submitted.

6.3.17 Electrical Continuity Test of the Cathodic Protection System Installed in Subsea Equipment

6.3.17.1 Any item of equipment must necessarily have to be electrically connected to the CPS, except
in special cases, where there is need for prior approval of PETROBRAS.

6.3.17.2 Where electrical continuity is ensured by means of screws, serrated washers must be used
in their assembly.

6.3.17.3 In the case of mobile components (rods etc.), where difficulties in maintaining the electrical
continuity may be found, they must be provided with the installation of stainless steel or copper wire
ropes interconnecting these components.

NOTE An alternative to replace the ropes is the installation of individual anodes on each mobile
component. [Recommended Practice]

6.3.17.4 The electrical continuity between the anode and the structure must be tested and the
resistance between each component and the nearest structure or anode may not be greater
than 1 ohm (the resistance of the multimeter cable is not included in this value).

6.3.18 Types of Installation of Galvanic and Inert Anodes

6.3.18.1 For galvanic anodes fixed laid on the surface, use AES type of ABNT NBR 10388:1988 and
the type of ZES of ABNT NBR 9363.

6.3.18.2 For galvanic anodes far from the surface, use the types ATS and AQS of
ABNT NBR 10388:1988 and the type ZQS of ABNT NBR 9363.

6.3.18.3 Suspense Galvanic Anodes

6.3.18.3.1 The typical installation must be in accordance with Figure A.1 and applies to the type of
anodes AQS ZQS of ABNT NBR 10387 and ABNT NBR 9358, respectively.

6.3.18.3.2 In the case of difficult sea or with strong currents, a ring for its fastening must be arranged.

6.3.18.4 Suspense Inert Anodes

6.3.18.4.1 A typical installation must be in accordance with Figure A.2 and applies to the anodes of
ECC and FCE types of ABNT NBR 9240.

6.3.18.4.2 The electric cord from the anode must have a clearance to prevent being a part of the
support system of the anode.

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6.3.18.5 Inert Anodes Laid on the Surface

A typical installation must be in accordance with Figure A.2 and applies to the anodes of FCE and
CCE types of ABNT NBR 9240.

6.3.18.6 Inert Anodes Laid on the Seabed

The anodes of GCE and CCE types may be laid directly on the seabed without support.

6.3.18.7 The fastening of inert anodes made of coated titanium with mixed oxides of noble metals
(Ti MMO), for cathodic protection of offshore facilities, may be performed using as reference the
Figures A.1, A.2 or A.3, as necessary for the project.

6.4 Design Parameters

6.4.1 Ballast Tanks with Non-Explosive Atmosphere

The parameters to be considered in the design of the CPS shall be as follows:

a) electrolyte resistivity: 25 Ω.cm;

b) Dm: 55 mA/m2;
c) Ei, Em and Ef: as defined in 4.9.

6.4.2 Cargo Tanks, Drainage Tanks and Ballast Tanks with an Explosive Atmosphere

The parameters to be considered in the design of the CPS shall be as follows:

a) electrolyte resistivity: 25 Ω.cm;

b) Dm: 100 mA/m2;
c) Ei, Em and Ef: as specified in 4.9.

6.4.3 Sea chests, Buoys, Monobuoys, Turrets and Temporary Systems of Vessel Hulls

The parameters to be considered in the design of the CPS shall be as follows:

a) electrolyte resistivity: 25 Ω.cm;

b) Di: 208 mA/m2;
c) Dm: 55 mA/m2;
d) Df: 71 mA/m2;
e) Ei, Em and Ef: as specified in 4.9;
f) speed factor (fv) according to Table 4.

6.4.4 Fixed Platform Jacket

a) electrolyte resistivity: 25 Ω.cm;

b) Di and Df : according to Tables 5, 6 and 7 of item 6.7.1 of this Standard;
c) Dm : according to Tables 5, 6 and 7 of item 6.7.1 of this Standard;
d) Ei, Em e Ef: 0 (zero) - bare surface;
e) velocity factor (fv) as shown in Table 4.

6.4.5 Risers and Subsea Equipment

a) electrolyte resistivity: 25 Ω.cm;

b) Di and Df : according to Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8 of item 6.7.1 of this Standard;

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c) Dm : according to Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8 of item 6.7.1 of this Standard;

d) Ei, Em e Ef: as defined in item 4.9;
e) velocity factor (fv) as shown in Table 4.

6.5 Sizing Tanks, Sea chests, Buoys, Monobuoys, Turret, and Provisional System of Vessel
Hull

6.5.1 It will be necessary to use in the design of the CPS the values for the expected service life, the
coating efficiency, the cathodic protection current density, the electrical resistivity of the electrolyte and
the speed factor specified in 4.4, 4.9, and 6.4 of this Standard.

6.5.2 Calculate the total initial current (  i ),using the following formula:

 i  Ssr . D i  Scr . D i (1  E i ) . f v

Where:
i is the total initial current, in A;
Ssr is the area of the surface to be protected without coating, in m2;
Scr is the area of the surface to be protected with coating, in m2;
Di is the area of the surface to be protected with coating, in A/m2;
Ei is the initial coating efficiency;
fv is the speed factor.

6.5.3 Calculate the total medium current (  m ),using the following formula:

 m  Ssr . D m  Scr . D m (1  E m ) . f v

Where:
 m is the total medium current, in A;
Ssr is the area of the surface to be protected without coating, in m2;
Scr is the area of the surface to be protected with coating, in m2;
Dm is the medium current density, in A/m2;
Em is the medium coating efficiency;
fv is the speed factor.

6.5.4 Calculate the total final current (If), using the formula below:

 f  Ssr . D f  Scr . D f (1  E f ).f v

Where:
f is the total final current, in A;
Ssr is the area of the surface to be protected without coating, in m2;
Scr is the area of the surface to be protected with coating, in m2;
Df is the final current density, in A/m2;
Ef is the final coating efficiency;
fv is the speed factor.

6.5.5 Calculate the anode mass required using the following formula:

8 760 .  m . V
M
C . Fu

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Where:
M is the anode mass, in kg;
V is the service life of the CPS, in years;
m is the medium current, in A;
C is the current capacity in A.h/kg, as indicated, in 6.2.4;
Fu is the utilization factor as indicated, in 6.3.2.

6.5.6 Select the aluminum alloy anodes (types AQS or AES) or zinc alloy anodes (types ZQS or ZES)
specified in ABNT NBR 10388:1988 or ABNT NBR 9363, respectively. Determine the minimum
number of anodes (n) so as to satisfy the anode mass calculated according to 6.5.5, observing the
anode distribution criterion set out in 6.3.11:

M
n
MLIQ

Where:
n is the minimum number of anodes;
M is the anode mass calculated according to 6.5.5, in kg;
MLIQ is the net mass of the anode selected, in kg.

6.5.7 Determine the initial current supplied ( i )by anode selected in 6.5.6, according to the formula
below:

0,25
i 
Ri

Where:
i is the initial current supplied, in A;
Ri is the initial resistance of anode-to-electrolyte contact, in Ω.

6.5.8 The value of (Ri) for anodes of the AQS and ZQS type is calculated by means of the following
formula:

   4 Li  
Ri   n    1
2 . L i   ri  

Where:
Ri is the initial resistance of the anode-to-electrolyte contact, in Ω;
 is the electrical resistivity of the electrolyte, in Ω.m;
Li is the initial length of the anode, in m;
ri is the initial equivalent radius of the anode, in m.

NOTE The value of (ri) is calculated with the anode dimensions specified in ABNT NBR 10388 and
ABNT NBR 9363, and (ri) is given by the following expression:

Ai
ri 


Where:
ri is the initial equivalent radius of the anode, in m;
Ai is the initial area of the cross-section of the anode, in m2.

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6.5.9 The value of (Ri) for anodes of the AES and ZES types is calculated using the following formula:


Ri 
2 Le i

Where:
Ri is the initial resistance of the anode-to-electrolyte contact, in Ω;
 is the electrical resistivity of the electrolyte, in Ω.m;
Lei is the average between the initial length and width of the anode, in m.

NOTE This formula is used when the length of the anode is, at least, twice its width.

6.5.10 The initial current supplied by each anode ( i ),calculated in 6.5.7, shall be compared with the
total initial current calculated in 6.5.2 (Ii), and shall comply with the following requirement:

i
i  1,1 .
n

6.5.11 Determine the final current supplied ( f )per anode selected in 6.5.6 using the formula below:

0,25
f 
Rf

Where:
f is the final current supplied, in A;
Rf is the final resistance of the anode-to-electrolyte contact, in Ω.

6.5.12 The value for (Rf) for anodes of the AQS and ZQS types is calculated by means of the
following formula:

   4L f  
Rf   n   1
2 . L f   rf  

Where:
Rf is the final resistance of the anode-to-electrolyte contact, in Ω;
 is the electrical resistivity of the electrolyte, in Ω.m;
Lf is the final length of the anode, in m;
rf is the final length of the anode, in m.

NOTE The value of (Rf) is calculated with the reduced dimensions of the anodes at the end of the
service life of the system, considering a utilization factor of 90 % and a reduction in length of
1 % for every 10 % in volume reduction of the anode. The reduced dimensions are obtained
in the following manner:

a) final length (Lf):

L f  0,910  L i

b) final equivalent radius (rf):

Af
rf 


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Where:
Af is the final cross-sectional area, in m2, at the end of the service life of anodes, obtained
by adding the volume of the anode core to 10 % of the initial volume of the alloy material
of the anode, divided by the final length of the anode;
rf is the equivalent radius, in m.

6.5.13 The value for (Rf) for anodes of the AES and ZES types is calculated by means of the following
formula:


Rf 
2 Le f

Where:
Rf is the final resistance of the anode-to-electrolyte contact, in Ω;
 is the electrical resistivity of the electrolyte, in Ω.m;
Lef is the average between the final width and length of the anode, in m.

NOTE This formula is used when the anode length is, at least, twice its width.

6.5.14 The final current supplied per anode ( f ), calculated in 6.5.11, shall be compared with the total
final current calculated in 6.5.4 (If), and shall meet the following requirement:

f
If  1,1 .
n

6.6 Sizing of Offshore Fixed Platform and Risers

6.6.1 Establish current density (Dis) (Die) (Dir), (Dms), (Dme), (Dmr), (Dfs), (Dfe) and (Dfr), the
expected service life of the system and define the resistivity of the electrolyte.

6.6.2 Calculate the initial current (Iis) and (Iie) by the following formula:

Ii = S.Di

Where:
Ii is the initial current in A;
S is the surface area to be protected in m2;
Di is the initial density in A/m2.

6.6.3 Calculate the Initial current (lir) by the following formula:

Iir = S . Dir(1 - Ei)

Where:
Iir is the initial current to the risers in A;
S is the surface area to be protected of the risers in m2;
Dir is the initial current density of the risers in A/m2;
Ei is the initial efficiency of the casing of the risers.

6.6.4 Calculate the medium currents (Ims) and (Ime) by the following formula:

Im = S . Dm

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Where:
Im is the medium current in A;
S is the surface area to be protected in m2;
Dm is the medium current density in A/m2.

6.6.5 Calculate the medium current (Imr) by the following formula:

Imr = S.Dmr (l - Em)

Where:
Imr is the medium current to the risers in A;
S is the surface area to be protected of the risers in m2;
Dmr is the medium current density of the risers in A/m2;
Em is the medium efficiency of the casing of the risers.

6.6.6 Calculate the final current (Ifs) and (Ife) by the following formula:

If = S . Df

Where:
If is the final current in A;
S is the surface area to be protected in m2;
Df is the final current density in A/m2.

6.6.7 Calculate the final current (Ifr) by the following formula:

Ifr = S.Dfr (l - Ef)

Where:
Ifr is the final current to the risers in A;
S is the surface area to be protected of the risers in m2;
Dfr is the final current density of the risers in A/m2;
Ef is the final efficiency of the casing of the risers.

6.6.8 Calculate the masses (Ms), (Me) e (Mr) required for protection, by the following formula:

8 760 . Im . V
M=
C . Fu

Where:
M is the mass required for the cathodic protection system in kg;
V is the service life of the system in years;
Im is the medium current in A;
C is the current capacity in A.h/kg, as specified in 4.8;
Fu is the utilization factor, in decimal fraction, as also specified in 4.8.

6.6.9 Select the anodes according to the types ATS of ABNT NBR 10388: 1988 and determine the
number of anodes to meet the provisions in 6.6.8 and to the criterion of distribution provided for
in 6.3.12.

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
6.6.10 Determine the drained initial current If for each type of anode selected in 6.6.9 using the
formula:

0,25
Ii 
Ri

Where:
Ii is the initial current drained by one anode in A;
Ri is the initial resistance of the anode/sea water contact in ohm.

6.6.10.1 (Ri) is calculated by the following formula:

ρ   4 Li  
Ri   n    1
2 π Li   ri  

Where:
 is the resistivity of the sea water in ohm.m;
Li is the initial length of the anode in m;
ri is the initial equivalent radius of the anode in m;
 n is the natural logarithm.

6.6.10.2 The value of (Ri) is calculated with the initial dimensions of the ATS anodes of
ABNT NBR 10388:1988, and (ri) is given by the following expression:

Ai
ri 
π

Where:
ri is the initial equivalent radius of the anode in m;
Ai is the initial cross-sectional area of the anode in m2, obtained with ATS anodes of
ABNT NBR 10388:1988.

6.6.11 The Current calculated in 6.6.10 must comply with 4.1.3.7, i.e., initial current released by
anode must be equal or higher than the initial currents calculated in 6.6.2 and 6.6.3 divided by the
number of anodes determined for each of these areas.

6.6.12 Determine the final drained current (If) for each type of anode selected in 6.6.11, by the
following formula:

0,25
If 
Rf

Where:
If is the final drained current in A;
Rf is the final resistance of anode/seawater contact in ohm. (Rf) is calculated by the
following formula:

ρ   4 Lf  
Rf   n    1
2 π Lf   rf  

Where:
 is the water sea resistivity in ohm.m;
Lf is the anode final length in m;

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rf is the final equivalent radius in m;
 n is the natural logarithm.

NOTE The value of (Rf) is calculated with the reduced dimensions of the anodes by the end of the
service life of the system, assuming an utilization factor of 90 %, and a reduction in length of
1 % per each 10 % of reduction in the volume of the anode. The reduced dimensions are
obtained as follows:

a) final length (Lf) = Anode length obtained by the following expression:

Lf = 0,910 Li

Where:
Li is the anode initial length in m.

b) final equivalent radius (rf) = Anode equivalent radius obtained by the following
expression:

Af
rf 
π

Where:
Af is the final area of the anode cross section in m2 by the end of the service life of the
anodes, obtained by the sum of the volume of the anode core with 10 % of the initial
volume of the material of the alloy of the anode divided by the final length of the anode;
rf is the final equivalent radius of the anode in m.

6.6.13 The current calculated in 6.6.12 must comply with the provisions in 4.1.3.8, i.e., the current
drained by the end anode must equal or exceed the final currents calculated in 6.6.6 and 6.6.7,
respectively, divided by the number of anodes determined for each of these areas.

6.7 Sizing of Subsea Equipment

2
6.7.1 Current Density (mA/m )

The values provided for in Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8 must be used, according to the depth at which the
equipment will be installed. The density values listed below are specified by PETROBRAS, in keeping
with the DNV RP-B401:2005 for its offshore facilities located in the Brazilian shore, based on its
experience and arrangement of these parameters at the location.

Table 5 - Current Density - Depth Up To 100 m

Mean Final
Material/condition Initial density
density density
Submerged carbon steel D > 208 55 71
Submerged nickel or stainless steel D > 416 55 71
Buried carbon steel (Zn anode) D > 208 88 88
Buried carbon steel (Al anode) D > 208 60 60

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Table 6 - Current Density - Depth Between 100 m and 300 m

Mean Final
Material/condition Initial density
density density
Submerged carbon steel D > 291 120 140
Submerged nickel or stainless steel D > 416 115 131
Buried carbon steel (Zn anode) D > 291 88 88
Buried carbon steel (Al anode) D > 291 60 60

Table 7 - Current Density - Depth Between 300 m and 1 000 m

Mean Final
Material/condition Initial density
density density
Submerged carbon steel D > 363 130 168
Submerged nickel or stainless steel D > 416 80 103
Buried carbon steel (Zn anode) D > 363 88 88
Buried carbon steel (Al anode) D > 363 60 60

Table 8 - Current Density - Depth Exceeding a 1 000 m

Mean Final
Material/condition Initial density
density density
Submerged carbon steel D > 435 143 168
Submerged nickel or stainless steel D > 435 115 130
Buried carbon steel (Zn anode) D > 363 88 88
Buried carbon steel (Al anode) D > 363 60 60

6.7.2 Coating Efficiency (E)

E=1-f

Where:
f is the failure rate of the coating.

The value of failure rate of the casing is obtained in DNV-RP-B401:2005 (iem 6.4 and Table 4.10 of Annex A).

NOTE 1 The coating applied to equipment shall be in accordance with PETROBRAS N-2037.
NOTE 2 For stainless steel, even when painted with the paint scheme of carbon steel, use the
equations of item 6.4 of DNV-RP-B401:2005 and Table 10-4 of DNV-RP-B401:2005 for
calculating the efficiency of the casing.
NOTE 3 For nickel steel: E = 0 (zero).

6.7.3 Calculating Current Requirements

6.7.3.1 Initial Current (Ii)

The initial current shall be calculated using the following expression:

Ii  (1 / 1 000) [Ss  Ds  Sc  Dc (1  E)]

Where:
Ii is the initial current (A);

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Ss is the submerged stainless steel area (m2);
Ds is the density of initial current for stainless steel protection (mA/m2);
Sc is the submerged carbon steel area (m2);
Dc is the density of initial current for protection of submerged carbon steel (mA/m2);
E is the initial coating efficiency.

NOTE For the ANM design, add 5 A to the initial current calculation equation, since there is some
current drainage through the casing conductor.

6.7.3.2 Mean Current (Im)

For calculating the mean current, use the same expression used in 6.7.3.1, the initial current density
with the mean current density.

NOTE For the ANM design, add 5 A to the mean current calculation equation, since there is some
current drainage through the casing conductor.

6.7.3.3 Final Current (If)

For calculating the final current, the same expression used in 6.7.3.1 must be used, replacing the
initial current density by the final current density.

NOTE For the design of ANM, 5 A must be added to the equation of calculation of the final current,
concerning the occurrence of current drainage by the conductor of the well casing.

6.7.4 Calculation of Anode Mass

6.7.4.1 The anode mass required for protection shall be calculated using the following expression:

8 760 lm
M
(Fu.C)
V

Where:
M is the required mass for cathodic protection of system (kg);
V is the service life of system (years);
Im is the mean current required (A);
Fu is the utilization factor;
C is the current capacity (Ah/kg).

6.7.4.2 The utilization factor must follow Table 10-8 of DNV-RP-B401:2005, representing the
geometry of the anode.

6.7.4.3 The chemical composition of aluminum and zinc anodes must follow DNV-RP-B401: 2005.

6.7.5 Calculating the Necessary Quantity of Anodes

The quantity of anodes shall be obtained using the following expression:

M
N
m

Where:
N is the number of anodes;
M is the total mass required;

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m is the net mass of each anode.

6.7.6 Calculating the Total Current Supplied by Anodes

6.7.6.1 The initial (I `i) and final (I` f) total current, provided by selected anodes, must be calculated
using the following expression:

N x 0,25
I' 
R

Where:
I’ is the total and final current provided by the anodes (A);
N is the number of anodes;
R is the resistance of the initial and final anode/electrolyte contact (ohm).

6.7.6.2 The approximate contact resistance shall be calculated using the following expression:

 ρ   4L 
R    In  1
 2 π L   r 

Where:

 is the electrolyte resistivity (ohm.m);

L is the initial anode length (m);
r is the effective mean radius of anode (m).

NOTE The “r” value shall be calculated using the following expression:

1
 0,6 A  2
r 
 π 

Where:
A is the area of initial straight section of anode (m2);
0,6 is the factor corresponding to 60 % remaining from anode.

NOTE The value for  shall be considered as 0,25 ohm.m.

6.7.7 Check of Initial and Final Current of Anodes

The total initial and final current supplied by the anodes must be compared with the necessary initial
(Ii) and final (If) current, and the following check must be made:

I’i  Ii

I’f  If

6.7.7.1 If the above criteria is not met by the type of anode initially selected (size and net mass),
another anode type must be selected. This process is repeated until the criterion is met.

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7 Procedures for Pre-Operation of the Impressed-Current CPS

7.1 General Conditions

7.1.1 Three series of CPS pre-operation tests shall be performed: tests at the shipyard; sea tests and
site tests. The results of all tests shall be duly recorded.

7.1.2 The criteria for assessment of the cathodic protection to be adopted is that of the
electrochemical potential. The electrochemical potential values measured shall satisfy the range
indicated in 4.5. Otherwise, the system shall be reassessed.

7.1.3 The voltmeters and reference electrodes made of (Ag/AgClseawater) or zinc used in
electrochemical potential measurements shall be calibrated, according to the requirements of
PETROBRAS N-1814.

7.1.4 The hull-to-electrolyte potential measurements along the periphery of the hull shall be made
with a suspended silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgClseawater) or zinc reference electrode, complemented by
the readings obtained in the fixed reference electrodes of the vessel. In addition, measurements shall
be made near the fixed reference electrodes for comparison of the values.

NOTE 1 Points for measurement with a suspended electrode shall be selected so as to ensure a
uniform distribution thereof around the submerged area of the hull. After the determination,
the points shall be marked on the deck as reference to the next measurements.
NOTE 2 The suspended reference electrode shall be positioned approximately in the middle of the
draft of the vessel and as close as possible to the hull, limited to a maximum distance of 5 m.
NOTE 3 In measurements, the negative terminal of the voltmeter shall be connected to the cable of
the reference electrode.
NOTA 4 For the conversion of electrochemical potential readings with different electrodes (Zn and
Ag/AgClseawater) the following approximation shall be adopted:

PAg/AgCl = PZn - 1 050 (mV)

7.2 Shipyard Tests

The components of the CPS shall be checked and the system shall be subjected to functional tests.

7.2.1 Component checks:

a) rectifiers:
— power supply;
— connection of electrical cables of anodes, electrodes, and ground (hull);
— polarity: positive pole connected to anode cable and negative pole connected to
ground cable;
b) electrical cables:
— electrical continuity;
— electrical insulation;
— connection to anodes, reference electrodes, and ground (hull);
c) anodes and reference electrodes:
— electrical insulation (if immersed);
— sealing;
d) cofferdam:
— water tightness;
— paraffin;
e) rudder and propeller shaft grounding system.

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7.2.2 Functional Tests

The test comprises the energization of the CPS, with the anodes and reference electrodes
submerged, in which the following parameters shall be checked:

a) input voltage and current (AC);

b) output voltage and current (DC);
c) operation of instruments and tests of rectifier panel alarms;
d) maximum current of each anode;
e) electrochemical potential in reference electrodes;
f) automatic/manual switchover modes;
g) “measured potential x output voltage and current” response curves;
h) voltage and galvanic currents in inert anodes and reference electrodes.

NOTE All referenced measurements shall be made using calibrated measuring instruments with a
calibration certificate issued by an accredited laboratory.

7.3 Sea Tests

The tests comprise the verification of the operation of the CPS under conditions as similar as possible
to operating conditions. The following procedures shall be followed:

a) tests not performed in the shipyard test shall be conducted;

b) the efficiency of the CPS through the electrochemical potential measurement shall be
evaluated, according to 7.1.4;
c) the operation of the automatic adjustment control of the rectifier as a function of the
vessel’s draft shall be checked.

7.4 Site Tests

The test comprises the verification of the operation of the CPS under operating conditions. The
following procedures shall be followed:

a) all procedures specified for the sea test shall be carried out; the parameters shall be
assessed 10 days after the energization of the CPS, which is the period required for
polarization of the structure;
b) after polarization of the structure, the following parameters shall be monitored
for 5 consecutive days:
— AC;
— DC;
— current of each anode;
— electrochemical potentials measured according to 7.1.4;
c) within a period of 3 months after the beginning of definitive operation of the CPS, a diving
inspection shall be performed for a detailed survey of the potentials at points to be
established by PETROBRAS.

8 Pre-Operation Procedures for CPS by Galvanic Current

8.1 Upon completion of the installation services of the anodes, a general inspection of weldings must
be conducted, and the electrical continuity between anodes and structure to be protected must be
ensured, following the recommendations provided in this Standard and in item 9 of
DNV-RP-B401:2005.

8.2 After mounting the platform in the location and the start of operation of galvanic anodes, at least
14 days must be elapsed for the polarization of the metallic structure (cathode), and the
measurements of potential throughout the submerged structure must be performed using services of
shallow diving and measurements using remotely operated vehicle (ROV), where necessary.

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8.3 All measured values must lie within the suitable range for protection, according to 4.5 of this
Standard, and recorded in forms designed for this purpose. After the initial measurements and delivery
of facilities, the monitoring program of galvanic cathodic protection system must follow the routine of
inspection determined by the classification societies or the interim inspections defined at the discretion
of PETROBRAS.

9 Documentation Requirements

The documentation pertaining to the cathodic protection system shall contemplate all of the
requirements set forth in PETROBRAS N-1983, besides other requirements indicated in this Standard.

10 Design Acceptance

Acceptance of the design is contingent upon compliance with this Standard and PETROBRAS
N-1983.

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INDEX OF REVISIONS

REV. A
Affected Parts Description of Alteration

All Revised

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Foreword

This Standard is the English version (issued in 03/2011) of PETROBRAS N-2838 REV. A 01/2011. In
case of doubt, the Portuguese version, which is the valid document for all intents and purposes, shall
be used.

1 Scope

1.1 This Standard establishes the additional requirements to DNV-RP-B401:2005, which may be
adopted in the design, assembly and pre-operation of the cathodic protection system of the structures
listed below:

1.1.1 Offshore Floating Structures:

— Semi-Submersible (SS) platforms;

— Floating Storage and Offloading (FSO) platforms;
— Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) platforms;
— transport ships;
— buoys and monobuoys.

1.1.2 Metal fixed offshore oil production platforms, including the risers.

1.1.3 Subsea Equipment:

— wet christmas tree (ANM, with its abbreviature in Portuguese);

— manifolds;
— Pipeline End Manifold (PLEM);
— Pipeline End Terminal (PLET);
— manifold control system (SCM, with its abbreviature in Portuguese);
— drilling support bases (BAP, with its abbreviature in Portuguese).

1.2 The paragraphs of DNV-RP-B401:2005 not referred to in this Standard shall be considered fully
applicable.

1.3 This Standard applies to procedures started as of its date of issuance.

1.4 This Standard contains Technical Requirements and Recommended Practices.

2 Normative References

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.

PETROBRAS N-133 - Welding;

PETROBRAS N-1814 - Inspeção Submarina - Medição de Potencial Eletroquímico;

PETROBRAS N-1983 - Presentation of Cathodic Protection System Design;

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4.12.5 The initial, medium and final current densities, for the submerged and buried parts and risers,
must be determined according to the local installation of the platform, the experience of PETROBRAS
and/or designer or international standards such as the DNV-RP-B401:2005. The densities listed in
Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8 of 6.7.1 of this Standard may be used as reference values.

4.12.6 The anodes designed for the jacket must be made of ATS type aluminum alloy, according to
ABNT NBR 10388:1988.

4.12.7 The initial dimensions of the anodes must be such that each anode is capable of injecting, at
least, the initial current of submerged and buried areas and risers, divided by the number of anodes
determined, respectively, for each one of these areas.

4.12.8 With reduced dimensions, each anode must be capable of injecting, at least, the final current
of the submerged and buried areas and risers, divided by the number of anodes determined,
respectively, for each one of these areas.

4.13 Criteria for Cathodic Protection of Subsea Equipments

4.13.1 The design of the CPS must be prepared individually for each of the parts in the case of
equipment consisting of several dismountable or recoverable parts, such as: manifold structure,
manifold modules, SCMs, ANMs, and BAPs.

4.13.2 The anodes must be secured by welding, or bolts and nuts of AISI 316 stainless steel, secured
on supports welded on the equipment.

4.13.3 The design of CPS may consider the use of aluminum or zinc anodes. However, the aluminum
or zinc anodes must not be used to protect the same structure or different structures electrically
interconnected, directly or through pipelines and/or umbilicals.

4.13.4 For components heated by internal fluid, the medium and final densities of the initial current
must be incremented by 1 mA/m² per °C that the temperature of the external wall of the equipment
exceeds of the ambient temperature. When the temperature of the external wall is not availablethe
internal temperature of the fluid may be used for conservative purposes. The ambient temperatures
must be considered of 18 °C at 100 m of depth, 12 °C of 100 m to 300 m of depth and 4 °C for depths
higher than 300 m.

4.13.5 The design of the CPS must be provided with drawings showing the distribution of the anodes
in the equipment.

4.13.6 The areas to be protected must be specified per type of material of the equipment (carbon
steel, stainless steel, nickel-plated steel etc.) to be cathodically protected, taking into account that
each area stands as a share of this current for the calculation of the current necessary for protecting
the equipment.

5 Impressed-Current Cathodic Protection System

5.1 Definitive CPS

The definitive CPS for the protection of vessel hulls shall be in accordance with the requirements
specified in 5.1.1 to 5.1.5 of this Standard.

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6.3.2 The utilization factor of galvanic anodes shall be 90 % for bar-shaped anodes (AQS and ZQS
type) and 85 % for flat-shaped anodes (AES and ZES type) according to DNV-RP-B401:2005.

NOTE The types of anodes mentioned are classified in ABNT NBR 8734.

6.3.3 For ballast tanks and drainage tanks, the service factor shall be 100 %.

6.3.4 Specific conditions for the Inspection and Performance of Welding.

6.3.4.1 Anodes shall have a steel support suitable for welding and compatible with the structure to be
protected. Anode cores and burned areas shall be treated and painted in the same manner as the rest
of the vessel according to ABNT NBR 7403.

6.3.4.2 In the case of fixed platforms, the criteria to be applied in the welding of the anode core to the
structure of the jacket are identical to those applied to the manufacture and assembly of the jacket and
must be in accordance with PETROBRAS N-133.

6.3.4.3 In regions of the welding of the anode core to the structure, the anti-corrosion casing, if any,
must be removed, in addition to grinding and/or brushing the surface, until standard of cleanliness
equivalent, at least, to St 3 of ISO 8501-1 is achieved.

6.3.4.4 The securing of the anodes must be made through continuous weld bead, and discontinuous
welding may not be allowed.

6.3.4.5 The welding of the anode must not coincide with the weldings of structural elements and must
be far from said weldings by 150 mm, at least.

NOTE The support plate, when necessary, must be assembled in the field, as established in
Figure 9 of ABNT NBR 10388:1988.

6.3.4.6 After positioning the anode and preparing the surfaces which will receive the welding, this
must be made, in accordance to qualified procedure and staff.

6.3.4.7 Inspect the weldings for the fastening of the anodes on the structures, as for its sizes and
possible welding defects. The criteria for acceptance/rejection to the weldings of the anodes are those
established in the qualified welding procedure of assembling of the structure.

6.3.4.8 The casing scheme, if any, must be removed only in the points of welding and, after welding, it
must be repaired according to the original.

6.3.4.9 The welding of the anodes must be performed in accordance with the requirements of the
design of equipment, piping or submerged structure.

6.3.5 For bolted anodes, all nuts, washers, and bolts shall be made of stainless steel, according to the
provisions in 4.6.

6.3.6 Ballast tanks with a non-explosive atmosphere may be protected by galvanic anodes made of
aluminum alloy.

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rf is the final equivalent radius in m;

 n is the natural logarithm.

NOTE The value of (Rf) is calculated with the reduced dimensions of the anodes by the end of the
service life of the system, assuming an utilization factor of 90 %, and a reduction in length of
1 % per each 10 % of reduction in the volume of the anode. The reduced dimensions are
obtained as follows:

a) final length (Lf) = Anode length obtained by the following expression:

Lf = 0,910 Li

Where:
Li is the anode initial length in m.

b) final equivalent radius (rf) = Anode equivalent radius obtained by the following
expression:

Af
rf 
π

Where:
Af is the final area of the anode cross section in m2 by the end of the service life of the
anodes, obtained by the sum of the volume of the anode core with 10 % of the initial
volume of the material of the alloy of the anode divided by the final length of the anode;
rf is the final equivalent radius of the anode in m.

6.6.13 The current calculated in 6.6.12 must comply with the provisions in 4.1.3.8, i.e., the current
drained by the end anode must equal or exceed the final currents calculated in 6.6.6 and 6.6.7,
respectively, divided by the number of anodes determined for each of these areas.

6.7 Sizing of Subsea Equipment

6.7.1 Current Density (mA/m2)

The values provided for in Tables 5, 6 and 7 must be used, according to the depth at which the
equipment will be installed. The density values listed below are specified by PETROBRAS, in keeping
with the DNV RP-B401:2005 for its offshore facilities located in the Brazilian shore, based on its
experience and arrangement of these parameters at the location.

Table 5 - Current Density - Depth Up To 100 m

Mean Final
Material/condition Initial density
density density
Submerged nickel or stainless steel D > 416 55 71
Buried carbon steel (Zn anode) D > 208 88 88
Buried carbon steel (Al anode) D > 208 60 60

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Table 6 - Current Density - Depth Between 100 m and 300 m

Mean Final
Material/condition Initial density
density density
Submerged nickel or stainless steel D > 416 115 131
Buried carbon steel (Zn anode) D > 291 88 88
Buried carbon steel (Al anode) D > 291 60 60

Table 7 - Current Density - Depth Between 300 m and 1 000 m

Mean Final
Material/condition Initial density
density density
Submerged nickel or stainless steel D > 416 80 103
Buried carbon steel (Zn anode) D > 363 88 88
Buried carbon steel (Al anode) D > 363 60 60

Table 8 - Current Density - Depth Exceeding a 1 000 m

Mean Final
Material/condition Initial density
density density
Submerged carbon steel D > 435 143 168
Submerged nickel or stainless steel D > 435 115 130
Buried carbon steel (Zn anode) D > 363 88 88
Buried carbon steel (Al anode) D > 363 60 60

6.7.2 Coating Efficiency (E)

E=1-f

Where:
f is the failure rate of the coating.

The value of failure rate of the casing is obtained in DNV-RP-B401:2005 (iem 6.4 and Table 4.10 of
Annex A).

NOTE 1 The coating applied to equipment shall be in accordance with PETROBRAS N-2037.
NOTE 2 For stainless steel, even when painted with the paint scheme of carbon steel, use the
equations of item 6.4 of DNV-RP-B401:2005 and Table 10-4 of DNV-RP-B401:2005 for
calculating the efficiency of the casing.
NOTE 3 For nickel steel: E = 0 (zero).

6.7.3 Calculating Current Requirements

6.7.3.1 Initial Current (Ii)

The initial current shall be calculated using the following expression:

Ii  (1 / 1 000 ) [Ss  Ds  Sc  Dc (1  E )]

Where:
Ii is the initial current (A);

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Ss is the submerged stainless steel area (m2);

Ds is the density of initial current for stainless steel protection (mA/m2);
Sc is the submerged carbon steel area (m2);
Dc is the density of initial current for protection of submerged carbon steel (mA/m2);
E is the initial coating efficiency.

NOTE For the ANM design, add 5 A to the initial current calculation equation, since there is some
current drainage through the casing conductor.

6.7.3.2 Mean Current (Im)

For calculating the mean current, use the same expression used in 6.7.3.1, the initial current density
with the mean current density.

NOTE For the ANM design, add 5 A to the mean current calculation equation, since there is some
current drainage through the casing conductor.

6.7.3.3 Final Current (If)

For calculating the final current, the same expression used in 6.7.3.1 must be used, replacing the
initial current density by the final current density.

NOTE For the design of ANM, 5 A must be added to the equation of calculation of the final current,
concerning the occurrence of current drainage by the conductor of the well casing.

6.7.4 Calculation of Anode Mass

6.7.4.1 The anode mass required for protection shall be calculated using the following expression:

8 760 l m
M
V
(FU . C)

Where:
M is the required mass for cathodic protection of system (kg);
V is the service life of system (years);
Im is the mean current required (A);
FU is the utilization factor;
C is the current capacity (Ah/kg).

6.7.4.2 The utilization factor must follow Table 10-8 of DNV-RP-B401:2005, representing the
geometry of the anode.

6.7.4.3 The chemical composition of aluminum and zinc anodes must follow DNV-RP-B401: 2005.

6.7.5 Calculating the Necessary Quantity of Anodes

The quantity of anodes shall be obtained using the following expression:

M
N
m

Where:
N is the number of anodes;
M is the total mass required;

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