2-322 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-365 Viscosities of Liquids: Coordinates for Use with Fig. 2-33
Liquid X Y Liquid X Y
Acetaldehyde 15.2 4.8 Freon-113 12.5 11.4
Acetic acid, 100% 12.1 14.2 Glycerol, 100% 2.0 30.0
Acetic acid, 70% 9.5 17.0 Glycerol, 50% 6.9 19.6
Acetic anhydride 12.7 12.8 Heptane 14.1 8.4
Acetone, 100% 14.5 7.2 Hexane 14.7 7.0
Acetone, 35% 7.9 15.0 Hydrochloric acid, 31.5% 13.0 16.6
Acetonitrile 14.4 7.4 Iodobenzene 12.8 15.9
Acrylic acid 12.3 13.9 Isobutyl alcohol 7.1 18.0
Allyl alcohol 10.2 14.3 Isobutyric acid 12.2 14.4
Allyl bromide 14.4 9.6 Isopropyl alcohol 8.2 16.0
Allyl iodide 14.0 11.7 Isopropyl bromide 14.1 9.2
Ammonia, 100% 12.6 2.0 Isopropyl chloride 13.9 7.1
Ammonia, 26% 10.1 13.9 Isopropyl iodide 13.7 11.2
Amyl acetate 11.8 12.5 Kerosene 10.2 16.9
Amyl alcohol 7.5 18.4 Linseed oil, raw 7.5 27.2
Aniline 8.1 18.7 Mercury 18.4 16.4
Anisole 12.3 13.5 Methanol, 100% 12.4 10.5
Arsenic trichloride 13.9 14.5 Methanol, 90% 12.3 11.8
Benzene 12.5 10.9 Methanol, 40% 7.8 15.5
Brine, CaCl2, 25% 6.6 15.9 Methyl acetate 14.2 8.2
Brine, NaCl, 25% 10.2 16.6 Methyl acrylate 13.0 9.5
Bromine 14.2 13.2 Methyl i-butyrate 12.3 9.7
Bromotoluene 20.0 15.9 Methyl n-butyrate 13.2 10.3
Butyl acetate 12.3 11.0 Methyl chloride 15.0 3.8
Butyl acrylate 11.5 12.6 Methyl ethyl ketone 13.9 8.6
Butyl alcohol 8.6 17.2 Methyl formate 14.2 7.5
Butyric acid 12.1 15.3 Methyl iodide 14.3 9.3
Carbon dioxide 11.6 0.3 Methyl propionate 13.5 9.0
Carbon disulfide 16.1 7.5 Methyl propyl ketone 14.3 9.5
Carbon tetrachloride 12.7 13.1 Methyl sulfide 15.3 6.4
Chlorobenzene 12.3 12.4 Napthalene 7.9 18.1
Chloroform 14.4 10.2 Nitric acid, 95% 12.8 13.8
Chlorosulfonic acid 11.2 18.1 Nitric acid, 60% 10.8 17.0
Chlorotoluene, ortho 13.0 13.3 Nitrobenzene 10.6 16.2
Chlorotoluene, meta 13.3 12.5 Nitrogen dioxide 12.9 8.6
Chlorotoluene, para 13.3 12.5 Nitrotoluene 11.0 17.0
Cresol, meta 2.5 20.8 Octane 13.7 10.0
Cyclohexanol 2.9 24.3 Octyl alcohol 6.6 21.1
Cyclohexane 9.8 12.9 Pentachloroethane 10.9 17.3
Dibromomethane 12.7 15.8 Pentane 14.9 5.2
Dichloroethane 13.2 12.2 Phenol 6.9 20.8
Dichloromethane 14.6 8.9 Phosphorus tribromide 13.8 16.7
Diethyl ketone 13.5 9.2 Phosphorus trichloride 16.2 10.9
Diethyl oxalate 11.0 16.4 Propionic acid 12.8 13.8
Diethylene glycol 5.0 24.7 Propyl acetate 13.1 10.3
Diphenyl 12.0 18.3 Propyl alcohol 9.1 16.5
Dipropyl ether 13.2 8.6 Propyl bromide 14.5 9.6
Dipropyl oxalate 10.3 17.7 Propyl chloride 14.4 7.5
Ethyl acetate 13.7 9.1 Propyl formate 13.1 9.7
Ethyl acrylate 12.7 10.4 Propyl iodide 14.1 11.6
Ethyl alcohol, 100% 10.5 13.8 Sodium 16.4 13.9
Ethyl alcohol, 95% 9.8 14.3 Sodium hydroxide, 50% 3.2 25.8
Ethyl alcohol, 40% 6.5 16.6 Stannic chloride 13.5 12.8
Ethyl benzene 13.2 11.5 Succinonitrile 10.1 20.8
Ethyl bromide 14.5 8.1 Sulfur dioxide 15.2 7.1
2-Ethyl butyl acrylate 11.2 14.0 Sulfuric acid, 110% 7.2 27.4
Ethyl chloride 14.8 6.0 Sulfuric acid, 100% 8.0 25.1
Ethyl ether 14.5 5.3 Sulfuric acid, 98% 7.0 24.8
Ethyl formate 14.2 8.4 Sulfuric acid, 60% 10.2 21.3
2-Ethyl hexyl acrylate 9.0 15.0 Sulfuryl chloride 15.2 12.4
Ethyl iodide 14.7 10.3 Tetrachloroethane 11.9 15.7
Ethyl propionate 13.2 9.9 Thiophene 13.2 11.0
Ethyl propyl ether 14.0 7.0 Titanium tetrachloride 14.4 12.3
Ethyl sulfide 13.8 8.9 Toluene 13.7 10.4
Ethylene bromide 11.9 15.7 Trichloroethylene 14.8 10.5
Ethylene chloride 12.7 12.2 Triethylene glycol 4.7 24.8
Ethylene glycol 6.0 23.6 Turpentine 11.5 14.9
Ethylidene chloride 14.1 8.7 Vinyl acetate 14.0 8.8
Fluorobenzene 13.7 10.4 Vinyl toluene 13.4 12.0
Formic acid 10.7 15.8 Water 10.2 13.0
Freon-11 14.4 9.0 Xylene, ortho 13.5 12.1
Freon-12 16.8 5.6 Xylene, meta 13.9 10.6
Freon-21 15.7 7.5 Xylene, para 13.9 10.9
Freon-22 17.2 4.7

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 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES 2-323

FIG. 2-33 Nomograph for viscosities of liquids at 1 atm. For coordinates see Table 2-365. To convert centipoises to pascal-
seconds, multiply by 0.001.

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2-330 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

In this table are a representative selection of diffusion coefficients. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1964; and Bretsznajder, Prediction of Trans-
The subsection “Prediction and Correlation of Physical Properties” port and Other Physical Properties of Fluids, Pergamon, New York,
should be consulted for estimation techniques. As general references, 1971, may be found useful. The most exhaustive recent compilation
the works by Hirschfelder, Curtiss, and Bird, Molecular Theory of for gases is by Mason and Marrero, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1 (1972).
Gases and Liquids, Wiley, New York, 1964; Chapman and Cowling, Unfortunately, the Mason and Marrero work cites only equations and
The Mathematical Theory of Non-Uniform Gases, Cambridge, New equation constants and not direct tabulations. For these, the Landolt-
York, 1970; Reid and Sherwood, The Properties of Gases and Liquids, Börnstein series is suggested.

TABLE 2-372 Diffusivities in Liquids (25°C)

Dilute solutions and 1 atm unless otherwise noted; use DLµ/T = constant to estimate effect of temperature; * indicates that
reference gives effect of concentration.
Estimated
DL × 105, possible,
Solute Solvent sq cm/sec error, 6 %1 Ref.
Acetal* Ethanol 1.25 5 11
Acetamide* Ethanol 0.68 5 11
Acetamide* Water 1.19 3 11
Acetic acid Acetone 3.31 4
Acetic acid Benzene 2.11 1, 4
Acetic acid Carbon tetrachloride 1.49 4
Acetic acid Ethylene glycol 0.13 4
Acetic acid Toluene 2.26 4
Acetic acid* Water 1.24 3 11
Acetonitrile Water 1.66 5 11
Acetylene Water 1.78, 2.11 1, 24
Allyl alcohol* Ethanol 1.06 5 11
Allyl alcohol Water 1.19 6 11
Ammonia* Water 1.7, 2.0, 2.3 1, 11
i-Amyl alcohol* Ethanol 0.87 5 11
i-Amyl alcohol Water 1.0 8 11, 25
Benzene Carbon tetrachloride 1.53 7
Benzene (50 mole %) n-Decane 1.72 26
Benzene (50 mole %) 2,4-Dimethyl pentane 2.49 26
Benzene (50 mole %) n-Dodecane 1.40 26
Benzene (50 mole %) n-Heptane 2.47 26
Benzene (50 mole %) n-Hexadecane 0.96 26
Benzene (50 mole %) n-Octadecane 0.86 26
Benzoic acid Acetone 2.62 4
Benzoic acid Benzene 1.38 4
Benzoic acid Carbon tetrachloride 0.91 4
Benzoic acid Ethylene glycol 0.043 4
Benzoic acid Toluene 1.49 4
Bromine Benzene 2.7 11
Bromine Carbon disulfide 4.1 11
Bromine Water 1.3 11
Bromobenzene Benzene 2.30 25
Bromoform* Acetone 2.90 11
Bromoform i-Amyl alcohol 0.53 11
Bromoform Ethanol 1.08 5 11
Bromoform* Ethyl ether 3.62 11
Bromoform Methanol 2.20 23
Bromoform n-Propanol 0.94 11
n-Butanol Water 0.96 5 1, 11, 18, 25
Caffeine Water 0.63 6 11
Carbon dioxide Ethanol 4.0 6 11
Carbon dioxide Water 1.96 1 1, 3, 5, 20, 24, 28
Carbon disulfide (50 mole %, 200 atm.) n-Butanol 3.57 14
Carbon disulfide (50 mole %, 200 atm.) i-Butanol 2.42 14
Carbon disulfide (50 mole %, 218 atm.) Chlorobenzene 3.00 14
Carbon disulfide (50 mole %, 200 atm.) 2,4-Dimethyl pentane 3.63 14
Carbon disulfide (50 mole %, 100 atm.) n-Heptane 3.0 14
Carbon disulfide (50 mole %, 50 atm.) Methyl cyclohexane 3.5 14
Carbon disulfide (50 mole %, 200 atm.) n-Octane 3.10 14
Carbon disulfide (50 mole %) Toluene 2.06 14
Carbon tetrachloride Benzene 2.04 3 7, 9
Carbon tetrachloride* Cyclohexane 1.49 2 9, 10*
Carbon tetrachloride Decalin 0.776 2 9
Carbon tetrachloride Dioxane 1.02 2 9
Carbon tetrachloride* Ethanol 1.50 2 9, 10*
Carbon tetrachloride n-Heptane 3.17 2 9
Carbon tetrachloride Kerosene 0.961 2 9
Carbon tetrachloride Methanol 2.30 2 9
Carbon tetrachloride i-Octane 2.57 2 9
Carbon tetrachloride Tetralin 0.735 2 9
Chloral* Ethanol 0.68 5 11
Chloral hydrate Water 0.77 7 11

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 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES 2-331

TABLE 2-372 Diffusivities in Liquids (25°C) (Continued )

Dilute solutions and 1 atm unless otherwise noted; use DL µ/T = constant to estimate effect of temperature; * indicates that
reference gives effect of concentration.
Estimated
DL × 105, possible,
Solute Solvent sq cm/sec error, 6 %1 Ref.
Chlorine Water 1.44 4 1, 28
Chlorobenzene Benzene 2.66 25
Chloroform Benzene 2.50 6 1, 25
Chloroform Ethanol 1.38 3 11
Cinnamic acid Acetone 2.41 4
Cinnamic acid Benzene 1.12 4
Cinnamic acid Carbon tetrachloride 0.76 4
Cinnamic acid Toluene 2.41 4
1,1′-Dichloropropanol Water 1.0 6 11
Dicyanodiamide* Water 1.18 4 11
Diethyl ether Benzene 2.73 25
Diethyl ether Water 0.85 2
2,4-Dimethyl pentane (50 mole %) n-Dodecane 1.44 26
2,4-Dimethyl pentane (50 mole %) n-Hexadecane 0.88 26
Ethanol* Water 1.28 4 1, 7, 9,* 11,* 22
Ethyl acetate Ethyl benzoate 0.94 6
Ethylene dichloride Benzene 2.8 1, 25
Formic acid Acetone 3.77 4
Formic acid Benzene 2.28 4
Formic acid Carbon tetrachloride 1.89 4
Formic acid Ethylene glycol 0.094 4
Formic acid Toluene 2.65
Formic acid Water 1.37 10 11
Glucose Water 0.69 6 11
Glycerol i-Amyl alcohol 0.12 11
Glycerol Ethanol 0.56 11
Glycerol* Water 0.94 6 1, 11*
n-Heptane (50 mole %) n-Dodecane 1.58 26
n-Heptane (50 mole %) n-Hexadecane 1.00 26
n-Heptane (50 mole %) n-Octadecane 0.92 26
n-Heptane (50 mole %) n-Tetradecane 1.29 26
Hexamethylene tetramine Water 0.67 11
Hydrogen chloride* Water 3.10 3 4, 11,* 12*
Hydrogen Water 5.85 (4.4) 1, 11, 24(?)
Hydrogen sulfide Water 1.61 1
Hydroquinone* Ethanol 0.53 5 11
Hydroquinone* Water 0.88, 1.12 2, 11*
Iodine Acetic acid 1.13 11
Iodine Anisole 1.25 11
Iodine Benzene 1.98 9, 19, 23
Iodine Bromobenzene 1.25 10 4, 11, 19
Iodine Carbon disulfide 3.2 11, 19, 23
Iodine Carbon tetrachloride 1.45 8 9, 11, 19
Iodine Chloroform 2.30 3 11, 23
Iodine Cyclohexane 1.80 4
Iodine Dioxane 1.07 9
Iodine* Ethanol 1.30 4, 11*
Iodine Ethyl acetate 2.2 11, 19
Iodine Ethyl ether 3.61 11
Iodine Ethylene bromide 0.93 11
Iodine n-Heptane 3.4, 2.5 9, 11, 19
Iodine n-Hexane 4.15 4, 9
Iodine Mesitylene 1.49 9
Iodine Methanol 1.74 19
Iodine Methyl cyclohexane 2.1 4
Iodine n-Octane 2.76 4
Iodine Tetrabromoethane 2.0 11
Iodine n-Tetradecane 0.96 4
Iodine Toluene 2.1 11
Iodine m-Xylene 1.82 9, 11
Iodobenzene Ethanol 1.09 3 11
Lactose* Water 0.49 5 11
Maltose* Water 0.48 5 11
Mannitol* Water 0.65 5 11
Methanol Water 1.6 1, 7, 11
Nicotine* Water 0.60 8 11
Nitric acid* Water 2.98 2 11
Nitrobenzene Carbon tetrachloride 1.00 7
Nitrogen Water 1.9 1, 24
Nitrous oxide Water 1.8 1, 11
Oxalic acid* Water 1.61 2 11

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2-332 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-372 Diffusivities in Liquids (25°C) (Concluded )

Dilute solutions and 1 atm unless otherwise noted; use DL µ/T = constant to estimate effect of temperature; * indicates that
reference gives effect of concentration.
Estimated
DL × 105, possible,
Solute Solvent sq cm/sec error, 6 %1 Ref.
Oxygen Glycerol*-water 0.24 13
(106 poise)
Oxygen Sucrose*-water 0.25 13
(125 poise)
Oxygen Water 2.5 20 1, 3, 15, 21, 24
Pentaerythritol* Water 0.77 4 11
Phenol i-Amyl alcohol 0.2 11
Phenol Benzene 1.68 1
Phenol Carbon disulfide 3.7 11
Phenol Chloroform 2.0 11
Phenol Ethanol 0.89 11
Phenol Ethyl ether 3.9 11
n-Propanol Water 1.1 1, 7, 11
Pyridine* Ethanol 1.24 3 11
Pyridine Water 0.76 7 11
Pyrogallol Water 0.74 7 11
Raffinose* Water 0.41 4 11
Resorcinol* Ethanol 0.46 5 11
Resorcinol* Water 0.87 4 11
Saccharose* Water 0.49 4 11
Stearic acid* Ethanol 0.65 5 11
Succinic acid* Water 0.94 11
Sucrose Water 0.56 6 2, 27
Sulfur dioxide Water 1.7 15, 17
Sulfuric acid* Water 1.97 3 11
Tartaric acid* Water 0.80 10 11
1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1,2,2-Tetra- 0.61 4 11
chloroethane
Toluene n-Decane 2.09 4
Toluene n-Dodecane 1.38 4
Toluene n-Heptane 3.72 4
Toluene n-Hexane 4.21 4
Toluene n-Tetradecane 1.02 4
Urea Ethanol 0.73 11
Urea Water 1.37 2 8, 11
Urethane Water 1.06 11, 25
Water Glycerol 0.021 16
References
1
Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 52, 3937 (1930).
2
Calvet, J. Chim. Phys., 44, 47 (1947).
3
Carlson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 33, 1027 (1911).
4
Chang and Wilke, J. Phys. Chem., 59, 592 (1955).
5
Davidson and Cullen, Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng., 35, 51 (1957).
6
Dummer, Z. Anorg. Chem., 109, 31 (1949).
7
Gerlach, Ann. Phys. (Leipzig), 10, 437 (1931).
8
Gosting and Akeley, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 74, 2058 (1952).
9
Hammond and Stokes, Trans. Faraday Soc., 49, 890 (1953); 49, 886 (1953).
10
Hammond and Stokes, Trans. Faraday Soc., 52, 781 (1956).
11
International Critical Tables, vol. 5, p. 63.
12
James, Hollingshead, and Gordon, J. Chem. Phys., 7, 89 (1939); 7, 836 (1939).
13
Jordon, Ackermann, and Berger, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 78, 2979 (1956).
14
Koeller and Drickamer, J. Chem. Phys., 21, 575 (1953).
15
Kolthoff and Miller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 63, 1013 (1941).

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2-328 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

TABLE 2-371 Diffusivities of Pairs of Gases and Vapors (1 atm)

Dv in cm2/s
Substance Temp., °C Air A H2 O2 N2 CO2 N2O CH4 C2H6 C2H4 n-C4H10 i-C4H10 Ref.
Acetic acid 0 0.1064 0.416 0.0716 8
Acetone 0 .109 .361 6, 16
n-Amyl alcohol 0 .0589 .235 .0422 8
sec-Amyl alcohol 30 .072 5
Amyl butyrate 0 .040 8
Amyl formate 0 .0543 8
i-Amyl formate 0 .058 8
Amyl isobutyrate 0 .0419 .171 8
Amyl propionate 0 .046 .1914 .0347 8
Aniline 0 .0610 8
30 .075 5
Anthracene 0 .0421 8
Argon 20 0.194 18
Benzene 0 .077 .306 0.0797 .0528 8, 15
Benzidine 0 .0298 8
Benzyl chloride 0 .066 8
n-Butyl acetate 0 .058 8
i-Butyl acetate 0 .0612 .2364 .0425 8
n-Butyl alcohol 0 .0703 .2716 .0476 8
30 .088 5
i-Butyl alcohol 0 .0727 .2771 .0483 8
Butyl amine 0 .0821 8
i-Butyl amine 0 .0853 8
i-Butyl butyrate 0 .0468 .185 .0327 8
i-Butyl formate 0 .0705 8
i-Butyl isobutyrate 0 .0457 .191 .0364 8
i-Butyl proprionate 0 .0529 .203 .0366 8
i-Butyl valerate 0 .0424 .173 .0308 8
Butyric acid 0 .067 .264 .0476 8
i-Butyric acid 0 .0679 .271 .0471 8
Cadmium 0 .17 13
Caproic acid 0 .050 8
i-Caproic acid 0 .0513 8
Carbon dioxide 0 .138 .550 .139 0.096 0.153 8
20 .163 19
25 .0996* .00215† 1, 9
500‡ .9 18
Carbon disulfide 0 .0892 .369 .063 8
Carbon monoxide 0 .651 .185 .137 0.116 8
450‡ 1.0 18
Carbon tetrachloride 0 .293 0.0636 16, 17
Chlorobenzene 30 .075 5
Chloroform 0 .091 6
Chloropicrin 25 .088 10
m-Chlorotoluene 0 .054 8
o-Chlorotoluene 0 .059 8
p-Chlorotoluene 0 .051 8
Cyanogen chloride 0 .111 10
Cyclohexane 15 0.0719 .319 .0744 .0760 3
45 .086 6
n-Decane 90 .306 .0841 3
Diethylamine 0 .0884 8
2,3-Dimethyl butane 15 .0657 .301 .0753 .0751 3
Diphenyl 0 .0610 8
n-Dodecane 126 .308 .0813 3
Ethane 0 .459 8
Ethanol 0 .377 .0686 20
Ether (diethyl) 0 .0778 .298 .0546 7, 8
Ethyl acetate 0 .0715 .273 .0487 8
30 .089 5
Ethyl alcohol 0 .102 .375 .0685 8
Ethyl benzene 0 .0658 8
Ethyl n-butyrate 0 .0579 .224 .0407 8
Ethyl i-butyrate 0 .0591 .229 .0413 8
Ethylene 0 .486 8
Ethyl formate 0 .0840 .337 .0573 8
Ethyl propionate 0 .068 .236 .0450 4, 8
Ethyl valerate 0 .0512 .205 .0367 8
Eugenol 0 .0377 8
Formic acid 0 .1308 .510 .0874 8
Helium 0 .641 8
20 .705 19
n-Heptane 38 .066§
n-Hexane 15 .0663 .290 .0753 .0757 3
Hexyl alcohol 0 .0499 .200 .0351 8
Hydrogen 0 .611 .697 .674 .550 .535 .625 0.459 0.486 0.272 0.277 8
25 .646 .537 .726 2
500 4.2 18

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 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES 2-329

TABLE 2-371 Diffusivities of Pairs of Gases and Vapors (1 atm) (Concluded )

Dv in cm2/s
Substance Temp., °C Air A H2 O2 N2 CO2 N2O CH4 C2H6 C2H4 n-C4H10 i-C4H10 Ref.
Hydrogen cyanide 0 .173 10
Hydrogen peroxide 60 .188 11
Iodine 0 .07 .070 8, 12, 14
Mercury 0 .112 .53 .13 8, 12, 13
Mesitylene 0 .056 8
Methane 500 1.1 18
Methyl acetate 0 .084 .333 .0567 8
Methyl alcohol 0 .132 .506 .0879 8
Methyl butyrate 0 .0633 .242 .0446 8
Methyl i-butyrate 0 .0639 .257 .0451 8
Methyl cyclopentane 15 .0731 .318 0.0742 .0758 3
Methyl formate 0 .0872 8
Methyl propionate 0 .0735 .295 .0528 8
Methyl valerate 0 0.0569 8
Naphthalene 0 .0513 8
Nitrogen 0 0.181 8
25 0.165 0.148 0.163 0.0960 0.0908 2
Nitrous oxide 0 0.535 .096 8
n-Octane 0 .0505 8
30 0.0642 .271 .0705 0.0710 3
Oxygen 0 .178 .697 .181 .139 8
Phosgene 0 .095 10
Propionic acid 0 .0829 .330 .0588 8
Propyl acetate 0 .067 8
n-Propyl alcohol 0 .085 .315 .0577 8
i-Propyl alcohol 0 .0818 8
30 .101 5
n-Propyl benzene 0 .0481 8
i-Propyl benzene 0 .0489 8
n-Propyl bromide 0 .085 8
i-Propyl bromide 0 .0902 8
Propyl butyrate 0 .0530 .206 .0364 8
Propyl formate 0 .0712 .281 .0490 8
n-Propyl iodide 0 .079 8
i-Propyl iodide 0 .0802 8
n-Propyl isobutyrate 0 .0549 .212 .0388 8
i-Propyl isobutyrate 0 .059 8
Propyl propionate 0 .057 .212 .0395 8
Propyl valerate 0 .0466 .189 .0341 8
Safrol 0 .0434 8
i-Safrol 0 .0455 8
Sulfur hexafluoride 25 .418 2
Toluene 0 .076 .071 4, 8
30 .088 5
Trimethyl carbinol 0 .087 8
2,2,4-Trimethyl
pentane 30 .0618 .288 .0688 .0705 3
2,2,3-Trimethyl
heptane 90 .270 .0684 3
n-Valeric acid 0 .050 8
i-Valeric acid 0 .0544 .212 .0376 8
Water 0 .220 .75 .138 8, 20
450 1.3 18
* 320 mm Hg.
† 40 atm.
‡ Also at other temperatures.
§ Strong function of concentration.
References
1
Amdur, Irvine, Mason, and Ross, J. Chem. Phys., 20, 436 (1952).
2
Boyd, Stein, Steingrimsson, and Rumpel, J. Chem. Phys., 19, 548 (1951).
3
Cummings and Ubbelohde, J. Chem. Soc. (London), 1953, p. 3751.
4
Fairbanks and Wilke, Ind. Eng. Chem., 42, 471 (1950).
5
Gilliland, Ind. Eng. Chem., 26, 681 (1934).
6
Gorynnova and Kuvskinskii, Zhur. Tekh. Fiz., 18, 1421 (1948).
7
Hansen, Dissertation, Jena, 1907.
8
“International Critical Tables,” vol. 5, p. 62.
9
Jeffries and Drickamer, J. Chem. Phys., 22, 436 (1954).
10
Klotz and Miller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 69, 2557 (1947).
11
McMurtrie and Keyes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 70, 3755 (1948).
12
Mullaly and Jacques, Phil. Mag., 48, 6, 1105 (1924).
13
Spier, Physica, 6 (1939): 453; 7, 381 (1940).
14
Topley and Whytlaw-Gray, Phil. Mag., 4, 873 (1927).
15
Trautz and Ludwig, Ann. Physik, 5, 5, 887 (1930).
16
Trautz and Muller, Ann. Physik, 22, 353 (1935).
17
Trautz and Ries, Ann. Physik, 8, 163 (1931).
18
Walker and Westenberg, J. Chem. Phys., 32, 136 (1960).
19
Westenberg and Walker, J. Chem. Phys., 26, 1753 (1957).
20
Winkelmann, Wied. Ann., 22, 152 (1884); 23, 203 (1884); 26, 105 (1885); 33, 445 (1888); 36, 92 (1889).

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2-370 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

Pc = 4.423 MPa. Tr = 360.0/563.0 = 0.6394 and Pr = 15.0/4.423 = 3.391. k′L = Gas Diffusivity For prediction of the gas diffusivity of binary
0.1429 W/m K.123 Substituting in Eq. (2-145): hydrocarbon-hydrocarbon gas systems at low pressures (below
about 500 psia [3.5 MPa]) the method of Gilliland32 given by Eq.
3 1 24
3.391
kL = 0.1429 0.98 + (0.0079) (3.391) (0.6394)1.4 + (0.63) (0.6394)1.2 }}
30 + 3.391 (2-150) is recommended.
= 0.1474 W/m K 1
0.1014T 1.5 }} + }}
M1 M2 1
1 0.5
2
Vargaftik123 reports a value of 0.1494 W/m K. D12 = }}} (2-150)
For both aqueous and nonaqueous liquid mixtures, the method of Li59 is 1 + V2 )
P(V 1/3 1/3 2
suggested for pressures below 3.5 MPa:
n n Component 1 is the solute, while component 2 is the solvent. Units of
km = ^ ^φ φ k
i j ij (2-146) T, P, and V are °R, psia, and cm3/gmole, respectively. Diffusivity is
i=1 j=1
then in ft2/hr. The molar volumes V1 and V2 at the normal boiling point
xi Vi are estimated by Tyn and Calus,120 Eq. (2-151).
φi = }
n (2-147)
^ xj Vj
j=1
Vi = 0.285Vc1.048
i
(2-151)
2 The method gives average errors of less than 4 percent.
kij = }} (2-148) For prediction of the gas diffusivity of binary air-hydrocarbon or
(1/ki) + (1/kj)
nonhydrocarbon gas mixtures at low pressures, the method of
where km = mixture liquid thermal conductivity at temperature T (K), W/m K Fuller et al.30 given by Eq. (2-152) is recommended.
n = number of components
xi, j = mole fraction of component i or j in the liquid mixture
Vi, j = liquid molar volume of pure component i or j at temperature
1
1
0.1013T 1.75 }} + }}
M1 M2
1 0.5
2
T, m3/kmol D12 = }}} (2-152)
ki, j = liquid thermal conductivity of pure component i or j at tempera- P[(^ v1)1/3 + (^ v2)1/3]2
ture T, W/m K
Units of T and P are K and Pa, respectively, with the resulting diffu-
Expected errors are in the 4–6 percent range. At pressures greater than 3.5 sivity in m2/sec. All vi are group contribution values for the subscript
MPa, a pressure correction using Eq. (2-145) may be used. The mixture is component summed over atoms, groups, and structural features given
treated as a hypothetical pure component with mixture critical properties in Table 2-400.
obtained via Eqs. (2-5) and (2-8). For air-hydrocarbon systems, average deviations do not exceed 9
percent. For general nonhydrocarbon gas systems, the average devia-
Example 36 Estimate thermal conductivity of a mixture of 0.302 mole tion is about 6 percent.
fraction diethyl ether (1) and 0.698 mole fraction methanol (2) at 273.15 K and
0.1 MPa. The required properties from Daubert et al.24 are: V1 = 0.1007
m3/kmol, V2 = 0.03942 m3/kmol, k1 = 0.1383 W/m K, and k2 = 0.2069 W/m K.
Example 37 Estimate the diffusivity of benzene vapor diffusing into air
at 30°C and 96.5 kPa total pressure.
Substituting in Eq. (2-148):
Use Eq. (2-152).
2
k12 = }}} = 0.1658
1/0.1383 + 1/0.2069
D12 = }}} M
1
1
0.1013T1.75 }} + }}
1 M
1 0.5
2
2
Then, using Eq. (2-147) to obtain φ1 and φ2:
P[(^ v1)1/3 + (^ v2)1/3]2
(0.302)(0.1007) 0.03041
φ1 = }}}} = } = 0.525
(0.302)(0.1007) + (0.698)(0.03942) 0.05793 T = 303.1 K, M1 = 78.1, M2 = 28.86, and P = 96,500 Pa.
(0.698)(0.03942) Now consult Table 2-400. For benzene (C6H6):
φ2 = }} = 0.475
0.05793 ^ v1 = 6(16.5) + 6(1.98) − 20.2
Substituting in Eq. (2-146): ^ v1 = 90.68
km = (0.525)2(0.1383) + 2(0.525)(0.475)(0.1658) + (0.475)2(0.2069) = 0.167 W/m K For air, ^ v2 = 20.1:
Jamieson and Hastings42 report a value of 0.173 W/m K for this mixture.
1
1
(.01013)303.11.75 }} + }}
78.1 28.86
1 0.5
2
D12 = }}}}
DIFFUSIVITY (96,500)(90.681/3 + 20.11/3)2
D12 = 9.68 × 10−6 m2/sec
Diffusion is the molecular transport of mass without flow. The diffu-
sivity (D) or diffusion coefficient is the proportionality constant This value is within 1 percent of an available experimental value.
between the diffusion and the concentration gradient causing diffu-
sion. It is usually defined by Fick’s first law for one-dimensional, TABLE 2-400 Atomic Diffusion Volumes for Use in Eq. (2-153)
binary component diffusion for molecular transport without turbu-
lence shown by Eq. (2-149) Atomic and structural diffusion-volume increments ν
N1 dC1 C 16.5 Cl (19.5)
} = −D12 } (2-149) H 1.98 S (17.0)
A dL O 5.481 Aromatic ring −20.2
The molar flow of species 1(N1) per unit area (A) is directly propor- N (5.69) Heterocyclic ring −20.2
tional to the change in concentration of species 1 (C1) per distance dif- Diffusion volumes for simple molecules
fused (L). The usual units of diffusivity are m2/sec.
In chemical engineering, the primary application of the diffusivity is H2 7.07 CO 18.9
D2 6.70 CO2 26.9
to calculate the Schmidt number (µ/ρD) used to correlate mass trans- He 2.88 N2O 35.9
fer properties. This number is also used in reaction rate calculations N2 17.9 NH3 14.9
involving transport to and away from catalyst surfaces. O2 16.6 H2O 12.7
Experimental diffusion coefficients are scarce and not highly accu- Air 20.1 CCl2F2 (114.8)
rate, especially in the liquid phase, leading to prediction methods with Ar 16.1 SF6 (69.7)
marginal accuracy. However, use of the values predicted are generally Kr 22.8 CI2 (37.7)
suitable for engineering calculations. At concentrations above about Xe (37.9) Br2 (67.2)
SO2 (41.1)
10 mole percent, predicted values should be used with caution. Diffu-
sivities in liquids are 104–105 times lower than those in gases. Parentheses indicate that the value listed is based only on a few data points.

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838
TRANSFERENCIA DE MASA

aproximación de flujo bajo de masa es aproximadamente w/2, lo cual es 2.5%

en el peor de los casos que se consideró en las líneas anteriores. Por lo tanto, en
los procesos en los que interviene la evaporación de agua hacia el aire, puede
utilizarse con confianza la analogía de la convección calor-masa. Empero, la
fracción de masa del vapor tiende a 1 a medida que la temperatura del agua
tiende a la de saturación y, por lo tanto, no es aplicable la aproximación de flu-
jo bajo de masa a la transferencia de masa en calderas y condensadores, y a la
evaporación de las gotitas de combustible en las cámaras de combustión. En es-
te capítulo, se limita la consideración a las aplicaciones de flujo bajo de masa.

Relaciones de la convección de masa

En condiciones de flujo bajo de masa pueden determinarse los coeficientes de
convección de masa al 1) determinar el coeficiente de fricción o el de transfe-
rencia de calor y, a continuación, aplicar la analogía de Chilton-Colburn o 2)
seleccionar la relación apropiada del número de Nusselt para la configuración
geométrica dada y condiciones análogas en la frontera, reemplazando el nú-

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mero de Nusselt por el de Sherwood, y el de Prandtl por el de Schmidt, como
se muestra en la tabla 14-13 para algunos casos representativos. Es obvio que
el primer procedimiento es más conveniente cuando ya se conoce el coeficien-
te de fricción o el de transferencia de calor. De lo contrario, debe preferirse el
segundo procedimiento, ya que en general es más exacto y, en este caso, la
analogía de Chilton-Colburn no ofrece una ventaja significativa. De manera
análoga, pueden escribirse relaciones para la transferencia de masa por con-
vección en otras configuraciones geométricas, usando la relación correspon-
diente de la transferencia de calor de los capítulos 6 al 9.

TABLA 14-13
Relaciones del número de Sherwood en la convección de masa, para concentración especificada en la superficie,
correspondientes a las relaciones del número de Nusselt en la convección de calor, para temperatura especificada en la
superficie
Transferencia de calor por convección Transferencia de masa por convección
1. Convección forzada sobre una placa plana
a) Flujo laminar (Re  5  105)
Nu
0.664 Re0.5L Pr
1/3
, Pr  0.6 Sh
0.664 Re0.5
L Sc
1/3
, Sc  0.5
b) Flujo turbulento (5  10  Re  10 )
5 7

Nu
0.037 Re0.8L Pr
1/3
, Pr  0.6 Sh
0.037 Re0.8
L Sc
1/3
, Sc  0.5
2. Flujo completamente desarrollado en tubos circulares lisos
a) Flujo laminar (Re  2 300)
Nu
3.66 Sh
3.66
b) Flujo turbulento (Re  10 000)
Nu
0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.4, 0.7  Pr  160 Sh
0.023 Re0.8 Sc0.4, 0.7  Sc 160
3. Convección natural sobre superficies
a) Placa vertical
Nu
0.59(Gr Pr)1/4, 105  Gr Pr  109 Sh
0.59(Gr Sc)1/4, 105  Gr Sc  109
Nu
0.1(Gr Pr)1/3, 109  Gr Pr  1013 Sh
0.1(Gr Sc)1/3, 109  Gr Sc  1013
b) Superficie superior de una placa horizontal
La superficie está caliente (Ts  T ) El fluido cercano a la superficie es ligero (rs  r )
Nu
0.54(Gr Pr)1/4, 104  Gr Pr  107 Sh
0.54(Gr Sc)1/4, 104  Gr Sc  107
Nu
0.15(Gr Pr)1/3, 107  Gr Pr  1011 Sh
0.15(Gr Sc)1/3, 107  Gr Sc  1011
c) Superficie inferior de una placa horizontal
La superficie está caliente (Ts  T ) El fluido cercano a la superficie es ligero (rs  r )
Nu
0.27(Gr Pr)1/4, 105  Gr Pr  1011 Sh
0.27(Gr Sc)1/4, 105  Gr Sc  1011