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THERMAL POWER PLANTS (TPP)

Engr. Ans Ahmed

Department of Mechanical Engineering 2
 COURSE OBJECTIVES
PLO
Sr. Taxonomy
Course Learning Outcomes (CLO) Statement (Revised) Domain
No. Level

Illustrate the construction and operation & Analyze 2

1. the performance of different components of Cognitive 4
thermal power plants.
Cognitive 3
Design the major components or systems of
2. 5
thermal power plants.
Cognitive 7
Evaluate various economic and environmental
3. 6
aspects of thermal power plants.

Measure and Analyze the performance of various 4&5

Psychomotor
4. thermal power plants under different operating 4
conditions
 COURSE CONTENTS
Introduction: Importance of power plants, energy sources, energy
conversion systems, Types of power plants., Steam Power Plant: Basic and
modified power cycle components and analyses, Layout and operation of
steam power plant, site selection criterion, Fuel handling, Combustion and
firing methods for different fuels, clean-coal technologies, Ash handling.
Gas Turbine Power Plant: Basic power cycle components and analyses,
regeneration and modifications, site selection criterion, combustion
equipment and firing methods.
Diesel Engine Power Plant: Types of diesel engine power plants, general
layout, site selection criterion, and performance characteristics.
 COURSE CONTENTS
Combined Cycle Power Plant: Basic concepts, types and benefits, binary
vapor cycles, combined gas-steam power plant, integrated gasification
combined cycle power plant.
Cogeneration: Basic concepts of cogeneration, benefits, balance of energy
demand, types of prime movers, micro-cogeneration units.
Nuclear Power Plant: Nuclear fuels: fundamentals and nuclear reaction types,
components of nuclear power plant, parts of a nuclear reactor, types of reactors,
site selection criterion, safety operation of power plant.
Economics of Power Plants: Terms and definitions, Load curves, Cost
analysis, Economics in plant selection, Energy rates.
Pollution and Its Control: Emissions and radioactive wastes from thermal
power plants and their control, Thermal pollution.
 BOOKS
• Power Plant Technology by M.M. El Wakil
• Black & Veatch, “Power Plant Engineering”,
CBS Publishers & Distributors, Latest Edition.
• Larry Drbal, Pat Boston, “Power Plant
Engineering”, CBS Publishers, Latest Edition
• Power Plant Engineering by Dr. P. C Sharma
• Power Plant Engineering by PK Nag.
• Any Book related to Thermal Power Plant /
Power Plant Technology / Power Plant Engg.
6
What is Power plant?
 Power Plant
A power plant may be defined as a machine or
assembly of equipment that generates and delivers
a flow of mechanical or electrical energy.
The main equipment used for the generation of
electric power is generator. When coupling it to a
prime mover runs the generator, the electricity is
generated.
The type of prime mover determines, the type of
power plant.
Classification of Power Plants
 Thermal Power Plant

• Steam Power Plant,

• Diesel Engine Power Plant,
• Gas Turbine Power Plant and
• Nuclear Power Plant are called THERMAL POWER
PLANTS, because these convert heat into electric
energy.
Working diagram Thermal power
station
Side view Thermal power station.
Steam Power Plant
Steam Turbine Power Plant

hot gases superheated

steam
compressed Steam Generator
water (Boiler / Furnace)

Steam
C
Pump Turbine

Gen

Condenser
saturated saturated
water cooling water steam
 STEAM POWER PLANT
Main Elements of SPP

• FURNACE
• BOILER
• SUPERHEATER
• TURBINE
• Generator
• CONDENSER
 Steam Power Plant

A steam power plant using steam as working

substance works basically on Rankine cycle.

Steam is generated in a boiler, expanded in the

prime mover and condensed in the condenser
and fed into the boiler again.
RANKINE CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE
FOR VAPOR POWER CYCLES
Many of the impracticalities associated with the Carnot cycle can be eliminated
by superheating the steam in the boiler and condensing it completely in the
condenser. The cycle that results is the Rankine cycle, which is the ideal cycle
for vapor power plants. The ideal Rankine cycle does not involve any internal
irreversibilities.

The simple ideal Rankine cycle. 17

STEAM POWER PLANT
Gas Turbine Power Plant
Gas Turbine Power Plant
 Principles of Operation
Compressor
• As air flows into the compressor, energy is transferred from
its rotating blades to the air. Pressure and temperature of
the air increase.
• Most compressors operate in the range of 75% to 85%
efficiency.
Combustor
• The purpose of the combustor is to increase the energy
stored in the compressor exhaust by raising its temperature.
Turbine
• The turbine acts like the compressor in reverse with respect
to energy transformation.
• Most turbines operate in the range of 80% to 90% efficiency.

21
 Brayton Cycle: Ideal Cycle for Gas-Turbine Engines
Gas turbines usually operate on an open cycle .
Air at ambient conditions is drawn into the compressor, where its temperature and pressure
are raised. The high pressure air proceeds into the combustion chamber, where the fuel is
burned at constant pressure.

The high-temperature gases then enter the

turbine where they expand to atmospheric
pressure while producing power output.
Some of the output power is used to drive the
compressor.
The exhaust gases leaving the turbine are
thrown out (not re-circulated), causing the
cycle to be classified as an open cycle.

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 Closed Cycle Model

The open gas-turbine cycle can be modelled

as a closed cycle, using the air-standard
assumptions .

The compression and expansion processes

remain the same, but the combustion process
is replaced by a constant-pressure heat
addition process from an external source.

The exhaust process is replaced by a

constant-pressure heat rejection process
to the ambient air.

23
Combined Cycle Power Plant
 COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANTS
• The continued quest for higher thermal efficiencies has resulted in rather
innovative modifications to conventional power plants.
• A popular modification involves a gas power cycle topping a vapor power cycle,
which is called the combined gas–vapor cycle, or just the combined cycle.
• The combined cycle of greatest interest is the gas-turbine (Brayton) cycle topping
a steam-turbine (Rankine) cycle, which has a higher thermal efficiency than
either of the cycles executed individually.
• It makes engineering sense to take advantage of the very desirable
characteristics of the gas-turbine cycle at high temperatures and to use the high-
temperature exhaust gases as the energy source for the bottoming cycle such as
a steam power cycle. The result is a combined gas–steam cycle.
• Recent developments in gas-turbine technology have made the combined gas–
steam cycle economically very attractive.
• The combined cycle increases the efficiency without increasing the initial cost
greatly. Consequently, many new power plants operate on combined cycles, and
many more existing steam- or gas-turbine plants are being converted to
combined-cycle power plants.
• Thermal efficiencies over 50% are reported.

25
Combining the Brayton and Rankine Cycles

• Gas Turbine Exhaust used as the heat source for the Steam Turbine cycle
• Utilizes the major efficiency loss from the Brayton cycle
• Advantages:
– Relatively short cycle to design, construct & commission
– Higher overall efficiency
– Good cycling capabilities
– Fast starting and loading
– Lower installed costs
– No issues with ash disposal or coal storage
• Disadvantages
– High fuel costs
– Uncertain long term fuel source
– Output dependent on ambient temperature

26
Combined gas–steam power plant.
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 Major Combined Cycle Plant
Equipment
• Combustion Turbine (CT/CTG)
• Steam Generator (Boiler/HRSG)
• Steam Turbine (ST/STG)
• Heat Rejection Equipment
• Air Quality Control System (AQCS) Equipment
• Electrical Equipment

29
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
Power Plant
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
Power Plant
 Integrated Gasification Combined
Cycle (IGCC) Power Plant
• IGCC plant is a means of using coal and steam to
produce hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO)
which are then burned in a gas turbine with
secondary steam turbine (i.e. combined cycle) to
produce electricity.
• If the gasifier is fed with oxygen rather than air, the
flue gas contains highly-concentrated CO2 which
can readily be captured - at about half the cost of
capture from conventional plants.
• Development of this oxygen-fed IGCC process will
add a shift reactor to oxidize the CO with water so
that the gas stream is basically just H2 and CO2.
 Integrated Gasification Combined
Cycle (IGCC) Power Plant
• These are separated before combustion and the H2
alone becomes the fuel for electricity generation (or
other uses) while the concentrated pressurized CO2 is
readily disposed of.

• Sulfur is converted almost entirely to hydrogen sulfide

during gasification process, which is then recovered.

• Resulting generating efficiencies are increased by 40%

to 45% and SO2 and NOx reductions are reduced by
over 95%.
Cogeneration Power Plant
COGENERATION
Many industries require energy input in the form of heat, called process
heat. Process heat in these industries is usually supplied by steam at 5 to
7 atm and 150 to 200°C. Energy is usually transferred to the steam by
burning coal, oil, natural gas, or another fuel in a furnace.

Industries that use large amounts

of process heat also consume a
large amount of electric power.
It makes sense to use the already-
existing work potential to produce
power instead of letting it go to
waste.
The result is a plant that produces
electricity while meeting the
process-heat requirements of
certain industrial processes
(cogeneration plant)
A simple process-heating plant.
Cogeneration: The production of more than one useful form of energy
(such as process heat and electric power) from the same energy source.
35
 Cogeneration Plant
• A Cogeneration Plant
– Power generation facility that also provides thermal
energy (steam) to a thermal host.
• Typical thermal hosts
– paper mills,
– chemical plants,
– refineries, etc…
– potentially any user that uses large quantities of steam
on a continuous basis.
• Good applications for combined cycle plants
– Require both steam and electrical power

36
COMBINED GAS TURBINE PROCESS STEAM
SYSTEM
 COMMON POWER CYCLE THERMAL
EFFICIENCIES
• Simple Steam Cycle 25% - 35%
– Generate steam at high pressure exhaust steam from steam turbine to
condenser.
• Simple Gas Turbine 30% - 35%
– Gas Turbine driven generator with exhaust to atmosphere.
• Combined Cycle 50% - 60%
– Gas Turbine driven generator with exhaust used to make high pressure
steam, and high pressure steam used to generate additional electricity
in steam turbine.
• Gas Turbine-Process Steam 75% - 85%
– Gas Trubine driven generator with exhaust used to make low pressure
steam for process.
Diesel Engine Power Plant
 Diesel Engine Power Plant

A generating station in which diesel engine is used as the prime mover for the
generation of electrical energy is known as diesel power station.
 Diesel power plant

❖ Diesel power plants produce power in the range of 2 to 50 MW.

❖ They are used as standby sets for continuity of supply such as hospitals,
telephone exchanges, radio stations, cinema theatres and industries.

❖ They are suitable for mobile power generation and widely used in railways
and ships.

❖ Generally 2 stroke diesel engine used for power generation.

 Schematic Layout of a Diesel power plant

The essential components of a Diesel Electric Plant are: (1) Engine (2) Engine air intake system
(3) Engine fuel system (4) Engine exhausts system (5) Engine cooling system
(6) Engine lubrication system (7) Engine starting system.
Nuclear Power Plant
Nuclear Power
 Nuclear Power Plant
Power plants use heat to produce electricity. Nuclear
energy produces electricity from heat through a
process called fission. Nuclear power plants use the
heat produced by fission of certain atoms.

1. Nuclear fission
nucleus of atom is split into parts,
produces free neutrons and
energy
 Nuclear Power Plant

4. Nuclear power plant

consists of all the
parts needed to create
electricity by using
Fission occurs The heat is used nuclear energy
in the reactor to heat water to
vessel. Heat is create steam
produced.

The steam is
The steam is used to turn the
cooled in the turbine in the
condenser to generator to
return to the produce
liquid phase. electricity
THANKYOU

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