APPLICATION OF ELSON’S IN! ROM NAME - AKSHYA ROLL NO - 1638 EXAM ROLL NO. - 18025582008 PROGRAM NAME - WAVE AND OPTICS COURSE - B.SC. PHYSICAL SCIENCE SUBMITTED TO: SEMESTER - IV DR.HEMA CHUTANIMICHELSON'S INTERFEROMETER i *It was invented by Albert Abraham Michelson. *It was used due to simple operation and largest field of view for a specified wavelength to produce interference between two beam of light. Movable Mirror DetectorWORKING OF INTERFEROMETER: e There are two highly polished mirrors (M, and em M). Mis movable and provided ‘with nicrometer screws and movable carriage. M, is eS... fixed. Both are perpendicular to each other. two glass plates of same material and EEE thickness (G, and G,) are placed parallel to 9) eatin cine ae each other & at an angle of 45° to the f\ “icin re) source. : f SY, / YY, -> G, works as beam splitter -> G, works as compensatory plate e@ Light should come from extended source. That's why, monochromatic source should be ao | Yoon, : interference fringes. \e eReflected light from mirrors M, and M, reconverge at O and form circular fringes as M, and M, are kept perpendicular to each other implying M, and M,' (image of mirror M, due to ray 2) are parallel.= DETERMINING THE WAVELENGTH OF MONOCHROMATIC LIGHT SOURCI GI CONDITIONS: M, and M, are perpendicular M, and M,’ are parallel Let A be wavelength of monochromatic light used Let d be the thickness of air film between M, and M,’ Due to reflection in M, Part of ray 1 is glass plate G,, the : Cetera ee extended source S, may transmitted till be imagined as Mic estopereant yea situated behind the denser medium, observer and forming 2 Sree virtual images from at lah ray 2 giving extra mirrors M, and M,' path difference of a2.For obtaining bright fringe in interference nd=2dta 2 For n=l A-A=2d 2 2d=a 2 Let's say this position of mirror is x,and let it be moved to position x, while focusing telescope on Nbright fringe.DETERMINING DIFFERENCE OF TWO WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT Source should emit light of two wavelengths A, and A, (Example sodium lamp with A= 5890A° and A,= 5896 A°) with little difference. Let N fringes of A, and (N#1) fringes of A, appear in the center of field of view for reaching second maximum indistinctiveness region (where the interference pattern of both wavelengths is indistinguishable M | Let's say, mirror Ml is moved through x distance - For A, 2: For ,, 2By 1 & 2 we get NA,=(N+1)A, N(A,-A,) =A, N= A,DETERMINING REFRACTIVE INDEX Let a transparent sheet of thickness t and refractive index p be inserted in the path of beam going towards M, Path Difference = 2(p-1)t If N is the number of fringes crossing the centre of field of view, then 2 (p-1) t=NA pHNAt1L 2t Knowing the values of N, A and t, value of refractive index can be calculated. Since mirror is moved by x distance x=NA ., |p=xt1 2 tVISIBILITY OF FRINGES: @ In the case of Michelson interferometer, The intensity can be written as, I=4A’cos?* (3/2) Here, 6=2n/A(2dcose) where 4 d= = distance between M, and M, | -2deos®@ = path difference y x = wave length of light © Visibility can be written as, v=I,.-T,,, _ (A,tA,)?-(A,-A,)? Tinctlain (AFA) (A HA)? © When ai ive. litude are same and in phase (A,=A,) we get maximum visibility . It happens for a monochromatic source. @ When amplitude are same but out of phase (A,=-A,), we get minimum visibility i.e. v=0.OTHER APLICATIONS: «In the Michelson-Morley experiment, which led to the development of the special theory of relativity. (For the detection of gravitational waves. (eIn optical coherence tomography.Thank you!