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Chemistry: (Atomic Structure) 1: Subatomic Particles

This document discusses atomic structure and subatomic particles. It defines atoms as the basic units of matter composed of a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons. The three main subatomic particles are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass and reside in the nucleus, while electrons have much less mass and orbit the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element and is called the proton number. The total number of protons and neutrons is the mass number. Questions at the end review properties of specific elements like fluorine, beryllium, and sodium in terms of their proton and mass numbers.

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37 views

Chemistry: (Atomic Structure) 1: Subatomic Particles

This document discusses atomic structure and subatomic particles. It defines atoms as the basic units of matter composed of a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons. The three main subatomic particles are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass and reside in the nucleus, while electrons have much less mass and orbit the nucleus. The number of protons determines the element and is called the proton number. The total number of protons and neutrons is the mass number. Questions at the end review properties of specific elements like fluorine, beryllium, and sodium in terms of their proton and mass numbers.

Uploaded by

kinza atif
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemistry

Chapter 3
[Atomic Structure ]
1: Subatomic particles
Introduction :
- English Chemist named John Dalton made the first modern
attempt to describe the nature of matter in 1808 .
- Dalton theory was not entirely correct but it was an
important step forward in understanding of the nature of
matter .
- Later scientists like J.J.Thmposon , Rutherford and Moseley
used the model as the starting point of their
investigations. As the result of their work we know that
atoms themselves are even composed of three even
smaller subatomic particles; protons,neutrons and
electrons.

- Subatomic particles are particles that are smaller than the


atom.
- Protons, neutrons, and electrons are the three main
subatomic particles found in an atom.
Definition :
- Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining
structure of elements. The term "atom" comes from the
Greek word for indivisible, because it was once thought
that atoms were the smallest things in the universe and
could not be divided.[re]
- An atom is the smallest part of an element that can take
part in chemical reactions .
- An atom consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons
surrounded by electrons .
- The simple properties of subatomic particles:

- Almost all the mass of the of an atom is concentrated in its


nucleus .
- Even the mass of proton is much greater but the electron
and the proton carry equal but opposite charges .
- Atoms carry no net charge therefore the the number of
protons in nucleus of the atom must equal to the number
of electrons surrounding it .
Questions :
1: Which two subatomic particles :
(a) Have the same mass;
Ans : proton and neutron
(b) Carry a charge;
Ans: proton and electron
(c) Form the nucleus of an atom ?
Ans : neutron and proton

2: Proton number and nucleon number :


- Proton or atomic numbers are the same things .
- Nucleon or mass number are the same thing .
- Atoms of an element can be described in terms of proton
and nucleon number .
- The PROTON/ATOMIC number of an element is the
number of protons in atoms of that element . This value
has the symbol Z.
- The NUCLEON/MASS number of an element is the total
number of protons and electrons in atoms of that
element . This has symbol A .
- The number of neutrons of an element is given like this :
N=A-Z
- FOR EXAMPLE: the nucleon number of helium is 4
and its proton number is 2 . Each atom of helium
therefore contains 4-2=2 neutrons .
[Extra INFORMATION : [page 57 /4 para]

Questions:
(a) The proton number of Fluroine is 9 and its nucleon number is
19 . How many neutrons are present in the nucleus of an
atom of fluorine .? pg58
Ans : 19=9+x x=19-9=10
10 neurtons

(b) The nucleon number of argon is 40 and the nucleus of each


atom contains 22 neutrons . What is the proton number of an
atom of argon ? pg58

Ans : 40 = x + 22 x = 40 – 22 = 18

The proton number of Argon is 18.

(c ) The proton number of Beryllium is 4 and its nucleon number is

9 . How many neutrons are present in the nucleus of an atom of

Beryllium. [3.2]

Ans : 9 = 4 + X X= 9-4 = 5

(D) The nucleus of an atom of aluminium is composed of 13 protons


and 14 neutrons . What is the proton number and nucleon number of
an element .[3.2]
Ans: PROTON number = 13

Nucleon number = 27

(E) The nucleon number of sodium is 23 and the nucleus of each


atom contain 12 neutrons . Whats the proton number of sodium ?
[3.2]

Ans : 12= X+23 X=23-12=11


[ 3.3 and 3.4(pg 59) done on book as they cannot be done on computer ]

(F) Which element have the proton number 17 ?

Ans : Chlorine

(G ) How many protons are present in the nucleus of the sodium


atom ?

Ans : 11

(D) How many electrons are surrounded the nucleus of a beryllium


atom ?

Ans :4

(E) What is the relationship between the number of protons and


number of electrons in the atom an element ?

Ans: number of protons =number of electrons

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