Roaring 1920s Notes

CHANGING WAYS OF LIFE

 During the 1920s, urbanization continued to accelerate
 For the first time, more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas
 New York City was home to over 5 million people in 1920
 Chicago had nearly 3 million

URBAN VS. RURAL

 Throughout the 1920s, Americans found themselves caught between urban and rural cultures
 Urban life was considered a world of anonymous crowds, strangers, moneymakers, and pleasure
seekers
 Rural life was considered to be safe, with close personal ties, hard work and morals

PROHIBITION
 One example of the clash between city & farm was the passage of the 18th Amendment in 1920
 This Amendment launched the era known as Prohibition
 The new law made it illegal to make, sell or transport liquor

SUPPORT FOR PROHIBITION

 Reformers had long believed alcohol led to crime, child & wife abuse, and accidents
 Supporters were largely from the rural south and west
 The church affiliated Anti-Saloon League and the Women’s Christian Temperance Union helped push the
18th Amendment through

SPEAKEASIES AND BOOTLEGGERS

 Many Americans did not believe drinking was a sin
 Most immigrant groups were not willing to give up drinking
 To obtain liquor illegally, drinkers went underground to hidden saloons known as speakeasies
 People also bought liquor from bootleggers who smuggled it in from Canada, Cuba and the West Indies

ORGANIZED CRIME
 Prohibition contributed to the growth of organized crime in every major city
 Chicago became notorious as the home of Al Capone – a famous bootlegger
 Capone took control of the Chicago liquor business by killing off his competition

GOVERNMENT FAILS TO CONTROL LIQUOR

 Eventually, Prohibition’s fate was sealed by the government, which failed to budget enough money to
enforce the law
 The task of enforcing Prohibition fell to 1,500 poorly paid federal agents --- clearly an impossible task

SUPPORT FADES, PROHIBITION REPEALED

 By the mid-1920s, only 19% of Americans supported Prohibition
 Many felt Prohibition caused more problems than it solved
 The 21st Amendment finally repealed Prohibition in 1933

SCIENCE AND RELIGION CLASH

 Another battleground during the 1920s was between fundamentalist religious groups and secular thinkers
over the truths of science
 The Protestant movement grounded in the literal interpretation of the bible is known as fundamentalism
 Fundamentalists found all truth in the bible – including science & evolution

SCOPES TRIAL
 In March 1925, Tennessee passed the nation’s first law that made it a crime to teach evolution
 The ACLU promised to defend any teacher willing to challenge the law – John Scopes did
SCOPES TRIAL
 The ACLU hired Clarence Darrow, the most famous trial lawyer of the era, to defend Scopes
 The prosecution countered with William Jennings Bryan, the three-time Democratic presidential nominee

SCOPES TRIAL
 Trial opened on July 10,1925 and became a national sensation
 In an unusual move, Darrow called Bryan to the stand as an expert on the bible – key question: Should
the bible be interpreted literally?
 Under intense questioning, Darrow got Bryan to admit that the bible can be interpreted in different ways
 Nonetheless, Scopes was found guilty and fined $100

THE TWENTIES WOMAN

 After the tumult of World War I, Americans were looking for a little fun in the 1920s
 Women were becoming more independent and achieving greater freedoms (right to vote, more
employment, freedom of the auto)

THE FLAPPER
 During the 1920s, a new ideal emerged for some women: the Flapper
 A Flapper was an emancipated young woman who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes

NEW ROLES FOR WOMEN

 The fast-changing world of the 1920s produced new roles for women
 Many women entered the workplace as nurses, teachers, librarians, & secretaries
 However, women earned less than men and were kept out of many traditional male jobs (management)
and faced discrimination

THE CHANGING FAMILY

 American birthrates declined for several decades before the 1920s
 During the 1920s that trend increased as birth control information became widely available
 Birth control clinics opened and the American Birth Control League was founded in 1921

MODERN FAMILY EMERGES

 As the 1920s unfolded, many features of the modern family emerged
 Marriage was based on romantic love, women managed the household and finances, and children were
not considered laborers/ wage earners but rather developing children who needed nurturing and
education

AMERICAN POSTWAR ISSUES

 The American public was exhausted from World War I
 Public debate over the League of Nations had divided America
 An economic downturn meant many faced
 A wave of Nativism swept the nation

ISOLATIONISM
 Many Americans adopted a belief in isolationism
 Isolationism meant pulling away from involvement in world affairs

FEAR OF COMMUNISM
 One perceived threat to American life was the spread of Communism
 Communism is an economic and political system based on a single-governmental party, equal
distribution of resources, no private property and rule by a dictatorship

SOVIET UNION COMMUNISM

 Russia was transformed into the Soviet Union in 1917, a Communist state
  Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks and overthrew the Czarist regime
 He was a follower of the Marxist doctrine of social equality
 A Communist party was formed in America, too

SACCO & VANZETTI

 The Red Scare (fear of Communism in the U.S.) fed Nativism in America
 Italian anarchists Sacco & Vanzetti were a shoemaker and a fish peddler
 Convicted of robbery and murder despite flimsy evidence, their execution was symbolic of discrimination
against radical beliefs during the Red Scare

THE KLAN RISES AGAIN

 As the Red Scare and anti-immigrant attitudes reached a peak, the KKK was more popular than ever
 By 1924, the Klan had 4.5 million members

CONGRESS LIMITS IMMIGRATION

 Congress, in response to Nativist pressure, decided to limit immigration from southern and eastern
Europe
 The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 set up a quota system to control and restrict immigration

A TIME OF LABOR UNREST

 Strikes were outlawed during WWI, however in 1919 there were more than 3,000 strikes involving 4 million
workers

BOSTON POLICE STRIKE

 Boston police had not received a raise in years and were denied the right to unionize
 The National Guard was called
 New cops were hired

STEEL MILL STRIKE

 In September of 1919, the U.S. Steel Corporation refused to meet with union representatives
 In response, over 300,000 workers struck
 Scabs were hired while strikers were beaten by police and federal troops
 The strike was settled in 1920 with an 8-hour day but no union

COAL MINERS’ STRIKE

 In 1919, United Mine Workers led by John L. Lewis called a Strike on November 1
 Lewis met with an arbitrator appointed by President Wilson
 Lewis won a 27% pay raise and was hailed a hero

1920s: TOUGH TIMES FOR UNIONS

 The 1920s hurt the labor movement
 Union membership dropped from 5 million to 3.5 million
 Why? African Americans were excluded from membership and immigrants were willing to work in poor
conditions

THE HARDING PRESIDENCY

 Warren G. Harding’s modest successes include the Kellogg-Briand Pact which renounced war as a means
of national policy (signed by 15 nations, but difficult to enforce), and the Dawes Plan which solved the
problem of post-war debt by providing loans to Germany to pay France/Britain who then paid the U.S.

SCANDAL HITS HARDING

 The President’s main problem was that he didn’t understand many of the issues
 Several of Harding’s appointee’s were caught illegally selling government supplies to private companies
TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL
 The worst case of corruption was the Teapot Dome Scandal
 The government set aside oil-rich public land in Teapot, WY
 Secretary of Interior Albert Fall secretly leased the land to two oil companies
 Fall received $400,000 from the oil companies and a felony conviction from the courts

THE BUSINESS OF AMERICA

The new president, Calvin Coolidge, fit the pro-business spirit of the 1920s very well
His famous quote: “The chief business of the American people is business . . .the man who builds a factory
builds a temple – the man who works there worships there”

AMERICAN BUSINESS FLOURISHES

 Both Coolidge and his Republican successor Herbert Hoover, favored governmental policies that kept
taxes down and business profits up
 Tariffs were high which helped American manufacturers
 Government interference in business was minimal
 Americans wages were increasing

THE IMPACT OF THE AUTO

 The auto was the backbone of the American economy from 1920 through the 1970s
 It also profoundly altered the American landscape and society

IMPACT OF THE AUTO

Among the many changes were:
 Paved roads, traffic lights Motels, billboards
 Home design
 Gas stations, repair shops Shopping centers
 Freedom for rural families Independence for women and young people
 Cities like Detroit, Flint, Akron grew
 By 1920, 80% of world’s vehicles were produced in U.S.

AIRLINE TRANSPORT BECOMES COMMON

 The airline industry began as a mail carrying service and quickly “took off”
 By 1927, Pan American Airways was making the transatlantic passenger flights

AMERICAN STANDARD OF LIVING SOARS

 The years 1920-1929 were prosperous ones for the U.S.
 Americans owned 40% of the world’s wealth
 The average annual income rose 35% during the 1920s ($522 to $705)
 Discretionary income increased

ELECTRICAL CONVENIENCES
 While gasoline powered much of the economic boom of the 1920s, the use of electricity also transformed
the nation

MODERN ADVERTISING EMERGES

 Ad agencies no longer sought to merely “inform” the public about their products
 They hired psychologists to study how best to appeal to Americans’ desire for youthfulness, beauty,
health and wealth
 “Say it with Flowers” slogan actually doubled sales between 1912-1924

A SUPERFICIAL PROSPERITY
 Many during the 1920s believed the prosperity would go on forever
 Wages, production, GNP, and the stock market all rose significantly
But. . . .

PROBLEMS ON THE HORIZON?

 Businesses expanded recklessly
 Iron & railroad industries faded
 Farms nationwide suffered losses due to overproduction
 Too much was bought on credit (installment plans) including stocks

EDUCATION AND POPULAR CULTURE

 During the 1920s, developments in education had a powerful impact on the nation
 Enrollment in high schools quadrupled between 1914 and 1926
 Public schools met the challenge of educating millions of immigrants

EXPANDING NEWS COVERAGE

 As literacy increased, newspaper circulation rose and mass-circulation magazines flourished
 By the end of the 1920s, ten American magazines -- including Reader’s Digest and Time – boasted
circulations of over 2 million

RADIO COMES OF AGE

 Although print media was popular, radio was the most powerful communications medium to emerge in
the 1920s
 News was delivered faster and to a larger audience
 Americans could hear the voice of the president or listen to the World Series live

AMERICAN HEROES OF THE 20s

 In 1929, Americans spent $4.5 billion on entertainment (includes sports)
 People crowded into baseball games to see their heroes
 Babe Ruth was a larger than life American hero who played for Yankees
 He hit 60 homers in 1927

LINDBERGH’S FLIGHT
 America’s most beloved hero of the time wasn’t an athlete but a small-town pilot named Charles
Lindbergh
 Lindbergh made the first nonstop solo trans-Atlantic flight
 He took off from NYC in the Spirit of St. Louis and arrived in Paris 33 hours later to a hero’s welcome

ENTERTAINMENT AND ARTS

 Even before sound, movies offered a means of escape through romance and comedy
 First sound movies: Jazz Singer (1927)
 First animated with sound: Steamboat Willie (1928)
 By 1930 millions of Americans went to the movies each week

MUSIC AND ART

 Famed composer George Gershwin merged traditional elements with American Jazz
 Painters like Edward Hopper depicted the loneliness of American life
 Georgia O’ Keeffe captured the grandeur of New York using intensely colored canvases

WRITERS OF THE 1920S

 The 1920s was one of the greatest literary eras in American history
 Sinclair Lewis, the first American to win the Nobel Prize in literature, wrote the novel, Babbitt
 In Babbitt the main character ridicules American conformity and materialism

WRITERS OF THE 1920s

 Writer F. Scott Fitzgerald coined the phrase “Jazz Age” to describe the 1920s
  Fitzgerald wrote Paradise Lost and The Great Gatsby
 The Great Gatsby reflected the emptiness of New York elite society

WRITERS OF THE 1920S

 Edith Warton’s Age of Innocence dramatized the clash between traditional and modern values
 Willa Cather celebrated the simple, dignified lives of immigrant farmers in Nebraska in My Antonia

WRITERS OF THE 1920

 Ernest Hemingway, wounded in World War I, became one of the best-known authors of the era
 In his novels, The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms, he criticized the glorification of war
 His simple, straightforward style of writing set the literary standard

THE LOST GENERATION

 Some writers such as Hemingway and John Dos Passos were so soured by American culture that they
chose to settle in Europe
 In Paris they formed a group that one writer called, “The Lost Generation”

THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE

 Between 1910 and 1920, the Great Migration saw hundreds of thousands of African Americans move
north to big cities
 By 1920 over 5 million of the nation’s 12 million blacks (over 40%) lived in cities

AFRICAN AMERICAN GOALS

 Founded in 1909, the NAACP urged African Americans to protest racial violence
 W.E.B Dubois, a founding member, led a march of 10,000 black men in NY to protest violence

MARCUS GARVEY - UNIA

 Marcus Garvey believed that African Americans should build a separate society (Africa)
 In 1914, Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association
 Garvey claimed a million members by the mid-1920s
 He left a powerful legacy of black pride, economic independence and Pan-Africanism (freedom and
independence for all Africa people)

HARLEM, NEW YORK

 Harlem, NY became the largest black urban community
 Harlem suffered from overcrowding, unemployment and poverty
 However, in the 1920s it was home to a literary and artistic revival known as the Harlem Renaissance

AFRICAN AMERICAN WRITERS

 The Harlem Renaissance was primarily a literary movement
 Led by well-educated blacks with a new sense of pride in the African-American experience
 Claude McKay’s poems expressed the pain of life in the ghetto

LANGSTON HUGHES
 Missouri-born Langston Hughes was the movement’s best known poet
 Many of his poems described the difficult lives of working-class blacks
 Some of his poems were put to music, especially jazz and blues

ZOLA NEALE HURSTON

 Zola Neale Hurston wrote novels, short stories and poems
 She often wrote about the lives of poor, unschooled Southern blacks
 She focused on the culture of the people– their folkways and values
AFRICAN-AMERICAN PERFORMERS
 During the 1920s, black performers won large followings
 Paul Robeson, son of a slave, became a major dramatic actor
 His performance in Othello was widely praised

LOUIS ARMSTRONG
 Jazz was born in the early 20th century
 In 1922, a young trumpet player named Louis Armstrong joined the Creole Jazz Band
 Later he joined Fletcher Henderson’s band in NYC
 Armstrong is considered the most important and influential musician in the history of jazz

EDWARD KENNEDY “DUKE” ELLINGTON

 In the late 1920s, Duke Ellington, a jazz pianist and composer, led his ten-piece orchestra at the famous
Cotton Club
 Ellington won renown as one of America’s greatest composers

BESSIE SMITH
 Bessie Smith, blues singer, was perhaps the most outstanding vocalist of the decade
 She achieved enormous popularity and by 1927 she became the highest- paid black artist in the world

IN CONCLUSION-THE END OF AN ERA

 Black Tuesday-October 29, 1929-stock market hit an all-time low.
 Buying on margin & stock speculation
 Selling at a loss
 Overproduction
 Roaring 1920s Notes
CHANGING WAYS OF LIFE
 During the 1920s, _________________________ continued to accelerate
 For the first time, more Americans lived in _________________________ than in rural areas
 _________________________ was home to over 5 million people in 1920
 _________________________ had nearly 3 million

URBAN VS. RURAL

 Throughout the 1920s, Americans found themselves caught between _________________________ and
_________________________ cultures
 Urban life was considered a world of anonymous crowds, strangers, moneymakers, and pleasure
seekers
 _________________________ was considered to be safe, with close personal ties, hard work and morals

PROHIBITION
 One example of the clash between city & farm was the passage of the _______ Amendment in 1920
 This Amendment launched the era known as _________________________
 The new law made it _________________________ to make, sell or transport liquor

SUPPORT FOR PROHIBITION

 _________________________ had long believed alcohol led to crime, child & wife abuse, and accidents
 Supporters were largely from the rural _________________________ and _________________________
 The church affiliated Anti-Saloon League and the Women’s Christian Temperance Union helped push the
______ Amendment through

SPEAKEASIES AND BOOTLEGGERS

 Many Americans did not believe drinking was a _________________________
 Most _________________________ groups were not willing to give up drinking
 To obtain liquor illegally, drinkers went underground to hidden saloons known as ___________________
 People also bought liquor from _________________________ who smuggled it in from Canada, Cuba and
the West Indies

ORGANIZED CRIME
 Prohibition contributed to the growth of organized _________________________ in every major city
 _________________________ became notorious as the home of _________________________ – a famous
bootlegger
 Capone took control of the Chicago liquor business by killing off his _________________________

GOVERNMENT FAILS TO CONTROL LIQUOR

 Eventually, Prohibition’s fate was sealed by the _________________________, which failed to budget
enough money to enforce the law
 The task of enforcing Prohibition fell to 1,500 poorly paid _________________________ --- clearly an
impossible task

SUPPORT FADES, PROHIBITION REPEALED

 By the mid-1920s, only ______ of Americans supported Prohibition
 Many felt Prohibition caused more problems than it solved
 The ________ Amendment finally _________________________Prohibition in 1933

SCIENCE AND RELIGION CLASH

 Another battleground during the 1920s was between fundamentalist religious groups and secular thinkers
over the truths of _________________________
 The Protestant movement grounded in the literal interpretation of the _________________________is
known as _________________________
  Fundamentalists found all truth in the bible – including science & evolution

SCOPES TRIAL
 In March 1925, Tennessee passed the nation’s first law that made it a _________________________to
teach _________________________
 The _________________________promised to defend any teacher willing to challenge the law – John
_________________________did

SCOPES TRIAL
 The ACLU hired Clarence _________________________, the most famous trial lawyer of the era, to
_________________________Scopes
 The prosecution countered with William Jennings _________________________, the three-time
Democratic _________________________nominee

SCOPES TRIAL
 Trial opened on July 10,1925 and became a national sensation
 In an unusual move, Darrow called Bryan to the stand as an expert on the bible – key question:
_______________________________________________________
 Under intense questioning, Darrow got Bryan to admit that the bible can be interpreted in different ways
 Nonetheless, _________________________was found _________________________and fined $100

THE TWENTIES WOMAN

 After the tumult of World War I, Americans were looking for a little fun in the 1920s
 _________________________were becoming more _________________________and achieving greater
freedoms (right to _________________________, more employment, freedom of the __________________)

THE FLAPPER
 During the 1920s, a new ideal emerged for some women: the _________________________
 A Flapper was an emancipated young woman who embraced the new _________________________and
urban _________________________

NEW ROLES FOR WOMEN

 The fast-changing world of the 1920s produced new roles for women
 Many women entered the workplace as nurses, _________________________, librarians, & secretaries
 However, women _________________________than men and were kept out of many traditional male jobs
(management) and faced _________________________

THE CHANGING FAMILY

 American _________________________declined for several decades before the 1920s
 During the 1920s that trend increased as birth control information became widely available
 Birth control clinics opened and the American Birth Control League was founded in_________________

MODERN FAMILY EMERGES

 As the 1920s unfolded, many features of the modern family emerged
 _________________________was based on romantic love, women managed the
_________________________and _________________________, and children were not considered
laborers/ wage earners but rather developing children who needed nurturing and ____________________

AMERICAN POSTWAR ISSUES

 The American public was exhausted from World War I
 Public debate over the _____________________________________had divided America
 An economic _________________________meant many faced
 A wave of _________________________swept the nation
ISOLATIONISM
 Many Americans adopted a belief in isolationism
 _________________________meant pulling away from involvement in world affairs

FEAR OF COMMUNISM
 One perceived threat to American life was the spread of _________________________
 Communism is an economic and political system based on a _________________________party, equal
distribution of resources, no private property and rule by a _________________________

SOVIET UNION COMMUNISM

 Russia was transformed into the Soviet Union in 1917, a Communist state
 Vladimir _________________________led the Bolsheviks and overthrew the Czarist regime
 He was a follower of the _________________________doctrine of social equality
 A _________________________party was formed in America, too

SACCO & VANZETTI

 The _________________________ (fear of Communism in the U.S.) fed Nativism in America
 Italian anarchists _________________________& _________________________were a shoemaker and a
fish peddler
 Convicted of _________________________and murder despite flimsy evidence, their execution was
symbolic of discrimination against radical beliefs during the Red Scare

THE KLAN RISES AGAIN

 As the Red Scare and anti-immigrant attitudes reached a peak, the ________ was more popular than ever
 By 1924, the Klan had ______ million members

CONGRESS LIMITS IMMIGRATION

 Congress, in response to _________________________pressure, decided to
_________________________immigration from southern and eastern Europe
 _________________________________________set up a quota system to control and restrict immigration

A TIME OF LABOR UNREST

 _________________________were _________________________during WWI, however in 1919 there were
more than _________________________involving 4 million workers

BOSTON POLICE STRIKE

 Boston _________________________had not received a _________________________in years and were
denied the right to _________________________
 The _________________________was called
 New _________________________were hired

STEEL MILL STRIKE

 In September of 1919, the U.S. _________________________refused to meet with union representatives
 In response, over _________________________workers struck
 _________________________were hired while strikers were beaten by police and federal troops
 The strike was settled in 1920 with an _________________________but no union

COAL MINERS’ STRIKE

 In 1919, United Mine Workers led by _________________________called a Strike on November 1
 Lewis met with an _________________________appointed by President Wilson
 Lewis won a ________ pay raise and was hailed a hero

1920s: TOUGH TIMES FOR UNIONS

 The 1920s hurt the _________________________movement
  Union membership dropped from _______ million to _______ million
 Why? _________________________were _________________________from membership and immigrants
were willing to work in poor conditions

THE HARDING PRESIDENCY

 Warren G. Harding’s modest successes include the _________________________which renounced war as
a means of national policy (signed by 15 nations, but difficult to enforce), and the
_________________________which solved the problem of post-war debt by providing loans to Germany
to pay France/Britain who then paid the U.S.

SCANDAL HITS HARDING

 The President’s main problem was that he didn’t understand many of the _________________________
 Several of Harding’s appointee’s were caught _________________________selling government
_________________________to private companies

TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL

 The worst case of corruption was the _________________________
 The government set aside _________________________public land in Teapot, WY
 Secretary of Interior _________________________secretly leased the land to two oil companies
 Fall received _________________________from the oil companies and a
_________________________from the courts

THE BUSINESS OF AMERICA

The new president, _________________________, fit the _________________________spirit of the 1920s very well
His famous quote: “The chief business of the American people is business . . .the man who builds a factory
builds a temple – the man who works there worships there”

AMERICAN BUSINESS FLOURISHES

 Both Coolidge and his Republican successor _________________________, favored governmental
policies that kept _________________________and business _________________________
 _________________________were high which helped American manufacturers
 Government interference in business was _________________________
 Americans _________________________were increasing

THE IMPACT OF THE AUTO

 The _________________________was the _________________________of the American economy from
1920 through the 1970s
 It also profoundly altered the American _________________________and _________________________

IMPACT OF THE AUTO

Among the many changes were:
 Paved _________________________, traffic _________________________Motels, billboards
 Home design
 Gas stations, repair shops _________________________centers
 Freedom for rural families _________________________for women and young people
 Cities like _________________________, Flint, Akron grew
 By 1920, ________ of world’s vehicles were produced in U.S.

AIRLINE TRANSPORT BECOMES COMMON

 The _________________________industry began as a _________________________carrying service and
quickly “took off”
 By 1927, _________________________Airways was making the transatlantic
_________________________flights
AMERICAN STANDARD OF LIVING SOARS
 The years 1920-1929 were _________________________ones for the U.S.
 Americans owned _______of the world’s _________________________
 The average annual income rose ________ during the 1920s ($522 to $705)
 _________________________income increased

ELECTRICAL CONVENIENCES
 While _________________________powered much of the economic boom of the 1920s, the use of
_________________________also transformed the nation

MODERN ADVERTISING EMERGES

 Ad agencies no longer sought to merely “_________________________” the public about their products
 They hired psychologists to study how best to appeal to Americans’ desire for
_________________________, _________________________, health and _________________________
 “_______________________________________” slogan actually doubled sales between 1912-1924

A SUPERFICIAL PROSPERITY
 Many during the 1920s believed the _________________________would go on forever
 Wages, production, GNP, and the _________________________all
_________________________significantly
But. . . .

PROBLEMS ON THE HORIZON?

 Businesses _________________________recklessly
 Iron & _________________________industries faded
 Farms nationwide suffered losses due to _________________________
 Too much was bought on _________________________ (installment plans) including stocks

EDUCATION AND POPULAR CULTURE

 During the 1920s, developments in _________________________had a powerful impact on the nation
 Enrollment in _________________________quadrupled between 1914 and 1926
 Public schools met the challenge of educating millions of _________________________

EXPANDING NEWS COVERAGE

 As literacy increased, _________________________circulation rose and mass-circulation magazines
flourished
 By the end of the 1920s, ten American _________________________-- including
_________________________and _________________________– boasted circulations of over 2 million

RADIO COMES OF AGE

 Although print media was popular, _________________________was the most powerful communications
medium to emerge in the 1920s
 News was delivered faster and to a larger audience
 Americans could hear the voice of the president or listen to the _________________________live

AMERICAN HEROES OF THE 20s

 In 1929, Americans spent _______ billion on _________________________ (includes sports)
 People crowded into _________________________games to see their heroes
 _________________________was a larger than life American hero who played for
_________________________
 He hit 60 homers in 1927
LINDBERGH’S FLIGHT
 America’s most beloved hero of the time wasn’t an athlete but a small-town pilot named
_________________________ _________________________made the first nonstop solo trans-Atlantic
flight
 He took off from NYC in the ________________________________and arrived in Paris 33 hours later to a
hero’s welcome

ENTERTAINMENT AND ARTS

 Even before sound, movies offered a means of escape through romance and comedy
 First sound movies: _________________________ (1927)
 First animated with sound: _________________________ (1928)
 By 1930 millions of Americans went to the _________________________each week

MUSIC AND ART

 Famed composer George _________________________merged traditional elements with American
_________________________
 _________________________like Edward _________________________depicted the loneliness of
American life
 Georgia O’ _________________________captured the grandeur of New York using intensely colored
_________________________

WRITERS OF THE 1920S

 The 1920s was one of the greatest literary eras in American history
 _________________________, the first American to win the Nobel Prize in literature, wrote the novel,
_________________________
 In Babbitt the main character ridicules American conformity and materialism

WRITERS OF THE 1920s

 Writer F. Scott _________________________coined the phrase “_________________________” to describe
the 1920s
 Fitzgerald wrote Paradise Lost and _________________________
 The Great Gatsby reflected the emptiness of _________________________elite society

WRITERS OF THE 1920S

 Edith Warton’s _________________________dramatized the clash between traditional and modern values
 _________________________celebrated the simple, dignified lives of immigrant farmers in Nebraska in
_________________________
WRITERS OF THE 1920
 Ernest _________________________, wounded in World War I, became one of the best-known authors of
the era
 In his novels, _________________________and A Farewell to Arms, he criticized the glorification of war
 His _________________________, straightforward style of writing set the literary standard

THE LOST GENERATION

 Some _________________________such as Hemingway and John Dos Passos were so soured by
American culture that they chose to settle in _________________________
 In Paris they formed a group that one writer called, “_________________________”

THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE

 Between 1910 and 1920, the _________________________saw hundreds of thousands of African
Americans move _________________________to big cities
 By 1920 over 5 million of the nation’s 12 million blacks (over _______) lived in
_________________________
AFRICAN AMERICAN GOALS
 Founded in 1909, the _________________________urged African Americans to protest racial violence
 W.E.B _________________________, a founding member, led a _________________________of 10,000
black men in NY to protest _________________________

MARCUS GARVEY - UNIA

 Marcus _________________________believed that African Americans should build a
_________________________society (Africa)
 In 1914, Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association
 Garvey claimed a million _________________________by the mid-1920s
 He left a powerful legacy of black pride, economic independence and _________________________
(freedom and independence for all Africa people)

HARLEM, NEW YORK

 _________________________, NY became the largest black _________________________community
 Harlem suffered from overcrowding, unemployment and _________________________
 However, in the 1920s it was home to a literary and artistic revival known as the
_________________________

AFRICAN AMERICAN WRITERS

 The Harlem Renaissance was primarily a _________________________movement
 Led by well-educated blacks with a new sense of pride in the African-American experience
 Claude _________________________poems expressed the pain of life in the
_________________________

LANGSTON HUGHES
 Missouri-born Langston _________________________was the movement’s best known
_________________________
 Many of his poems described the difficult lives of _________________________blacks
 Some of his poems were put to music, especially _________________________and __________________

ZOLA NEALE HURSTON

 Zola Neale _________________________wrote novels, short stories and _________________________
 She often wrote about the lives of _________________________, unschooled Southern blacks
 She focused on the culture of the people– their folkways and _________________________

AFRICAN-AMERICAN PERFORMERS
 During the 1920s, black performers won large followings
 Paul _________________________, son of a slave, became a major dramatic _______________________
 His performance in _________________________was widely praised

LOUIS ARMSTRONG
 _________________________was born in the early 20th century
 In 1922, a young trumpet player named Louis _________________________joined the
_________________________Jazz Band
 Later he joined Fletcher Henderson’s band in NYC
 Armstrong is considered the most important and influential musician in the history of jazz

EDWARD KENNEDY “DUKE” ELLINGTON

 In the late 1920s, Duke _________________________, a jazz _________________________and composer,
led his ten-piece orchestra at the famous _________________________
 Ellington won renown as one of America’s greatest _________________________
BESSIE SMITH
 Bessie _________________________, blues _________________________, was perhaps the most
outstanding vocalist of the decade
 She achieved enormous popularity and by 1927 she became the _________________________black
_________________________in the world

IN CONCLUSION-THE END OF AN ERA

 _________________________-October 29, 1929-stock market hit an all-time low.
 Buying on _________________________& stock speculation
 Selling at a _________________________
 _________________________