BS 357 Power-Driven Travelling Jib Cranes
BS 357 Power-Driven Travelling Jib Cranes
BS 357 Power-Driven Travelling Jib Cranes
Incorporating
Amendment Nos. 1, 2
and 3
Specification for
Power-driven
travelling jib cranes
(rail-mounted low
carriage type)
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UDC 621.874
Co-operating organizations
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Gas Council War Office*
High Commission of India*
Contents
Page
Co-operating organizations Inside front cover
Foreword iii
1 Scope 1
2 Description of types 1
3 Terminology 1
4 Information recommended to be supplied with enquiry or order 3
5 Information to be supplied by manufacturers 3
6 Service conditions 3
7 Classification, duty and permissible stresses 4
8 Materials and equipment 4
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9 Clause deleted 4
10 Clause deleted 4
11 Clause deleted 4
12 Minimum sections 4
13 Clause deleted 4
14 Special requirements for frame structures including jibs 4
15 Jibs 5
16 Joints 5
17 Bolts other than those used in crane structure, and set screws 6
18 Supports for the rotating part of the crane 6
19 Speeds 6
20 Clause deleted 4
21 Identification 6
22 Track 6
23 Stability 7
24 Mechanical interlocks 7
25 Guarding 8
26 Audible warning device 8
27 Load and radius indication 8
28 Wire ropes 8
29 Lifting hooks 9
30 Rope drums 9
31 Rope pulleys 10
32 Shackles 10
33 Overhauling weight 11
34 Gearing 11
35 Bearings 11
36 Rotating and fixed shafts and axles 11
37 Pawls 11
38 Brakes 11
39 Lubrication 12
40 Slewing 12
41 Electrical equipment 13
42 Electric generators and motors 13
43 Controllers and resistors 14
44 Electrical protective gear 14
45 Isolating switch 15
46 Limit switches 15
Page
47 Electrical cables for power circuits 15
48 Main supply 16
49 Lighting 16
50 Heating 16
51 Earthing 16
52 Collector rings 16
53 Boilers 16
54 Steam engines 17
55 Internal combustion engines 17
56 Air receivers 17
57 Controls 17
58 Driver’s cabin 17
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59 Testing 17
60 Painting 20
61 Equipment 20
62 Loose ballast 20
Appendix A Information desirable to be supplied with enquiry or order 21
Appendix B Information to be supplied by manufacturer when tendering 22
Appendix C List of British Standards for materials and equipment to be
used in the manufacture of cranes 23
Appendix D Load capacity of gears 27
Appendix E Notes on track 27
Appendix F Notes on crane speeds 27
Appendix G Legislation affecting cranes in the United Kingdom 28
Appendix H Maximum ratings for cables up to 0.06 in2 for average
crane conditions 29
Figure 1 — Travelling jib crane 2
Figure 2 — Ratings for rubber-insulated, PVC-insulated or
varnished-cambric-insulated cables in trunking or conduit 31
Table 1 — Travelling and slewing speeds 6
Table 2 — Value of coefficient F 7
Table 3 8
Table 4 — Minimum groove radii 10
Table 5 — Minimum rope clearances 10
Table 6 — Brake magnet ratings 13
Table 7 — Brake magnet operating currents 13
Table 8 — Testing 18
Table 9 — Rubber-insulated, PVC-insulated or
varnished-cambric-insulated cables in trunking or conduit 30
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BS 357:1958
Foreword
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 31 and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
inside front cover.
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BS 357:1958
1 Scope
This British Standard covers travelling jib cranes (power-driven, rail-wheel mounted, on low carriage) of
the following types:
Type 1. Non-shunting type free on rail.
Type 2. Shunting type free on rail.
Type 3. Portable type.
Type 4. Any of the above types using outriggers.
Type 5. Any of the above types but with partial slewing.
Railway breakdown cranes and those of similar type are excluded.
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2 Description of types
Type 1. Cranes with carriages which are not suitable for shunting main line wagons and with a
superstructure capable of slewing without limitation in either direction, and which are able to travel under
their own power with loads Up to the maximum for which they have been designed suspended at any point
in their full circle of slewing.
Type 2. Cranes similar to Type 1 primarily intended for crane duty but which have an extended carriage
with headstocks suitable for shunting main line wagons and having travelling gear suitable for negotiating
curves.
Type 3. Cranes similar to Type 1, but unable to travel under their own power.
Type 4. Cranes substantially conforming to any of the above types, but requiring the use of outriggers, jacks
or blocks, as part of the crane to enable them to handle their designed maximum loads.
Type 5. Cranes having a limited arc of slewing.
3 Terminology
For the purposes of this standard the following definitions shall apply:
3.1
hoisting
lifting (or lowering) of the load in a vertical direction
3.2
slewing
the rotary motion of the crane jib or load about a vertical axis
3.3
derricking or luffing
the angular movement of the crane jib in a vertical plane
3.4
jib length
the shortest distance between the fulcrum of the jib and the centre of rotation of the jib head pulley
3.5
radius
the horizontal distance from the vertical centre line of the hook, when hanging vertically, to the slewing
axis
3.6
margin of stability
when the crane is handling any safe working load at the appropriate operating radius the margin of
stability is the additional load, expressed as a percentage of the safe working load, which is required to
bring the crane to a condition of tipping with the jib adjusted if necessary to maintain the safe operating
radius
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A. Radius.
B. Max. lift of hook above rail level with jib at radius A.
C. Max. reach of hook below rail level with jib at radius A.
D. Height of jib at radius A.
E. Length of jib between centres.
F. Max. permissible tail radius.
G & G1. Overall width of cabin.
H. Overall height of cabin above rail level.
J. Wheelbase.
K. Gauge.
L. Clearance under rotating superstructure to rail level.
M. Max. clearance above rail between wheels.
Figure 1 — Travelling jib crane
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3.7
blocking-up base
the effective span of the supporting base when outriggers or other means are used to increase stability
3.8
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tail radius
the maximum distance from the centre of rotation to the tail of the revolving superstructure
3.9
travelling
linear movement of the whole crane along a track
3.10
safe working load
the maximum load for which the crane may be used in compliance with the provisions specified in this
British Standard
3.11
range of lift
the vertical distance between the highest and the lowest working positions of the hook
3.12
basic stresses
those given under the appropriate clauses and tables in BS 25731)
3.13
wind load
the load produced by the wind pressure, which is a function of the wind velocity
3.14
fatigue failure
the tendency to fracture by means of a progressive crack under repeated alternating or cyclic stresses
considerably below the tensile strength
3.15
tipping load
the load required to create the condition of tipping. A crane is deemed to be in the condition of tipping when
it is supporting a load that cannot be increased by even a small amount without causing it to fall over
For explanations of the terms used to describe crane speeds, see Appendix F.
6 Service conditions
The crane shall be deemed to be under service conditions when it is on a level track and operating without
load or with any load up to and including the safe working load. The loading shall include the load imposed
by the wind pressure as specified in BS 2573, “Permissible stresses in cranes”, Part 1, “Structures”.
NOTE Normally in the United Kingdom travelling jib cranes are designed to Class 2 requirements. If such cranes are derated
to 80 per cent of the normal crane safe working load for grabbing and magnet duties, it may be assumed that they comply with
Class 3 requirements.
b) Permissible stresses. The structure of the crane shall comply with BS 2573, “Permissible stresses in
cranes”, Part 1, “Structures”.
For inertia forces set up in slewing, the design acceleration or retardation at the jib or cantilever head
pulley shall be not less than 2 ft/s2.
Permissible working stresses for parts other than those used in the crane structure shall be as specified in
the following clauses of this standard:
Wire ropes: Clause 28
Lifting hooks: Clause 29
Gearing: Clause 34
Brakes: Clause 38.
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The latticing and plating of a strut member shall be proportioned to resist the maximum transverse shear
at any cross section, such shear being assumed to be divided equally between the planes of bracing
concerned, but the value allowed for transverse shear in the direction of the two axes of the strut as a whole
shall in no case be less than the percentage of maximum axial load given in the table below, plus the shear
at such planes of bracing due to simultaneous transverse loads in the member.
Additional shear force on struts
15 Jibs
The jib feet and the members by which they are connected to the crane shall be of steel except that cast iron
may be used for the sole purpose of increasing the pin bearing area.
Diaphragm braces shall be provided for stiffening purposes when the jib is of lattice construction.
16 Joints
a) Strength of joints. The calculated strength of riveted joints or joints made by friction grip bolts in
structural members shall be not less than the calculated net strength of the member.
The calculated strength of other bolted joints in structural members shall be not less than the net
strength of the member plus 25 per cent.
The calculated stress in rivets, bolts and welds shall not exceed the permissible stresses given in
BS 2573-1.
Welded joints shall be designed in accordance with BS 2573-1.
b) Rivet and bolt holes (except those for friction grip bolts). All rivet and bolt holes shall be drilled
accurately and all arrises and burrs shall be removed before assembly.
The diameter of holes for rivets shall not exceed the nominal rivet shank diameter by more
than 1/16 inch (1.6 mm).
The diameter of holes for precision bolts shall not exceed the nominal bolt shank diameter by more
than 1/64 inch (0.4 mm).
Where turned bolts are used in the structure the plain barrel part of the bolt shall be sufficiently long
to ensure adequate bearing area for the load.
Where bolts are used in shear they shall be fitted into reamed holes. Black mild steel bolts shall not be
used for joints in stress bearing members.
c) Friction grip bolts. Friction grip bolts shall comply with BS 3139 and shall be fitted in accordance with
the recommendations of BS 3294.
d) Rivet spacing. The distance between the centres of rivets for stress-bearing parts shall be not less
than 2 1/2 times the diameter of the rivet, and shall not exceed sixteen times the thickness of the thinnest
outside plate or angle. Where two lines of staggered riveting are used in the same angle or flange, the
maximum distance between the rivets on each line may be taken as 1.5 times those given above.
The distance between centres of rivets and the sheared or hand flame cut edge of a plate shall be not
less than 1.75 times the diameter of the rivet, and between the centre of the rivet and a rolled,
machined, or machine flame cut edge shall be not less than 1.5 times the diameter of the rivet.
e) Welding. All welding shall comply with BS 1856, BS 938, or BS 2642.
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17 Bolts other than those used in crane structure, and set screws (See Clause 16)
Bolts and set screws shall comply with BS 1083. Bolts and set screws shall be locked or locking set screws
used.
19 speeds
The geared travelling and slewing speeds2) given in Table 1 are the maximum values for a crane handling
the maximum load for which the crane has been designed.
These speeds are for normal crane duty and shall be reduced for cranes of gauges narrower than 4 ft 8 1/2 in.
For special duty cranes the speeds may be varied by agreement between the manufacturer and the
purchaser.
Table 1 — Travelling and slewing speeds
Combined weigh
of crane & max. Up to 20 21 to 30 31 to 40 41 to 50 Over 50
hook load (tons)
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Max. travelling
speed (ft per 450 400 400 350 300
minute)
Max. rate of
1 rev. in 20 sec. 1 rev. in 25 sec. 1 rev. in 30 sec. 1 rev. in 40 sec. 1 rev. in 60 sec.
slewing
Clause 20. Deleted in accordance with Amendment No. 2 issued February, 1965 (PD 5469).
21 Identification
For the purposes of identification the crane shall bear the manufacturer’s name, serial number and the
year of manufacture.
If special materials, such as high-tensile steel or aluminium alloy, have been used in the structure, the
crane shall bear a notice to this effect.
22 Track
Unless stated to the contrary, the track shall be assumed to be level and secured to foundations or sleepers
of adequate strength and spacing to take the maximum applied wheel pressure and designed to suit the
allowable bearing pressure on the ground.
The track is not the responsibility of the crane manufacturer unless agreed to the contrary.
See also Appendix E.
2) For explanations of the terms used to describe crane speeds, see Appendix F.
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23 Stability
With the crane working on firm level track and with the jib at right angles to the larger side of the rectangle
formed by the wheelbase and the gauge or blocking-up base, the load on the crane in the condition of tipping
when handling any load at the appropriate radius shall not be less than the following:
i) for cranes on elevated structures or quay walls:
safe working load plus 50 per cent.
ii) for all other cranes:
Safe working load at appropriate radii Tipping load
Over 7 1/2 tons Safe working load plus 33 1/3 per cent
In addition to the minimum requirements stated above the stability must be calculated in accordance with
the following formula and the greater of the two values obtained shall be used:
F × Radius of crane
Required margin of stability = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gauge (or Blocking-up base)
where F is a coefficient (see Table 2) the numerical value of which depends on the gauge or blocking-up
base.
The blocking-up base shall be measured between centres of supports and shall be used in determining the
stability when outriggers, jacks or blocks are used.
Table 2 — Value of coefficient F
Gauge (or Blocking-up base) Coefficient F
10 ft or more 7.6
9 ft 7.7
8 ft 7.9
7 ft 8.2
5 ft 6 in 8.9
4 ft 8 1/2 in 9.4
3 ft 6 in 10.3
3 ft 3 3/8 in 10.5
(one metre) or less
The stability coefficient F applies to all cranes in which the maximum height of the jib head above the rail
is 50 ft or less. When this dimension is exceeded, the coefficient shall be increased by 1 per cent for every
additional 5 ft or part thereof.
For cranes designed as grabbing or magnet cranes the load on which the stability is calculated shall be the
weight of grab and contents plus 25 per cent or magnet and load plus 25 per cent.
Cranes of 4 ft 8 1/2 in gauge and over shall be stable backwards, when not blocked, with the jib removed,
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with the tail at right angles to the track, and both with and without a full complement (if any) of fuel and
water. Cranes of less than 4 ft 8 1/2 in gauge which are not stable under these conditions across track with
the jib removed shall bear a clear, indelible inscription reading “This crane is unstable across track with
jib removed”.
24 Mechanical interlocks
Except when the mechanism driving the derricking drum is self-locking, or when the derricking drum is
independently driven, an effective interlocking arrangement shall be provided between the derricking
clutch and the brake or pawl sustaining the derricking drum. The arrangement shall ensure that the
sustaining brake cannot be released until the clutch is effectively engaged, and that the clutch cannot be
disengaged until the brake is effectively engaged, irrespective of the drum being under load or not.
If a sustaining pawl is used it shall not be possible to release it until the clutch is fully engaged, and it shall
not be possible for the clutch to be disengaged until the pawl is fully engaged.
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25 Guarding
a) General. Effective guards shall be provided for gear wheels, belt and chain drives, revolving shafts,
flywheels, couplings, collars, projecting set screws, bolts or keys on any revolving shaft, wheel or pinion,
unless those parts are made safe by design or by position or are effectively guarded by parts of the crane
structure.
NOTE Appendix G gives legislation affecting cranes operated in the United Kingdom. Attention is drawn to Section 17 of the
Factories Act, 1937, and Regulation 86 of the Building (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations, 1948, which relate to the
construction and sale of new machinery.
The guard may be sheet metal, perforated or expanded metal, wire mesh, wood, pressed fibre or other
material as may be deemed most suitable, and should completely encase the parts concerned. The
guards shall be designed to allow for routine inspection and maintenance work.
The guards shall be substantially constructed to withstand the conditions in the situation in which they
are to be used. They shall be sufficiently rigid to resist distortion and shall be securely attached to fixed
supports.
b) Thickness. The thickness of metal guards shall be not less than 18 S.W.G. (0.048 in.).
c) Size of opening and clearance. The minimum clearance between the guard and the moving parts, and
the size of opening in guards of perforated metal, woven wire, metal lattice or similar material shall be
in accordance with the following requirements:
Table 3
Minimum
Size of opening
clearance
in. in.
Not exceeding 3/8 7/
8
Over 3/8 up to and including 1/2 2
Over 1/2 up to and including 1 1/4 4
Over 1 1/4 up to and including 1 1/2 5
By size of opening is meant the greatest dimension of the opening except in the case of slotted material,
when the length of the slot may be disregarded if the width of the slot does not exceed 1/2 in.
28 Wire ropes
a) General. Unless otherwise stated in Appendix A or Appendix B, ropes shall comply with BS 302,
BS 621. Ropes of 6 × 61 construction shall not be used if less than 1 1/4 in (32 mm) diameter.
If a load is shared by two or more rope systems, means shall be provided for ensuring that it is shared
in the design proportions. Arrangements entailing reverse bends shall be avoided as far as possible. A
rope reeving diagram shall be provided.
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Derricking ropes shall be of sufficient length to permit the jib being raised from, or lowered to, the
horizontal position during the erection or inspection of the crane.
Terminal fittings of ropes shall be capable of withstanding not less than 90 per cent of the nominal
breaking load of the rope or ropes to which they are attached. Recommended methods of attaching
terminal fittings are given in Appendices to the appropriate British Standard (e.g. BS 302, BS 621,
Appendix A; BS 461, Appendix C; BS 463, Appendix B, etc.).
NOTE This requirement does not apply to the anchorage of a rope to a drum.
b) Strength requirements. The ratio between the nominal breaking load and the working load of a rope
shall comply with the following requirements for service and erection conditions.
In determining the ratio, allowance shall be made for friction losses at the pulleys, the safe working
load of the crane (including lifting attachments such as slings, lifting beams, etc.) and the hook block,
but not the weight of the rope. For grabbing or magnet cranes the load shall be assumed to be the
weight of the grab or magnet and its burden.
i) Service conditions. Under service conditions the ratio for running ropes and standing ropes which
pass over pulleys shall be not less than 4.5 for Class 2 cranes and 5.5 for Class 3 cranes. For straight
standing ropes the ratio shall be not less than 3.5 for Class 2 cranes and 4.0 for Class 3 cranes.
ii) Erection conditions. The ratio for running ropes and standing ropes which pass over pulleys shall
be not less than 3.75. For straight standing ropes, the ratio shall be not less than 3.
NOTE For the purpose of calculating friction losses, the efficiency of pulleys is assumed to be 98 per cent when fitted with
anti-friction bearings, and 96 per cent when fitted with plain bearings.
29 Lifting hooks
Lifting hooks shall comply with BS 482, BS 2903, BS 3017, BS 3033 or BS 3317 where applicable
(see Appendix C).
NOTE For loads exceeding 40 tons (40 000 kg), hooks of the ramshorn type to BS 3017 or of the triangular type to BS 3317 are
preferable.
Swivelling hooks shall be mounted on anti-friction bearings suitable for the purpose.
If required, a locking device shall be fitted to prevent rotation of the hook.
30 Rope drums
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a) General.
i) The diameter of drums measured at the bottom of the groove, shall in no case be less than 14d,
where d is the diameter of the rope.
ii) Drums shall where possible accommodate in one layer the length of rope requisite for the range of
lift. If the rope is wound on the drum in more than one layer the anchorage shall be located clear of
the winding, preferably outside the flanges.
iii) Adequate means shall be provided to prevent the rope inadvertently leaving the drum. If solely for
this purpose the drum is flanged at both ends, the flanges shall project a distance not less than two
rope diameters beyond the rope.
NOTE A spur or other wheel secured to a drum can form one of the flanges provided it is adequately guarded.
iv) The inclination of the rope at the point of lead off from a drum shall not exceed 1 in 12 each side of
a centre line which represents the true lead off.
b) Drum grooves. Grooving shall be smooth and free from surface defects liable to injure the rope. The
edges shall be rounded.
If rope drums are helically grooved, the contour at the bottom of the grooves shall be circular over a
minimum angle of 120° and the radius of the grooves shall exceed the radius of the ropes by not less
than the values given in Table 4.
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The grooves on the drum shall be pitched so that the clearance between adjacent turns of the rope is not
less than the dimension given in Table 5.
Table 5 — Minimum rope clearances
Minimum clearance between
Diameter of rope d
turns
Up to and including 1/2 in (12.7 mm) 1/
16 in (1.6 mm)
Over 1/
2 in up to and including 11/8 in (28.6 mm) 3/
32 in (2.4 mm)
Over 11/8 in 1/
8 in (3.2 mm)
NOTE If special types of grooving are employed the above dimensional requirements may be ignored.
c) Rope anchorages. Rope anchorages shall be protected by not less than two dead turns remaining on
the drum when the rope is paid out to its maximum working length.
Rope anchorages shall be secure and readily accessible. If two or more ropes lead off a drum, provision
shall be made for adjustment of the rope length at the anchored end.
31 Rope pulleys
a) Diameter. The diameter of pulleys, measured at the bottom of the groove, shall in no case be less
than 17d, where d is the diameter of the rope.
b) Grooves. Rope pulleys shall be grooved to a depth not less than 1 1/2 times the diameter of the rope. The
grooves shall be finished smoothly and be free from surface defects liable to injure the rope. The edges
shall be rounded.
The contour at the bottom of the groove shall be circular over an angle of 120°. The radius of this part of
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the groove shall exceed the radius of the rope by the amount specified in Clause 30, Table 4.
c) Guarding. Pulleys shall be guarded to retain the ropes in the grooves unless there is no likelihood of
their becoming unloaded in service.
d) Angle of lead (or fleet angle). The angle between the rope and a plane perpendicular to the axis of the
pulley shall not exceed 1 in 12.
e) Supports. If required, suitably designed supports shall be fitted on the jib and other parts of the
structure to prevent chafing of the ropes.
32 Shackles
a) Shackles shall comply as regards strength and safety with BS 825 “Mild steel shackles for lifting
purposes”, or BS 3032, “Higher tensile steel shackles”. When used for attaching the hook, shackles shall
be provided with screwed pins.
b) When used eccentrically, shackles shall not be subjected to a load in excess of one-third of the normal
proof load.
c) Each shackle shall be legibly stamped on a non-vital part with an identification number, and the pin
of the shackle shall bear the same number.
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33 Overhauling weight
When an overhauling weight is used on the rope it shall have a smooth bore and be bell-mouthed at the top
and bottom unless the rope is efficiently served or otherwise protected, and provision shall be made for the
examination of the part of the rope passing through the weight.
The overhauling weight shall be designed so as to avoid catching on obstructions.
34 Gearing
Gearing shall be designed for strength and for temperature rise in accordance with the following standards
where applicable, using the correction factors given in Appendix D:
BS 436, Machine cut gears. A. Helical and straight spur.
BS 545, Bevel gears (machine cut).
BS 721, Machine cut gears. C. Worm gearing.
Machine-cut gearing is preferable.
Keys in gear trains shall be fitted and secured so that they cannot work loose (see Clause 36).
Transmission chains and chain wheels shall be in accordance with BS 228, “Steel roller chains and chain
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wheels”.
NOTE In determining the strength and wear factors from the appropriate charts of BS 436, it should be assumed, in the absence of
known service conditions, that the equivalent running time per day is not less than 6 hours.
35 Bearings
All rotating shafts shall be mounted in ball or roller bearings or bearings lined with antifriction material.
Ball and roller bearings shall be protected from water, dirt or other foreign matter. Pedestals for bearings
shall be machined on the base and shall fit on a machined surface except when supported on three points.
Bearings subject to load on the caps shall be designed to withstand such loading.
37 Pawls
Where pawls and ratchet wheels are used they shall be of steel of suitable quality for the duty.
38 Brakes
Each motion of the crane shall be controlled by a brake in accordance with the following, which are
minimum requirements:
a) General. Springs for applying brakes shall be of the compression type and shall not be stressed in
excess of 80 per cent of the torsional elastic limit of the material.
Brake blocks and linings shall be protected from water, grease or oil or other substances which have
adverse effects.
Brake shoes shall remain securely fixed during the effective life of the lining.
Brakes shall be provided with a simple and easily accessible device to compensate for the wear of the
linings. Brake weights, if fitted, shall be fixed securely to their levers.
The wearing surfaces of all brake drums or plates shall be machined smooth and shall be free from
defects.
Where electro-mechanical brakes are fitted they shall apply the braking torque immediately the
current is cut off through any cause, even after the linings and fittings have become worn.
With d.c. supply, arrangements shall be made to prevent the brake magnet from being energized by the
back e.m.f. of the motor when the supply has been interrupted. This does not apply to any circuit
arrangement in which the load is still under full control despite supply failure, as for example, the
potentiometer system of control.
Where electric braking is adopted the conductors and contact surfaces of the motor and the control gear
shall be proportioned so that the additional duty will not cause overheating.
The temperature of the friction surface of the hoisting brake shall not exceed the maximum
temperature specified by the manufacturer of the brake linings, after the maximum safe working load
has been raised, and lowered on the brake, five times through the specified height of lift.
Brakes applied by hand shall not require a force greater than 35 lb at the handle. If applied by foot they
shall not require a force greater than 70 lb on the pedal to exert the restraining torque specified below.
They shall be provided with a locking device which is applied automatically and which cannot be
released accidentally. The locking gear must be capable of holding the restraining torque specified in
the sub-paragraphs below.
b) Hoisting motion brakes. Hoisting motion brakes shall be designed to exert a restraining torque at
least 25 per cent greater than the torque transmitted to the brake drum from the suspended load.
While the restraining torque is being exerted, the stresses in any part of the brake construction,
excluding springs, shall not exceed one eighth of the minimum tensile strength of the material.
c) Derricking motion brakes. Derricking motion brakes shall be designed to exert a restraining torque at
least 50 per cent greater than the maximum torque under service conditions, taking into account the
effect of friction in the transmission components between the load and the brake.
While the restraining torque is being exerted, the stresses in any part of the brake construction,
excluding springs, shall not exceed one eighth of minimum tensile strength of the material.
d) Slewing brakes. A slewing brake or other means of arresting the slewing motion shall be provided.
The brake shall be capable of being secured in the holding position, or other means of locking the
structure shall be provided.
e) Travelling brakes. Each crane shall be fitted with a parking brake or other device for preventing
accidental movement of the crane.
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Self-propelled cranes shall be fitted with a device for bringing the unloaded crane to rest, with a retardation
not less than 1 ft/sec2, when travelling on the level.
Cranes which are not self-propelled shall be fitted with a device, such as rail clips, for preventing accidental
movement along the track.
39 Lubrication
Provision shall be made for lubrication of all bearings. All lubricating nipples shall be readily accessible.
Ball and roller bearings which are to be lubricated by grease shall be packed with grease during initial
assembly.
Where any bearings are provided with a reservoir for grease this reservoir shall be charged with grease
on assembly. Where accessibility to a bearing for lubrication may be difficult, provision shall be made for
remote lubrication or safe access to the lubricating point. A lubrication diagram shall be provided.
Suitable lubricating nipples are specified in BS 1486 Part 1, “Lubricating nipples and adaptors” and Part 2
“Heavy duty lubricating nipples”.
40 Slewing
A slipping device shall be provided in the slewing mechanism, or other means adopted, in order to protect
the structure and mechanism from shock and from a torque greater than that for which they have been
designed.
This clause does not apply to cranes on which slewing motion is manually operated.
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41 Electrical equipment
a) General. All electrical equipment not otherwise enclosed or protected shall be of weatherproof
construction, and all rotating and live parts shall be adequately protected to prevent inadvertent or
accidental contact.
Where it is necessary for any electrical equipment to be adjusted or inspected whilst “live”, clearances
as for switchboards shall be provided.
b) Brake magnets. The terminals of brake magnets shall be protected from accidental contact and the
windings snail be effectively protected from mechanical damage. Where necessary they shall be provided
with an efficient cushioning device.
Two duties are recognized for both a.c. and d.c., viz.:
1. Continuous or heavy duty.
2. Normal duty.
As with an alternating current brake magnet the current in the coil is greater for the open position than
the closed, the ratings for a.c. are slightly different from d.c., and in accordance with Table 6.
Table 6 — Brake magnet ratings
Magnet duty d.c. magnets a.c. magnets
Heavy Suitable for being in circuit continually Suitable for being in circuit continually
where the brake coil operates infrequently where the brake coil operates infrequently
OR OR
240 operations per hour where the time the Suitable for 240 operations per hour where
brake coil is in circuit is not more the time the brake coil is in circuit is not
than 7 1/2 minutes out of every 15 minutes more than 5 minutes out of
every 15 minutes
Normal Suitable for 240 operations per hour where Suitable for 120 operations per hour where
the time that the brake coil is in circuit is the time that the brake coil is in circuit is
not more than 5 minutes out of not more than 5 minutes out of
every 15 minutes every 15 minutes
The brake magnets shall operate for both duties, at the currents and voltages given in Table 7 below:
Table 7 — Brake magnet operating currents
Winding d.c. magnets a.c. magnets
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Series
For series — Lift at 60 per cent full load current
resistor control
Hold at 15 per cent full load current
Lift at 40 per cent full load current
Potentiometer control
Hold at 15 per cent full load current
Shunt a
Lift at 90 per cent normal voltage a
Lift at 90 per cent normal voltage
a
Hold at 50 per cent normal voltage a
Hold at 50 per cent normal voltage
a
This is intended to apply with hot coils corresponding to the duty cycle at normal volts. The temperature-rise of the brake magnet
shall not exceed that allowed for the control equipment fitted (see BS 587, “Motor starters and controllers”).
Motor magnets or electro-hydraulic brake releasing gear may be used in preference to brake magnets if
desired.
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In addition to the requirements of BS 2613 the ratings of the motors shall be such that during the operation
of the crane under service conditions the temperature rises do not exceed those permitted by BS 2613.
Generators and motors shall be located so that brush gear and terminals are readily accessible for
inspection and maintenance.
All phase ends of the stator windings of a.c. motors shall be available at the motor terminal block.
Unless specially designed for higher speeds the motor shall be so arranged that its speed cannot
exceed 2 1/2 times the rated speed.
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A durable copy of the protective panel connection diagram shall be fixed inside the cover whenever
practicable.
b) Providing the aggregate horsepower of the two largest motors does not exceed 40 or their aggregate
current does not exceed 60 amperes, a manually operated easily accessible switch fuse panel may be
used instead of the gear detailed in Section a. The minimum requirement shall then be a main switch in
association with, for each motor, replaceable high breaking-capacity cartridge fuses.
The number and method of connection of the fuses shall be similar to the number and method of connection
of the overload devices detailed in Section a.
A durable diagram of connections of the protective panel shall be fixed to the inside of the cover.
For electric cranes which are supplied from an engine-driven or motor-driven generator mounted on the
crane, such protection shall be provided as agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
45 Isolating switch
The isolating switch shall be mechanically interlocked with the door giving access to the protective panel,
where possible. Where it is not possible, a red label plate shall be fixed on the door of the protective panel,
marked “Isolate before opening cover”. The switch shall comply with BS 862, “Air-break circuit breakers
(including totally-enclosed and flameproof types) for voltages not exceeding 660 volts”.
Facilities shall be provided for locking the isolating switch in the OFF position.
46 Limit switches
Where practicable, and if required by the purchaser, limit switches shall be provided on electric cranes to
prevent one or more of the following:
a) over-hoisting,
b) over-lowering,
c) over-derricking in both directions,
d) over-travelling.
The contacts of limit switches shall be operated positively. Switches in which the contacts are operated by
a spring or gravity, or both, on the withdrawal of a cam or similar device, shall not be used.
“Rubber-insulated cables and flexible cords for electric power and lighting”, or BS 2004, “Polyvinyl chloride
insulated cables and flexible cords for electric power and lighting”, or BS 608, “Varnished cambric insulated
cables for electricity supply”, and conductors having a nominal area less than 0.0045 sq. in. shall not be
used.
The loading in any cable under service conditions shall not exceed the rating specified in the I.E.E.
Regulations6) for the Electrical Equipment of Buildings, for the type of cable and the conditions of
installation.
All cables shall be adequately protected against mechanical damage, and metal trunking may be used if
desired.
Where cables and wires are drawn into a metal conduit, the conduit shall be of heavy gauge, welded or
solid-drawn metal tube and shall be screw jointed. The conduit shall be sealed to prevent ingress of air and
water as far as practicable and shall be drained. Galvanized conduit shall be used when exposed to the wind
or damp conditions.
For external wiring V.I.R. cables shall not be used unless enclosed throughout their entire length in conduit
as above specified. Varnished cambric insulated, taped and braided cable shall not be used for external
wiring.
Provision shall be made for the protection of all live conductors and terminals against accidental or
inadvertent contact in accordance with statutory requirements.
48 Main supply
For travelling cranes the main supply may be obtained from bare conductors, and collectors, or by flexible
cable from plug boxes or other fixed supply points.
If the bare conductors are above ground they shall be strongly and effectively guarded so that they cannot
be fouled by the load.
Where flexible cables in the way of traffic are liable to be run over, manually or automatically operated
take-up gear shall be provided.
49 Lighting
Lighting shall be provided as required by the purchaser.
In the event of a hand lamp being provided it shall not be connected to a circuit exceeding 250 volts d.c.
or 25 volts a.c.
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50 Heating
Fixed electric heaters shall be provided when required by statute or by the purchaser. Where electric
heaters are fitted they shall be of the non-luminous type and their voltage shall not exceed 250 volts. When
arranged in series on any higher voltage double-pole switch-fuse protection shall be provided.
51 Earthing
The crane structure, motor frames and metal cases of all electrical equipment, including metal conduit or
cable guards, shall be effectively earthed. For cranes fed from an external supply, an earthing collector ring
shall be provided and earthing shall be independent of the contact between track wheels and rails.
52 Collector rings
For conveying current between the non-revolving and the revolving part of the crane a collector column
shall be provided, preferably inside the machinery house and at the top of the centre pin. This shall not
apply to Type 5 cranes (see Clause 2).
The column shall consist of collector rings with contact fingers of ample capacity for the duty, and shall be
completely protected against accidental contact. Rings and fingers shall be readily accessible for
examination.
53 Boilers
Crane boilers shall comply with the requirements of BS 665, “Vertical cross tube boilers”, or BS 761,
“Cylindrical vertical multi-tubular boilers”, and with any special requirements of the purchaser. Safety
fittings shall comply with BS 759, “Valves, gauges and other safety fittings for land boiler installations”.
Safety valves shall be of the direct spring-loaded type, provided with a testing lever, and shall be adjusted
and ferruled or secured in such a position that the maximum permissible working pressure of the boiler
cannot be exceeded. The safety valve shall be fitted in a position independent of the steam outlet to the
engine, or of any other mounting.
The capacity of the boiler-feeding apparatus shall be not less than one-and-a-half times the maximum
evaporative capacity of the boiler.
A second means of feeding shall be provided and each shall have a capacity not less than that specified, and
shall be provided with an independent check valve.
Boiler pads, where use for mounting, shall comply with BS 10-2, “Tables of pipe flanges (for land use) for
working steam pressures up to 450 lb/sq. in.”, for diameter of pad, number and size of studs, and drilling
centres.
The boiler mountings shall be in accordance with BS 759 where applicable.
The stop valve shall be connected directly to the boiler shell.
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54 Steam engines
The torque exerted by the engine shall be such that, with the maximum rated load suspended and with a
steam pressure equal to 80 per cent of the certified working pressure, hoisting can be effected from
standstill with the cranks in any position.
56 Air receivers
Where an air receiver is provided the receiver, together with its fittings, shall comply with the
requirements of the appropriate British Standards.
57 Controls
Control levers and pedals shall be placed in positions which allow the driver, when in his normal position,
ample room for operation and control, a view of the load unrestricted by the crane structure, and as clear
a view as possible of the surroundings, including those forward and to each side of this position. The total
maximum travel of the handle of control levers shall be not greater than 24 in. for a lever working in one
direction, or 12 in. on either side of the neutral position for a two-way lever. The pedals shall have non-slip
surfaces and their travel shall be not more than 10 in.
Each control shall, where practicable, be provided with a locking device to prevent accidental engagement
of the control.
Every lever handle or wheel provided for controlling the operation of any part of the crane shall have upon
it, or adjacent to it, clear markings to indicate its purpose and mode of operation.
58 Driver’s cabin
Unless stated to the contrary by the purchaser, a cabin shall be supplied by the manufacturer. The cabin
shall:
a) afford the driver adequate protection from the weather,
b) as far as is practicable afford the driver a clear and unrestricted view of the load and the jib in all
normal working positions, and
c) be constructed so as to afford ready access to such parts of the machinery as are within the cabin.
d) a seat shall be provided for the driver and, where practicable, the controls shall be operable from a
seated position.
59 Testing
a) An insulation test shall be made of the wiring of each motor circuit, and of the complete wiring of the
crane. The insulation resistance of the wiring of any individual circuit shall be not less than two
megohms, both between phases and to earth, but because of wide variations in circuit complexity no
specific values of insulation resistance can be given for the wiring as a whole, or for the apparatus
connected to the wiring.
b) Before any crane is put into service it shall be tested as shown in Table 8 and a certified record of the
figures shall be supplied to purchaser.
© BSI 01-2000 17
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BS 357:1958
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
All cranes except 1 Crane to lift Loads and radii as Test loads and radii The crane is not During these tests
non-derricking. loads 25 per cent in Col. 3 Test 1. For as Col. 3 Test 1. required to travel the specified speeds
excess of safe cranes designed to Slewing motion to be with test load. need not be attained
working loads at derrick with load, tested in both but the crane shall
various radii derricking motion to directions through prove itself capable of
appropriate to those be tested between the the maximum angle dealing with the
safe working loads limits of the radii. for which crane has overload without
and including the been designed. difficulty. Not more
maximum and than one cycle shall
minimum radius. be performed with
each overload, which
need not be lifted to a
height greater than
that necessary to
bring load on to all
the teeth of the gears.
2 Crane to lift the safe Loads and radii as Safe working loads Sate working loads The speeds
working loads at Col. 3 Test 2. For and radii as Col. 3 and radii as Col. 3 enumerated in
various radii cranes designed to Test 2. Slewing Test 2. Travelling Appendix B shall be
appropriate to the derrick with load, motion to be tested in motion to be tested in substantially as
safe working loads, derricking motion to both directions both directions and specified.
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and including the be tested between the through the when construction
maximum and limits of the radii. maximum angle for permits, with jib
minimum radii. which crane has been pointing fore and aft
designed. and at right angles to
the direction of
travel. NOT
applicable to portable
cranes unable to
travel under their
own power.
© BSI 01-2000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Non-derricking 1 Crane to lift — Tested in both The crane is not As Test 1 Col. 7.
cranes. loads 25 per cent in directions through required to travel
excess of safe the maximum angle with test load.
working load. for which the crane
has been designed to
slew with the hook
loaded to 25 per cent
in excess of safe
working load.
2 To lift the safe — Tested in both Travelling motion to As Test 2 Col. 7.
working load. directions through be tested in both
the maximum angle directions with the
for which the crane safe working load on
has been designed to the hook and when
slew with the safe construction permits
working load on the with jib pointing fore
hook. and aft and at right
angles to the direction
of travel. NOT
applicable to portable
cranes unable to
travel under their
own power.
BS 357:1958
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19
When testing the travelling motion of a crane designed for use when blocked, the load on the hook shall
be that specified by the manufacturer, or for which the crane is designed to operate when free to travel
on its wheels.
Tests 1 and 2 shall be carried out on a reasonably straight firm track, true to the specified levels and
gauge.
c) When requested to do so, the crane maker shall demonstrate the stability of a crane to be in accordance
with Clause 23 by the application of a static overload, provided that the load to be added to tip the crane
does not exceed 662/3 per cent of the safe working load appropriate to the radius at which it is being
carried out.
The load on the hook or grab shall be suspended a few inches above the ground, and shall be built up
gradually above the safe working load until the crane tips, or until the above maximum is reached. The jib
shall be at right angles to the larger side of the rectangle formed by the wheelbase and the gauge or
blocking-up base. It is understood that during the stability test, the load shall not be moved under power.
If loose ballast is required for the stability of the crane, the amount, type and location of the ballast shall
be specified on the test certificate.
Where a safe load indicator is provided, its setting shall be verified during the tests.
The tests shall be carried out at the manufacturer’s works, or at a place to be agreed between the purchaser
and the manufacturer, and when conducting acceptance tests the manufacturer shall be entitled to employ
his own crane driver.
The requirement that the contract speeds of electric cranes are to be attained are contingent on the electric
supply to the motors being correctly maintained.
60 Painting
Prior to painting, metal work shall be thoroughly clean and dry and free from welding slag, rust, loose scale
and grease.
Wood or metal surfaces bolted or riveted together shall be primed before assembly.
Paint need not be applied when other forms of corrosion preventive are used.
Where friction grip bolts are used the surfaces in contact shall not be painted.
61 Equipment
With each crane the following equipment shall be provided:
a) An instruction book or charts including:
i) An outline drawing of the crane showing leading dimensions and disposition and weight of any loose
ballast.
ii) Rope reeving diagrams and particulars of ropes.
iii) A diagram showing the lubrication points and recommended grades of lubricants.
iv) A wiring diagram of the crane on which is given the rating of each of the motors, the cable sizes,
and such other information as will tend to facilitate inspection and maintenance of the crane.
v) General maintenance and operating instructions.
b) A set of tools for the day-to-day maintenance and lubrication of the crane.
62 Loose ballast
Where loose ballast is required for the stability of the crane a plate shall be permanently fixed to the crane
stating the weight of such ballast stowed in the tail and carriage compartments. The weight of ballast
stowed shall be stated also on the test certificate.
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3. Capacity of crane.
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BS 357:1958
5. Track.
a) Gauge.
b) Weight and profile of rail.
c) Maximum permissible load per wheel. If any special conditions necessitate limitation of axle load give
full particulars.
d) Minimum radius of the curve along which the crane will have to travel, and super-elevation of rails,
if any.
e) Clearance between running rail and check rail.
f) Particulars of any gradient, i.e. maximum slope and length the crane will be required to travel, and
whether loaded or unloaded. Also the frequency with which the gradient will be negotiated. Also state if
gradient is on straight or curved track.
6. Range of lift of book.
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7. Maximum permissible tail radius.
8. Speeds.
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BS 357:1958
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n) Weight of crane under service conditions without load on hook.
o) Wheel loading diagram.
p) Minimum radius of the curve along which the crane will travel.
q) Manufacturer’s comments on any information provided under Sections 12 and 13 of Appendix A.
r) Other particulars not scheduled above.
3. Shipping specification.
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BS 357:1958
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BS 357:1958
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Motion Designed tooth load
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BS 357:1958
Where light-hook speeds or speeds for loads less than full load are required they are usually listed
separately.
Lowering speed. When lowering speeds are specified, a device is incorporated in the mechanism which
governs the speed. In the case of maximum lowering speed this is the speed with full load on the hook which
will not be exceeded, and a different speed is usually obtained for the light hook condition. When a crane
has a free-barrel the lowering speeds obtained are at the discretion of the operator.
Travelling speed. The speed at which a crane can travel safely with full load on the hook. This speed may
be considerably less than the maximum speed at which the crane may travel safely with empty hook.
Unless otherwise specified travelling is assumed to be on a straight and level track.
Slewing speed. The maximum speed at which the crane will slew safely with full load on the hook. In
practice, the slewing motion is engaged for less than a full revolution and rapid acceleration is required in
preference to a high rate of rotation and in such cases the working speed is often less than the geared speed.
Derricking speed. The average speed measured horizontally from maximum to minimum radius.
The quoted derricking speeds may not be obtainable under all conditions of working due to the incidence
of load swing.
Unless the speed of a crane is given on the basis of a time cycle the speed is always measured after the
motion has accelerated to its working speed, with the exception of the derricking motion.
Cranes for use in coal and metalliferous mines and in quarries are subject to:
Mines and Quarries Act, 1954, Sections 81, 82, 83, 84, 85 and 87.
Coal and other mines (Electricity) Regulations, 1956, (Statutory Instrument. No. 1779, 1956).
Miscellaneous Mines (Electricity) Regulations, 1956, (Statutory Instrument, No. 1779, 1956).
Quarries (Electricity) Regulations, 1956, (Statutory Instrument, No. 1781, 1956).
Copies of the above may be obtained from:
H.M. Stationery Office,
York House,
Kingsway,
London, W.C.2.
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BS 357:1958
References. The following table indicates which section of appropriate statutory regulations may apply to
certain clauses in the specification. It should not be assumed that the list of references is complete.
Clause Subject Regulation
Appendix H Maximum ratings for cables up to 0.06 in2 for use in cranes under
average conditions
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Where cranes are equipped with one-hour rated motors, the stator or armature cables may be up-rated by
a factor of 1.4 above the ratings for continuous duty given in the I.E.E. Regulations for the Electrical
Equipment of Buildings, 13th Edition, 1955, Table 12, Col. 7. The I.E.E. ratings are given in the second
column of Table 9 and those for one hour rated motors are listed in the column headed “Primary 1-hour”.
Similarly, for cranes equipped with 1/2 -hour rated motors an up-rating factor of 1.7 may be used.
For rotor or armature resistors, it will be appreciated that the cables in these circuits carry current during
accelerating periods only and may be still further up-rated. For 10 minute and 5 minute rated resistors the
maximum current ratings are given in the appropriate columns of Table 9.
7/.029 15 21 22 25 30
0.004 5 in2 (3 300) (4 700) (4 800) (5 500) (6 700)
7/.036 25 35 37 42 50
0.007 in2 (3 600) (5 000) (5 300) (6 000) (7 100)
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7/.044 32 45 48 55 65
0.01 in2 (3 200) (4 500) (4 800) (5 500) (6 500)
7/.052 39 55 59 65 78
0.014 5 in2 (2 700) (3 800) (4 000) (4 500) (5 400)
7/.064 48 67 72 80 96
0.022 5 in2 (2 100) (3 000) (3 200) (3 500) (4 200)
19/.044 56 78 85 95 112
0.03 in2 (1 850) (2 600) (2 800) (3 200) (3 700)
It should be appreciated that the ratings given in the I.E.E. Regulations are only applicable under the
particular conditions defined by the Regulations and the up-rating factors permitted by this Appendix are
formulated on a similar basis.
Consideration should therefore be given to such factors as the ambient temperature, grouping and
disposition of the cables, and to the limitation of voltage drop, which will influence selection of suitable
cables. It should also be noted that these up-rating factors are only applicable to cable connections
concerned with crane operation and not to general wiring or to wiring for other purposes.
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Figure 2 — Maximum ratings for cables up to 0.06 in2 for average crane conditions, cranes
with rubber-insulated, PVC-insulated, or varnished-cambric-insulated cables in
trunking or conduit
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BS 357:1958
Revisions
It is the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our products and services.
We would be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using
this British Standard would inform the Secretary of the technical committee
responsible, the identity of which can be found on the inside front cover.
Tel: 020 8996 9000. Fax: 020 8996 7400.
BSI offers members an individual updating service called PLUS which ensures
that subscribers automatically receive the latest editions of standards.
Buying standards
Orders for all BSI, international and foreign standards publications should be
addressed to Customer Services. Tel: 020 8996 9001. Fax: 020 8996 7001.
Information on standards
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Copyright
Copyright subsists in all BSI publications. BSI also holds the copyright, in the
UK, of the publications of the international standardization bodies. Except as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 no extract may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any
means – electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without prior written
permission from BSI.
This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard,
of necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these
details are to be used for any other purpose than implementation then the prior
written permission of BSI must be obtained.