BS 357 Power-Driven Travelling Jib Cranes

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BRITISH STANDARD BS 357:1958

Incorporating
Amendment Nos. 1, 2
and 3

Specification for

Power-driven
travelling jib cranes
(rail-mounted low
carriage type)

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UDC 621.874

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BS 357:1958

Co-operating organizations

The Mechanical Engineering Industry Standards Committee, under whose


supervision this British Standard was prepared, consists of representatives
from the following Government departments and scientific and industrial
organizations:

Admiralty* Institute of Marine Engineers


Air Ministry Institute of Petroleum
Associated Offices’ Technical Committee* Institution of Civil Engineers*
Association of Consulting Engineers Institution of Gas Engineers
(Incorporated) Institution of Heating and Ventilating
British Chemical Plant Manufacturers’ Engineers
Association Institution of Mechanical Engineers*
British Compressed Air Society Institution of Mechanical Engineers
British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers’ (Automobile Division)
Association* Institution of Production Engineers*
British Engineers’ Association* Locomotive and Allied Manufacturers’
British Internal Combustion Engine Association of Great Britain
Manufacturers’ Association Machine Tool Trades Association
British Iron and Steel Federation* Ministry of Labour and National Service
British Railways, The British Transport (Factory Inspectorate)*
Commission Ministry of Power*
Central Electricity Authority and Area Boards Ministry of Supply*
Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation*
Administrations* Ministry of Works
D.S.I.R. — Mechanical Engineering Research National Coal Board
Laboratory* National Physical Laboratory (D.S.I.R.)
Engineering Equipment Users’ Association Radio Industry Council

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Gas Council War Office*
High Commission of India*

The Government Departments and scientific and industrial organizations


marked with an asterisk in the above list, together with the following, were
directly represented on the Committee entrusted with the preparation of this
standard:

Aluminium Development Association Excavator Makers Association


Aluminium Industry Council Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
Association of Cranemakers Institute of Quarrying
British Constructional Steelwork Association Institute of Welding
British Iron and Steel Research Association Institution of Engineering Inspection
This British Standard, having Cable Makers Association Institution of Structural Engineers
been approved by the
Contractors Plant Association London Master Builders Association
Mechanical Engineering
Industry Standards Committee D.S.I.R. — Building Research Station National Federation of Building Trades
and endorsed by the Chairman Dock and Harbour Authorities Association Employers
of the Engineering Divisional Docks Division — The British Transport
Council, was published under Commission
the authority of the General
Council on
28 February 1958

© BSI 01-2000 Amendments issued since publication

First published August 1930 Amd. No. Date of issue Comments


First revision February 1958
3256 January 1959
The following BSI references
relate to the work on this 5469 February 1965
standard:
Committee references MEE/41, 5960 December Indicated by a sideline in the margin
MEE/41/2
1966
Draft for comment CW(MEE) 789

ISBN 0 580 35967 0

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BS 357:1958

Contents

Page
Co-operating organizations Inside front cover
Foreword iii
1 Scope 1
2 Description of types 1
3 Terminology 1
4 Information recommended to be supplied with enquiry or order 3
5 Information to be supplied by manufacturers 3
6 Service conditions 3
7 Classification, duty and permissible stresses 4
8 Materials and equipment 4
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9 Clause deleted 4
10 Clause deleted 4
11 Clause deleted 4
12 Minimum sections 4
13 Clause deleted 4
14 Special requirements for frame structures including jibs 4
15 Jibs 5
16 Joints 5
17 Bolts other than those used in crane structure, and set screws 6
18 Supports for the rotating part of the crane 6
19 Speeds 6
20 Clause deleted 4
21 Identification 6
22 Track 6
23 Stability 7
24 Mechanical interlocks 7
25 Guarding 8
26 Audible warning device 8
27 Load and radius indication 8
28 Wire ropes 8
29 Lifting hooks 9
30 Rope drums 9
31 Rope pulleys 10
32 Shackles 10
33 Overhauling weight 11
34 Gearing 11
35 Bearings 11
36 Rotating and fixed shafts and axles 11
37 Pawls 11
38 Brakes 11
39 Lubrication 12
40 Slewing 12
41 Electrical equipment 13
42 Electric generators and motors 13
43 Controllers and resistors 14
44 Electrical protective gear 14
45 Isolating switch 15
46 Limit switches 15

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BS 357:1958

Page
47 Electrical cables for power circuits 15
48 Main supply 16
49 Lighting 16
50 Heating 16
51 Earthing 16
52 Collector rings 16
53 Boilers 16
54 Steam engines 17
55 Internal combustion engines 17
56 Air receivers 17
57 Controls 17
58 Driver’s cabin 17
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59 Testing 17
60 Painting 20
61 Equipment 20
62 Loose ballast 20
Appendix A Information desirable to be supplied with enquiry or order 21
Appendix B Information to be supplied by manufacturer when tendering 22
Appendix C List of British Standards for materials and equipment to be
used in the manufacture of cranes 23
Appendix D Load capacity of gears 27
Appendix E Notes on track 27
Appendix F Notes on crane speeds 27
Appendix G Legislation affecting cranes in the United Kingdom 28
Appendix H Maximum ratings for cables up to 0.06 in2 for average
crane conditions 29
Figure 1 — Travelling jib crane 2
Figure 2 — Ratings for rubber-insulated, PVC-insulated or
varnished-cambric-insulated cables in trunking or conduit 31
Table 1 — Travelling and slewing speeds 6
Table 2 — Value of coefficient F 7
Table 3 8
Table 4 — Minimum groove radii 10
Table 5 — Minimum rope clearances 10
Table 6 — Brake magnet ratings 13
Table 7 — Brake magnet operating currents 13
Table 8 — Testing 18
Table 9 — Rubber-insulated, PVC-insulated or
varnished-cambric-insulated cables in trunking or conduit 30

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BS 357:1958

Foreword

This standard makes reference to the British Standards listed in Appendix C.


This revised British Standard, published under the authority of the Mechanical
Engineering Industry Standards Committee, forms one of a number of standards
relating to cranes and excavators, others being:
BS 327-1, Power-driven derrick cranes.
BS 466, Electric overhead travelling cranes.
BS 1757, Power-driven mobile cranes.
BS 1761, Single bucket excavators.
BS 2452, High pedestal or portal jib cranes.
BS 2799, Power-driven rail-mounted tower cranes.
BS 3579, Heavy duty electric overhead travelling cranes and special cranes for use
in steel works.
BS 2573, Permissible stresses in cranes — Part 1: Structures.
It indicates the minimum requirements for the types of crane described in
Clause 2 but does not apply to railway breakdown cranes or other special
rail-mounted cranes of similar type such as those used for bridge-building and
track-laying.
As with all other British Standards for cranes, the object of the specification is to
indicate the minimum requirements and to ensure reliability and safety, without
placing restrictions on the general design of cranes or on the methods employed
in their construction.
The standard makes reference to BS 2573, “Permissible stresses in crane”,
Part 1, “Structures” regarding the basic stresses and factors to be used in
structural calculations; these are related to the classification of the crane and
its expected duty.
It will be noted that the stability of a crane as dealt with under Clause 23 is
different from Clause 10 of the 1930 specification. There is now only one set of
coefficients to cover the various gauges.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
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contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.

Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity


from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 31 and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
inside front cover.

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BS 357:1958

1 Scope
This British Standard covers travelling jib cranes (power-driven, rail-wheel mounted, on low carriage) of
the following types:
Type 1. Non-shunting type free on rail.
Type 2. Shunting type free on rail.
Type 3. Portable type.
Type 4. Any of the above types using outriggers.
Type 5. Any of the above types but with partial slewing.
Railway breakdown cranes and those of similar type are excluded.
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Figure 1 shows an example of Type 1.

2 Description of types
Type 1. Cranes with carriages which are not suitable for shunting main line wagons and with a
superstructure capable of slewing without limitation in either direction, and which are able to travel under
their own power with loads Up to the maximum for which they have been designed suspended at any point
in their full circle of slewing.
Type 2. Cranes similar to Type 1 primarily intended for crane duty but which have an extended carriage
with headstocks suitable for shunting main line wagons and having travelling gear suitable for negotiating
curves.
Type 3. Cranes similar to Type 1, but unable to travel under their own power.
Type 4. Cranes substantially conforming to any of the above types, but requiring the use of outriggers, jacks
or blocks, as part of the crane to enable them to handle their designed maximum loads.
Type 5. Cranes having a limited arc of slewing.

3 Terminology
For the purposes of this standard the following definitions shall apply:
3.1
hoisting
lifting (or lowering) of the load in a vertical direction
3.2
slewing
the rotary motion of the crane jib or load about a vertical axis
3.3
derricking or luffing
the angular movement of the crane jib in a vertical plane
3.4
jib length
the shortest distance between the fulcrum of the jib and the centre of rotation of the jib head pulley
3.5
radius
the horizontal distance from the vertical centre line of the hook, when hanging vertically, to the slewing
axis
3.6
margin of stability
when the crane is handling any safe working load at the appropriate operating radius the margin of
stability is the additional load, expressed as a percentage of the safe working load, which is required to
bring the crane to a condition of tipping with the jib adjusted if necessary to maintain the safe operating
radius

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BS 357:1958

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A. Radius.
B. Max. lift of hook above rail level with jib at radius A.
C. Max. reach of hook below rail level with jib at radius A.
D. Height of jib at radius A.
E. Length of jib between centres.
F. Max. permissible tail radius.
G & G1. Overall width of cabin.
H. Overall height of cabin above rail level.
J. Wheelbase.
K. Gauge.
L. Clearance under rotating superstructure to rail level.
M. Max. clearance above rail between wheels.
Figure 1 — Travelling jib crane

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BS 357:1958

3.7
blocking-up base
the effective span of the supporting base when outriggers or other means are used to increase stability
3.8
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tail radius
the maximum distance from the centre of rotation to the tail of the revolving superstructure
3.9
travelling
linear movement of the whole crane along a track
3.10
safe working load
the maximum load for which the crane may be used in compliance with the provisions specified in this
British Standard
3.11
range of lift
the vertical distance between the highest and the lowest working positions of the hook
3.12
basic stresses
those given under the appropriate clauses and tables in BS 25731)
3.13
wind load
the load produced by the wind pressure, which is a function of the wind velocity
3.14
fatigue failure
the tendency to fracture by means of a progressive crack under repeated alternating or cyclic stresses
considerably below the tensile strength
3.15
tipping load
the load required to create the condition of tipping. A crane is deemed to be in the condition of tipping when
it is supporting a load that cannot be increased by even a small amount without causing it to fall over
For explanations of the terms used to describe crane speeds, see Appendix F.

4 Information recommended to be supplied with enquiry or order


Information regarding the conditions under which the crane is to be used, together with particulars
required by Appendix A, should be supplied with the enquiry or order.

5 Information to be supplied by manufacturer


The manufacturer shall supply with the tender the information required by Appendix B.

6 Service conditions
The crane shall be deemed to be under service conditions when it is on a level track and operating without
load or with any load up to and including the safe working load. The loading shall include the load imposed
by the wind pressure as specified in BS 2573, “Permissible stresses in cranes”, Part 1, “Structures”.

1) BS 2573, “Report on permissible stresses in crane structures”.

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BS 357:1958

7 Classification, duty and permissible stresses


a) Classification and duty. This British Standard covers the design and construction of Class 2 and 3
power-driven travelling jib cranes, these being the classifications adopted in BS 2573 as follows:
Maximum number of hours in
Class use per year Description of duty
(for design purposes)

2 2 000 Medium duty —


general use
3 3 000 Heavy duty —
intermittent grabbing
and magnet work
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NOTE Normally in the United Kingdom travelling jib cranes are designed to Class 2 requirements. If such cranes are derated
to 80 per cent of the normal crane safe working load for grabbing and magnet duties, it may be assumed that they comply with
Class 3 requirements.
b) Permissible stresses. The structure of the crane shall comply with BS 2573, “Permissible stresses in
cranes”, Part 1, “Structures”.
For inertia forces set up in slewing, the design acceleration or retardation at the jib or cantilever head
pulley shall be not less than 2 ft/s2.
Permissible working stresses for parts other than those used in the crane structure shall be as specified in
the following clauses of this standard:
Wire ropes: Clause 28
Lifting hooks: Clause 29
Gearing: Clause 34
Brakes: Clause 38.

8 Materials and equipment


The materials used in the load-bearing members of the structure of the crane shall comply with the
British Standards set out in Appendix C. Other materials and equipment shall comply where applicable
with British Standards as set out in Appendix C.
No timber shall be used for any load-bearing part of the crane structure.
Clause 9. Deleted in accordance with Amendment No. 2 issued February, 1965 (PD 5469).
Clause 10. Deleted in accordance with Amendment No. 2 issued February, 1965 (PD 5469).
Clause 11. Deleted in accordance with Amendment No. 2 issued February, 1965 (PD 5469).
12 Steel plates and rolled sections shall be not less than 1/4 in. thick.
The minimum thickness of tubular members with ends sealed shall be 10 S.W.G. (0.128 in.).
For corrosive conditions these minima shall be increased.
Clause 13. Deleted in accordance with Amendment No. 2 issued February, 1965 (PD 5469).

14 Special requirements for frame structures including jibs


The slenderness ratio l/r shall not exceed the following values:
Struts entirely of lattice construction 120
Struts consisting of simple members 160
Bracing members 240
Struts consisting of two single or plated sections connected by latticing shall be considered as a single
member strut in the unbraced plane with a limit of 160 in this plane, and with a limit of 120 in the latticed
plane.

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The latticing and plating of a strut member shall be proportioned to resist the maximum transverse shear
at any cross section, such shear being assumed to be divided equally between the planes of bracing
concerned, but the value allowed for transverse shear in the direction of the two axes of the strut as a whole
shall in no case be less than the percentage of maximum axial load given in the table below, plus the shear
at such planes of bracing due to simultaneous transverse loads in the member.
Additional shear force on struts

Slenderness ratio of strut (l/r) Up to 80 120 160 240

Transverse shear force as percentage of axial


compressive load under service conditions 2.5 5.0 8.0 12.0

Intermediate values may be determined by linear interpolation.

15 Jibs
The jib feet and the members by which they are connected to the crane shall be of steel except that cast iron
may be used for the sole purpose of increasing the pin bearing area.
Diaphragm braces shall be provided for stiffening purposes when the jib is of lattice construction.

16 Joints
a) Strength of joints. The calculated strength of riveted joints or joints made by friction grip bolts in
structural members shall be not less than the calculated net strength of the member.
The calculated strength of other bolted joints in structural members shall be not less than the net
strength of the member plus 25 per cent.
The calculated stress in rivets, bolts and welds shall not exceed the permissible stresses given in
BS 2573-1.
Welded joints shall be designed in accordance with BS 2573-1.
b) Rivet and bolt holes (except those for friction grip bolts). All rivet and bolt holes shall be drilled
accurately and all arrises and burrs shall be removed before assembly.
The diameter of holes for rivets shall not exceed the nominal rivet shank diameter by more
than 1/16 inch (1.6 mm).
The diameter of holes for precision bolts shall not exceed the nominal bolt shank diameter by more
than 1/64 inch (0.4 mm).
Where turned bolts are used in the structure the plain barrel part of the bolt shall be sufficiently long
to ensure adequate bearing area for the load.
Where bolts are used in shear they shall be fitted into reamed holes. Black mild steel bolts shall not be
used for joints in stress bearing members.
c) Friction grip bolts. Friction grip bolts shall comply with BS 3139 and shall be fitted in accordance with
the recommendations of BS 3294.
d) Rivet spacing. The distance between the centres of rivets for stress-bearing parts shall be not less
than 2 1/2 times the diameter of the rivet, and shall not exceed sixteen times the thickness of the thinnest
outside plate or angle. Where two lines of staggered riveting are used in the same angle or flange, the
maximum distance between the rivets on each line may be taken as 1.5 times those given above.
The distance between centres of rivets and the sheared or hand flame cut edge of a plate shall be not
less than 1.75 times the diameter of the rivet, and between the centre of the rivet and a rolled,
machined, or machine flame cut edge shall be not less than 1.5 times the diameter of the rivet.
e) Welding. All welding shall comply with BS 1856, BS 938, or BS 2642.

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17 Bolts other than those used in crane structure, and set screws (See Clause 16)
Bolts and set screws shall comply with BS 1083. Bolts and set screws shall be locked or locking set screws
used.

18 Supports for the rotating part of the crane


The rotating part of the crane shall be supported upon a centre post or pin, or a live ring of rollers or balls,
or upon rollers on fixed axles, and provision shall be made to compensate for wear where necessary.
The load on the rollers shall not exceed the value obtained from the following formula:
L = 6B × c × d
where B = Lesser Brinell hardness number of the surfaces in contact
c = width of roller (inches)
d = mean diameter of roller (inches)
L = load (pounds)

19 speeds
The geared travelling and slewing speeds2) given in Table 1 are the maximum values for a crane handling
the maximum load for which the crane has been designed.
These speeds are for normal crane duty and shall be reduced for cranes of gauges narrower than 4 ft 8 1/2 in.
For special duty cranes the speeds may be varied by agreement between the manufacturer and the
purchaser.
Table 1 — Travelling and slewing speeds
Combined weigh
of crane & max. Up to 20 21 to 30 31 to 40 41 to 50 Over 50
hook load (tons)

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Max. travelling
speed (ft per 450 400 400 350 300
minute)
Max. rate of
1 rev. in 20 sec. 1 rev. in 25 sec. 1 rev. in 30 sec. 1 rev. in 40 sec. 1 rev. in 60 sec.
slewing

Clause 20. Deleted in accordance with Amendment No. 2 issued February, 1965 (PD 5469).

21 Identification
For the purposes of identification the crane shall bear the manufacturer’s name, serial number and the
year of manufacture.
If special materials, such as high-tensile steel or aluminium alloy, have been used in the structure, the
crane shall bear a notice to this effect.

22 Track
Unless stated to the contrary, the track shall be assumed to be level and secured to foundations or sleepers
of adequate strength and spacing to take the maximum applied wheel pressure and designed to suit the
allowable bearing pressure on the ground.
The track is not the responsibility of the crane manufacturer unless agreed to the contrary.
See also Appendix E.

2) For explanations of the terms used to describe crane speeds, see Appendix F.

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23 Stability
With the crane working on firm level track and with the jib at right angles to the larger side of the rectangle
formed by the wheelbase and the gauge or blocking-up base, the load on the crane in the condition of tipping
when handling any load at the appropriate radius shall not be less than the following:
i) for cranes on elevated structures or quay walls:
safe working load plus 50 per cent.
ii) for all other cranes:
Safe working load at appropriate radii Tipping load

Up to and including 5 tons Safe working load plus 50 per cent


Above 5 tons up to and including 7 /2 tons Safe working load plus 2 1/2 tons
1

Over 7 1/2 tons Safe working load plus 33 1/3 per cent

In addition to the minimum requirements stated above the stability must be calculated in accordance with
the following formula and the greater of the two values obtained shall be used:
F × Radius of crane
Required margin of stability = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gauge (or Blocking-up base)
where F is a coefficient (see Table 2) the numerical value of which depends on the gauge or blocking-up
base.
The blocking-up base shall be measured between centres of supports and shall be used in determining the
stability when outriggers, jacks or blocks are used.
Table 2 — Value of coefficient F
Gauge (or Blocking-up base) Coefficient F

10 ft or more 7.6
9 ft 7.7
8 ft 7.9
7 ft 8.2
5 ft 6 in 8.9
4 ft 8 1/2 in 9.4
3 ft 6 in 10.3
3 ft 3 3/8 in 10.5
(one metre) or less

The stability coefficient F applies to all cranes in which the maximum height of the jib head above the rail
is 50 ft or less. When this dimension is exceeded, the coefficient shall be increased by 1 per cent for every
additional 5 ft or part thereof.
For cranes designed as grabbing or magnet cranes the load on which the stability is calculated shall be the
weight of grab and contents plus 25 per cent or magnet and load plus 25 per cent.
Cranes of 4 ft 8 1/2 in gauge and over shall be stable backwards, when not blocked, with the jib removed,
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with the tail at right angles to the track, and both with and without a full complement (if any) of fuel and
water. Cranes of less than 4 ft 8 1/2 in gauge which are not stable under these conditions across track with
the jib removed shall bear a clear, indelible inscription reading “This crane is unstable across track with
jib removed”.

24 Mechanical interlocks
Except when the mechanism driving the derricking drum is self-locking, or when the derricking drum is
independently driven, an effective interlocking arrangement shall be provided between the derricking
clutch and the brake or pawl sustaining the derricking drum. The arrangement shall ensure that the
sustaining brake cannot be released until the clutch is effectively engaged, and that the clutch cannot be
disengaged until the brake is effectively engaged, irrespective of the drum being under load or not.
If a sustaining pawl is used it shall not be possible to release it until the clutch is fully engaged, and it shall
not be possible for the clutch to be disengaged until the pawl is fully engaged.

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BS 357:1958

25 Guarding
a) General. Effective guards shall be provided for gear wheels, belt and chain drives, revolving shafts,
flywheels, couplings, collars, projecting set screws, bolts or keys on any revolving shaft, wheel or pinion,
unless those parts are made safe by design or by position or are effectively guarded by parts of the crane
structure.
NOTE Appendix G gives legislation affecting cranes operated in the United Kingdom. Attention is drawn to Section 17 of the
Factories Act, 1937, and Regulation 86 of the Building (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations, 1948, which relate to the
construction and sale of new machinery.
The guard may be sheet metal, perforated or expanded metal, wire mesh, wood, pressed fibre or other
material as may be deemed most suitable, and should completely encase the parts concerned. The
guards shall be designed to allow for routine inspection and maintenance work.
The guards shall be substantially constructed to withstand the conditions in the situation in which they
are to be used. They shall be sufficiently rigid to resist distortion and shall be securely attached to fixed
supports.
b) Thickness. The thickness of metal guards shall be not less than 18 S.W.G. (0.048 in.).
c) Size of opening and clearance. The minimum clearance between the guard and the moving parts, and
the size of opening in guards of perforated metal, woven wire, metal lattice or similar material shall be
in accordance with the following requirements:
Table 3
Minimum
Size of opening
clearance

in. in.
Not exceeding 3/8 7/
8
Over 3/8 up to and including 1/2 2
Over 1/2 up to and including 1 1/4 4
Over 1 1/4 up to and including 1 1/2 5

By size of opening is meant the greatest dimension of the opening except in the case of slotted material,
when the length of the slot may be disregarded if the width of the slot does not exceed 1/2 in.

26 Audible warning device


A device shall be fitted to enable the driver of a self-propelled crane to give audible warning of approach.

27 Load and radius indication


The crane shall bear a legible inscription stating the length or lengths of jib, the maximum safe working
loads at the appropriate radius under all operating conditions.
When a crane is used for grabbing or magnet duties, it shall bear a legible description stating the maximum
permissible weight of the grab or magnet, together with its contents or load, and the maximum radius at
which the crane may be worked with the grab or magnet.
For cranes of variable radius, clear indication of the safe working loads at the appropriate radius shall be
given by means of an indicator which is in full view of the driver. When different lengths of jib can be used,
or when change-speed gear is fitted, or when outriggers or jacks and blocks are provided, or where
alternative reeving can be used on the hoisting motion, the safe working loads for each condition shall be
clearly indicated.

28 Wire ropes
a) General. Unless otherwise stated in Appendix A or Appendix B, ropes shall comply with BS 302,
BS 621. Ropes of 6 × 61 construction shall not be used if less than 1 1/4 in (32 mm) diameter.
If a load is shared by two or more rope systems, means shall be provided for ensuring that it is shared
in the design proportions. Arrangements entailing reverse bends shall be avoided as far as possible. A
rope reeving diagram shall be provided.
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Derricking ropes shall be of sufficient length to permit the jib being raised from, or lowered to, the
horizontal position during the erection or inspection of the crane.
Terminal fittings of ropes shall be capable of withstanding not less than 90 per cent of the nominal
breaking load of the rope or ropes to which they are attached. Recommended methods of attaching
terminal fittings are given in Appendices to the appropriate British Standard (e.g. BS 302, BS 621,
Appendix A; BS 461, Appendix C; BS 463, Appendix B, etc.).
NOTE This requirement does not apply to the anchorage of a rope to a drum.
b) Strength requirements. The ratio between the nominal breaking load and the working load of a rope
shall comply with the following requirements for service and erection conditions.
In determining the ratio, allowance shall be made for friction losses at the pulleys, the safe working
load of the crane (including lifting attachments such as slings, lifting beams, etc.) and the hook block,
but not the weight of the rope. For grabbing or magnet cranes the load shall be assumed to be the
weight of the grab or magnet and its burden.
i) Service conditions. Under service conditions the ratio for running ropes and standing ropes which
pass over pulleys shall be not less than 4.5 for Class 2 cranes and 5.5 for Class 3 cranes. For straight
standing ropes the ratio shall be not less than 3.5 for Class 2 cranes and 4.0 for Class 3 cranes.
ii) Erection conditions. The ratio for running ropes and standing ropes which pass over pulleys shall
be not less than 3.75. For straight standing ropes, the ratio shall be not less than 3.
NOTE For the purpose of calculating friction losses, the efficiency of pulleys is assumed to be 98 per cent when fitted with
anti-friction bearings, and 96 per cent when fitted with plain bearings.

29 Lifting hooks
Lifting hooks shall comply with BS 482, BS 2903, BS 3017, BS 3033 or BS 3317 where applicable
(see Appendix C).
NOTE For loads exceeding 40 tons (40 000 kg), hooks of the ramshorn type to BS 3017 or of the triangular type to BS 3317 are
preferable.
Swivelling hooks shall be mounted on anti-friction bearings suitable for the purpose.
If required, a locking device shall be fitted to prevent rotation of the hook.

30 Rope drums

--`,,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
a) General.
i) The diameter of drums measured at the bottom of the groove, shall in no case be less than 14d,
where d is the diameter of the rope.
ii) Drums shall where possible accommodate in one layer the length of rope requisite for the range of
lift. If the rope is wound on the drum in more than one layer the anchorage shall be located clear of
the winding, preferably outside the flanges.
iii) Adequate means shall be provided to prevent the rope inadvertently leaving the drum. If solely for
this purpose the drum is flanged at both ends, the flanges shall project a distance not less than two
rope diameters beyond the rope.
NOTE A spur or other wheel secured to a drum can form one of the flanges provided it is adequately guarded.
iv) The inclination of the rope at the point of lead off from a drum shall not exceed 1 in 12 each side of
a centre line which represents the true lead off.
b) Drum grooves. Grooving shall be smooth and free from surface defects liable to injure the rope. The
edges shall be rounded.
If rope drums are helically grooved, the contour at the bottom of the grooves shall be circular over a
minimum angle of 120° and the radius of the grooves shall exceed the radius of the ropes by not less
than the values given in Table 4.

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BS 357:1958

Table 4 — Minimum groove radii


Minimum amount by which
Diameter of rope d groove radius shall exceed
rope radius

Up to and including 5/8 in (15.8 mm) 1


/32 in (0.8 mm)
Over /8 in but less than 1 in (25.4 mm)
5 3
/64 in (1.2 mm)
1 in up to and including 1 /8 in (28.6 mm) 1 1
/16 in (1.6 mm)
Over 1 /8 in 1 3
/32 in (2.4 mm)

The grooves on the drum shall be pitched so that the clearance between adjacent turns of the rope is not
less than the dimension given in Table 5.
Table 5 — Minimum rope clearances
Minimum clearance between
Diameter of rope d
turns
Up to and including 1/2 in (12.7 mm) 1/
16 in (1.6 mm)
Over 1/
2 in up to and including 11/8 in (28.6 mm) 3/
32 in (2.4 mm)
Over 11/8 in 1/
8 in (3.2 mm)
NOTE If special types of grooving are employed the above dimensional requirements may be ignored.
c) Rope anchorages. Rope anchorages shall be protected by not less than two dead turns remaining on
the drum when the rope is paid out to its maximum working length.
Rope anchorages shall be secure and readily accessible. If two or more ropes lead off a drum, provision
shall be made for adjustment of the rope length at the anchored end.

31 Rope pulleys
a) Diameter. The diameter of pulleys, measured at the bottom of the groove, shall in no case be less
than 17d, where d is the diameter of the rope.
b) Grooves. Rope pulleys shall be grooved to a depth not less than 1 1/2 times the diameter of the rope. The
grooves shall be finished smoothly and be free from surface defects liable to injure the rope. The edges
shall be rounded.
The contour at the bottom of the groove shall be circular over an angle of 120°. The radius of this part of
--`,,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

the groove shall exceed the radius of the rope by the amount specified in Clause 30, Table 4.
c) Guarding. Pulleys shall be guarded to retain the ropes in the grooves unless there is no likelihood of
their becoming unloaded in service.
d) Angle of lead (or fleet angle). The angle between the rope and a plane perpendicular to the axis of the
pulley shall not exceed 1 in 12.
e) Supports. If required, suitably designed supports shall be fitted on the jib and other parts of the
structure to prevent chafing of the ropes.

32 Shackles
a) Shackles shall comply as regards strength and safety with BS 825 “Mild steel shackles for lifting
purposes”, or BS 3032, “Higher tensile steel shackles”. When used for attaching the hook, shackles shall
be provided with screwed pins.
b) When used eccentrically, shackles shall not be subjected to a load in excess of one-third of the normal
proof load.
c) Each shackle shall be legibly stamped on a non-vital part with an identification number, and the pin
of the shackle shall bear the same number.

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BS 357:1958

33 Overhauling weight
When an overhauling weight is used on the rope it shall have a smooth bore and be bell-mouthed at the top
and bottom unless the rope is efficiently served or otherwise protected, and provision shall be made for the
examination of the part of the rope passing through the weight.
The overhauling weight shall be designed so as to avoid catching on obstructions.

34 Gearing
Gearing shall be designed for strength and for temperature rise in accordance with the following standards
where applicable, using the correction factors given in Appendix D:
BS 436, Machine cut gears. A. Helical and straight spur.
BS 545, Bevel gears (machine cut).
BS 721, Machine cut gears. C. Worm gearing.
Machine-cut gearing is preferable.
Keys in gear trains shall be fitted and secured so that they cannot work loose (see Clause 36).
Transmission chains and chain wheels shall be in accordance with BS 228, “Steel roller chains and chain
--`,,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

wheels”.
NOTE In determining the strength and wear factors from the appropriate charts of BS 436, it should be assumed, in the absence of
known service conditions, that the equivalent running time per day is not less than 6 hours.

35 Bearings
All rotating shafts shall be mounted in ball or roller bearings or bearings lined with antifriction material.
Ball and roller bearings shall be protected from water, dirt or other foreign matter. Pedestals for bearings
shall be machined on the base and shall fit on a machined surface except when supported on three points.
Bearings subject to load on the caps shall be designed to withstand such loading.

36 Rotating and fixed shafts and axles


Shafts and axles shall be designed to resist all stresses due to bending and torsion or a combination of both.
Due allowance shall be made for stress reversal and for keyways and splines. Where a change in section is
necessary allowance shall be made for stress concentration.
Shafts shall be machined true, finished smoothly where necessary, and provided with fillets of as large a
radius as possible where any change in diameter occurs.
Keys and key-ways shall comply with BS 46-1, except where design considerations may necessitate
departure therefrom.
Splines and serrations shall be of involute or straight-sided form, and shall comply with BS 2059 or
BS 3550 as appropriate.

37 Pawls
Where pawls and ratchet wheels are used they shall be of steel of suitable quality for the duty.

38 Brakes
Each motion of the crane shall be controlled by a brake in accordance with the following, which are
minimum requirements:
a) General. Springs for applying brakes shall be of the compression type and shall not be stressed in
excess of 80 per cent of the torsional elastic limit of the material.
Brake blocks and linings shall be protected from water, grease or oil or other substances which have
adverse effects.
Brake shoes shall remain securely fixed during the effective life of the lining.
Brakes shall be provided with a simple and easily accessible device to compensate for the wear of the
linings. Brake weights, if fitted, shall be fixed securely to their levers.

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BS 357:1958

The wearing surfaces of all brake drums or plates shall be machined smooth and shall be free from
defects.
Where electro-mechanical brakes are fitted they shall apply the braking torque immediately the
current is cut off through any cause, even after the linings and fittings have become worn.
With d.c. supply, arrangements shall be made to prevent the brake magnet from being energized by the
back e.m.f. of the motor when the supply has been interrupted. This does not apply to any circuit
arrangement in which the load is still under full control despite supply failure, as for example, the
potentiometer system of control.
Where electric braking is adopted the conductors and contact surfaces of the motor and the control gear
shall be proportioned so that the additional duty will not cause overheating.
The temperature of the friction surface of the hoisting brake shall not exceed the maximum
temperature specified by the manufacturer of the brake linings, after the maximum safe working load
has been raised, and lowered on the brake, five times through the specified height of lift.
Brakes applied by hand shall not require a force greater than 35 lb at the handle. If applied by foot they
shall not require a force greater than 70 lb on the pedal to exert the restraining torque specified below.
They shall be provided with a locking device which is applied automatically and which cannot be
released accidentally. The locking gear must be capable of holding the restraining torque specified in
the sub-paragraphs below.
b) Hoisting motion brakes. Hoisting motion brakes shall be designed to exert a restraining torque at
least 25 per cent greater than the torque transmitted to the brake drum from the suspended load.
While the restraining torque is being exerted, the stresses in any part of the brake construction,
excluding springs, shall not exceed one eighth of the minimum tensile strength of the material.
c) Derricking motion brakes. Derricking motion brakes shall be designed to exert a restraining torque at
least 50 per cent greater than the maximum torque under service conditions, taking into account the
effect of friction in the transmission components between the load and the brake.
While the restraining torque is being exerted, the stresses in any part of the brake construction,
excluding springs, shall not exceed one eighth of minimum tensile strength of the material.
d) Slewing brakes. A slewing brake or other means of arresting the slewing motion shall be provided.
The brake shall be capable of being secured in the holding position, or other means of locking the
structure shall be provided.
e) Travelling brakes. Each crane shall be fitted with a parking brake or other device for preventing
accidental movement of the crane.

--`,,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Self-propelled cranes shall be fitted with a device for bringing the unloaded crane to rest, with a retardation
not less than 1 ft/sec2, when travelling on the level.
Cranes which are not self-propelled shall be fitted with a device, such as rail clips, for preventing accidental
movement along the track.

39 Lubrication
Provision shall be made for lubrication of all bearings. All lubricating nipples shall be readily accessible.
Ball and roller bearings which are to be lubricated by grease shall be packed with grease during initial
assembly.
Where any bearings are provided with a reservoir for grease this reservoir shall be charged with grease
on assembly. Where accessibility to a bearing for lubrication may be difficult, provision shall be made for
remote lubrication or safe access to the lubricating point. A lubrication diagram shall be provided.
Suitable lubricating nipples are specified in BS 1486 Part 1, “Lubricating nipples and adaptors” and Part 2
“Heavy duty lubricating nipples”.

40 Slewing
A slipping device shall be provided in the slewing mechanism, or other means adopted, in order to protect
the structure and mechanism from shock and from a torque greater than that for which they have been
designed.
This clause does not apply to cranes on which slewing motion is manually operated.

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BS 357:1958

41 Electrical equipment
a) General. All electrical equipment not otherwise enclosed or protected shall be of weatherproof
construction, and all rotating and live parts shall be adequately protected to prevent inadvertent or
accidental contact.
Where it is necessary for any electrical equipment to be adjusted or inspected whilst “live”, clearances
as for switchboards shall be provided.
b) Brake magnets. The terminals of brake magnets shall be protected from accidental contact and the
windings snail be effectively protected from mechanical damage. Where necessary they shall be provided
with an efficient cushioning device.
Two duties are recognized for both a.c. and d.c., viz.:
1. Continuous or heavy duty.
2. Normal duty.
As with an alternating current brake magnet the current in the coil is greater for the open position than
the closed, the ratings for a.c. are slightly different from d.c., and in accordance with Table 6.
Table 6 — Brake magnet ratings
Magnet duty d.c. magnets a.c. magnets
Heavy Suitable for being in circuit continually Suitable for being in circuit continually
where the brake coil operates infrequently where the brake coil operates infrequently
OR OR
240 operations per hour where the time the Suitable for 240 operations per hour where
brake coil is in circuit is not more the time the brake coil is in circuit is not
than 7 1/2 minutes out of every 15 minutes more than 5 minutes out of
every 15 minutes
Normal Suitable for 240 operations per hour where Suitable for 120 operations per hour where
the time that the brake coil is in circuit is the time that the brake coil is in circuit is
not more than 5 minutes out of not more than 5 minutes out of
every 15 minutes every 15 minutes
The brake magnets shall operate for both duties, at the currents and voltages given in Table 7 below:
Table 7 — Brake magnet operating currents
Winding d.c. magnets a.c. magnets

--`,,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Series
For series —  Lift at 60 per cent full load current
resistor control 
 Hold at 15 per cent full load current
 Lift at 40 per cent full load current
Potentiometer control 
 Hold at 15 per cent full load current
Shunt a
Lift at 90 per cent normal voltage a
Lift at 90 per cent normal voltage
a
Hold at 50 per cent normal voltage a
Hold at 50 per cent normal voltage
a
This is intended to apply with hot coils corresponding to the duty cycle at normal volts. The temperature-rise of the brake magnet
shall not exceed that allowed for the control equipment fitted (see BS 587, “Motor starters and controllers”).

Motor magnets or electro-hydraulic brake releasing gear may be used in preference to brake magnets if
desired.

42 Electric generators an motors


Electric motors and generators shall be of the protected, screen-protected, drip-proof, or totally
enclosed type, except where other protection is required, and shall comply with the requirements
of BS 2613.3)
NOTE For motors working under tropical conditions see BS 11564) for guidance.

3) BS 2613, “The electrical performance of rotating electrical machinery”.


4) BS 1156, “A.c. and d.c. motors and generators, excluding shipborne and airborne machines”.

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BS 357:1958

In addition to the requirements of BS 2613 the ratings of the motors shall be such that during the operation
of the crane under service conditions the temperature rises do not exceed those permitted by BS 2613.
Generators and motors shall be located so that brush gear and terminals are readily accessible for
inspection and maintenance.
All phase ends of the stator windings of a.c. motors shall be available at the motor terminal block.
Unless specially designed for higher speeds the motor shall be so arranged that its speed cannot
exceed 2 1/2 times the rated speed.

43 Controllers and resistors


a) Controllers when in the off position shall open all supply lines for the respective motors unless
otherwise agreed.
b) The controllers and resistors shall be adequately protected to prevent accidental contact with live
parts, and shall be rated so that the temperature does not exceed the limit specified in BS 5875) during
the operation of the crane under service conditions. For Class 1 and 2 cranes the rating shall be taken
as five minutes.
NOTE It is recommended that the resistors should be enclosed in well ventilated housings, and, where necessary, with sheet metal
covers, and that each resistor should be fitted with a terminal bar, unless all terminals are brought out on one side of the resistor.
The terminal bar shall be fitted in any case where the current rating is above 100 amp.

44 Electrical protective gear


Ironclad protective gear shall be provided as follows:
a) A panel having, as minimum equipment, either an electromagnetically operated main contactor or
manually operated circuit breaker, together with overload devices for each motor circuit.
The number of devices and their position shall normally be in accordance with one of the following
arrangements as agreed between the manufacturer and purchaser but, if specified by the purchaser,
other arrangements giving protection not less effective than any of these shall be considered as
complying with this specification.
D.C. supply:
1) Where neither line is earthed.
i) One per motion and one in the common return line.
ii) Two per motion.
2) Where one line is earthed.
i) One per motion all connected in the non-earthed line.
ii) One per motion and one equivalent to that connected in the common return line, but all
connected in the non-earthed line.
2 or 3-phase a.c. supply:
1) 3-wire supply.
--`,,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

i) Two per motion in separate phase wires.


ii) Two per motion in separate phase wires, and one common return relay in the third wire.
iii) Three per motion in separate lines.
2) 4-wire supply:
As for 3-wire supply ii) and iii).
A double-pole switch-and-fuse shall be connected in the operating coil circuit of the contactor when
fitted. A push-button emergency stop or stops shall be placed so as to be readily available for use
promptly by the operator in case of emergency. The push-button or buttons shall be connected in the
operating coil circuit in the case of a contactor, and in the under-voltage release circuit in the case of a
circuit breaker.
Electrical interlocking shall be provided to prevent the main contactor or circuit breaker from being
closed unless all controllers are in the OFF position.

5) BS 587, “Motor starters and controllers”.

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BS 357:1958

A durable copy of the protective panel connection diagram shall be fixed inside the cover whenever
practicable.
b) Providing the aggregate horsepower of the two largest motors does not exceed 40 or their aggregate
current does not exceed 60 amperes, a manually operated easily accessible switch fuse panel may be
used instead of the gear detailed in Section a. The minimum requirement shall then be a main switch in
association with, for each motor, replaceable high breaking-capacity cartridge fuses.
The number and method of connection of the fuses shall be similar to the number and method of connection
of the overload devices detailed in Section a.
A durable diagram of connections of the protective panel shall be fixed to the inside of the cover.
For electric cranes which are supplied from an engine-driven or motor-driven generator mounted on the
crane, such protection shall be provided as agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer.

45 Isolating switch
The isolating switch shall be mechanically interlocked with the door giving access to the protective panel,
where possible. Where it is not possible, a red label plate shall be fixed on the door of the protective panel,
marked “Isolate before opening cover”. The switch shall comply with BS 862, “Air-break circuit breakers
(including totally-enclosed and flameproof types) for voltages not exceeding 660 volts”.
Facilities shall be provided for locking the isolating switch in the OFF position.

46 Limit switches
Where practicable, and if required by the purchaser, limit switches shall be provided on electric cranes to
prevent one or more of the following:
a) over-hoisting,
b) over-lowering,
c) over-derricking in both directions,
d) over-travelling.
The contacts of limit switches shall be operated positively. Switches in which the contacts are operated by
a spring or gravity, or both, on the withdrawal of a cam or similar device, shall not be used.

47 Electrical cables for power circuits


Unless otherwise agreed between purchaser and manufacturer, cables shall comply with BS 7,
--`,,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

“Rubber-insulated cables and flexible cords for electric power and lighting”, or BS 2004, “Polyvinyl chloride
insulated cables and flexible cords for electric power and lighting”, or BS 608, “Varnished cambric insulated
cables for electricity supply”, and conductors having a nominal area less than 0.0045 sq. in. shall not be
used.
The loading in any cable under service conditions shall not exceed the rating specified in the I.E.E.
Regulations6) for the Electrical Equipment of Buildings, for the type of cable and the conditions of
installation.
All cables shall be adequately protected against mechanical damage, and metal trunking may be used if
desired.
Where cables and wires are drawn into a metal conduit, the conduit shall be of heavy gauge, welded or
solid-drawn metal tube and shall be screw jointed. The conduit shall be sealed to prevent ingress of air and
water as far as practicable and shall be drained. Galvanized conduit shall be used when exposed to the wind
or damp conditions.
For external wiring V.I.R. cables shall not be used unless enclosed throughout their entire length in conduit
as above specified. Varnished cambric insulated, taped and braided cable shall not be used for external
wiring.
Provision shall be made for the protection of all live conductors and terminals against accidental or
inadvertent contact in accordance with statutory requirements.

6) Issued by the Institution of Electrical Engineers.

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BS 357:1958

48 Main supply
For travelling cranes the main supply may be obtained from bare conductors, and collectors, or by flexible
cable from plug boxes or other fixed supply points.
If the bare conductors are above ground they shall be strongly and effectively guarded so that they cannot
be fouled by the load.
Where flexible cables in the way of traffic are liable to be run over, manually or automatically operated
take-up gear shall be provided.

49 Lighting
Lighting shall be provided as required by the purchaser.
In the event of a hand lamp being provided it shall not be connected to a circuit exceeding 250 volts d.c.
or 25 volts a.c.

--`,,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
50 Heating
Fixed electric heaters shall be provided when required by statute or by the purchaser. Where electric
heaters are fitted they shall be of the non-luminous type and their voltage shall not exceed 250 volts. When
arranged in series on any higher voltage double-pole switch-fuse protection shall be provided.

51 Earthing
The crane structure, motor frames and metal cases of all electrical equipment, including metal conduit or
cable guards, shall be effectively earthed. For cranes fed from an external supply, an earthing collector ring
shall be provided and earthing shall be independent of the contact between track wheels and rails.

52 Collector rings
For conveying current between the non-revolving and the revolving part of the crane a collector column
shall be provided, preferably inside the machinery house and at the top of the centre pin. This shall not
apply to Type 5 cranes (see Clause 2).
The column shall consist of collector rings with contact fingers of ample capacity for the duty, and shall be
completely protected against accidental contact. Rings and fingers shall be readily accessible for
examination.

53 Boilers
Crane boilers shall comply with the requirements of BS 665, “Vertical cross tube boilers”, or BS 761,
“Cylindrical vertical multi-tubular boilers”, and with any special requirements of the purchaser. Safety
fittings shall comply with BS 759, “Valves, gauges and other safety fittings for land boiler installations”.
Safety valves shall be of the direct spring-loaded type, provided with a testing lever, and shall be adjusted
and ferruled or secured in such a position that the maximum permissible working pressure of the boiler
cannot be exceeded. The safety valve shall be fitted in a position independent of the steam outlet to the
engine, or of any other mounting.
The capacity of the boiler-feeding apparatus shall be not less than one-and-a-half times the maximum
evaporative capacity of the boiler.
A second means of feeding shall be provided and each shall have a capacity not less than that specified, and
shall be provided with an independent check valve.
Boiler pads, where use for mounting, shall comply with BS 10-2, “Tables of pipe flanges (for land use) for
working steam pressures up to 450 lb/sq. in.”, for diameter of pad, number and size of studs, and drilling
centres.
The boiler mountings shall be in accordance with BS 759 where applicable.
The stop valve shall be connected directly to the boiler shell.

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BS 357:1958

54 Steam engines
The torque exerted by the engine shall be such that, with the maximum rated load suspended and with a
steam pressure equal to 80 per cent of the certified working pressure, hoisting can be effected from
standstill with the cranks in any position.

55 Internal combustion engines


Internal combustion engines shall comply with BS 649, “Reciprocating internal combustion engines for
marine auxiliary and land service (excluding carburettor type)” or with BS 765, “Internal combustion
engines, carburettor type, excluding aero engines”, rated on the one-hour basis, and a silencer shall be fitted
to the exhaust. Fuel tank capacity shall be sufficient for at least 8 hours running on normal crane duty, and
means shall be provided for ascertaining the amount of fuel contained in the tank.
Provision shall be made for draining the water circulating system during frosty weather, the drain cocks
being fitted in accessible positions. The arrangement shall be such that it is not possible to leave pockets
of water either in the system or the pump casing.

56 Air receivers
Where an air receiver is provided the receiver, together with its fittings, shall comply with the
requirements of the appropriate British Standards.

57 Controls
Control levers and pedals shall be placed in positions which allow the driver, when in his normal position,
ample room for operation and control, a view of the load unrestricted by the crane structure, and as clear
a view as possible of the surroundings, including those forward and to each side of this position. The total
maximum travel of the handle of control levers shall be not greater than 24 in. for a lever working in one
direction, or 12 in. on either side of the neutral position for a two-way lever. The pedals shall have non-slip
surfaces and their travel shall be not more than 10 in.
Each control shall, where practicable, be provided with a locking device to prevent accidental engagement
of the control.
Every lever handle or wheel provided for controlling the operation of any part of the crane shall have upon
it, or adjacent to it, clear markings to indicate its purpose and mode of operation.

58 Driver’s cabin
Unless stated to the contrary by the purchaser, a cabin shall be supplied by the manufacturer. The cabin
shall:
a) afford the driver adequate protection from the weather,
b) as far as is practicable afford the driver a clear and unrestricted view of the load and the jib in all
normal working positions, and
c) be constructed so as to afford ready access to such parts of the machinery as are within the cabin.
d) a seat shall be provided for the driver and, where practicable, the controls shall be operable from a
seated position.

59 Testing
a) An insulation test shall be made of the wiring of each motor circuit, and of the complete wiring of the
crane. The insulation resistance of the wiring of any individual circuit shall be not less than two
megohms, both between phases and to earth, but because of wide variations in circuit complexity no
specific values of insulation resistance can be given for the wiring as a whole, or for the apparatus
connected to the wiring.
b) Before any crane is put into service it shall be tested as shown in Table 8 and a certified record of the
figures shall be supplied to purchaser.

© BSI 01-2000 17
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Table 8 — Testing
18

BS 357:1958
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Type of crane Test No. Hoisting Derricking Slewing Travelling Remarks

All cranes except 1 Crane to lift Loads and radii as Test loads and radii The crane is not During these tests
non-derricking. loads 25 per cent in Col. 3 Test 1. For as Col. 3 Test 1. required to travel the specified speeds
excess of safe cranes designed to Slewing motion to be with test load. need not be attained
working loads at derrick with load, tested in both but the crane shall
various radii derricking motion to directions through prove itself capable of
appropriate to those be tested between the the maximum angle dealing with the
safe working loads limits of the radii. for which crane has overload without
and including the been designed. difficulty. Not more
maximum and than one cycle shall
minimum radius. be performed with
each overload, which
need not be lifted to a
height greater than
that necessary to
bring load on to all
the teeth of the gears.
2 Crane to lift the safe Loads and radii as Safe working loads Sate working loads The speeds
working loads at Col. 3 Test 2. For and radii as Col. 3 and radii as Col. 3 enumerated in
various radii cranes designed to Test 2. Slewing Test 2. Travelling Appendix B shall be
appropriate to the derrick with load, motion to be tested in motion to be tested in substantially as
safe working loads, derricking motion to both directions both directions and specified.

--`,,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
and including the be tested between the through the when construction
maximum and limits of the radii. maximum angle for permits, with jib
minimum radii. which crane has been pointing fore and aft
designed. and at right angles to
the direction of
travel. NOT
applicable to portable
cranes unable to
travel under their
own power.
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Table 8 — Testing
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Type of crane Test No. Hoisting Derricking Slewing Travelling Remarks

Non-derricking 1 Crane to lift — Tested in both The crane is not As Test 1 Col. 7.
cranes. loads 25 per cent in directions through required to travel
excess of safe the maximum angle with test load.
working load. for which the crane
has been designed to
slew with the hook
loaded to 25 per cent
in excess of safe
working load.
2 To lift the safe — Tested in both Travelling motion to As Test 2 Col. 7.
working load. directions through be tested in both
the maximum angle directions with the
for which the crane safe working load on
has been designed to the hook and when
slew with the safe construction permits
working load on the with jib pointing fore
hook. and aft and at right
angles to the direction
of travel. NOT
applicable to portable
cranes unable to
travel under their
own power.

BS 357:1958
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When testing the travelling motion of a crane designed for use when blocked, the load on the hook shall
be that specified by the manufacturer, or for which the crane is designed to operate when free to travel
on its wheels.
Tests 1 and 2 shall be carried out on a reasonably straight firm track, true to the specified levels and
gauge.
c) When requested to do so, the crane maker shall demonstrate the stability of a crane to be in accordance
with Clause 23 by the application of a static overload, provided that the load to be added to tip the crane
does not exceed 662/3 per cent of the safe working load appropriate to the radius at which it is being
carried out.
The load on the hook or grab shall be suspended a few inches above the ground, and shall be built up
gradually above the safe working load until the crane tips, or until the above maximum is reached. The jib
shall be at right angles to the larger side of the rectangle formed by the wheelbase and the gauge or
blocking-up base. It is understood that during the stability test, the load shall not be moved under power.
If loose ballast is required for the stability of the crane, the amount, type and location of the ballast shall
be specified on the test certificate.
Where a safe load indicator is provided, its setting shall be verified during the tests.
The tests shall be carried out at the manufacturer’s works, or at a place to be agreed between the purchaser
and the manufacturer, and when conducting acceptance tests the manufacturer shall be entitled to employ
his own crane driver.
The requirement that the contract speeds of electric cranes are to be attained are contingent on the electric
supply to the motors being correctly maintained.

60 Painting
Prior to painting, metal work shall be thoroughly clean and dry and free from welding slag, rust, loose scale
and grease.
Wood or metal surfaces bolted or riveted together shall be primed before assembly.
Paint need not be applied when other forms of corrosion preventive are used.
Where friction grip bolts are used the surfaces in contact shall not be painted.

61 Equipment
With each crane the following equipment shall be provided:
a) An instruction book or charts including:
i) An outline drawing of the crane showing leading dimensions and disposition and weight of any loose
ballast.
ii) Rope reeving diagrams and particulars of ropes.
iii) A diagram showing the lubrication points and recommended grades of lubricants.
iv) A wiring diagram of the crane on which is given the rating of each of the motors, the cable sizes,
and such other information as will tend to facilitate inspection and maintenance of the crane.
v) General maintenance and operating instructions.
b) A set of tools for the day-to-day maintenance and lubrication of the crane.

62 Loose ballast
Where loose ballast is required for the stability of the crane a plate shall be permanently fixed to the crane
stating the weight of such ballast stowed in the tail and carriage compartments. The weight of ballast
stowed shall be stated also on the test certificate.

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Appendix A Information desirable to be supplied with enquiry or order


The following particulars should enable the manufacturer to select the most suitable crane from his
production range to suit customers’ requirements or, alternatively, to suggest requirements, or a specially
designed machine.
1. Duty for which crane is required.
a) General merchandise. State weight, size and kind of loads.
b) Grabbing duty.
State: i) Nature of material to be handled and weight in pounds per cubic foot.
ii) Type of grab, e.g. single rope with ring discharge, or single rope with dumping discharge, or
double rope.
iii) If grab is not to be supplied by the crane maker, state the length of rope or chain withdrawn
to close the grab.
iv) Output required in tons per hour. Give full particulars of operating cycle, e.g. Maximum
grabbing radius, height of lift above and below rail, angle through which jib will be slewed, and if
derricking or travelling motions will be involved. If grabbing from ships or barges it is important
that the sizes of the hatchway openings should be given.
c) Magnet duty. State nature of material to be handled. If an existing magnet is to be used, the following
particulars should be given: type, size, weight, voltage, current rating (cold) and gross working load.
d) Shunting duties. If crane is required for shunting duties, give particulars of type of buffer and
draw-gear required.
e) If other duties are required particulars should be given.
2. Site conditions.
a) Will the crane travel on the ground level or on a gantry? State Whether or not the crane is on a
waterside track.
b) Arctic, temperate or tropical climate.
c) Approximate altitude above sea level.
d) If possible a sketch should be given showing site conditions and minimum clearances.
e) Do atmospheric conditions necessitate special equipment or painting?

3. Capacity of crane.

(tons of 2 240 lb unless otherwise stated).


State if crane is to be capable of travelling with maximum load at its rated radius or if it can be blocked up
for this duty.
4. Prime movers.
a) Steam engine: state kind of boiler fuel.
b) Internal combustion engine: state kind of fuel.
c) Compressed air motor: state pressure.
d) Electric motor: if d.c. give voltage,
if a.c. give voltage, number of phases and frequency.
State method of current collection to be used, i.e. trailing cable, live rail or trolley wire. If trailing
cable, state if cable drum or link box is to be provided.
e) Diesel-electric or petrol-electric.
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5. Track.
a) Gauge.
b) Weight and profile of rail.
c) Maximum permissible load per wheel. If any special conditions necessitate limitation of axle load give
full particulars.
d) Minimum radius of the curve along which the crane will have to travel, and super-elevation of rails,
if any.
e) Clearance between running rail and check rail.
f) Particulars of any gradient, i.e. maximum slope and length the crane will be required to travel, and
whether loaded or unloaded. Also the frequency with which the gradient will be negotiated. Also state if
gradient is on straight or curved track.
6. Range of lift of book.

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7. Maximum permissible tail radius.

8. Speeds.

9. Driver’s cabin. State requirements.


10. Automatic safe-load indicator. State if this indicator is required, in addition to the usual load and
radius indicator.
11. Particulars of any statutory requirements with which crane will have to comply.
For the United Kingdom, see Appendix G.
12. Particulars if any special circumstances necessitate limitation of weights or dimensions of pieces.
13. Particulars of any further requirements or special conditions not included in the foregoing,
e.g. operation in flammable surroundings.

Appendix B Information to be supplied by manufacturer when tendering


1. Type of crane (See Clause 2).
Diagram giving the following details:
a) Rating (loads and radii).
b) Grab particulars, type and size, if to be supplied.
c) Magnet and ancillary equipment particulars, type and size, if to be supplied.
d) Main dimensions and clearances (See Figure 1).
e) Height of lift above and below rail (See Figure 1).
2. Specification giving the following details:
a) Prime mover, state maker.
i) For steam cranes:Dimensions of engines.
Boiler description and dimensions.
Working pressure ............lb/sq. in.
Feed water tank capacity ............gallons.
Nature of boiler feed arrangement.

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ii) For electric cranes: Motors: number, type and enclosure.


Rating: horsepower, and speed in rev/min.
iii) For internal combustion engines: B.H.P. and No. of cylinders.
Rated speed at full load, rev/min.
iv) For diesel-electric cranes: Diesel engine particulars as above.
Motor particulars as for electric cranes.
Generator: type and enclosure.
Output in kW at ............rev/min.
v) For compressed air drive: give particulars, e.g. ............lb/sq. in. pressure.
b) Control equipment. For electric and diesel-electric.
Type of controllers, rating of resistances, and particulars of electrical equipment.
c) Working speeds of motions.
d) Description of brakes.
e) Gearing: Material. Cast or machine-cut teeth.
f) Support of revolving superstructure, e.g. centre-post, live-ring or fixed-axle roller.
g) Rail wheel construction, e.g. steel tyres or solid rolled or cast wheels.
h) Ropes: Type, grade of steel, diameter and construction and number of falls of hoisting and
derricking ropes.
i) Rope end fittings.
j) Driver’s cabin, if to be supplied.
k) Safety devices and indicators, e.g. limit switches and load indicators.
l) Lighting, if to be supplied.
m) Loose ballast (if any) to be supplied by purchaser.

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n) Weight of crane under service conditions without load on hook.
o) Wheel loading diagram.
p) Minimum radius of the curve along which the crane will travel.
q) Manufacturer’s comments on any information provided under Sections 12 and 13 of Appendix A.
r) Other particulars not scheduled above.
3. Shipping specification.

Appendix C List of British Standards for materials and equipment to be used in


the manufacture of cranes

Crane details BS No. and title


1. Materials.
Castings, iron BS 1452, Grey iron castings.
BS 310, Blackheart malleable iron castings.
BS 309, Whiteheart malleable iron castings.
BS 991, Data on cast iron.
Castings, steel BS 592, Carbon steel castings for general engineering purposes.
Sections, steel BS 4, Part 1: Hot-rolled sections — Part 2: Hot-rolled hollow sections.
Steel, structural BS 15, Structural steel.
BS 548, High-tensile structural steel for bridges, etc., and general building
construction.
BS 968, High tensile (fusion welding quality) structural steel for
bridges, etc., and general building construction.

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Crane details BS No. and title


1. Materials (contd.)
Steel, wrought BS 970, Wrought steels (bars, billets and forgings).
Tubes, steel BS 1775, Steel tubes for mechanical, structural and general engineering
purposes.
Rivet materials BS 15, Structural steel.
BS 548, High tensile structural steel for bridges, etc., and general building
construction.
Steel bars for machine BS 970, Wrought steels (bars billets and forgings).
parts
Springs, coil and spiral BS 24-3B, Helical and volute springs and spring steels.
BS 1408, Hard drawn steel wire for springs.
BS 1429, Annealed steel wire for oil-hardened and tempered springs.
Shafts, steel BS 970, Wrought steels.
Axles BS 24-1.4, Carriage and Wagon Axles.
Paint BS 2521-24, Ready mixed oil-based priming paints.
BS 2525-32, Ready mixed oil-based undercoating and finishing paints
(exterior quality).
Permissible stresses BS 2573, Report on permissible stresses in crane structures.
2. Structural details, etc.
Permissible stress BS 2573, Permissible stresses in cranes — Part 1: Structures.
Bolts, nuts and washers BS 916, Black bolts, screws and nuts.
BS 1083, Precision hexagon bolts, screws, nuts and plain washers.
BS 1768, Unified precision hexagon bolts, screws, nuts (UNC and
UNF threads) and plain washers — normal series.
BS 1769, Unified black hexagon bolts, screws and nuts and plain washers —
heavy series.
BS 1981, Unified machine screws and machine screw nuts.
BS 2708, Unified black square and hexagon bolts, screws, nuts (UNC and
UNF threads) and plain washers — normal series.
BS 3139, High strength friction grip bolts for structural engineering.
BS 3294, The use of high strength friction grip bolts in structural steelwork.
Rivets (dimensions) BS 275, Dimensions of rivets ( 1/2 in. to 1 3/4 in. diameter).
BS 641, Dimensions of small rivets for general purposes.
Sections, steel BS 4, Dimensions and properties of channels and beams for structural
purposes.
BS 4A, Dimensions and properties of equal angles, unequal angles and T
bars for structural purposes.
BS 6, Dimensions and properties of bulb angles and bulb plates for
structural purposes.
Welding BS 693, Oxy-acetylene welding in mild steel.
BS 938, General requirements for the metal-arc welding of weldable
structural steel tubes.
BS 1856, General requirements for the metal-arc welding of mild steel.
BS 2642, General requirements for the metal-arc welding of medium tensile
weldable structural steels to BS 968, Type a.

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Crane details BS No. and title

3. Machinery and machinery details.


Bearings, ball and roller BS 292, Dimensions of ball bearings and parallel-roller bearings.
oil retaining BS 1131, Plain bearings (metal).
Chains and chain wheels BS 228, Steel roller chains and chain wheels.
Engines BS 649, Reciprocating internal combustion engines for marine auxiliary and
land service (excluding carburettor-type).
BS 765, Internal combustion engines, carburettor-type, excluding
aero-engines.
Boilers BS 665, Vertical cross tube boilers of riveted construction.
BS 761, Vertical multi-tubular boilers of riveted construction.
BS 759, Valves, gauges and other safety fittings for application to land
boiler and piping installations for and in connection with land boilers.
Gearing: spur BS 436, Machine cut gears A. Helical and straight spur.
Gearing: bevel BS 545, Bevel gears (machine cut).
worm BS 721, Machine cut gears. C. Worm gearing.
Keys and keyways BS 46, Part 1: Keys and keyways.
Splines and serrations BS 2059, Straight-sided splines and serrations.
BS 3550, Involute splines.
Taper pins, solid and split BS 46, Part 3: Solid and split taper pins.
Lubricating nipples and BS 1486-1, Lubricating nipples and adaptors.
adaptors
BS 1486-2, Heavy duty lubricating nipples.
Screw threads BS 84, Parallel screw threads of Whithworth form.
BS 1580, Unified screw threads (with metric equivalents).
Air receivers BS 428, Forge welded air receivers.
BS 430, Solid-drawn steel air receivers.
BS 487, Fusion-welded steel air receivers.
BS 1099, Small fusion-welded steel air receivers.
BS 1123, Valves, gauges and other safety fittings for air receivers and
compressed-air installations.
4. Electrical machinery and equipment.
Appliances and accessories BS 816, Requirements for electric appliances and accessories.
Cables BS 7, Rubber-insulated cables and flexible cords for electric power and
lighting.
BS 480, Impregnated paper-insulated cables for electricity supply —
Part 1: Lead or lead-alloy sheathed cables for working voltages up to and
including 33 kV — Part 2: Aluminium sheathed cables for working voltages
up to and including 22 kV.
BS 608, Varnished cambric insulated cables for electricity supply.
BS 1116, Flexible trailing cables for quarries and metalliferous mines.
BS 2004, Polyvinyl chloride insulated cables and flexible cords for electric
power and lighting (for working voltages up to 250 volts).
Circuit-breakers BS 862, Air-break circuit-breakers (including totally-enclosed flameproof
types) for voltages not exceeding 660 volts.
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BS 936, Oil circuit-breakers for alternating current circuits up to and


including 660 volts.

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Crane details BS No. and title


4. Electrical machinery and equipment (contd.).
Conduit BS 31, Steel conduits and fittings for electrical wiring.
Contactors BS 775, Contactors, when supplied separately or in combination with other
gear.
Controllers and resistors BS 587, Motor starters and controllers.
Climate proofing BS 1156, A.C. and d.c. motors and generators, excluding shipborne and
airborne machines.
Motors BS 2613, Electrical performance of rotating electrical machinery.
Switches BS 861, Airbreak switches and isolators.
5. Lifting equipment.
Wire rope terminal attachments BS 461, Bordeaux connections for wire rope and chain for general
and wire rope slings engineering purposes.
BS 462, Bull dog grips for wire ropes for general engineering purposes.
BS 463, Sockets for wire ropes for general engineering purposes.
BS 464, Thimbles for wire rope for general engineering purposes.
BS 529, Steel eyebolts.
BS 643, Capping metal for steel wire ropes.
BS 716, Mild steel rigging and stretching screws and turnbuckles, for use
with wire ropes for general purposes.
BS 1290, Wire rope slings and sling legs.
Chains and chain slings BS 394, Short link wrought iron crane chain (excluding pitched or
calibrated chain).
BS 465, Pitched and calibrated wrought iron load chain.
BS 590, Electrically welded mild steel chain.
BS 781, Wrought iron chain slings and rings, links, alternative to rings,
egg links and intermediate links.
BS 1663, Electrically welded higher tensile steel chain (short link and
pitched or calibrated) for lifting purposes.
Hooks BS 482, Wrought iron and mild steel hooks for cranes, chains, slings,
blocks and general engineering purposes (excluding building operations).
BS 591, Wrought iron and mild steel hooks of the “C” or Liverpool type.
BS 2903, Higher tensile steel hooks for chains, slings, blocks and general
engineering purposes.
BS 3017, Mild steel forged ramshorn hooks.
BS 3033, Higher tensile steel hooks of the “C” or Liverpool type.
BS 3317, Mild steel forged triangular lifting eyes for use on wire rope
pulley blocks with a lifting capacity of 60 tons or more.
Shackles BS 825, Mild steel shackles.
BS 3032, Higher tensile steel shackles.
Wire ropes BS 302 & BS 621, Steel wire ropes for cranes, excavators and general
engineering purposes.

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BS 357:1958

Appendix D Load capacity of gears


All gears should be designed on the basis of the load capacity formulae given in the appropriate
British Standards quoted in Clause 34.
It is recommended that, for the necessary calculations, the gears should be considered as carrying the
following loads:

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Motion Designed tooth load

a) For strength: 1.6 × full load


All motions
b) For wear:
Hoisting 0.4 × full load
Slewing 0.4 × full load
Derricking 0.7 × full load
 Non-shunting 0.5 × full load

Travelling  Steam-driven shunting cranes 0.7 × full load
 Diesel or electric shunting cranes 0.9 × full load

The full load value of tooth load should be derived from the power needed to drive each motion and not from
the power of the single prime mover in the case of steam, direct diesel, or single motor driven cranes.

Appendix E Notes on track (see Clause 22)


The manufacturer of a crane to this standard is not to be responsible for the design or construction of the
track upon which the crane is going to work, but will provide, if requested, the following information as a
recommendation and guide to the user.
a) Weight and type of rail to be used.
b) Gauge.
c) Minimum radius of any curve which the crane will negotiate.
d) Increase in the gauge on curves.
e) Maximum pitch of the sleepers in relation to the bearing capacity of the ground.
f) Maximum load on any one wheel when the crane is handling its full working load.

Appendix F Notes on crane speeds (see Clause 19)


The term “speed of a crane” is used generally to express a number of different conditions. To clarify the
meaning, the various conditions are:
1. Geared speed. The speed of the hook or other motion which corresponds to revolutions per minute of
the prime mover at full load; for example, in the case of an electric motor the full load revolutions per
minute is the maker’s name plate speed corresponding to the rated horse power of the motor.
2. Free speed. To obtain the acceleration required on a crane motion it is necessary that the prime mover
should have power available in excess of that required to drive the motion at the geared speed. When cranes
are driven by prime movers with torque characteristics similar to a steam engine, or a series-wound motor,
the crane continues to increase speed beyond its geared speed until the prime mover reaches a stable
condition. This is known as the free speed. In certain cases the free travelling speed of a crane may be as
high as 2 1/2 times the geared speed.
3. Working speeds. The speeds which the maker specifies as the performance speeds of the crane.
It is not possible to forecast exact speeds, as considerable variations occur owing to variation of friction and
tractive resistance, but, by custom, working speeds are understood to mean the following:
Hoisting speed. The speed at which the crane will lift full load. It is expected that the crane will attain this
figure but it will not be rejected if it exceeds this figure.
Hoisting speed — slow. When a slow hoisting speed is specified it is expected that the crane with full load
on the hook will hoist at this speed or less.

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Where light-hook speeds or speeds for loads less than full load are required they are usually listed
separately.
Lowering speed. When lowering speeds are specified, a device is incorporated in the mechanism which
governs the speed. In the case of maximum lowering speed this is the speed with full load on the hook which
will not be exceeded, and a different speed is usually obtained for the light hook condition. When a crane
has a free-barrel the lowering speeds obtained are at the discretion of the operator.
Travelling speed. The speed at which a crane can travel safely with full load on the hook. This speed may
be considerably less than the maximum speed at which the crane may travel safely with empty hook.
Unless otherwise specified travelling is assumed to be on a straight and level track.
Slewing speed. The maximum speed at which the crane will slew safely with full load on the hook. In
practice, the slewing motion is engaged for less than a full revolution and rapid acceleration is required in
preference to a high rate of rotation and in such cases the working speed is often less than the geared speed.
Derricking speed. The average speed measured horizontally from maximum to minimum radius.
The quoted derricking speeds may not be obtainable under all conditions of working due to the incidence
of load swing.
Unless the speed of a crane is given on the basis of a time cycle the speed is always measured after the
motion has accelerated to its working speed, with the exception of the derricking motion.

Appendix G Legislation affecting cranes in the United Kingdom


(This information is included for guidance only)
1. Factories Act, 1961.
2. The Chains, Ropes and Lifting Tackle (Register) Order, 1938, dated 16th June, 1938. S.R. & O. 1938.
No. 599.
3. The Cranes and other Lifting Machines (Register of Examinations) Order, 1938,
dated 16th June, 1938, S.R. & O. 1938. No. 600.
4. Certificate of Exemption No. 1. Annealing. Factory Form 661, dated 4th August, 1938.
5. Docks Regulations, 1925. S.R. & O. 1925. No. 231.
6. Docks Regulations, 1934. S.R. & O. 1934, No. 279. Regulations 3, 18–22, 25–29, 33–34, 49, 51 and the
Schedule of manner of test and examination before taking lifting machinery and gear into use.
7. Docks Regulations, 1934. Certificate of Exemption No. 1. Annealing. Factory Form 1950,
dated 1st June, 1934.
8. Ship building and Ship Repairing Regulations, 1960, S.I. 1960, No. 1932.
9. The Construction (Lifting Operations) Regulations 1961, S.I. 1961, No. 1581.
10. The Construction (Lifting Operations) Certificates Order, 1962, No. 227.
11. Electricity Regulations, 1908, S.R. & O. 1908. No. 1312.
12. Electricity (Factories Act) Special Regulations, 1944. S.R. & O. 1944. No. 739.
13. Memorandum on the Electricity Regulations. (Factory Form No. 928.)
14. Road Traffic Acts. 1962.
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Cranes for use in coal and metalliferous mines and in quarries are subject to:
Mines and Quarries Act, 1954, Sections 81, 82, 83, 84, 85 and 87.
Coal and other mines (Electricity) Regulations, 1956, (Statutory Instrument. No. 1779, 1956).
Miscellaneous Mines (Electricity) Regulations, 1956, (Statutory Instrument, No. 1779, 1956).
Quarries (Electricity) Regulations, 1956, (Statutory Instrument, No. 1781, 1956).
Copies of the above may be obtained from:
H.M. Stationery Office,
York House,
Kingsway,
London, W.C.2.

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References. The following table indicates which section of appropriate statutory regulations may apply to
certain clauses in the specification. It should not be assumed that the list of references is complete.
Clause Subject Regulation

23 Stability Regulation 19, Construction (Lifting Operations) Regulation 1961.


25 Guarding Factories Act 1961, Part II Section 12–17 Regulations 42 and 43 of
the Construction (General Provisions) Regulations 1961. Section 82
of the Mines and Quarries Act.
27 Load and radius indication Section 27(4) of the Factories Act 1961. Regulations 29 and 30 of the
Construction (Lifting Operations) Regulations 1961. Section 85 of
the Mines and Quarries Act.
28 Wire ropes Dock regulations regarding appropriate ratios.
29 Lifting hooks Regulation 36, Construction (Lifting Operations) Regulations 1961.
44 Protective gear Electricity (Factories Act) Special Regulations, 1908 and 1944, S.R.
and O. No. 1312.
53 Boilers Sections 32 to 34 of the Factories Act 1961. Section 84 of the Mines
and Quarries Act.
56 Air receivers Section 36 of the Factories Act 1961. Section 84 of the Mines and
Quarries Act.
57 Control handles and levers Regulation 16 of the Construction (Lifting Operations)
Regulations 1961.
58 Crane cabin Regulation 14 of the Construction (Lifting Operations)
Regulations 1961.

Appendix H Maximum ratings for cables up to 0.06 in2 for use in cranes under
average conditions
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Where cranes are equipped with one-hour rated motors, the stator or armature cables may be up-rated by
a factor of 1.4 above the ratings for continuous duty given in the I.E.E. Regulations for the Electrical
Equipment of Buildings, 13th Edition, 1955, Table 12, Col. 7. The I.E.E. ratings are given in the second
column of Table 9 and those for one hour rated motors are listed in the column headed “Primary 1-hour”.
Similarly, for cranes equipped with 1/2 -hour rated motors an up-rating factor of 1.7 may be used.
For rotor or armature resistors, it will be appreciated that the cables in these circuits carry current during
accelerating periods only and may be still further up-rated. For 10 minute and 5 minute rated resistors the
maximum current ratings are given in the appropriate columns of Table 9.

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Table 9 — Rubber-insulated, PVC-insulated or varnished-cambric-insulated cables


in trunking or conduit
Primary
I.E.E Rating Primary 1-hour Resist 10 min 1/ -hour Resist 5 min
Rating factor 2
1 × 1.4 × 1.5 ×2
× 1.7
Cable size Maximum rating — amperes

7/.029 15 21 22 25 30
0.004 5 in2 (3 300) (4 700) (4 800) (5 500) (6 700)

7/.036 25 35 37 42 50
0.007 in2 (3 600) (5 000) (5 300) (6 000) (7 100)

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7/.044 32 45 48 55 65
0.01 in2 (3 200) (4 500) (4 800) (5 500) (6 500)

7/.052 39 55 59 65 78
0.014 5 in2 (2 700) (3 800) (4 000) (4 500) (5 400)

7/.064 48 67 72 80 96
0.022 5 in2 (2 100) (3 000) (3 200) (3 500) (4 200)

19/.044 56 78 85 95 112
0.03 in2 (1 850) (2 600) (2 800) (3 200) (3 700)

19/.052 67 95 100 115 134


0.04 in2 (1 700) (2 400) (2 500) (2 900) (3 400)

19/.064 88 123 130 150 176


0.06 in2 (1 450) (2 000) (2 200) (2 500) (2 900)
Figures in brackets define the current density in amp/in2 at rated load.
NOTE The above figures have been taken from the curves shown in Figure 2.

It should be appreciated that the ratings given in the I.E.E. Regulations are only applicable under the
particular conditions defined by the Regulations and the up-rating factors permitted by this Appendix are
formulated on a similar basis.
Consideration should therefore be given to such factors as the ambient temperature, grouping and
disposition of the cables, and to the limitation of voltage drop, which will influence selection of suitable
cables. It should also be noted that these up-rating factors are only applicable to cable connections
concerned with crane operation and not to general wiring or to wiring for other purposes.

30 © BSI 01-2000
Copyright British Standards Institution
Reproduced by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
BS 357:1958

Figure 2 — Maximum ratings for cables up to 0.06 in2 for average crane conditions, cranes
with rubber-insulated, PVC-insulated, or varnished-cambric-insulated cables in
trunking or conduit

--`,,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

© BSI 01-2000
Copyright British Standards Institution
31
Reproduced by IHS under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
BS 357:1958

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Copyright British Standards Institution


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