A

Mini Project
On
Work related to scheduling of activities of a project
using Primavera
Bachelor of Technology
In
Civil Engineering
SUBMITTED BY

SHUAIB ALAM
ROLL NO: - 1706800041

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MEERUT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY

Meerut, Uttar Pradesh APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am extremely grateful to my Civil Department of the Meerut Institute of

Engineering and technology who give the opportunity. It was very easy for me
to learn a lot of knowledge regarding the “Designing and drawing of flat slab
with the help of I.S CODE”.
I am greatly thankful to our guide for his kind support and guidance to complete
my Project. I have highly benefited from this Project and have gained a lot of
knowledge about the various problems of estimation of bill and the quantity of
the materials used in construction.
Finally, I would like to thanks all the faculty members and senior teachers who
have helped me and co-operated with me during my project work.

NAME: SHUAIB ALAM

ROLL.NO: 1706800041
 ABSTRACT

Designing of flat slab and drawing using the I.S CODE is very important for
any construction site and any project its help us to prepare a masonry structures
likes: -
• Parking desk
• Commercial buildings
• Hotels
• Warehouses
• Places where beam are not required
Flat Slabs are considered suitable for most of the construction and for
asymmetrical column layouts like floors with curved shapes and ramps etc. The
advantages of applying flat slabs are many like depth solution, flat soffit and
flexibility in design layout.

Even though building flat slabs can be an expensive affair but gives immense
freedom to architects and engineers the luxury of designing.

Structures having floors with irregular supports, large openings or bears heavy
loads, application of finite- element analysis is supposed to be very
advantageous. Great thought is put into choosing material properties or
installing loads on the structures. Deflections and cracked width can also be
calculated using Finite- element analysis.

KEY WORDS: - (Slab, Concrete, Support, Columns, Beams)

 INTRODUCTION
Flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns
without the use of beams. Flat slab is defined as one sided or two-sided support
system with sheer load of the slab being concentrated on the supporting
columns and a square slab called ‘drop panels.

Drop panels play a significant role here as they augment the overall capacity
and sturdiness of the flooring system beneath the vertical loads thereby boosting
cost effectiveness of the construction. Usually, the height of drop panels is
about two times the height of slab.

FIG - FLAT SLAB

Flat Slabs are considered suitable for most of the construction and for
asymmetrical column layouts like floors with curved shapes and ramps etc. The
advantages of applying flat slabs are many like depth solution, flat soffit and
flexibility in design layout. Even though building flat slabs can be an expensive
affair but gives immense freedom to architects and engineers the luxury of
designing.

Benefit of using flat slabs is manifold not only in terms of prospective design
and layout efficacy but is also helpful for total construction process especially
for easing off installation procedures and saving on construction time. If
possible, try to do away with drop panels as much as possible and try to make
the best use of thickness of flat slabs. The reason is to permit the benefits of flat
soffits for the floor surface to be maintained, ensure drop panels are cast as part
of the column.
TYPES OF FLAT SLAB CONSTRUCTION
Following are the types of flab slab construction: -

• Simple flat slab.

• Flat slab with drop panels.

• Flat slab with column head.

• Flat slab with both drops panels and column head.

Fig - TYPES OF FLAT SLABS

Uses of Column Heads
• It increases shear strength of slab.
• It reduces the moment in the slab by reducing the clear or effective span.

Uses of Drop Panels

• It increases shear strength of slab
• It increases negative moment capacity of slab.
• It stiffens the slab and hence reduce deflection.

FIG - FLAT SLAB WITH COLUMN

Advantages of Flat Slabs
It is recognized that Flat Slabs without drop panels can be built at a very fast
pace as the framework of structure is simplified and diminished. Also, speedy
turn-around can be achieved using an arrangement using early striking and
flying systems.
Flat slab construction can deeply reduce floor-to –floor height especially in the
absence of false ceiling as flat slab construction does act as limiting factor on
the placement of horizontal services and partitions. This can prove gainful in
case of lower building height, decreased cladding expense and pre-fabricated
services.
In case the client plans change in the interior and wants to use the
accommodation to suit the need, flat slab construction is the perfect choice as it
offers that flexibility to the owner. This flexibility is possible due to the use of
square lattice and absence of beam that makes channelling of services and
allocation of partitions difficult.

Thickness of flat slab

Thickness of flat slab is another very attractive benefit because thin slab
provides the advantage of increased floor to ceiling height and lower cladding
cost for the owner. However, there is profound lower limit to thickness of slab
because extra reinforcements are needed to tackle design issues. Besides this,
added margin must be provided to facilitate architectural alterations at later
stages.

Types of Flat Slab Design

Multitudes of process and methods are involved in designing flat slabs and
evaluating these slabs in flexures. Some of these methods are as following:

• The empirical method.

• The sub-frame method.
• The yield line method.
• Finite –element analysis.
Benefits of flat slab
Flexibility in room layout
•  Introduce partition walls anywhere required
• Change the size of room layout
• Omit false ceiling

Saving in building height.

•  Lower storey height will reduce building weight
• approx. saves 10% in vertical members
• reduce foundation load.

 Shorter construction time

• flat plate design will facilitate the use of big table formwork to increase
productivity.
Ease of installation of M&E services
• All M & E services can be mounted directly on the underside of the slab
instead of bending them to avoid the beams.
• Avoids hacking through beams.

NEED OF FLAT SLABS

• When plain ceiling is required.
• When floor to ceiling height is very less.
• Where deep beam provides obstruction and reduces headroom.
• Where beams may obstruct movement of goods. e.g., Godowns & Store
rooms.

FIG - DEFLECTION DIAGRAMS

CODE REGULATIONS
• Column strip
Width of column strip 0.25L2 on each side but not greater than 0.25L1.

• Middle strip
Middle strip means a design strip bounded by column strip on all the four
sides.

• Drop
The drop when provided shall be rectangular in plan, and have a length in
each direction not less than one third of the panel length in that direction.
Thickness of Drop shall not be less than ¼ of thickness of slab.

• Thickness of slab
The slabs with drop conforming to above clause, l/d ratio given in IS
456 2000, Cl.23.2 shall be applied directly; otherwise, ratio multiplied
by 0.9. The minimum thickness of slab shall be 125 mm.

• Shear in flat slab

The critical section for shear shall be at a distance d/2 from the
periphery of the column /capital or drop pane. And permissible shear
stress = k uc.

• Slab reinforcement
Spacing shall not be more than 2 times slab thickness.

METHODS OF ANALYSIS
1.DIRECT DESIGN METHOD.
2.EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD.

DIRECT DESIGN METHOD

1. LIMITATIONS
• Minimum three continuous span.
• Aspect ratio (Ly/Lx) shall not be greater than 2.
• The successive span lengths in each direction shall not differ by
more than one third of the longer span.
• The end span may be shorter but not longer than interior span.
• Design live load shall not exceed three times the design dead load.
 2. DESIGN MOMENTS
• The total bending moment in each direction is equal to Mo=(W.Ln)/8.
• Total negative design moment (Mn)= 0.65Mo.

I. Negative moment taken by column strip= 0.75Mn.

II. Negative moment taken by middle strip= 0.25Mn.

• Total positive design moment (Mp)= 0.35Mo

.
I. Positive moment taken by column strip= 0.6Mp.
II. Positive moment taken by middle strip= 0.4Mp.

2. EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD

ASSUMPTIONS

• The structure shall be considered to be made up of equivalent frames

consist of two successive columns and slab between them.
• Each frame may be analysed floor wise.
• Relative stiffness of members may be determined by moment of inertia
of members considering gross c/s of the concrete alone.
• Variation of moment of inertia due to thickness of drop may be ignored.

DESIGN MOMENTS

FIG - DESIGN MOMENT

DESIGN STEPS
 Trial depth
 Loading calculations
 Provision of drop and column capital
 Stiffness and distribution factors
 Fixed end moments and moment distribution table
 Distribution of moments across the panel
 Check for depth against flexure
 Determination of area of steel
 Check for deflection
 Check for shear

ADVANTAGES
 It provides larger clear ceiling height. It is ideally suitable for Godowns
and Store rooms.
 The construction is simple and economical.
 The plain ceiling gives an attractive and pleasing appearance.
 Acoustical treatment is easy.

DISADVANTAGES

 The stiffness of the structure comprising of flat slab and column is slight
less.
 These are suitable for only low to medium rise buildings.
 In broad sense, these are economical for spans up to 10 meters.
 Serviceability problems may arise with excessive long-term deflection.
Design of flat slabs by IS: 456
The term flat slab means a reinforced concrete slab with or without drops,
supported generally without beams, by columns with or without flared column
heads (see Fig. 12). A flat slab may be solid slab or may have recesses formed
on the so fit so that the soffit comprises a series of ribs in two directions. The
recesses may be formed by removable or permanent filler blocks.

Components of flat slab design:

a) Column strip: Column strip means a design strip having a width of 0.25 I,,
but not greater than 0.25 1, on each side of the column centre-line, where I, is
the span in the direction moments are being determined, measured centre to
centre of supports and 1, is the -span transverse to 1,, measured centre to centre
of supports.

b) Middle strip: Middle strip means a design strip bounded on each of its
opposite sides by the column strip.

c) Panel: Panel means that part of a slab bounded on-each of its four sides by
the centre -line of a Column or centre-lines of adjacent-spans

Division into column and middle strip along:

Longer span Shorter span

L1 =6.6 m, L2 =5.6 m L1 =5.6 m, L2 =6.6 m

(i) column strip (i) column strip
= 0.25 L2 = 1.4 m = 0.25 L2 = 1.65 m
But not greater than 0.25 L1 = But not greater than 0.25 L1 =
1.65 m 1.4 m
(ii) Middle strip (ii) Middle strip
= 5.6 – (1.4+1.4) = 2.8 m = 6.6 – (1.4+1.4) = 3.8 m
The drops when provided shall be rectangular in plan, and have a length in each
direction not less than one- third of the panel length in that direction. For
exterior panels, the width of drops at right angles to the non- continuous edge
and measured from the centre -line of the columns shall be equal to one -half
the width of drop for interior panels.

Since the span is large it is desirable to provide drop.

Drop dimensions along:

Longer span Shorter span

L1 =6.6 m, L2 =5.6 m L1 =5.6 m, L2 =6.6 m

Not less than L1 /3 = 2.2 m Not less than L1 /3 = 1.866 m

Hence provide a drop of size 2.2 x 2.2 m i.e., in column strip width.
e) column head: Where column heads are provided, that portion of a
column head which lies with in the largest right circular cone or pyramid
that has a vertex angle of 90”and can be included entirely within the
outlines
of the column and the column head, shall be considered for design purposes
Column head dimension along:

Longer Span Shorter Span

L1 =6.6 m, L2 =5.6 m L1 =5.6 m, L2 =6.6 m
Not greater than L1 /4 = 1.65 m Not greater than L1 /4 = 1.4
m
Adopting the diameter of column head = 1.30 m =1300 mm
f) Depth of flat slab:
The thickness of the flat slab up to spans of 10 m shall be generally controlled
by considerations of span (L) to effective depth (d) ratios given as below:
Cantilever 7
Simply supported 20
Continuous 26
For slabs with drops, span to effective depth ratios gi ven above shall be applied
directly; otherwise, the span to effective depth ratios in accordance with above
shall be multiplied by 0.9. For this purpose, the longer span of the panel shall be
considered. The minimum thickness of slab shall be 125 mm.
Depth of flat slab:
Considering the flat slab as a continuous slab over a span not exceeding 10 m

Taking effective depth of 25mm

Overall depth D = 260 +25 = 285 mm > 125 mm (minimum slab thickness

as per IS: 456) It is safe to provide depth of 285 mm.

g) Estimation of load acting on the slab:

Dead load acting on the slab = 0.285 x 25 = 6.25 2

KN/m^2 =Wd1 Floor finishes etc. load on slab = 1.45 2

KN/m^2 = Wd2 Live load on slab = 7.75 2 KN/m^2 =

Wl

Total dead load = Wd1 + Wd 2 =7.7 2 KN/m^2 =Wd

The design live load shall not exceed three times the design dead load.
Check:
Wl/Wd =7.75/7.7 = 1.006<3
OK
Total design load = Wd +Wl = 15.45 KN/m^2
h) Total Design Moment for a Span

The absolute sum of the positive and average and is given by negative bending
moments in each
direction shall be taken as:
Mo = (W*Ln /8)
Mo = total moment.
W = design load on an area L1 and L2
Ln = clear span extending from face to face of columns, capitals, brackets or
walls, but not less than 0.65 L1
L1 = length of span in the direction of M0.
L2= length of span transverse toL1
Circular supports shall be treated as square supports having the same area.
Equivalent side of the column head having the same area:
a = (3.14*d^2 / 4) = 1.152m
Clear span along long span = Ln = 5.448m> 4.29

(Should not be less than0.65 L1)

OK

Clear span along long span =Ln =

4.44m> 3.64 (Should not be less than
0.65 L1)
OK
 CONCLUSION

By studying results obtained after analysis, design and cost comparison with
normal beam slab construction, we can conclude that, by constructing flat slab
economy can be achieved up to great extent for medium span and low to
medium class superimposed loads.
But flat slab construction may prove to be uneconomical for span larger than
10 mts. and high intensity superimposed loads. So, it is wise to construct flat
slab instead of normal slab-beam construction, considering various aspects
mentioned in the design to achieve economy as well as functional requirements
with aesthetic view.