CE 224-MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

MODULE 1: SIMPLE STRESSES

INTRODUCTION

When an external force acts on a body, the body tends to undergo some
deformation. Due to cohesion between the molecules, the body resists deformation. This
resistance by which material of the body opposes the deformation is known as strength
of material. Within a certain limit (i.e., in the elastic stage) the resistance offered by the
material is proportional to the deformation brought out on the material by the external
force. Also, within this limit the resistance is equal to the external force (or applied
load). But beyond the elastic stage, the resistance offered by the material is less than the
applied load. In such a case, the deformation continues, until failure takes place. Within
elastic stage, the resisting force equals applied load. This resisting force per unit area is
called stress or intensity of stress.

OBJECTIVES

• Learn and understand the concepts of internal forces and stresses.

• Define simple stresses, normal or axial stress, shear stress and bearing stress.
• Know how to compute normal, shearing and bearing stresses.

DISCUSSION PROPER

Simple Stresses
Stress is defined as the strength of a material per unit area or unit strength. It is
the force on a member divided by area, which carries the force, formerly expressed in
psi, now in N/mm2 or MPa.
𝑷
𝝈=𝑨
where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in mm 2.

Normal Stress
Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress. Members subject to
pure tension (or tensile force) is under tensile stress, while compression members
(members subject to compressive force) are under compressive stress.

Compressive force will tend to shorten the member. Tension force on the other
hand will tend to lengthen the member.
Example 1: A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile
load of 400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120
MN/m2.

Solution:
P = σA
P = 400 kN= 400000 N

σ = 120 MPa

A = 1/4πD2−14π(1002)
A = 1/4π(D2−10000)

400000 = 120[14π(D2−10000)]

400000=30πD2−300000π

400000 + 300000𝜋
𝐷2 =
30𝜋

D=119.35 mm answer

Example 2: A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as

shown in the figure. Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed
90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.

Solution:

By symmetry,

Pbr=Pst=1/2(7848)
Pbr=3924 N
Pst=3924 N
For bronze cable: For steel cable:
Pbr=σbrAbr Pst=σstAst
3924=90Abr 3924=120Ast

Abr=43.6mm2 answer Ast=32.7mm2 answer

Example 3: A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached between steel
and bronze sections, as shown in the figure. Axial loads are applied at the positions
indicated. If P = 3000 lb and the cross-sectional area of the rod is 0.5 in 2, determine the
stress in each section.

Solution:

For steel:
σstAst=Pst
σst(0.5)=12
σst=24 ksi

For aluminum: For bronze:

σalAal=Pal σbrAbr=Pbr
σal(0.5)=12 σbr(0.5)=9

σal=24 ksi answer σbr=18 ksi answer

Example 4: Determine the largest weight W that can be supported by two wires shown
in the figure. The stress in either wire is not to exceed 30 ksi. The cross-sectional areas
of wires AB and AC are 0.4 in2 and 0.5 in2, respectively.
Solution:
Free body diagram of Joint A

For wire AB: For wire AC:

TAB/sin40∘=W/sin80∘ TAC/sin60∘=W/sin80∘
TAB=0.6527W TAC=0.8794W
σABAAB=0.6527W σACAAC=0.8794W
30(0.4)=0.6527W 30(0.5)=0.8794W=30(0.5)
W=18.4kips W=17.1kips

For safe load,

W=17.1 kips answer

Example 5: For the truss shown, calculate the stresses in members CE, DE, and DF.
The cross-sectional area of each member is 1.8 in 2. Indicate tension (T) or compression
(C).
Solution:
ΣMA=0
24RF=16(30)
RF=20k

At joint F:
ΣFV=0
(3/5)DF=20
1𝑘
DF=33 3 (Compression)

At joint D:
By symmetry
1𝑘
BD=DF=33 (Compression)
3
ΣFV=0
DE=(3/5)BD+(3/5)DF
1 1
DE=3/5(33 3)+3/5(33 3)
DE=40k(Tension)

At joint E:
ΣFV=0
3/5CE+30=40
2𝑘
CE=16 3 (Tension)

Stresses: (Stress = Force/Area)

2𝑘
16
σCE= 3
=9.26ksi (Tension) answer
1.8𝑖𝑛 2

40𝑘
σDE=1.8𝑖𝑛2 =22.22ksi (Tension) answer

1𝑘
33
σDF= 3
=18.52ksi (Compression) answer
1.8𝑖𝑛 2
Shear Stress
Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It differs to
tensile and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces perpendicular to the area
on which they act. Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.
𝝉 = 𝑽/𝑨
where V is the resultant shearing force which passes through the centroid of the
area A being sheared.

Example 1: What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is

25 mm thick? The shear strength is 350 MN/m2.

Solution:
V=τA
P=350[π(20)(25)]
P=549778.7N
P=549.8kN answer
Example 2: As shown, a hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing strength
of 40 ksi. The compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the
maximum thickness of plate in which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be punched. (b)
If the plate is 0.25 inch thick, determine the diameter of the smallest hole that can be
punched.

Solution:

(a) Maximum thickness of plate:

Based on puncher strength:

P=σA
P=50[1/4π(2.52)]
P=78.125πkips → Equivalent shear force of the plate

Based on shear strength of plate:

V=τA → V=P
78.125π=40[π(2.5t)]
t=0.781 inch answer

(b) Diameter of smallest hole:

Based on compression of puncher:

P=σA
P=50(1/4πd2)
P=12.5πd2 → Equivalent shear force for plate

Based on shearing of plate:

V=τA → V=P
12.5πd2=40[πd(0.25)]
d=0.8 inch answer
Example 3: Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis shown if P =
400 kN. The shearing strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.

Solution:

The bolt is subject to double shear.

V=τA
400(1000)=300[2(1/4πd2)]
d=29.13mm answer

Bearing Stress

Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from
compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.

𝑷
𝝈𝒃 = 𝑨
𝒃
Example 1: As shown, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are
each 110 mm wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material
and 60 MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine the minimum thickness of each plate based
on bearing stress.
Solution:

From shearing of rivet:

P=τArivets
P=60[1/4π(202)]
P=6000πN

From bearing of plate material:

P=σbAb
6000π=120(20t)
t=7.85mm answer

Example 2: In the clevis shown, find the minimum thickness of each yoke that will
support a load P = 14 kips without exceeding a shearing stress of 12 ksi and a bearing
stress of 20 ksi.

Solution:

For shearing of rivets (double shear)

P=τA
14=12[2(1/4πd2)]
d=0.8618in → diameter of bolt

For bearing of yoke:

P=σbAb
14=20[2(0.8618t)]
t=0.4061in → thickness of yoke
Example 3: The lap joint shown is fastened by four ¾ in. diameter rivets. Calculate the
maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to
14 ksi and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume the applied load is
uniformly distributed among the four rivets.

Solution:

Based on shearing of rivets:

P=τA
P=14[4(1/4π)(3/4)2]
P=24.74kips

Based on bearing of plates:

P=σbAb
P=18[4(3/4)(7/8)]
P=47.25kips

Safe load P,
P=24.74kips answer

Thin-walled Cylinders

A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile

forces, which resist bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse sections.

Tangential Stress, σt

Consider the tank shown being subjected to an internal pressure p. The length of
the tank is L and the wall thickness is t. Isolating the right half of the tank:
 The forces acting are the total pressures caused by the internal pressure p and the
total tension in the walls T.
F=pA=pDL
T=σtAwall=σttL

ΣFH=0
F=2T
pDL=2(σttL)
𝒑𝑫
𝝈𝒕 = 𝟐𝒕

If there exist an external pressure po and an internal pressure pi, the formula may be
expressed as:

(𝒑𝒊 −𝒑𝒐 )𝑫
𝝈𝒕 =
𝟐𝒕

Longitudinal Stress, σL

Consider the free body diagram in the transverse section of the tank:

The total force acting at the rear of the tank F must equal to the total longitudinal
stress on the wall PT = σLAwall. Since t is so small compared to D, the area of the wall is
close to πDt
𝜋
𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝 4 𝐷2
PT=σLπDt

ΣFH=0
PT=F
π
σLπDt=p 4 D2

𝒑𝑫
𝝈𝑳 = 𝟒𝒕
If there exist an external pressure po and an internal pressure pi, the formula may be
expressed as:

(𝒑𝒊 −𝒑𝒐 )𝑫
𝝈𝑳 = 𝟒𝒕

It can be observed that the tangential stress is twice that of the longitudinal stress.

σt=2σL

Example 1: A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall

thickness of 20 mm, is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2. (a) Calculate the
tangential and longitudinal stresses in the steel. (b) To what value may the internal
pressure be increased if the stress in the steel is limited to 120 MN/m2?

Solution:

(a) F=2T
pDL=2(σttL)
𝒑𝑫 4.5(400)
𝝈𝒕 = 𝟐𝒕 = 2(20)
σt=45MPa answer

F=P
1/4πD2p=σL(πDt)
𝒑𝑫 4.5(400)
𝝈𝑳 = 𝟒𝒕 = 4(20)
σL=22.5MPa answer

(b) σt=2σL therefore Tangential stress is the critical,

𝒑𝑫
𝝈𝒕 = 𝟐𝒕
𝑝(400)
120 = 2(20)

p=12MPa answer
SAQ (SELF ASSESMENT EXAMINATION)

1. The homogeneous bar shown in the figure is supported by a smooth pin at C and a
cable that runs from A to B around the smooth peg at D. Find the stress in the cable if its
diameter is 0.6 inch and the bar weighs 6000 lb.

2. Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as shown in the
figure. The pin diameter is 20 mm.

3. The strength of longitudinal joint in the figure below is 33 kips/ft, whereas for the
girth is 16 kips/ft. Calculate the maximum diameter of the cylinder tank if the internal
pressure is 150 psi.
SUMMARY

Stresses is the internal effect of external forces applied to structural members.

The fundamentals of stresses are the foundation of simple up-to complex designs of
different tools, equipment, machineries, structures etc. These engineering products has
paved a way for us to development and innovation.

REFERENCES

1. Besavilla, Strength of Materials 2nd ed. VIB Publisher

2. A. Pytel and F. Singer, Strength of Materials 4th ed. Harper Collins Publishers
3. Mathalino.com

ISUE__ __ Syl ___

Revision: 02
Effectivity: August 1, 2020