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    Chapter 11 F2 Stars and Galaxies

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    Bernard
    1) Galaxies are large collections of stars, gas and dust that are held together by gravity. The Milky Way galaxy, which contains over 200 billion stars, is a barred spiral galaxy that is home to our solar system. 2) Nebulae are large clouds of dust and gas found in space. New stars are formed within nebulae when gravity causes the gas and dust to condense. 3) Stars are classified based on characteristics like temperature, color, size, brightness and distance. Hotter stars are blue while cooler stars are red. Brighter stars are larger, hotter and closer.

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    Chapter 11 F2 Stars and Galaxies

    Uploaded by

    Bernard
    1K views35 pages
    1) Galaxies are large collections of stars, gas and dust that are held together by gravity. The Milky Way galaxy, which contains over 200 billion stars, is a barred spiral galaxy that is home to our solar system. 2) Nebulae are large clouds of dust and gas found in space. New stars are formed within nebulae when gravity causes the gas and dust to condense. 3) Stars are classified based on characteristics like temperature, color, size, brightness and distance. Hotter stars are blue while cooler stars are red. Brighter stars are larger, hotter and closer.

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    1) Galaxies are large collections of stars, gas and dust that are held together by gravity. The Milky Way galaxy, which contains over 200 billion stars, is a barred spiral galaxy that is home to our solar system. 2) Nebulae are large clouds of dust and gas found in space. New stars are formed within nebulae when gravity causes the gas and dust to condense. 3) Stars are classified based on characteristics like temperature, color, size, brightness and distance. Hotter stars are blue while cooler stars are red. Brighter stars are larger, hotter and closer.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    1K views35 pages

    Chapter 11 F2 Stars and Galaxies

    Uploaded by

    Bernard
    1) Galaxies are large collections of stars, gas and dust that are held together by gravity. The Milky Way galaxy, which contains over 200 billion stars, is a barred spiral galaxy that is home to our solar system. 2) Nebulae are large clouds of dust and gas found in space. New stars are formed within nebulae when gravity causes the gas and dust to condense. 3) Stars are classified based on characteristics like temperature, color, size, brightness and distance. Hotter stars are blue while cooler stars are red. Brighter stars are larger, hotter and closer.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 35

    Theme 4

    Earth and Space Exploration


    Chapter 11: Star and Galaxies in
    the Universe
    Astronomy
    • The scientific investigation on all objects
    in the universe
    • Oldest fields in science
    • Invention of telescopes has enabled
    scientists to investigate the objects in
    space in great detail
    First telescopes
    • Galileo Galilei’s refracting telescope
    • 1609
    • Hubble Space Telescope
    • James Webb Space Telescope
    • Enable scientists to explore deep space

    Launched on the 24 April 1990 Starting from 2018


    • Radio telescopes with parabolically-
    shaped dish help scientists to detect
    any radio-frequency radiation from
    space
    11.1 .1 Galaxies

    What do galaxies mean?

    A galaxy is a set of bodies consisting of stars


    with gas and dust particles

    There are millions of galaxies in the universe.


    Galaxies are classified based on their shape.
    The milky way
    The Milky Way

    • The Milky Way is a medium large spiral


    galaxy
    • Our solar system is located at the edge
    of one of the spiral arms of the Milky
    Way
    • The Milky Way consists of approximately
    200 billion stars and the Sun is one of it
    About 13.6 billion
    years of age
    Made up of billions of stars,
    planets, dust and gases

    It is a barred spiral galaxy


    that is shaped like a
    Characteristic of whirlpool
    Milky Way
    It has a central bulge surrounded
    by four large spiral arms that curl
    around it
    Diameter about
    120 000 light
    years
    Appears as a band of
    luminous clouds at
    night
    The Sun takes about 225 million years
    to orbit the centre of the Milky Way
    11.1.2 Nebulae
    • A nebula (plural: nebulae) is a cloud of
    dust, helium, hydrogen and plasmas
    (ionised gases) in outer space.

    • Variety of sizes, shapes, and colours


    Horsehead nebula Orion nebula
    • Scientists believe that new stars are formed
    in the nebulae
    • Scientists use the nebular hypothesis to
    explain the formation and life cycle of stars,
    including our Sun
    • The nebular hypothesis was developed by a
    • German philosopher named Immanuel Kant
    in 1755
    Gases and dust particles in a nebula are pulled by a strong gravitational
    force which causes it to form a globe

    The strong gravitational force causes the globe of gas to shrink and
    compress until it becomes very dense and forms a core

    The core shrinks and becomes dense due to the increasing strength of the
    Birth of stars

    gravitational force.

    When the temperature and pressure in the core become too high, a nuclear
    reaction will take place. Hydrogen gas turns into helium. A huge amount of
    heat energy and light if released

    The core will shine and a star is formed.

    The star that is formed is known as a protostar

    This new star continues to expand and becomes either an average star like
    the Sun or a massive star (large and heavy)
    Then very high
    temperature and
    pressure at its core
    The nebula collapses the main sequence
    due to strong star triggers a
    gravitational force thermonuclear
    fusion that
    generates heat and
    light energy

    When the pressure


    The nebula contracts, and gravitational
    becoming denser and force in the nucleus
    hotter and swirls of the protostar
    more rapidly into a become
    The nebula continues to equilibrium, the
    flat spinning disc, contract until it forms a
    with a dense bulge protostar turns into
    protostar, which an early a main sequence
    (bonjol) at the centre form of a star star (like the Sun)
    In a star, a lot of heat is generated which will heat up the outermost layer
    of the star. As a result, hydrogen within this layer starts to burn.

    This causes the star to expand. During this stage, the star appears red in
    colour and is called a red giant.
    Death of stars

    If the red giant is not massive, a white dwarf is formed

    If the red giant is big enough, it contracts so quickly that a big explosion
    called a supernova occurs. A supernova is extremely bright, it can be seen
    in daylight.

    As a result of the explosion, a neutron star is formed if the original star is a


    large star.

    If the original star is a super-large star, a black hole is formed. It is called


    black hole because light in it cannot escape. Any matter that enters it
    cannot escape too.
    Relative size of the Earth, planets, the
    Solar system, the Milky Way and the
    universe

    Earth The
    Solar The Milky The Local Universe
    (the system Way Group
    smallest) (the largest)
    Characteristics
    of Stars Colour

    Temperature Size
    Characteri
    stics to
    classify
    stars

    Brightness Distance
    Colour and temperature

    • The colour of a star depends on its


    temperature
    • Blue stars are the hottest and red stars
    are the coolest
    Betelgeuse Arcturus Sun Polaris Sirius Rigel Stars of Orion’s belt
    Size
    • The Sun is a medium sized dwarf star
    • Most of the dwarf stars are smaller than the
    Sun
    • The hyper giant stars are the largest stars in
    the universe.
    Brightness
    • The brightness of a star depends on the
    following factors:
    Luminosity
    (bersinar)

    Factors affect Temperature of


    Size brightness of a the surface
    star

    Distance from
    the Earth
    Brightness
    • A star appears brighter is it is bigger,
    hotter, more luminous and closer to Earth
    • A star appears dimmer if it is smaller,
    cooler, less luminous and further away
    from Earth.
    • The luminosity of the stars is the amount
    of light energy emitted by the surface of
    the star
    Distance
    • The Sun is closest star to the Earth,
    which is about 150 million kilometres
    away
    • The distance between the Earth and
    the Sun is called astronomical unit (AU)
    • The second closest star to the Earth is
    Proxima Centauri

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