SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

READING
AND WRITING
Quarter 3 – Module1
“READING AND THINKING
STRATEGIES ACROSS TEXT TYPES”
 Let’s Check your Knowledge!

PRE-ASSESSMENT
INSTRUCTIONS: Supply the blanks with appropriate transitional devices (can be used more
than once) found in the box. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

consequently because Furthermore indeed

instead for example Although in fact
in addition on the other hand Meanwhile unfortunately

Three students of Consolacion Community College will compete in the National Sports
Olympics on August 14, 2021 at Puerto Princesa City, Palawan.
Jimmy Ricks Grajo, Mary Antonette Dinampo and Julius Cezar Candido, all from the
Agriculture Department will represent the College in the track in field.
(1) the three of them are currently graduating students, still they make
sure to manage their time well both in academics and extra-curricular activities.
Their coach, Dr. William John Pacleb, revealed that Grajo is (2)
vying for Magna Cum Laude.
Grajo said in an interview that he is determined to win in the walkathon. “Huling hirit ko na
ito,” he added.
(3) it is a national level, Dinampo mentioned that she is
practicing well in high jump.
Asked about her training, the 19-year old fisheries major said that she practices every day
at the shore.
“ (4), I also ensure that I take balanced diet,” she mentioned.
(5), Candido recalled his experience two years ago when he was
unable to win in the regional level; (6), he did not experience joining the
national competition.

“I did not stop there,” Candido said. “I challenged myself and cultivated my craft,
(7).”
Dr. Pacleb, (8), revealed that the team is recently looking for
sponsors of the three athletes.
“ (9) we are still looking for sponsors, we are doing our best to train
for the Palaro. We are hopeful we can make it up there,” Pacleb said.
Asked about the reactions of their classmates and schoolmates about the performance of
these students, they exclaimed, “ (10) we are very proud of them. Good
day everyone! Welcome to your Reading and Writing module.

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 Let’s Warm Up!

INSTRUCTIONS: Using a Venn diagram, compare and contrast the nature of Reading from the
nature of Writing.

1.

Reading Writing

2. Then, write a short article based on the comparison and contrast of Reading and Writing
on a separate sheet of paper.

3. How’s the activity? Do you find it easy or difficult? Why?

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 The logical arrangement of ideas is known as the pattern of development. Kirszner and Mandell (2002)
in their brief Holt Handbook (2nd Edition) encapsulated the ten (10) different patterns by which ideas are
developed. As much as you want to note the transitional devices used to determine the pattern of development of
ideas in a text, it is more important that you also understand the meaning of the text.

Patterns of Characteristics of each Signal

Development mode of writing Words
Narration This sort of paragraph requires chronological ordering. Using Soon, during,
Use later,
transitional words and phrases that signal time are highly meanwhile,d when,
recommended. It is like telling a story. suddenly, thereafter,
in the end, ultimately
Description In this paragraph, you convey how something sounds, smells, Between, beneath,
tastes, feels, and/or looks. Using beyond, here, over,
transitional words and phrases that indicate location are outside, on top of,
often recommended. farther, throughout
Definition A paragraph demonstrating this technique will include a Means, as defined, is
definition of the term, the class to which defined as, refers
it belongs, and the details that differentiate it from the other to, to define, to
members of the class. illustrate
Exemplification This paragraph uses specific illustrations to clarify a general For example, for
statement. Using transitional words and instance, in other
phrases that signal examples are recommended. words, in particular
Comparison A paragraph that demonstrates comparison and/or contrast Similarly, also, as,
and Contrast examines how given subjects are either like, in comparison,
similar or different. Comparison examines how the although, despite,
subjects are the same while contrast examines how the otherwise, unlike,
subjects are different. but, yet, however
Cause and When use this technique, you are exploring why events occur Because, since, for,
Effect and what happens as a result of due to, inasmuch as,
them. Transitional words and phrases that signal hence, therefore, so,
causes and effects are suggested. consequently, thus
Process A paragraph using process describes how something First, second, etc.
Analysis works, presented by series of steps in next, then, as soon
a strict chronological order. as, before, finally
Division and When you use the division strategy, you are discussing a single item Another, classified as,
Classification and breaking it down into its components. Whereas, when you use the one kind, another kind,
classification technique, you are taking many separate items and final type, the first
grouping them into categories according to qualities and characteristics category, the last
that they all share. group, the next part
Problem- This pattern presents the readers with a problem (a cause) and Nonetheless, one
Solution some facts or reasons why it is a problem. The closing statement reason for the, one
underscores the connection between the problem and the solution. solution is, one way
is, the problem
Persuasion This sort of paragraph requires convincing the readers that the Indeed, in fact, all in
opinion of the writer on a subject all, as a result,
is the right one. Considering the type of audience certainly, to sum up,
and the kind of evidences your audience would likely respond to emphasize, in
to are helpful. conclusion, truly
(Source: Kirszner and Mandell The Brief Holt Handbook, second edition, University Center for Learning Assistance
Note: Some of the transitional devices can be used in any of the patterns, it just simply depends on
how it is being used in the text.
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 Example Texts
For Narration

Before the girls got to the porch, I heard their laughter crackling and popping like pine logs in a cooking
stove. I suppose my lifelong paranoia was born in those cold, molasses-slow minutes. They came finally to stand on
the ground in front of Momma. At first, they pretended seriousness. Then, one of them wrapped her right arm in the
crook of her left, pushed out her mouth and started to hum. I realized that she was aping my grandmother.
(Source: http://highered.mheducation.com)

Narratives contain a “story” component- characters, setting, conflict, climax and resolution. It is not simply
listing the events; it is pointing in the direction of a story using specific details.

For Description

A laptop is one of the greatest inventions of the modern era. It is a lightweight device that can save a vast
amount of information. The screen, touchpad, speakers, keyboard, battery, and AC adapter are the basic parts
of a laptop. The most noticeable part of a laptop is its screen, which is responsible for displaying information.
Another major component is the keyboard. On it are the keys needed to enter data into the computer. Near the
keyboard you will find a smooth, rectangular surface which acts like a desktop computer mouse- this is the
touchpad. At the bottom part of this rectangular surface, you will see buttons that operate like a mouse button.
Below the keyboard and touchpad, built into the laptop itself are the speakers which allow you to hear sounds and
music. Found at the back of the keyboard is the battery; it serves as the lifeline of the computer. Finally, a laptop
also comes with an AC adapter which charges the battery and serves as the source of electric power when it is
plugged in.

(Source: https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/invention-of-the-pc)

There are two types of description- subjective and objective. Subjective description when
the writer is describing an impression of what is observed while objective description when
the writer has to stay away from emotional impressions or responses, bracketing his/her biases and
the goal is to present an impartial and actual picture of an object or scene.

For Definition

Bacterial endocarditis occurs when bacteria in the bloodstream (bacteremia) lodge on abnormal heart
valves or other damaged heart tissue. Certain bacteria normally live on parts of your body, such as the mouth
and upper respiratory system, the intestinal and urinary tracts, and the skin. Some surgical and dental
procedures cause a brief bacteremia. Bacteremia is common after many invasive procedures, but only
certain bacteria commonly cause endocarditis.

(Bacterial Endocarditis. “American Heart Association. <http://www.americanheart.org)

In a definition paragraph (or essay), the writer’s goal is to help the reader understand new
terms or concepts, or to come to new understanding of terms they may be familiar with.

For Exemplification

In most respects, after all, Woodstock was a disaster. To begin with, it rained and rained for weeks
before the festival, and then, of course, it rained during the festival. The promoters lost weeks of preparation
time when the site had to be switched twice. They rented Yasgur’s field less than a month before the concert.
The stage wasn’t finished, and the sound system was stitched together perilously close to the start of the
show. As soon as the festival opened,

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the water- and the food- delivery arrangements broke down, the gates and fences disintegrated, and tens
of thousands of new bodies kept pouring in. (One powerful lure was the rumor that the revered Bob Dylan
was going to perform; he wasn’t.) In response to an emergency appeal for volunteers, fifty doctors were
flown in. The Air Force brought in food on Huey helicopters, and the Women’s Community Center in
Monticello sent thirty thousand sandwiches. One kid was killed as he was run over by a tractor, one died of
appendicitis, and another died of a drug overdose.

(Source: Hal Espen, “The Woodstock Wars”, http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu)

In the paragraph above, the examples are piled one after the other. Each example gives a specific
illustration of how Woodstock was a disaster: it rained; the promoters had to switch sites; water and food
were not delivered as planned, and so on. Sometimes, a single example is already compelling; hence, a
main idea is sufficiently supported.

For Comparison and Contrast

Are you not sure yet which phone to buy? To help you decide, this review will inspect the basic
similarities and differences of the flagship phones of two giant companies: Apple’s iPhone 6 and Samsung’s
Galaxy S5. Both brag to be the best smart phones in the market to date. While these state-of-the art phones
have similarities in the form of their sleek design, multi-touch touch screen, and multimedia features, they
have their distinctive features as well. First, Galaxy S5 has a larger screen at 5.1 inches as compared to
iPhone 6’s 4.7 inches. As for the operating system, iPhone 6 uses iOS (8.x) while S5 uses Android
(5.0,4.4.2). In terms of the camera, S5 has a 2.1-megapixel front-facing camera which is higher than
iPhone’s 1.2 megapixels. Unlike S5, iPhone’s battery is not user-replaceable and has a shorter talk time,
but when it comes to built-in storage, iPhone 6 outperforms S5. Now that you know the basic differences of
the two phones, you can decide!

(Source: https://www.gadgetsnow.com/)

A paragraph that demonstrates comparison and/or contrast examines how given subjects are
either similar or different.

For Cause and Effect

Global climate change resulting from the accumulation of greenhouse gases, for example, is
likely to have significant health effects, both direct and indirect. An average global temperature rises of 3-
4⁰C, predicted for the year 2100 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, will greatly increase
the number of days in the United States with temperatures over 38⁰C (100⁰F), with a resulting sharp rise in
heat-related mortality. Deaths would occur primarily from heat strokes, heart attacks, and cerebral strokes.
The very young, poor, and elderly, as well as those with chronic cardiovascular and respiratory diseases,
are most at risk. During the two-week heat wave of July 1993 in the eastern United states, 84 people died
in Philadelphia alone as a result of the higher temperatures.

(Source: http://slsuwritersblock.blogspot.com/)

It is essential that when writing a paragraph that shows cause-and /or effect, you know which factor to

highlight-causes of effects, and determine the reason of discussing the cause and/or effect.

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For Process Analysis

There are basically two ways to make a web page. The first way is to create the page(s) offline and
then upload them to your Internet Service Provider (ISP) via FTP. The second way is to create your web
page(s) online using a Telnet program by accessing your UNIX account, if you have one.
If you are creating your web page(s)offline, do so in any text editing or word processing
document. Make sure that when you save your document, you save it as a “text”, “plain text” or “text only”
document. Otherwise it will not be read properly by a web browser. Once you have created your page(s),
you will need to contact your ISP about how to go about uploading them to your server.
(Source: How to Create a Web Page, http://www.make-a-web-site.com/)

It is vital that as you write, you have a clear sense of your readers- what they might already know, how
familiar they are with the topic. In this way, you will be guided on what to include and what to leave out and
your reader will understand your directions and will be able to perform the activity.

For Division and Classification

A computer language used for creating web documents can be classified according to its purpose:
HTML, JavaScript, and CCS. The first type of computer language, HTML, is the basic language for creating
an HTML, or web document. HTML, or Hypertext Markup Language was developed in the 1980’s and
revised until it reached its current form. The style and content of a webpage is determined by HTML code,
tags, and attributes. A text file ending with the.html extension is written in a text editor such as Notepad, and
then interpreted by a browser. For example, the MSUGF homepage contains images, text, links, headers
and other HTML elements specified by HTML code which causes it to display in a web browser such as
Internet Explorer. The second type of computer language, CSS, or Cascading Style Sheets is also a
language used for creating web pages; however, its purpose is to describe a page’s structure and style. An
inline, embedded, or extended stylesheet is used in accompaniment to HTML and indicates styles for
features like fonts, colors, images and text. CSS is also used to position elements on a web page, and to
format how the page is displayed on various output devices, including printed documents, monitors and
hand held devices. The third language, JavaScript, is a computer language used for creating executable
application sin web documents. Like HTML and CSS, JavaScript is created with a text editor and displayed
by a browser. An application is composed of objects like expressions, variables, values and operators. An
automatically updated time or date on a web page is a JavaScript application. A script can be produced
for various functions including hiding e-mail addresses from spammers, or performing mathematical
functions. HTML, JavaScript, and CSS computer languages used for indicating the style, content, and
formatting of elements within web pages are constantly being revised to improve usability for the programmer
and the end-user and to offer endless options for web design.

(Source: Kelly Byron (2005), from http://english120.pbworks.com)

Division and classification pattern make it easy for individuals to locate what they are looking for, but these
organizational methods are also useful for understanding complex problems and/or issues. It is also
important to note that in writing a paragraph or essay involving division and classification, knowing your goal
is very important.

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For Problem-Solution

Malnutrition is a big health issue in Niger. Niger is located in Africa close to the Equator. It has
extremely high daytime temperatures and very little rainfall. Yearly droughts threaten food production.
As a result, many people starve. With 10 million people to feed, they need more reliable food supply.
The challenge for people living in Niger is to develop hardy drought resistant crops. With ample food
supplies, the people of Niger would experience better health.

(Source: http://grammar.about.com)

Problem-solution paragraphs are best when you can effectively address the question- what is the
problem, why is it a problem and how can the problem be solved.

For Persuasion

Laughter is one of the greatest healing devices known to man. Laughter is powerful and can help
people in many different ways. It has the power to cure something as little as a bad day or to heal the
wounds of a terminally ill person. Laughing has helped create the smile which is the universal sign of
well-being. Generally, individuals who do not laugh live miserably and have unhappy lives. Dr. Robert
Holden found out that smiling and laughing releases endorphins in the brain which gives people an
overall happy well-being.

Using comedy, many doctors have stimulated the healing process in manic depressants and
fatally ill patients giving them hope and ambition. In many clinics laughter is being used in replacing
anti-depressants and reduces the need for pain killers (Dr. Gael Crystal). Take comedians for example,
they usually live long and happy lives. Putting a smile on faces and laughs in souls is what makes life
complete. Laughter helps heal people and brightens spirits for a better and healthier life.

Laughing is a sign of joy and hope and keeps people normal and the world happy. Using the
techniques of laughter and happiness is the best medicine known to man. Laughter is the universal
sign of well-being and happiness within health. Laughing brightens the spirit and heals the mind and
body of people who allow it to overcome them. Therefore, try a smile and laugh on for size and live a
longer happier life with loved ones.

(Source: http://english120.pbworks.com)

To persuade is to convince someone that your opinion on a subject is the right one. With appropriate
style or words, one may not even know he/she is being persuaded as in the case of buying a certain
product. As you write persuasively, think of your audience and the kind of evidence your audience
would likely to respond to, so that your paragraph will become more convincing.

Alright! I guess everything was explained and communicated well. So now, let’s try to engage some
interactive activities to activate our senses and that would boost our critical thinking skills. Are you
excited? I know you are more than excited as I am.

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 Let’s Think Critically!
INSTRUCTIONS: Read the following paragraphs below. Identify each main idea, pattern of
development, and signal words used. Write it on a separate sheet of paper.

Text 1
Drinking alcohol can sometimes be tolerated if done in moderation. However, letting it
take over our lives is another story. Many teenagers are not aware of the dire
consequences of drinking too much alcohol. First, drinking too much alcohol can damage our
heart. Doctors claim that while drinking alcohol occasionally is good for the heart, if it is
taken excessively the drinker may suffer from an irregular heartbeat, stroke, cardiomyopathy,
and high blood pressure. Being alcoholic will also take a toll on our liver and can lead to a
variety of diseases such as fibrosis, hepatitis, and fatty liver. Finally, drinking alcohol can weaken
our immune system and make our body more vulnerable to various diseases. It also weakens
our body’s ability to ward off infections (Barrot, 2016, p.73).
Main Idea Pattern of Development Signal Words

Text 2
In their book, Wilbert McKeachie and Marilla Svinicki described four types of
challenging students. The first type is the attention-seeking, discussion-dominating
students. The aim of these students is just to be heard. The second type is the inattentive
students. These are the students who doodle and drift off into their own thoughts during
class discussion. They often stare at their cell phones and chat with their classmates during
lecture. We also have the unprepared students. They are the ones who skip doing their
assignments prior to the class. They do not come to class equipped, even when they are
aware of scheduled quizzes and exams. The last type of challenging students is the uncivil
and disrespectful ones. They are the students who display rude behavior.
Main Idea Pattern of Development Signal Words

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 Text 3

Spams refer to inappropriate and irrelevant messages indiscriminately sent to numerous

recipients via the Internet. They are considered as junk mail, and most contain malwares and links
used for phishing. There are two types of spam based on the source. The first one is the unsolicited
bulk e-mail which is sent in large quantities. The second type is unsolicited commercial e-mail which
is sent to promote something, usually without the receiver agreeing to receive these types of
advertisements. The first spam was sent by Gary Thuerk in 1978 to 600 recipients (Barrot, 2016, p.75).
Main Idea Pattern of Development Signal Words

Text 4

There are reasons why I prefer to live in the Metro. First and foremost, it has many exciting
places. For example, you can go to Makati if you want to go shopping. If you want to experience the
night life, you can visit the bars along Tomas Morato and Malate. In terms of job opportunities, the
Metro houses most of the top companies that offer the best-paying jobs (Barrot, 2016, p.78).
Main Idea Pattern of Development Signal Words

Text 5

To protect your computer from being attacked by a virus, you need to install a reliable anti-virus
software. To do this, first click the “Install Now” button. After you click this button, wait for the required
files to be downloaded completely. Wait for the “Welcome to the InstallShield Wizard” window to
open. Then, click the “Next” button. Read and accept the license agreement and click the “Next”
button. Continue to click the “Next” button until you see the “Install” button. Once it appears, click the
“Install” button and wait for a few minutes as the installation is completed. Once the technical support
information appears, read it and then click the “Next” button. Click the “Finish” button. The installation
is complete (Barrot, 2016, p. 76).
Main Idea Pattern of Development Signal Words

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 Let’s Create!

INSTRUCTIONS: Below are different patterns of development with list of topics, respectively.
Choose a topic under any of the patterns of development and write an essay about it on a separate
sheet of paper.

Narration Cause and Effect

• Summer Trip • Causes and Effects of Bullying

• Quarantine Love Story • Causes of Racism
• Life amidst COVID-19 Pandemic • Effects of Success

Description Process Analysis

• Your Ideal House • Setting up a Gmail Account

• One Filipino President • The Plot of Batman
• The Philippines during the • Online Shopping Process
Spanish Era
Definition Division and Classification

• Capoeira • Music Genres

• Tsunami • Types of News
• History • Dinosaurs

Exemplification Problem-Solution

• Greatest Historical Failures • Political Dynasties in the Philippines

• Online Trends • Flooding
• Dangerous Habits • Discrimination of Indigenous People

Comparison and Contrast Persuasion

• Eastern and Western Culture • Should phones be banned in schools?

• Lifestyle of the Poor and the Rich • Should the death penalty be revised?
• Living in the Province and in the • Should Quezon City be the capital of
City Philippines?

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Let’s Gauge your Mastery!

ASSESSMENT NO. 1
Name: Date:

Grade & Strand: Score:

INSTRUCTIONS: Read the following statements carefully. Choose the appropriate pattern of
development (can be used more than once) from the box that best matches the thesis statement.
Write the LETTER OF YOUR ANSWER on a separate sheet of paper.

A. Narration B. Description C. Definition D. Problem-Solution

E. Comparison and Contrast F. Process Analysis G. Persuasion
H. Classification and Division I. Exemplification J. Cause and Effect

1. Although Instagram and Twitter have significant similarities, they

also have striking differences.
2. Freedom is a concept that needs to be understood.
3. Juvenile delinquency is a social issue that requires urgent
attention.
4. In the field of law, there are several subspecialties which you can
focus on.
5. Major events happened that led to the defeat of Japan during
World War II

6. Teeth bleaching can be done in five simple steps.

7. All provincial buses should not be allowed to pass through EDSA.

8. iPhone 6 has many features that make it stand out in the market.

9. There are many reasons why unemployment continues to

increase.
10. Drinking cough syrup may lead to various side effects.

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 CHAPTER 1

Lesson 2: Applying Properties of a Well-written Text

https://www.instagram.com

Learning Essentials

Learning Competency:
Evaluate a written text based on its properties (organization, coherence
and cohesion, language use and mechanics)
(EN11/12RWS-IIIgh-4)

Learning Objectives:
Evaluate a written text based on the properties of a well-written text;
Apply the properties of a well-written text in a composition; and Write
an essay that reflects properties of a well-written text.

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 Let’s Check your Knowledge!

PRE-ASSESSMENT

INSTRUCTIONS: Reorganize the sentences below to make a coherent paragraph and rewrite it
on a separate sheet of paper.
Clearly, physical exercise is just one of the necessary ingredients for improving student
scores on standardized tests. Students require more recreational time in order to better focus on
the lessons in class. Longer periods of recess are clearly required to allow students the best
possible chances of success in their studies. In fact, studies have shown that students who enjoy
a recess of more than 45 minutes consistently score better on tests immediately following the
recess period. Clinical analysis further suggests that physical exercise greatly improves the
ability to focus on academic materials.

Hello, everyone! Cheers to our next adventure!

This time, we will try to dig deeper on the essentials on how

to make a good paragraph. Are you excited? I know you’re quite as
excited as me.

“Bring to the act of writing all of your craft, care, devotion,

lack of humbug, and honesty of sentiment. And then write
without looking over your shoulder for the literary police.
Write as if your life depended on saying what you felt as clearly
as you could, while never losing sight of the phenomenon to be
described.
If something feels bad to you, it is bad.”
(The Spooky Art: Thoughts on Writing. Random House, 2003, http://grammar.about.com)

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 Let’s Take a Recap!
Do you Remember Me?

INSTRUCTIONS: Identify the pattern of development employed in each of the following

paragraphs.

Technological innovations can be a great help to students, but they can also be used for
high-tech cheating. The latter practice is now running rampant that it has become an epidemic:
more and more students nowadays use information technology to breach rules on academic
honesty without them being aware of their violations. To put a stop to this, some suggestions
are listed in the succeeding sentences. First, schools can create policies banning the use of
phones during examinations. They can also create programs that will develop students’
information literacy skills. To ensure that plagiarism is minimized at the very least, teachers can
instruct their students to subject their work to online plagiarism trackers before submitting them
(Barrot, 2016, p. 76).

Answer:

In the wild, there lived three young women who decided to build a shelter. However, they
had different preferences, so each of them decided to build their own house. And so it was that
opposite to a river, the youngest girl built a house using leaves and twigs. Adjacent to the
youngest girl’s house is the shelter of the eldest. She built a house using logs and she
constructed it near the spring so she can easily access drinking water. In the middle of the forest,
the middle child built her house. It stands between two hills and is quite far from her two sister’s
houses, but she was contented (Barrot, 2016, p. 77).

Answer:

Discriminating parents always have to make the difficult task of choosing between a public
and private school for their children. These two schools share the same goal of educating
students and developing them holistically. Aside from this, they are open for anyone who wishes
to apply for admission. There is no remarkable difference as well in terms of the academic
performance of students. However, public and private schools vary in some ways. While public
schools are funded by the government, private schools get their funding from tuition,
endowments, and donations of private corporations. The class size is different as well since
public schools generally have a larger number of students per room. They also differ as to who
dictates the schedule and school calendar. In private schools, it is the school board that decides
while in public schools, it is the government education agency. Choosing between private and
public schools is a challenging task, but what parents should really consider is the performance
of an individual school and not its category (Barrot, 2016, p. 75).
Answer:

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In this lesson, we will try to look into considerations on how to become a better writer, if not
excellent. By the end of the lesson, you will have mastered the foundations to follow on how to
effectively write a text.

Let’s Communicate!
The writer’s knowledge of the fundamental properties of text-organization, coherence and
cohesion, language use and mechanics is the overriding principle of effective and well- written
text. Effective paragraphing, and established conventions together with these properties show the
interplay of both physical aspects of organization and deeper textual aspects.

Dayagbil, Abao and Bacus (2016) further described that to ensure the quality of a certain work,
a well-organized piece of writing is not only clear, logical and aesthetic, but also has the existence of
organizational markers and coherent flow of ideas, which in fact, are also the focus in evaluation of
writing. In this lesson, you will learn how to apply the four fundamental properties of a well-
written text: organization, coherence and cohesion, language use, and mechanics.

Organization

- is achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged. Knowledge of the parts of
a composition is a great help in adhering to the correct organization of ideas. The sentences
within a paragraph must also be organized logically (Barrot, 2016, p. 106).

Text without Organization Text with Organization

Thomas Edison was simply the one Although it is widely believed that
who created the first commercially viable Thomas Edison invented the light bulb, in
light bulb. It is widely believed that he reality he was simply the one who created the
invented the light bulb. What made first commercially viable light bulb. Along with
his team, Edison improved the previous
Edison’s light bulb successful was his
works of inventors who also worked on the
use of carbonized bamboo as the same project. Compared to previous
filament. This made the bulb last longer versions, what made his light bulb
and it was cheap enough to be available successful was his use of carbonized
for the masses. He only improved on bamboo as the filament. This made the bulb
previous works of inventors who also last longer and it was cheap enough to be
worked on the same project (Barrot, available for the masses (Barrot, 2016,
2016, p.106). p.106).

Coherence and Cohesion

Coherence and cohesion are achieved when ideas are logically, clearly, and smoothly linked
to one another; without it, the reader may not be able to comprehend your composition. Although
these two concepts are interrelated, they are distinct. Coherence occurs when ideas are connected
at the conceptual or idea level. It can be seen through well-defended arguments

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 and organized points. Cohesion, on the other hand, is the connection of ideas at the sentence level. It
can be applied using three (3) techniques namely: through the use of pronouns to refrain from using a
specific word repeatedly; through the use of transitional devices to connect sentences with linked ideas;
and by the one that employs a repetition of keywords to tie up the paragraphs subtly (Barrot, 2016, p. 105).

Text without Coherence and Cohesion Text with Coherence and Cohesion

Amelia Earhart was a legendary woman who Amelia Earhart was a legendary woman who
made her name in aviation by setting various made her name in aviation by setting various
records. In 1928, she became famous as the first records. In 1928, she became famous as the first
woman who flew across the Atlantic Ocean. She was woman who flew across the Atlantic Ocean.
only a passenger, with pilot Wilmer Stultz and co- However, during this trip she was only a passenger,
pilot/mechanic Louis Gordon manning the controls. with pilot Wilmer Stultz and co-pilot/mechanic Louis
In 1932, she flew on her own over the Atlantic. She Gordon manning the controls. In 1932, she finally got
flew from Honolulu Hawaii to Oakland California. to fly on her own over the Atlantic. She set another
She became the first person to fly over both the record when she flew from Honolulu Hawaii to
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Between 1930 and
Oakland California in
1935, Earhart set seven women’s speed and
distance aviation through different aircrafts. She
1935, thus becoming the first person to fly over both
disappeared 1937 while attempting to fly around the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Between 1930 and
the world. On board her plane was her only crew 1935, Earhart set seven women’s speed and
member, Fred Noonan. Extensive search efforts distance aviation through different aircrafts (Barrot,
were not able to find a trace of both aviators (Barrot, 2016, p.106).
2016, p.106).
Language Use
The writer’s choices about language can affect or aid his argument. As a writer, it is
important not only to think about what you say, but also how you say it. As much as you have
organized ideas expressed in complete and coherent sentences and paragraphs, you must also
think about the style, tone, and clarity of your writing, and adapt these elements to the reading
audience. The key to writing effectiveness is to analyze one’s audience and purpose. In order to
choose the most effective language, you must consider the objective of the document, the context
in which it is being written, and who will be reading it. (http://faculty.washington.edu/ezent/el.htm).

Effective language use is achieved by observing the following time-tested principles in

writing (Barrot, 2016, pp. 107-109).

1. Use clear and concise sentences. On average, a sentence is 18 words long. Note that
this does not require every sentence to be composed of exactly 18 words.

DON’T DO
Image is a very important factor in Image is a very important factor in
politics because once the reputation of a politics. Once the reputation of a
person is smeared by accusations, the person is smeared by accusations,
people’s perception of the person is the people’s perception of the
forever tainted and it may cause him to person is forever tainted. The
lose credibility and trust even when the person may lose his credibility,
truth behind allegations is not yet even when the allegations are not
verified. yet verified.

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 2. Avoid redundancies, wordiness, clichés, and “high-falutin’” language.
DON’T DO

Although offsprings are taught not Although children are told not to
to obtain free gifts from strangers, at the take gifts from strangers, many still do.
present moment many still do.
3. Avoid excessive use of “there” and “it” structures. These sentences can be revised by
dropping the “there” and “it” phrase and transforming the sentences appropriately.
DON’T DO

There are many people walking on Many people walk on this street
this street during Sundays. It is important during Sundays. Keeping your valuables
to keep your valuables close to you. close to you is important.
4. Use precise vocabulary. Be accurate and condense lengthy phrases into fewer words.
DON’T DO

Shafts that control the brake during Emergency levers are installed in
urgent situations are built inside MRT MRT train for the safety of the
trains to keep the passengers free from passengers.
harm.
5. Be consistent with your pronoun’s point of view.
DON’T DO

We should accept that fate is We should accept that fate is

simply an illusion; you must not leave our simply an illusion; we must not leave our
decisions to something that does not decisions to something that does not
exist. exist.
6. Avoid sexist language. This issue can be addressed by using articles (a, an, and the), using
plural pronouns, using his or her instead of his, writing through a second person point of
view, or using gender-neutral nouns (e.g. chairperson instead of chairman). Make sure not
to overuse the his or her technique as it breaks up the flow of your composition.
DON’T DO

Every employee should submit his Every employee should submit

credentials. his/her credentials.
7. Use the appropriate level of formality. The more formal texts use an academic tone
while the less formal ones usually use a personal or colloquial tone.
DON’T DO

Yes, diskettes are likely things of Diskettes may be outdated, but

the past, but they’re still totally cool. they are still fascinating.
Mechanics
- is described as the technical aspect of writing. It specifies the established
conventions for words that you use- spelling, punctuation, capitalization, etc. In academic
and more formal texts, the following should be observed (Barrot, 2016, p. 109).

1. Always use Standard English.

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2. Avoid contractions (e.g., shouldn’t, can’t, I’ll).

3. Avoid exclamation marks unless they are part of a direct quotation.

4. Mention the full name of an institution or organization with the

abbreviation in parenthesis, in first mention. Thereafter, use the abbreviation.

5. Numbers from zero to ten should be spelled out while numbers higher than
ten should be written in figures.

6. Generally, citations are used in academic and formal texts. However, they
are sparingly used in business texts.

Text without Mechanics Text with Mechanics

Pluto was demoted to a dwarf Pluto was demoted to a dwarf

planet in 2006 after the General planet in 2006 after the general
Assembly of the IAU, as it only met 2 assembly of the International
out of the association’s three Astronomical Union (IAU), as it only
requirements to qualify as a Planet met two out of the association’s three
(Library of Congress). The dispute requirements to qualify as a planet
started when Caltech astronomy prof (Library of Congress). The dispute
Mike Brown discovered an Asteroid started when Mike Brown, a professor
bigger than Pluto in 2005 (Cain, of astronomy at the California Institute
2012). The science community went of Technology (Caltech), discovered
wild! Brown’s findings sparked a an asteroid bigger than Pluto in 2005
debate on whether this new planet, (Cain, 2012). Brown’s findings
which he named eris, should be sparked a debate on whether this
added to the roster of 9 Planets. The new planet, which he named Eris,
controversy prompted the should be added to the roster of nine
International Astronomical Union to planets. The controversy prompted
meet up and delineate what a ‘planet’ the IAU to meet and delineate what a
is. They came up with three ‘planet’ is. They came up with three
requirements to classify a celestial requirements for classifying celestial
body as a planet and removed the bodies as planets and removed the
Planet Status of Pluto based on the planet status of Pluto based on the
new definition (Barrot, 2016, p.109). new definition (Barrot,2016, p. 109).

Alright! That was all about the properties of a well-written text that will enable you to
Ensure the quality of your work. And now, let’s boost your higher-order thinking skills
by engaging yourself in the next activity.

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 Let’s Create!
INSTRUCTIONS: Think of one rule in your home which your parents strictly enforce (e.g., curfews,
no sleepovers, no smoking, or the like). Write an essay with a minimum of three paragraphs
regarding this rule. Make sure to apply the properties of a well-written text in your composition.
You may use a separate sheet for the essay.

Use the following guides to help you develop your content.

1. Analyze the reasons why the rule is enforced.

2. State whether or not you agree with the enforcement of this rule.
3. What would be the consequences if you disobey this rule?
4. What are the effects of obeying the rule?
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the enforcement of this rule?
6. How does this affect your growth as a person?

Let’s Gauge your Mastery!

ASSESSMENT NO. 2
Name: Date:

Grade & Strand: Score:

INSTRUCTIONS: Read the following statements very carefully. Write Y if the statement
indicates a property of a well-written text; write N if it does not.
1. Each major point has supporting details.
2. Transitional devices are used excessively.
3. A thesis statement is placed at the end part of the introductory paragraph.
4. Main ideas are restated in the conclusion.
5. Contractions are used in research papers.
6. An essay uses at least three paragraphs.
7. Colloquial tone is used in formal essays.
8. “There” structure is frequently used in the text.

9. All ideas in a text relate to the thesis statement of the essay.

10. Ideas are organized according to their types (e.g., narrative and cause-effect).

Job well done! CONGRATULATIONS!

See you in the next module!

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