Budynas−Nisbett: Shigley’s Back Matter Appendix A: Useful Tables © The McGraw−Hill 1015

Mechanical Engineering Companies, 2008

Design, Eighth Edition

1020 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A–20

Deterministic ASTM Minimum Tensile and Yield Strengths for Some Hot-Rolled (HR) and Cold-Drawn (CD) Steels
[The strengths listed are estimated ASTM minimum values in the size range 18 to 32 mm ( 34 to 1 41 in). These
strengths are suitable for use with the design factor defined in Sec. 1–10, provided the materials conform to
ASTM A6 or A568 requirements or are required in the purchase specifications. Remember that a numbering
system is not a specification.] Source: 1986 SAE Handbook, p. 2.15.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Tensile Yield
SAE and/or Proces- Strength, Strength, Elongation in Reduction in Brinell
UNS No. AISI No. sing MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) 2 in, % Area, % Hardness
G10060 1006 HR 300 (43) 170 (24) 30 55 86
CD 330 (48) 280 (41) 20 45 95
G10100 1010 HR 320 (47) 180 (26) 28 50 95
CD 370 (53) 300 (44) 20 40 105
G10150 1015 HR 340 (50) 190 (27.5) 28 50 101
CD 390 (56) 320 (47) 18 40 111
G10180 1018 HR 400 (58) 220 (32) 25 50 116
CD 440 (64) 370 (54) 15 40 126
G10200 1020 HR 380 (55) 210 (30) 25 50 111
CD 470 (68) 390 (57) 15 40 131
G10300 1030 HR 470 (68) 260 (37.5) 20 42 137
CD 520 (76) 440 (64) 12 35 149
G10350 1035 HR 500 (72) 270 (39.5) 18 40 143
CD 550 (80) 460 (67) 12 35 163
G10400 1040 HR 520 (76) 290 (42) 18 40 149
CD 590 (85) 490 (71) 12 35 170
G10450 1045 HR 570 (82) 310 (45) 16 40 163
CD 630 (91) 530 (77) 12 35 179
G10500 1050 HR 620 (90) 340 (49.5) 15 35 179
CD 690 (100) 580 (84) 10 30 197
G10600 1060 HR 680 (98) 370 (54) 12 30 201
G10800 1080 HR 770 (112) 420 (61.5) 10 25 229
G10950 1095 HR 830 (120) 460 (66) 10 25 248
1016 Budynas−Nisbett: Shigley’s Back Matter Appendix A: Useful Tables © The McGraw−Hill
Mechanical Engineering Companies, 2008
Design, Eighth Edition

Useful Tables 1021

Table A–21

Mean Mechanical Properties of Some Heat-Treated Steels

[These are typical properties for materials normalized and annealed. The properties for quenched and tempered
(Q&T) steels are from a single heat. Because of the many variables, the properties listed are global averages. In
all cases, data were obtained from specimens of diameter 0.505 in, machined from 1-in rounds, and of gauge
length 2 in. unless noted, all specimens were oil-quenched.] Source: ASM Metals Reference Book, 2d ed., American
Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1983.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Tensile Yield
Temperature Strength Strength, Elongation, Reduction Brinell
AISI No. Treatment °C (°F) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) % in Area, % Hardness
1030 Q&T* 205 (400) 848 (123) 648 (94) 17 47 495
Q&T* 315 (600) 800 (116) 621 (90) 19 53 401
Q&T* 425 (800) 731 (106) 579 (84) 23 60 302
Q&T* 540 (1000) 669 (97) 517 (75) 28 65 255
Q&T* 650 (1200) 586 (85) 441 (64) 32 70 207
Normalized 925 (1700) 521 (75) 345 (50) 32 61 149
Annealed 870 (1600) 430 (62) 317 (46) 35 64 137
1040 Q&T 205 (400) 779 (113) 593 (86) 19 48 262
Q&T 425 (800) 758 (110) 552 (80) 21 54 241
Q&T 650 (1200) 634 (92) 434 (63) 29 65 192
Normalized 900 (1650) 590 (86) 374 (54) 28 55 170
Annealed 790 (1450) 519 (75) 353 (51) 30 57 149
1050 Q&T* 205 (400) 1120 (163) 807 (117) 9 27 514
Q&T* 425 (800) 1090 (158) 793 (115) 13 36 444
Q&T* 650 (1200) 717 (104) 538 (78) 28 65 235
Normalized 900 (1650) 748 (108) 427 (62) 20 39 217
Annealed 790 (1450) 636 (92) 365 (53) 24 40 187
1060 Q&T 425 (800) 1080 (156) 765 (111) 14 41 311
Q&T 540 (1000) 965 (140) 669 (97) 17 45 277
Q&T 650 (1200) 800 (116) 524 (76) 23 54 229
Normalized 900 (1650) 776 (112) 421 (61) 18 37 229
Annealed 790 (1450) 626 (91) 372 (54) 22 38 179
1095 Q&T 315 (600) 1260 (183) 813 (118) 10 30 375
Q&T 425 (800) 1210 (176) 772 (112) 12 32 363
Q&T 540 (1000) 1090 (158) 676 (98) 15 37 321
Q&T 650 (1200) 896 (130) 552 (80) 21 47 269
Normalized 900 (1650) 1010 (147) 500 (72) 9 13 293
Annealed 790 (1450) 658 (95) 380 (55) 13 21 192
1141 Q&T 315 (600) 1460 (212) 1280 (186) 9 32 415
Q&T 540 (1000) 896 (130) 765 (111) 18 57 262
(continued)
 Budynas−Nisbett: Shigley’s Back Matter Appendix A: Useful Tables © The McGraw−Hill 1017
Mechanical Engineering Companies, 2008
Design, Eighth Edition

1022 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A–21 (Continued)

Mean Mechanical Properties of Some Heat-Treated Steels

[These are typical properties for materials normalized and annealed. The properties for quenched and tempered
(Q&T) steels are from a single heat. Because of the many variables, the properties listed are global averages. In
all cases, data were obtained from specimens of diameter 0.505 in, machined from 1-in rounds, and of gauge
length 2 in. Unless noted, all specimens were oil-quenched.] Source: ASM Metals Reference Book, 2d ed., American
Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1983.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Tensile Yield
Temperature Strength Strength, Elongation, Reduction Brinell
AISI No. Treatment °C (°F) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) % in Area, % Hardness

4130 Q&T* 205 (400) 1630 (236) 1460 (212) 10 41 467

Q&T* 315 (600) 1500 (217) 1380 (200) 11 43 435
Q&T* 425 (800) 1280 (186) 1190 (173) 13 49 380
Q&T* 540 (1000) 1030 (150) 910 (132) 17 57 315
Q&T* 650 (1200) 814 (118) 703 (102) 22 64 245
Normalized 870 (1600) 670 (97) 436 (63) 25 59 197
Annealed 865 (1585) 560 (81) 361 (52) 28 56 156
4140 Q&T 205 (400) 1770 (257) 1640 (238) 8 38 510
Q&T 315 (600) 1550 (225) 1430 (208) 9 43 445
Q&T 425 (800) 1250 (181) 1140 (165) 13 49 370
Q&T 540 (1000) 951 (138) 834 (121) 18 58 285
Q&T 650 (1200) 758 (110) 655 (95) 22 63 230
Normalized 870 (1600) 1020 (148) 655 (95) 18 47 302
Annealed 815 (1500) 655 (95) 417 (61) 26 57 197
4340 Q&T 315 (600) 1720 (250) 1590 (230) 10 40 486
Q&T 425 (800) 1470 (213) 1360 (198) 10 44 430
Q&T 540 (1000) 1170 (170) 1080 (156) 13 51 360
Q&T 650 (1200) 965 (140) 855 (124) 19 60 280

*Water-quenched
 1018

Design, Eighth Edition

Table A–22
Mechanical Engineering
Budynas−Nisbett: Shigley’s

Results of Tensile Tests of Some Metals* Source: J. Datsko, “Solid Materials,” chap. 32 in Joseph E. Shigley, Charles R. Mischke, and Thomas H. Brown, Jr.
(eds.-in-chief), Standard Handbook of Machine Design, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2004, pp. 32.49–32.52.
Back Matter

Strength (Tensile)
Yield Ultimate Fracture, Coefficient Strain
Sy, Su, ␴f, ␴0, Strength, Fracture
Number Material Condition MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) Exponent m Strain ⑀f
1018 Steel Annealed 220 (32.0) 341 (49.5) 628 (91.1)† 620 (90.0) 0.25 1.05
†
1144 Steel Annealed 358 (52.0) 646 (93.7) 898 (130) 992 (144) 0.14 0.49
1212 Steel HR 193 (28.0) 424 (61.5) 729 (106)† 758 (110) 0.24 0.85
†
1045 Steel Q&T 600°F 1520 (220) 1580 (230) 2380 (345) 1880 (273) 0.041 0.81
4142 Steel Q&T 600°F 1720 (250) 1930 (210) 2340 (340) 1760 (255)† 0.048 0.43
†
Appendix A: Useful Tables

303 Stainless Annealed 241 (35.0) 601 (87.3) 1520 (221) 1410 (205) 0.51 1.16
steel
304 Stainless Annealed 276 (40.0) 568 (82.4) 1600 (233)† 1270 (185) 0.45 1.67
steel
2011 Aluminum T6 169 (24.5) 324 (47.0) 325 (47.2)† 620 (90) 0.28 0.10
alloy
2024 Aluminum T4 296 (43.0) 446 (64.8) 533 (77.3)† 689 (100) 0.15 0.18
alloy
7075 Aluminum T6 542 (78.6) 593 (86.0) 706 (102)† 882 (128) 0.13 0.18
alloy

*Values from one or two heats and believed to be attainable using proper purchase specifications. The fracture strain may vary as much as 100 percent.
†
Derived value.
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© The McGraw−Hill

1023
 Table A–23

1024
Mean Monotonic and Cyclic Stress-Strain Properties of Selected Steels Source: ASM Metals Reference Book, 2nd ed., American Society for Metals, Metals Park,
Ohio, 1983, p. 217.

True Fatigue
Tensile Strain Strength Fatigue Fatigue Fatigue
Hard- Strength
Reduction at Modulus of Coefficient Strength Ductility Ductility
Design, Eighth Edition
Mechanical Engineering

Orienta- Description ness Sut

in Area Fracture Elasticity E ␴ f′ Exponent Coefficient Exponent
Budynas−Nisbett: Shigley’s

Grade (a) tion (e) (f) HB MPa ksi % ef GPa 106 psi MPa ksi b e ′F c

A538A (b) L STA 405 1515 220 67 1.10 185 27 1655 240 −0.065 0.30 −0.62
A538B (b) L STA 460 1860 270 56 0.82 185 27 2135 310 −0.071 0.80 −0.71
Back Matter

A538C (b) L STA 480 2000 290 55 0.81 180 26 2240 325 −0.07 0.60 −0.75
AM-350 (c) L HR, A 1315 191 52 0.74 195 28 2800 406 −0.14 0.33 −0.84
AM-350 (c) L CD 496 1905 276 20 0.23 180 26 2690 390 −0.102 0.10 −0.42
Gainex (c) LT HR sheet 530 77 58 0.86 200 29.2 805 117 −0.07 0.86 −0.65
Gainex (c) L HR sheet 510 74 64 1.02 200 29.2 805 117 −0.071 0.86 −0.68
H-11 L Ausformed 660 2585 375 33 0.40 205 30 3170 460 −0.077 0.08 −0.74
RQC-100 (c) LT HR plate 290 940 136 43 0.56 205 30 1240 180 −0.07 0.66 −0.69
RQC-100 (c) L HR plate 290 930 135 67 1.02 205 30 1240 180 −0.07 0.66 −0.69
10B62 L Q&T 430 1640 238 38 0.89 195 28 1780 258 −0.067 0.32 −0.56
Appendix A: Useful Tables

1005-1009 LT HR sheet 90 360 52 73 1.3 205 30 580 84 −0.09 0.15 −0.43

1005-1009 LT CD sheet 125 470 68 66 1.09 205 30 515 75 −0.059 0.30 −0.51
1005-1009 L CD sheet 125 415 60 64 1.02 200 29 540 78 −0.073 0.11 −0.41
1005-1009 L HR sheet 90 345 50 80 1.6 200 29 640 93 −0.109 0.10 −0.39
1015 L Normalized 80 415 60 68 1.14 205 30 825 120 −0.11 0.95 −0.64
1020 L HR plate 108 440 64 62 0.96 205 29.5 895 130 −0.12 0.41 −0.51
1040 L As forged 225 620 90 60 0.93 200 29 1540 223 −0.14 0.61 −0.57
1045 L Q&T 225 725 105 65 1.04 200 29 1225 178 −0.095 1.00 −0.66
1045 L Q&T 410 1450 210 51 0.72 200 29 1860 270 −0.073 0.60 −0.70
1045 L Q&T 390 1345 195 59 0.89 205 30 1585 230 −0.074 0.45 −0.68
1045 L Q&T 450 1585 230 55 0.81 205 30 1795 260 0.35
Companies, 2008

−0.07 −0.69
© The McGraw−Hill

1045 L Q&T 500 1825 265 51 0.71 205 30 2275 330 −0.08 0.25 −0.68
1045 L Q&T 595 2240 325 41 0.52 205 30 2725 395 −0.081 0.07 −0.60
1144 L CDSR 265 930 135 33 0.51 195 28.5 1000 145 −0.08 0.32 −0.58
1019
 1020

1144 L DAT 305 1035 150 25 0.29 200 28.8 1585 230 −0.09 0.27 −0.53
1541F L Q&T forging 290 950 138 49 0.68 205 29.9 1275 185 −0.076 0.68 −0.65
1541F L Q&T forging 260 890 129 60 0.93 205 29.9 1275 185 −0.071 0.93 −0.65
4130 L Q&T 258 895 130 67 1.12 220 32 1275 185 −0.083 0.92 −0.63
4130 L Q&T 365 1425 207 55 0.79 200 29 1695 246 0.89
Design, Eighth Edition

−0.081 −0.69
Mechanical Engineering

4140 L Q&T, DAT 310 1075 156 60 0.69 200 29.2 1825 265 1.2
Budynas−Nisbett: Shigley’s

−0.08 −0.59
4142 L DAT 310 1060 154 29 0.35 200 29 1450 210 −0.10 0.22 −0.51
4142 L DAT 335 1250 181 28 0.34 200 28.9 1250 181 −0.08 0.06 −0.62
4142 L Q&T 380 1415 205 48 0.66 205 30 1825 265 −0.08 0.45 −0.75
Back Matter

4142 L Q&T and 400 1550 225 47 0.63 200 29 1895 275 −0.09 0.50 −0.75
deformed
4142 L Q&T 450 1760 255 42 0.54 205 30 2000 290 −0.08 0.40 −0.73
4142 L Q&T and 475 2035 295 20 0.22 200 29 2070 300 −0.082 0.20 −0.77
deformed
4142 L Q&T and 450 1930 280 37 0.46 200 29 2105 305 −0.09 0.60 −0.76
deformed
4142 L Q&T 475 1930 280 35 0.43 205 30 2170 315 −0.081 0.09 −0.61
4142 L Q&T 560 2240 325 27 0.31 205 30 2655 385 −0.089 0.07 −0.76
4340 L HR, A 243 825 120 43 0.57 195 28 1200 174 0.45
Appendix A: Useful Tables

−0.095 −0.54
4340 L Q&T 409 1470 213 38 0.48 200 29 2000 290 −0.091 0.48 −0.60
4340 L Q&T 350 1240 180 57 0.84 195 28 1655 240 −0.076 0.73 −0.62
5160 L Q&T 430 1670 242 42 0.87 195 28 1930 280 −0.071 0.40 −0.57
52100 L SH, Q&T 518 2015 292 11 0.12 205 30 2585 375 −0.09 0.18 −0.56
9262 L A 260 925 134 14 0.16 205 30 1040 151 −0.071 0.16 −0.47
9262 L Q&T 280 1000 145 33 0.41 195 28 1220 177 −0.073 0.41 −0.60
9262 L Q&T 410 565 227 32 0.38 200 29 1855 269 −0.057 0.38 −0.65
950C (d) LT HR plate 159 565 82 64 1.03 205 29.6 1170 170 −0.12 0.95 −0.61
950C (d) L HR bar 150 565 82 69 1.19 205 30 970 141 −0.11 0.85 −0.59
950X (d) L Plate channel 150 440 64 65 1.06 205 30 625 91 −0.075 0.35 −0.54
Companies, 2008

950X (d) L HR plate 156 530 77 72 1.24 205 29.5 1005 146 0.85
© The McGraw−Hill

−0.10 −0.61
950X (d) L Plate channel 225 695 101 68 1.15 195 28.2 1055 153 −0.08 0.21 −0.53

Notes: (a) AISI/SAE grade, unless otherwise indicated. (b) ASTM designation. (c) Proprietary designation. (d) SAE HSLA grade. (e) Orientation of axis of specimen, relative to rolling direction; L is longitudinal (parallel to rolling direction); LT is long
transverse (perpendicular to rolling direction). (f) STA, solution treated and aged; HR, hot rolled; CD, cold drawn; Q&T, quenched and tempered; CDSR, cold drawn strain relieved; DAT, drawn at temperature; A, annealed.
From ASM Metals Reference Book, 2nd edition, 1983; ASM International, Materials Park, OH 44073-0002; table 217. Reprinted by permission of ASM International ®, www.asminternational.org.

1025
1026
Design, Eighth Edition
Mechanical Engineering

Table A–24
Budynas−Nisbett: Shigley’s

Mechanical Properties of Three Non-Steel Metals

(a) Typical Properties of Gray Cast Iron
[The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) numbering system for gray cast iron is such that the numbers correspond to the
Back Matter

minimum tensile strength in kpsi. Thus an ASTM No. 20 cast iron has a minimum tensile strength of 20 kpsi. Note particularly that the
tabulations are typical of several heats.]

Fatigue
Shear Stress-
Tensile Compressive Modulus Modulus of Endurance Brinell Concentration
ASTM Strength Strength of Rupture Elasticity, Mpsi Limit* Hardness Factor
Number Sut, kpsi Suc, kpsi Ssu, kpsi Tension† Torsion Se, kpsi HB Kf
20 22 83 26 9.6–14 3.9–5.6 10 156 1.00
25 26 97 32 11.5–14.8 4.6–6.0 11.5 174 1.05
Appendix A: Useful Tables

30 31 109 40 13–16.4 5.2–6.6 14 201 1.10

35 36.5 124 48.5 14.5–17.2 5.8–6.9 16 212 1.15
40 42.5 140 57 16–20 6.4–7.8 18.5 235 1.25
50 52.5 164 73 18.8–22.8 7.2–8.0 21.5 262 1.35
60 62.5 187.5 88.5 20.4–23.5 7.8–8.5 24.5 302 1.50

*Polished or machined specimens.

†
The modulus of elasticity of cast iron in compression corresponds closely to the upper value in the range given for tension and is a more constant value than that for tension.
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© The McGraw−Hill1021
1022 Budynas−Nisbett: Shigley’s Back Matter Appendix A: Useful Tables © The McGraw−Hill
Mechanical Engineering Companies, 2008
Design, Eighth Edition

Table A–24

Mechanical Properties of Three Non-Steel Metals (Continued)

(b) Mechanical Properties of Some Aluminum Alloys
[These are typical properties for sizes of about 12 in; similar properties can be obtained by using proper
purchase specifications. The values given for fatigue strength correspond to 50(107) cycles of completely
reversed stress. Alluminum alloys do not have an endurance limit. Yield strengths were obtained by the
0.2 percent offset method.]

Aluminum Strength Elongation Brinell

Association Yield, Sy, Tensile, Su, Fatigue, Sf, in 2 in, Hardness
Number Temper MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) % HB
Wrought:
2017 O 70 (10) 179 (26) 90 (13) 22 45
2024 O 76 (11) 186 (27) 90 (13) 22 47
T3 345 (50) 482 (70) 138 (20) 16 120
3003 H12 117 (17) 131 (19) 55 (8) 20 35
H16 165 (24) 179 (26) 65 (9.5) 14 47
3004 H34 186 (27) 234 (34) 103 (15) 12 63
H38 234 (34) 276 (40) 110 (16) 6 77
5052 H32 186 (27) 234 (34) 117 (17) 18 62
H36 234 (34) 269 (39) 124 (18) 10 74
Cast:
319.0* T6 165 (24) 248 (36) 69 (10) 2.0 80
†
333.0 T5 172 (25) 234 (34) 83 (12) 1.0 100
T6 207 (30) 289 (42) 103 (15) 1.5 105
335.0* T6 172 (25) 241 (35) 62 (9) 3.0 80
T7 248 (36) 262 (38) 62 (9) 0.5 85

*Sand casting.
†
Permanent-mold casting.

(c) Mechanical Properties of Some Titanium Alloys

Yield, Sy Strength Elongation Hardness

(0.2% offset) Tensile, Sut in 2 in, (Brinell or
Titanium Alloy Condition MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) % Rockwell)

Ti-35A† Annealed 210 (30) 275 (40) 30 135 HB

Ti-50A† Annealed 310 (45) 380 (55) 25 215 HB
Ti-0.2 Pd Annealed 280 (40) 340 (50) 28 200 HB
Ti-5 Al-2.5 Sn Annealed 760 (110) 790 (115) 16 36 HRC
Ti-8 Al-1 Mo-1 V Annealed 900 (130) 965 (140) 15 39 HRC
Ti-6 Al-6 V-2 Sn Annealed 970 (140) 1030 (150) 14 38 HRC
Ti-6Al-4V Annealed 830 (120) 900 (130) 14 36 HRC
Ti-13 V-11 Cr-3 Al Sol. ⫹ aging 1207 (175) 1276 (185) 8 40 HRC

†
Commercially pure alpha titanium
1027
 Table A–25

1028
Stochastic Yield and Ultimate Strengths for Selected Materials Source: Data compiled from “Some Property Data and
Corresponding Weibull Parameters for Stochastic Mechanical Design,” Trans. ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, vol. 114
(March 1992), pp. 29–34.

Material ␮Sut ␴ˆ Sut x0 ␪ b ␮Sy ␴ˆ Sy x0 ␪ b CSut CSy

Design, Eighth Edition
Mechanical Engineering

1018 CD 87.6 5.74 30.8 90.1 12 78.4 5.90 56 80.6 4.29 0.0655 0.0753
Budynas−Nisbett: Shigley’s

1035 HR 86.2 3.92 72.6 87.5 3.86 49.6 3.81 39.5 50.8 2.88 0.0455 0.0768
1045 CD 117.7 7.13 90.2 120.5 4.38 95.5 6.59 82.1 97.2 2.14 0.0606 0.0690
1117 CD 83.1 5.25 73.0 84.4 2.01 81.4 4.71 72.4 82.6 2.00 0.0632 0.0579
Back Matter

1137 CD 106.5 6.15 96.2 107.7 1.72 98.1 4.24 92.2 98.7 1.41 0.0577 0.0432
12L14 CD 79.6 6.92 70.3 80.4 1.36 78.1 8.27 64.3 78.8 1.72 0.0869 0.1059
1038 HT bolts 133.4 3.38 122.3 134.6 3.64 0.0253
ASTM40 44.5 4.34 27.7 46.2 4.38 0.0975
35018 Malleable 53.3 1.59 48.7 53.8 3.18 38.5 1.42 34.7 39.0 2.93 0.0298 0.0369
32510 Malleable 53.4 2.68 44.7 54.3 3.61 34.9 1.47 30.1 35.5 3.67 0.0502 0.0421
Malleable Pearlitic 93.9 3.83 80.1 95.3 4.04 60.2 2.78 50.2 61.2 4.02 0.0408 0.0462
604515 Nodular 64.8 3.77 53.7 66.1 3.23 49.0 4.20 33.8 50.5 4.06 0.0582 0.0857
100-70-04 Nodular 122.2 7.65 47.6 125.6 11.84 79.3 4.51 64.1 81.0 3.77 0.0626 0.0569
Appendix A: Useful Tables

201SS CD 195.9 7.76 180.7 197.9 2.06 0.0396

301SS CD 191.2 5.82 151.9 193.6 8.00 166.8 9.37 139.7 170.0 3.17 0.0304 0.0562
A 105.0 5.68 92.3 106.6 2.38 46.8 4.70 26.3 48.7 4.99 0.0541 0.1004
304SS A 85.0 4.14 66.6 86.6 5.11 37.9 3.76 30.2 38.9 2.17 0.0487 0.0992
310SS A 84.8 4.23 71.6 86.3 3.45 0.0499
403SS 105.3 3.09 95.7 106.4 3.44 78.5 3.91 64.8 79.9 3.93 0.0293 0.0498
17-7PSS 198.8 9.51 163.3 202.3 4.21 189.4 11.49 144.0 193.8 4.48 0.0478 0.0607
AM350SS A 149.1 8.29 101.8 152.4 6.68 63.0 5.05 38.0 65.0 5.73 0.0556 0.0802
Ti-6AL-4V 175.4 7.91 141.8 178.5 4.85 163.7 9.03 101.5 167.4 8.18 0.0451 0.0552
2024 0 28.1 1.73 24.2 28.7 2.43 0.0616
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2024 T4 64.9 1.64 60.2 65.5 3.16 40.8 1.83 38.4 41.0 1.32 0.0253 0.0449
© The McGraw−Hill

T6 67.5 1.50 55.9 68.1 9.26 53.4 1.17 51.2 53.6 1.91 0.0222 0.0219
7075 T6 .025” 75.5 2.10 68.8 76.2 3.53 63.7 1.98 58.9 64.3 2.63 0.0278 0.0311
1023
 1024

Design, Eighth Edition

Mechanical Engineering
Budynas−Nisbett: Shigley’s

Table A–26

Stochastic Parameters for Finite Life Fatigue Tests in Selected Metals Source: E. B. Haugen, Probabilistic Mechanical Design, Wiley, New York, 1980,
Appendix 10–B.
Back Matter

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
TS YS Distri- Stress Cycles to Failure
Number Condition MPa (kpsi) MPa (kpsi) bution 104 105 106 107
1046 WQ&T, 1210°F 723 (105) 565 (82) W x0 544 (79) 462 (67) 391 (56.7)
θ 594 (86.2) 503 (73.0) 425 (61.7)
b 2.60 2.75 2.85
2340 OQ&T 1200°F 799 (116) 661 (96) W x0 579 (84) 510 (74) 420 (61)
θ 699 (101.5) 588 (85.4) 496 (72.0)
Appendix A: Useful Tables

b 4.3 3.4 4.1

3140 OQ&T, 1300°F 744 (108) 599 (87) W x0 510 (74) 455 (66) 393 (57)
θ 604 (87.7) 528 (76.7) 463 (67.2)
b 5.2 5.0 5.5
2024 T-4 489 (71) 365 (53) N σ 26.3 (3.82) 21.4 (3.11) 17.4 (2.53) 14.0 (2.03)
Aluminum µ 143 (20.7) 116 (16.9) 95 (13.8) 77 (11.2)
Ti-6A1-4V HT-46 1040 (151) 992 (144) N σ 39.6 (5.75) 38.1 (5.53) 36.6 (5.31) 35.1 (5.10)
µ 712 (108) 684 (99.3) 657 (95.4) 493 (71.6)

Statistical parameters from a large number of fatigue tests are listed. Weibull distribution is denoted W and the parameters are x0, “guaranteed” fatigue strength; θ, characteristic fatigue strength; and b, shape factor. Normal distribution is denoted N and the
parameters are µ, mean fatigue strength; and σ, standard deviation of the fatigue strength. The life is in stress-cycles-to-failure. TS = tensile strength, YS = yield strength. All testing by rotating-beam specimen.
Companies, 2008
© The McGraw−Hill

1029
1030
Table A–27

Finite Life Fatigue Strengths of Selected Plain Carbon Steels Source: Compiled from Table 4 in H. J. Grover, S. A. Gordon,
and L. R. Jackson, Fatigue of Metals and Structures, Bureau of Naval Weapons Document NAVWEPS 00-25-534, 1960.
Design, Eighth Edition
Mechanical Engineering

Tensile Yield
Budynas−Nisbett: Shigley’s

Strength Strength Stress Cycles to Failure

Material Condition BHN* kpsi kpsi RA* 104 4(104) 105 4(105) 106 4(106) 107 108

1020 Furnace 58 30 0.63 37 34 30 28 25

Back Matter

cooled
1030 Air-cooled 135 80 45 0.62 51 47 42 38 38 38
1035 Normal 132 72 35 0.54 44 40 37 34 33 33
WQT 209 103 87 0.65 80 72 65 60 57 57 57
1040 Forged 195 92 53 0.23 40 47 33 33
1045 HR, N 107 63 0.49 80 70 56 47 47 47 47
1050 N, AC 164 92 47 0.40 50 48 46 40 38 34 34
WQT
1200 196 97 70 0.58 60 57 52 50 50 50 50
Appendix A: Useful Tables

.56 MN N 193 98 47 0.42 61 55 51 47 43 41 41 41

WQT 277 111 84 0.57 94 81 73 62 57 55 55 55
1200
1060 As Rec. 67 Rb 134 65 0.20 65 60 55 50 48 48 48
1095 162 84 33 0.37 50 43 40 34 31 30 30 30
OQT 227 115 65 0.40 77 68 64 57 56 56 56 56
1200
10120 224 117 59 0.12 60 56 51 50 50 50
OQT 369 180 130 0.15 102 95 91 91 91 91
860
Companies, 2008
© The McGraw−Hill

*BHN = Brinell hardness number; RA = fractional reduction in area.

1025
Note:
Study
example
6.2
6-2
Note also that:
6.5
 Note: q can also be found from

6
6
 Budynas−Nisbett: Shigley’s Back Matter Appendix A: Useful Tables © The McGraw−Hill 1001
Mechanical Engineering Companies, 2008
Design, Eighth Edition

1006 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A–15

Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K*t

Figure A–15–1 3.0

Bar in tension or simple d

compression with a transverse 2.8
w
hole. σ0 = F/A, where
A = (w − d )t and t is the
2.6
thickness.
Kt

2.4

2.2

2.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
d/w

Figure A–15–2 3.0

d

Rectangular bar with a d/h = 0

w
transverse hole in bending. 2.6
σ0 = Mc/I, where 0.25
M M
3
I = (w − d )h /12. 0.5
2.2 h
1.0
Kt
2.0
1.8
⬁

1.4

1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
d/w

Figure A–15–3 3.0

r
w /d = 3
Notched rectangular bar in
w d
tension or simple compression. 2.6
σ0 = F/A, where A = dt and t
is the thickness. 1.5
2.2
1.2
Kt
1.1
1.8
1.05

1.4

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r /d
1002 Budynas−Nisbett: Shigley’s Back Matter Appendix A: Useful Tables © The McGraw−Hill
Mechanical Engineering Companies, 2008
Design, Eighth Edition

Useful Tables 1007

Table A–15

Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K*t (Continued)

Figure A–15–4 3.0

1.10 w/d = ⬁ r
Notched rectangular bar in
bending. σ0 = Mc/I, where 2.6 M w M
1.5 d
c = d/2, I = td 3 /12, and t is 1.05
the thickness.
2.2

Kt 1.02

1.8

1.4

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r /d

Figure A–15–5 3.0

Rectangular filleted bar in r

D/d = 1.50
tension or simple compression. 2.6
D d
σ0 = F/A, where A = dt and t
is the thickness. 1.10
2.2

Kt
1.05
1.8

1.02
1.4

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d

Figure A–15–6 3.0

Rectangular filleted bar in r

bending. σ0 = Mc/I, where 2.6 M M

3 1.05 D d
c = d/2, I = td /12, t is the
thickness. 3
2.2
1.1 1.3
Kt

1.8

1.4 D/d = 1.02

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d (continued)

*Factors from R. E. Peterson, “Design Factors for Stress Concentration,” Machine Design, vol. 23, no. 2, February 1951, p. 169; no. 3, March 1951, p. 161, no. 5, May 1951, p. 159; no. 6, June
1951, p. 173; no. 7, July 1951, p. 155. Reprinted with permission from Machine Design, a Penton Media Inc. publication.
 Budynas−Nisbett: Shigley’s Back Matter Appendix A: Useful Tables © The McGraw−Hill 1003
Mechanical Engineering Companies, 2008
Design, Eighth Edition

1008 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A–15

Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K*t (Continued)

Figure A–15–7 2.6

Round shaft with shoulder fillet r

in tension. σ0 = F/A, where
A = πd 2 /4. 2.2 D d

Kt 1.8 D/d
= 1.50
1.0 1.10
5
1.4
1.02

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d

Figure A–15–8 3.0

Round shaft with shoulder fillet r

in torsion. τ0 = Tc/J, where 2.6
4 D d
c = d/2 and J = πd /32. T T

2.2

Kts

1.8

D/d = 1.20 1.33

2
1.4
1.09

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d

Figure A–15–9 3.0

Round shaft with shoulder fillet r

in bending. σ0 = Mc/I, where 2.6
M D d M
c = d/2 and I = πd 4 /64.

2.2

Kt

1.8 D/d
=3
1.5
1.4 1.10 1.02
1.05

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d
1004 Budynas−Nisbett: Shigley’s Back Matter Appendix A: Useful Tables © The McGraw−Hill
Mechanical Engineering Companies, 2008
Design, Eighth Edition

Useful Tables 1009

Table A–15

Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K*t (Continued)

Figure A–15–10 4.0

d
Round shaft in torsion with
transverse hole. 3.6 T D
B A
3
Kts, A J ␲D dD2
Kts 3.2 c = 16 – 6 (approx)

Kts, B
2.8

2.4
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
d/D

Figure A–15–11 3.0

d
Round shaft in bending with
D
a transverse hole. σ0 = 2.6
2
M/[(πD3 /32) − (dD /6)],
M M
approximately.
2.2
Kt

1.8

1.4

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
d/D

Figure A–15–12 11

Plate loaded in tension by a

pin through a hole. σ0 = F/A, 9 h
h/w = 0.35 d
where A = (w − d)t . When
clearance exists, increase Kt w
7 t
35 to 50 percent. (M. M.
Frocht and H. N. Hill, “Stress Kt
Concentration Factors around 5
a Central Circular Hole in a
Plate Loaded through a Pin in h/w = 0.50
Hole,” J. Appl. Mechanics, 3
h/w ⱖ 1.0
vol. 7, no. 1, March 1940,
p. A-5.)
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
d/w (continued)

*Factors from R. E. Peterson, “Design Factors for Stress Concentration,” Machine Design, vol. 23, no. 2, February 1951, p. 169; no. 3, March 1951, p. 161, no. 5, May 1951, p. 159; no. 6, June
1951, p. 173; no. 7, July 1951, p. 155. Reprinted with permission from Machine Design, a Penton Media Inc. publication.
 Budynas−Nisbett: Shigley’s Back Matter Appendix A: Useful Tables © The McGraw−Hill 1005
Mechanical Engineering Companies, 2008
Design, Eighth Edition

1010 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A–15

Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K*t (Continued)

Figure A–15–13 3.0

r
1.15
Grooved round bar in tension.
σ0 = F/A, where 2.6
1.05 D d
A = πd 2 /4.

2.2
Kt
1.02 D/d = 1.50
1.8

1.4

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r /d

Figure A–15–14 3.0

r
Grooved round bar in
bending. σ0 = Mc/l, where 2.6 M M
4 D d
c = d/2 and I = πd /64.
1.05
2.2
Kt
1.02 D/d = 1.50
1.8

1.4

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r /d

Figure A–15–15 2.6

r

Grooved round bar in torsion. T T

τ0 = Tc/J, where c = d/2 2.2
4
D d
and J = πd /32.

1.8
Kts 1.05

D/d = 1.30
1.4
1.02

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
r/d

*Factors from R. E. Peterson, “Design Factors for Stress Concentration,” Machine Design, vol. 23, no. 2, February 1951, p. 169; no. 3, March 1951, p. 161, no. 5, May 1951, p. 159; no. 6, June
1951, p. 173; no. 7, July 1951, p. 155. Reprinted with permission from Machine Design, a Penton Media Inc. publication.
1006 Budynas−Nisbett: Shigley’s Back Matter Appendix A: Useful Tables © The McGraw−Hill
Mechanical Engineering Companies, 2008
Design, Eighth Edition

Useful Tables 1011

Table A–15

Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K*t (Continued)

Figure A–15–16 a
r r
Round shaft with 9.0 P
t
P
D d
flat-bottom groove in M M

bending and/or tension. 8.0

r
t
4P 32M 0.03
σ0 = +
πd 2 πd 3
Source: W. D. Pilkey, Peterson’s 7.0 0.04
Stress Concentration Factors,
0.05
2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons,
6.0
New York, 1997, p. 115
Kt 0.07

5.0 0.10

0.15
4.0 0.20

0.40
3.0 0.60

1.00
2.0

1.0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.91.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
a/t
 Budynas−Nisbett: Shigley’s Back Matter Appendix A: Useful Tables © The McGraw−Hill 1007
Mechanical Engineering Companies, 2008
Design, Eighth Edition

1012 Mechanical Engineering Design

Table A–15

Charts of Theoretical Stress-Concentration Factors K*t (Continued)

a
Figure A–15–17 r r
t
Round shaft with flat- D d T
bottom groove in torsion.
16T
τ0 =
πd 3
6.0
Source: W. D. Pilkey, Peterson’s
Stress Concentration Factors,
2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, r
5.0 t
New York, 1997, p. 133
0.03

0.04
4.0

Kts 0.06

3.0
0.10

0.20
2.0

1.0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.91.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
a/t