Question 17.

1
Paper 4 5 marks
a) Identify whether each of the following descriptions refers to mitosis or meiosis.
[2 marks]

• A: Produces a cell with a haploid number of chromosomes

• B: Produces a cell with a diploid number of chromosomes
• C: Replaces damaged and worn out cells through asexual
reproduction
• D: Produces gametes

b i) Colour blindness is an example of a sex-linked inherited condition. It is caused

by a recessive allele found only on the X chromosome. Copy and complete the
Punnet square below to show the results of a cross between a heterozygous (XBXb)
female and a male (XBY). [2 marks]

XB Y

XB

Xb

ii) What is the probability that the cross will produce a colour-blind male? [1
mark]
Question 17.2
Paper 3 5 marks
Gregor Mendel notied that some pea plants were tall and others were short. He
wanted to find out why. He suggested this trait was controlled by a single gene
with two alleles.

a) Define the term 'gene' [1 mark]

b) Mendel crossed a tall pea plant (genotype Tt) with a short pea plant (genotype
tt).

i) Copy and complete the Punnet square below showing the possible outcomes of
this cross. [2 marks]

T t

ii) In this cross, what is the chance of producing a short pea plant? [1 mark]

d) In which structure in a cell are genes and alleles found? [1 mark]

Question 17.3
Paper 4 5 marks
DNA controls the functions of a cell by controlling the production of proteins.

a) State two functions of proteins in cells or around the body. [2 marks]

b) The main steps in the process of protein synthesis are shown below. What is the
correct order for these steps? [3 marks]

• A: mRNA copies the gene in the nucleus

• B: mRNA moves into the cytoplasm of the cell
• C: ribosomes assemble amino acids to form proteins
• D: the DNA for a specific protein unravels
Question 17.4
Paper 3 4 marks
The pedigree chart below shows the occurrence of albinism in a family tree.

In the F1 generation, all the offspring produced are heterozygous for the gene
controlling albinism.

a) Define the term 'heterozygous'. [1 mark]

b) Chose the correct responses to make this statement true:

Albinism is determined by a [dominant / recessive / mutant / neutral] [gene /

allele]. [2 marks]

c) In the F2 generation, a son with albinism is born. State the genotype of the
mother, marked with an asterisk (*). [1 mark]
Question 17.5
Paper 4 5 marks
The diagram below shows a cell replicating.

(a) Name the type of cell division shown in the diagram above.

[1]

(b) State how many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a normal human
body cell.

[1]

(c) During cell division, mistakes sometimes occur in the sequence of DNA
produced. State the name of these changes.
 [1]

(d) Name the disorder where body cells go through uncontrolled division.

[1]

(e) The diagram below shows cells going through division. Identify which
structures can be seen inside each cell.

[1]

Source: "Mitosis" by Josef

Reischig is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0

[Maximum mark: 5]
Question 17.6
Paper 4 6 marks
The diagram below shows a cell replicating.

(a) Identify which type of cell division is shown in the diagram above.

[1]

(b) State the advantage of crossing over genetic information.

[1]

(c) State what haploid cells are.

[1]

(d) In humans, name the two types of cells created using this type of cell division.

[2]

(e) State the term used to describe organisms that are genetically identical to each
other.

[1]

[Maximum mark: 6]
Question 17.7
Paper 4 5 marks
The diagram below shows a human karyotype, which depicts the number and type
of a group of structures found in the nucleus of a cell.

(a) Name the structures shown in the diagram.

[1]

(b) State the sex of the individual.

[1]

The diagram below shows information about the genetic make-up of one species
of fly.
(c) Identify the dominant allele and dominant phenotype in the diagram above.

[2]

(d) Define an allele.

[1]

[Maximum mark: 5]
Question 17.8
Paper 4 6 marks
After fertilisation, the zygote begins to divide as shown in the diagram below.

(a) Name the type of cell division shown in the diagram above.

[1]

Many of the cells within a human foetus are stem cells.

(b) Define the term ‘stem cells’.

[1]

(c) (i) Identify the different types of cells shown in the diagram below.

[3]

(ii) Which type of cell in the diagram above does not contain a nucleus?

[1]

[Maximum mark: 6]
Question 17.9
Paper 4 8 marks
Most phenotype characteristics in humans are polygenic, meaning that more than
one gene is involved in producing that characteristic.

(a) Define the terms:

(i) phenotype

(ii) gene.

[2]

A genetic cross was set up between two individuals for colour blindness (B is
normal, b is colour blind).

The gene responsible for colour blindness is located on the X chromosome and
therefore this makes it more common in men than in women.

(b) State what type of inheritance colour blindness is an example of.

[1]

(c) Complete the genetic cross in the diagram above.

[4]
(d) Determine the probability of an individual from this genetic cross being colour
blind.

[1]

[Maximum mark: 8]
Question 17.10
Paper 4 6 marks

(a) From the diagram above, identify structures X, Y and Z.

[3]

(b) Codons are formed from sequences of three base pairs. During translation,
mRNA forms a complementary sequence creating chains of which substance?

[1]

(c) Name the term for a specific length of DNA that codes for a protein.

[1]

(d) State where DNA replication occurs in a human cell.

[1]

[Maximum mark: 6]