NATIONAL

SENIOR CERTIFICATE

GRADE 12

PHYSICAL SCIENCES: CHEMISTRY (P2)

PREPARATORY EXAMINATION
SEPTEMBER 2020

SEPTEMBER 2019

MARKS: 150

TIME: 3 hours

This question paper consists of 16 pages and 4 data sheets

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Physical Sciences Gr 12 /P2 2 Limpopo DoE September 2020
NSC

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Write your NAME in the appropriate space on the ANSWER BOOK.

2. This question paper consists of EIGHT questions. Answer ALL the questions in
the ANSWER BOOK.

3. Start EACH question on a NEW page in the ANSWER BOOK.

4. You may use a non-programmable calculator.

5. YOU ARE ADVISED TO USE THE ATTACHED DATA SHEETS.

6. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this
question paper.

7. Give brief motivations, discussions, et cetera where required.

8. Show ALL formulae and substitutions in ALL calculations.

9. Round off your final numerical answers to a minimum of TWO decimal places.

10. Write neatly and legibly.

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Physical Sciences Gr 12 /P2 3 Limpopo DoE September 2020
NSC

QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE- CHOICE QUESTIONS

Four options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each
question has only ONE correct answer. Write only the letter (A – D) next to the question
number (1.1 – 1.10) in the ANSWER BOOK.

1.1 Consider the organic compound below.

Cℓ
I
H3C – CH – CH2 – CH – CH2OH
I
CH3

The IUPAC name of this compound is:

A 4-chloro-1-methyl pentan-1-ol
B 2-chloro-4-methyl pentan-2-ol
C 4-chloro-2-methyl pentan-1-ol
D 2-methyl-4-chloro butan-2-ol (2)

1.2 Each of the reactions below represenst a cracking reaction of C15H32. During
which reaction are two different alkenes produced?

A C15H32 →C8H18 + C7H14

B C15H32 →C2H2 + C5H10 + C8H18 + H2
C C15H32 →C7H16 + C8H16
D C15H32 →2C2H4 + C3H6 + C8H18 (2)

1.3 The monomer of polythene is:

A Ethane
B Ethene
C Propene
D Poly-ethene (2)

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Physical Sciences Gr 12 /P2 4 Limpopo DoE September 2020
NSC

1.4 Which ONE of the following combinations of values for activation energy (Ea)
and heat of reaction (∆H) is possible for a reaction?

ACTIVATION ENERGY (EA) HEAT OF REACTION (∆H)

(kJ∙mol-1) (kJ∙mol-1)

A 100 -50
B 100 +100
C 50 +50
D 50 +100 (2)

1.5 Consider the reaction represented by the following chemical equation:

CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) → CuSO4(aq) + H2O(ℓ)

Which ONE of the following changes will have no influence on the rate of this
reaction?

A Decreasing the temperature.

B Decreasing the pressure on the system.
C Increasing the concentration of the acid.
D Using copper oxide powder instead of copper oxide pieces. (2)

1.6 The reaction which is represented by the balanced equation below, has
reached equilibrium in a closed container.

H2(g) + I2(g)  2HI(g) ∆H<0

How will the equilibrium be influenced if first the volume of the container is
decreased and then the temperature is increased?

A Initially there is no change and then the reverse reaction is favoured.

B The reverse reaction is favoured by both changes.
C Initially there is no change and then the forward reaction is favoured.
D Initially the reverse reaction is favoured and then the forward reaction is
favoured. (2)

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Physical Sciences Gr 12 /P2 5 Limpopo DoE September 2020
NSC

1.7 Consider the equation:

CaO(s) + SO2(g)  CaSO4(s)

If the equilibrium concentration of SO2(g) at 25 °C is equal to x mol∙dm-3, then

the value of the equilibrium constant at this temperature will be equal to:

A x
B x2
1
C
x
1
D (2)
x2

1.8 The decomposition reaction of a hypothetical compound AX3(g), which is

represented by the following equation, reaches equilibrium in a closed
container at a temperature T1.

2AX3(g)  2AX2(g) + X2(g)

The temperature is increased and the system again reaches equilibrium at a

temperature T2. The change in the rates of the forward and reverse reactions
are represented by the graph below.

T2
Reaction Rate

T1

Time

Which ONE of the following combinations regarding the forward reaction and
the Kc value is correct?

The forward reaction is: Change in Kc value

A Exothermic Kc at T1 < Kc atT2
B Exothermic Kc at T1 > Kc at T2
C Endothermic Kc at T1 < Kc at T2
D Endothermic Kc at T1 > Kc at T2 (2)

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Physical Sciences Gr 12 /P2 6 Limpopo DoE September 2020
NSC

1.9 Consider the following ionic reaction:

NH3 + H2O  NH+4 + OH-

Which ONE of the following combinations represents a conjugated acid-base

pair?

A NH3 ; NH+4
B NH3 ; H2O
C H2O ; NH+4
D NH3 ; OH- (2)

1.10 During a certain neutralisation reaction, 1 mole of base is used up for every
2 moles of acid. Which ONE of the following pairs can possibly be the base
and the acid?

A NaOH and (COOH)2

B Ba(OH)2 and CH3COOH
C Na2CO3 and H2SO4
D KOH and HNO3 (2)
[20]

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Physical Sciences Gr 12 /P2 7 Limpopo DoE September 2020
NSC

QUESTION 2 (Start on a new page)

2.1 Consider the condensed structural formula of a halo-alkane below.

CH3CH2C(CH3)CH3
I
Br

2.1.1 Is this halo-alkane a PRIMARY, SECONDARY or TERTIARY halo-

alkane?
Give a reason for the answer. (2)

2.1.2 Write down the IUPAC name of this compound. (3)

2.1.3 Write down the IUPAC name of the MAJOR ORGANIC PRODUCT
which forms when this compound undergoes an elimination
reaction. (2)

2.2 The IUPAC name of an organic compound is propyl butanoate.

2.2.1 Define the term homologous series. (2)

2.2.2 To which homologous series does this compound belong? (1)

2.2.3 Write down the STRUCTURAL FORMULA of this compound. (2)

2.2.4 Give the IUPAC names of the organic acid and alcohol which react
to form propyl butanoate. (2)

2.2.5 Write down the condensed structural formula of the functional

isomer of propyl butanoate. (2)

2.3 Use MOLECULAR FORMULAE and write the balanced equation for the
complete combustion of C4H10. (3)
[19]

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Physical Sciences Gr 12 /P2 8 Limpopo DoE September 2020
NSC

QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page)

Compounds A to E, indicated in the table below, are used during two investigations to
determine the factors which influence boiling point.

Investigation Compound Molecular mass Boiling point

(g∙mol-1) (°C)
A 2,2-dimethyl propane 72 9
I B 2-methyl butane 72 27
C pentane 72 36
II D CH3CH2CH2CH2OH 74 117
E CH3CH2CH2CHO 72 75

3.1 Compounds A, B and C are structural isomers. Write down the:

3.1.1 Definition of the term structural isomer (2)

3.1.1 GENERAL FORMULA of the homologous series to which these

compounds belong (1)

3.1.2 Type of structural isomerism illustrated by these compounds (1)

3.2 Consider the boiling points of the compounds in investigation I.

3.2.1 Define the term boiling point. (2)

3.2.2 Write down the independent variable for this investigation. (1)

3.2.3 Write down one control variable for this investigation. (1)

3.2.4 Explain fully why the boiling points increase from compound A to
compound C. (3)

3.2.5 Which one of compounds A or C will have the highest vapour

pressure at a certain temperature?
Refer to the data in the table and give a reason for the answer. (2)

3.3 To which homologous series does compound E belong? (1)

3.4 Consider investigation II. Refer to the type of Van Der Waals forces in each
of the compounds and explain why the boiling point of compound D is higher
than that of compound E. (3)
[17]

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Physical Sciences Gr 12 /P2 9 Limpopo DoE September 2020
NSC

QUESTION 4 (Start on a new page)

In the flow diagram below, prop-1-ene is used as a starting compound for the
preparation of other organic compounds. P to T represent chemical reactions.
P
Prop-1-ene Alcohol
Q
R T
S
Alkane Halo-alkane
+ Cℓ2

4.1 Name the type of reaction represented by:

4.1.1 P (1)

4.1.2 S (1)

4.1.3 Q (1)

4.1.4 T (1)

4.2 For reaction P, write down the:

4.2.1 FORMULA of a suitable catalyst (1)

4.2.2 Structural formula of the alcohol that is formed (2)

4.2.3 IUPAC–name of this alcohol (2)

4.3 For reaction R, write down:

4.3.1 The type of addition reaction (1)

4.3.2 A balanced equation using structural formula (3)

4.4 During reaction T, the halo-alkane reacts in the presence of a base to form the
alcohol in QUESTION 4.2.2. Write down the:

4.4.1 IUPAC name of the halo-alkane (2)

4.4.2 NAME of a suitable base (1)

4.4.3 TWO reaction conditions for this reaction (2)

[18]

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Physical Sciences Gr 12 /P2 10 Limpopo DoE September 2020
NSC

QUESTION 5 (Start on a new page)

5.1 A reaction takes place in a test tube and the test tube becomes cold. (1)

5.1.1 In terms of energy change, name the type of reaction which occurs. (1)

5.1.2 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 5.1.1. (1)

5.2 A learner wants to investigate the rate of a reaction.

She places a glass beaker filled with nitric acid on a very sensitive scale in a
fume cupboard. She adds a few pieces of copper to the beaker. The mass of
the beaker and its contents are measured every 15 s from the instant that the
copper is added to the beaker until the copper has been used up.

The following results are obtained.

Time (s) Mass of the beaker Decrease in

and contents (g) mass (g)
0 114,6 0,0
15 114,0 0,6
30 112,4 2,2
45 110,4 4,2
60 109,4 5,2
75 108,7 5,9
90 108,4 6,2
105 108,3 6,3
120 108,3 6,3
135 108,3 6,3
150 108,3 6,3

The reaction which occurs are represented by the following reaction:

Cu(s) + 4HNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 4NO(g) + 2H2O(ℓ) ∆H>0

5.2.1 Give a reason why the mass of the beaker and its contents
DECREASES. (1)

5.2.2 Use the values in the table and calculate the average rate of the
reaction in g∙s-1 for the total duration of the reaction. (3)

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Physical Sciences Gr 12 /P2 11 Limpopo DoE September 2020
NSC

Study the graph below which shows decrease in mass against time.

6
Decrease in mass (g)

0 30 60 90 120 150
Time (s)

5.2.3 Give a reason for the shape of the graph from 105 s to 120 s. (1)

5.2.4 Give a reason why the rate of the reaction INCREASES from 0 s
to 30 s. (1)

5.2.5 Give a reason why the rate of the reaction DECREASES from
45 s to 105 s. (1)

5.2.6 Use the collision theory to explain the answer to QUESTION 5.2.5. (2)

5.2.7 Calculate the mass of copper used during this reaction. (4)

5.2.8 Except for adding a catalyst, name THREE other changes which
can be made n order to INCREASE the rate of this reaction. (3)

5.3 Another learner adds 100 cm3 HCℓ of concentration 0,25 mol∙dm-3 to an
excess of Na2S2O3(aq) and 0,24 g of sulphur is deposited. The equation for
the reaction is:

Na2S2O3(aq) + 2 HCℓ(aq) → 2NaCℓ(aq) + SO2(g) + S(s) + H2O(ℓ)

Calculate the PERCENTAGE YIELD of sulphur. (6)

[25]

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Physical Sciences Gr 12 /P2 12 Limpopo DoE September 2020
NSC

QUESTION 6 (Start on a new page)

Consider the following equation for the decomposition of ozone (O3).

2O3 (g)  3O2 (g)

6.1 State Le Chatelier’s principle. (2)

6.2 Use Le Chatelier’s principle and explain how an increase in pressure will
influence the amount of ozone at equilibrium. (3)

6.3 An increase in the temperature causes a decrease in the amount of oxygen.

6.3.1 Which reaction is favoured by the increase of temperature?

Choose from FORWARDS or BACKWARDS. (1)

6.3.2 Is the forward reaction ENDOTHERMIC or EXOTHERMIC? (1)

6.3.3 What will happen to the value of the equilibrium constant?

Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE
SAME. (1)

6.4 Define the term catalyst. (2)

6.5 Explain how the addition of a suitable catalyst will influence the amount of
oxygen at equilibrium. (2)

Ozone (O3) reacts with nitrogen oxide (NO) as indicated in the reaction below.

O3(g) + NO(g)  O2(g) + NO2(g) ∆H < 0

BROWN

Note that O3, NO and O2 are all colourless gases while NO2 is a brown gas.
The colour of the gas mixture is light brown.

6.6 A mixture of the four gases is prepared in a 2 dm3 sealed container with the
following initial concentrations:

[O3] = 0,6 mol∙dm-3 [NO] = 0,9 mol∙dm-3

[O2] = 0,73 mol∙dm-3 [NO2] = 0,55 mol∙dm-3

The mixture is then heated to 1500 K. After equilibrium is established, it is

found that the concentration of NO is 0,36 mol∙dm-3 .

Use the information given and calculate the value of the equilibrium constant (7)
at 1500 K.

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Physical Sciences Gr 12 /P2 13 Limpopo DoE September 2020
NSC

6.7 A number of changes are made to the equilibrium mixture and the mixture is
allowed to reach a new equilibrium after each change.

Choose from INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME to

answer each of the following questions.

6.7.1 NO gas is added to the container.

How does the yield of NO2 gas change? (1)

6.7.2 The pressure in the container is decreased.

What happens to the number of moles of O3? (1)

6.7.3 The temperature is increased.

What happens to the initial rate of the forward reaction? (1)

6.7.4 O2 gas is added to the container.

What happens to the intensity of the brown colour? (1)

6.7.5 Ar(g) is pumped into the container.

What happens to the concentration of O2 gas? (1)
[24]

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Physical Sciences Gr 12 /P2 14 Limpopo DoE September 2020
NSC

QUESTION 7 (Start on a new page)

'A learner wants to determine the percentage ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) in vinegar. The
following apparatus is used:

Retort stand Q

Sodium hydroxide solution

Ehrlenmeyer flask

7.1 Name Q in the above diagram. (1)

7.2 The following indicators are available:

INDICATOR pH-RANGE OF COLOUR CHANGE

A 3,1 - 4,4

B 6,0 - 7,6

C 8,3 - 10,0

Which ONE of the indicators (A,B or C) above is most suited to indicate the
exact endpoint of this titration?
(2)
Give a reason for the answer

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Physical Sciences Gr 12 /P2 15 Limpopo DoE September 2020
NSC

The learner adds 7,5 g commercial vinegar to 100 cm3 of water.

25 cm3 of this solution is neutralised by 28,5 cm3 of a 0,11 mol∙dm-3 sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) solution.

The balanced equation for this reaction is:

NaOH (aq) + CH3COOH (aq) → CH3COONa + H2O

7.3 Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. Define a weak acid. (2)

7.4 Calculate the pH of the sodium hydroxide solution. (5)

7.5 Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide which are used to
neutralise 25 cm3 of acid. (2)

7.6 Calculate the percentage ethanoic acid in the vinegar. (5)

[17]

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Physical Sciences Gr 12 /P2 16 Limpopo DoE September 2020
NSC

QUESTION 8 (Start on a new page)

Concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) is added to pure water at 25 °C. The pH of the
solution is 1,6.

8.1 Is sulphuric acid a MONOPROTIC or a DIPROTIC acid? (1)

8.1 Calculate the concentration of the sulphuris acid solution. (3)

8.2 Ammonium chloride crystals (NH4Cℓ) are dissolved in water and undergo
hydrolysis.

8.2.1 Define the term hydrolysis. (2)

8.2.2 Is ammonium chloride ACIDIC or BASIC in solution?

Explain your answer with the help of an equation. (4)
[10]
GRAND TOTAL: 150

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 DATA FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES GRADE 12
PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY)

GEGEWENS VIR FISIESE WETENSKAPPE GRAAD 12

VRAESTEL 2 (CHEMIE)

TABLE 1: PHYSICAL CONSTANTS/TABEL 1: FISIESE KONSTANTES

NAME/NAAM SYMBOL/SIMBOOL VALUE/WAARDE

Standard pressure
p 1,013 x 105 Pa
Standaarddruk
Molar gas volume at STP
Vm 22,4 dm3∙mol-1
Molêre gasvolume by STD
Standard temperature
Standaardtemperatuur T 273 K
Charge on electron
e -1,6 x 10-19 C
Lading op elektron
Avogadro's constant
NA 6,02 x 1023 mol-1
Avogadro-konstante

TABLE 2: FORMULAE/TABEL 2: FORMULES

m N
n= n=
M NA
n m V
c= or/of c= n=
V MV Vm
c a v a na
= pH = -log[H3O+]
c b v b nb

Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14 at/by 298 K

E θcell = E θcathode − E θanode / E θsel = E katode

θ
− E θanode

or/of
E θcell = E reduction
θ
− E θoxidation / E θsel = E reduksie
θ
− E θoksidasie

or/of
Eθcell = Eθoxidising agent − Ereducing
θ
E θ = E θoksideermi ddel − E reduseermi
agent / sel
θ
ddel

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 TABLE 3: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
TABEL 3: DIE PERIODIEKE TABEL VAN ELEMENTE

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
(I) (II) (III) (IV) (V) (VI) (VII) (VIII)
1 Atomic number 2
KEY/SLEUTEL
2,1

H He
1 29 4
Electronegativity Symbol

1,9
3 4 Cu 5 6 7 8 9 10
1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0
Li Be 63,5 B C N O F Ne
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 Approximate relative atomic mass 13 14 15 16 17 18
0,9

1,2

1,5

1,8

2,1

2,5

3,0
Na Mg Aℓ Si P S Cℓ Ar
23 24 Benaderde relatiewe atoommassa 27 28 31 32 35,5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
0,8

1,0

1,3

1,5

1,6

1,6

1,5

1,8

1,8

1,8

1,9

1,6

1,6

1,8

2,0

2,4

2,8
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 63,5 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,8

1,9

2,2

2,2

2,2

1,9

1,7

1,7

1,8

1,9

2,1

2,5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
86 88 89 91 92 96 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
0,7

0,9

1,6

1,8

1,8

1,9

2,0

2,5
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tℓ Pb Bi Po At Rn
133 137 139 179 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209
87 88 89
0,7

0,9

Fr Ra Ac
226 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140 141 144 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175

90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232 238
 TABLE 4A: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS
TABEL 4A: STANDAARDREDUKSIEPOTENSIALE
Half-reactions/Halfreaksies E θ (V)
F2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2F− + 2,87
Co3+ + e− ⇌ Co2+ + 1,81
H2O2 + 2H+ +2e− ⇌ 2H2O +1,77
−
MnO 4 + 8H+ + 5e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 4H2O + 1,51

Increasing reducing ability/Toenemende reduserende vermoë

Cℓ2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2Cℓ− + 1,36
2−
Increasing oxidising ability/Toenemende oksiderende vermoë

Cr2O 7 + 14H+ + 6e− ⇌ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 1,33

O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ 2H2O + 1,23
MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 2H2O + 1,23
Pt2+ + 2e− ⇌ Pt + 1,20
Br2(ℓ) + 2e− ⇌ 2Br− + 1,07
−
NO 3 + 4H+ + 3e− ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2O + 0,96
−
2+
Hg + 2e ⇌ Hg(ℓ) + 0,85
Ag+ + e− ⇌ Ag + 0,80
−
NO 3 + 2H+ + e− ⇌ NO2(g) + H2O + 0,80
Fe3+ + e− ⇌ Fe2+ + 0,77
O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2O2 + 0,68
I2 + 2e− ⇌ 2I− + 0,54
Cu+ + e− ⇌ Cu + 0,52
SO2 + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ S + 2H2O + 0,45
2H2O + O2 + 4e− ⇌ 4OH− + 0,40
Cu2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cu + 0,34
2−
SO 4 + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ SO2(g) + 2H2O + 0,17
Cu2+ + e− ⇌ Cu+ + 0,16
Sn4+ + 2e− ⇌ Sn2+ + 0,15
S + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2S(g) + 0,14
2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) 0,00
Fe3+ + 3e− ⇌ Fe − 0,06
Pb2+ + 2e− ⇌ Pb − 0,13
Sn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sn − 0,14
Ni2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ni − 0,27
Co2+ + 2e− ⇌ Co − 0,28
Cd2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cd − 0,40
Cr3+ + e− ⇌ Cr2+ − 0,41
Fe2+ + 2e− ⇌ Fe − 0,44
Cr3+ + 3e− ⇌ Cr − 0,74
Zn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Zn − 0,76
2H2O + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH− − 0,83
Cr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cr − 0,91
Mn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mn − 1,18
Aℓ3+ + 3e− ⇌ Aℓ − 1,66
Mg2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mg − 2,36
Na+ + e− ⇌ Na − 2,71
Ca2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ca − 2,87
Sr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sr − 2,89
Ba2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ba − 2,90
Cs+ + e- ⇌ Cs - 2,92
K+ + e− ⇌ K − 2,93
Li+ + e− ⇌ Li − 3,05

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 TABLE 4B: STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS
TABEL 4B: STANDAARDREDUKSIEPOTENSIALE
Half-reactions/Halfreaksies E θ (V)
Li+ + e− ⇌ Li − 3,05
K+ + e− ⇌ K − 2,93
Cs+ + e− ⇌ Cs − 2,92
Ba2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ba − 2,90
Sr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sr − 2,89
Ca2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ca − 2,87

Increasing reducing ability/Toenemende reduserende vermoë

Increasing oxidising ability/Toenemende oksiderende vermoë

Na+ + e− ⇌ Na − 2,71
Mg2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mg − 2,36
Aℓ3+ + 3e− ⇌ Aℓ − 1,66
Mn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Mn − 1,18
Cr2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cr − 0,91
2H2O + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) + 2OH− − 0,83
Zn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Zn − 0,76
Cr3+ + 3e− ⇌ Cr − 0,74
Fe2+ + 2e− ⇌ Fe − 0,44
Cr3+ + e− ⇌ Cr2+ − 0,41
Cd2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cd − 0,40
Co2+ + 2e− ⇌ Co − 0,28
Ni2+ + 2e− ⇌ Ni − 0,27
Sn2+ + 2e− ⇌ Sn − 0,14
Pb2+ + 2e− ⇌ Pb − 0,13
Fe3+ + 3e− ⇌ Fe − 0,06
2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) 0,00
S + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2S(g) + 0,14
Sn4+ + 2e− ⇌ Sn2+ + 0,15
Cu2+ + e− ⇌ Cu+ + 0,16
2−
SO 4 + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ SO2(g) + 2H2O + 0,17
Cu2+ + 2e− ⇌ Cu + 0,34
2H2O + O2 + 4e− ⇌ 4OH− + 0,40
SO2 + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ S + 2H2O + 0,45
Cu+ + e− ⇌ Cu + 0,52
I2 + 2e− ⇌ 2I− + 0,54
O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e− ⇌ H2O2 + 0,68
Fe3+ + e− ⇌ Fe2+ + 0,77
−
NO 3 + 2H+ + e− ⇌ NO2(g) + H2O + 0,80
Ag+ + e− Ag ⇌ + 0,80
−
2+
Hg + 2e Hg(ℓ)
⇌ + 0,85
− + −
NO 3 + 4H + 3e ⇌ NO(g) + 2H2O + 0,96
− −
Br2(ℓ) + 2e ⇌ 2Br + 1,07
Pt2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Pt + 1,20
MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 2H2O + 1,23
O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e− ⇌ 2H2O + 1,23
2−
Cr2O 7 + 14H+ + 6e− ⇌ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 1,33
Cℓ2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2Cℓ− + 1,36
−
MnO 4 + 8H+ + 5e− ⇌ Mn2+ + 4H2O + 1,51
H2O2 + 2H+ +2 e− ⇌ 2H2O +1,77
Co3+ + e− ⇌ Co2+ + 1,81
F2(g) + 2e− ⇌ 2F− + 2,87

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