Physical Science11 - Q1 - 1 5

Physical Science
Physical Science
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Formation of Heavy Elements
Personal Development
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Title
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks,
etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort
has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective
copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over
them.
Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Development Team of the Module

Writers: Rose Ann Q. Abuel
Editors: Priscilla D. Domino
Felipa A. Morada
Reviewers: Elmer C. Bobis, Rogelio D. Canuel
Illustrator: Geselle A. Teaňo
Layout Artist: Elsie R. Reyes, Pamela A. Lalusin, Mary Grace L. Asa
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral

Job S. Zape Jr.
Eugenio S. Adrao
Elaine T. Balaogan
Susan DL. Oribiana,
Catherine V. Maranan
Lorna R. Medrano
Edita T. Olan
Editha M. Malihan
Printed in the Philippines by ________________________
Department of Education – RegionIV-A CALABARZON
Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village,Barangay San Isidro

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: region4a@deped.gov.ph/ict.calabarzon@deped.gov.ph
What I Need to Know
This module will walk you through the beginning of everything. It focuses on
how some elements known today were formed same as when stars were born right
after the universe existed. You will be provided with activities such as filling out
graphic organizer, reading story board and illustrations which make you remember
the lesson. Make sure to answer first the pretest before going through this module
and the posttest at the end of the module.
The module consists of:

• Lesson 1 – Stellar Nucleosynthesis: Rise of the Stars!
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. explain stellar nucleosynthesis;
2. describe the different stages of life cycle of stars;
3. cite the different heavy elements formed in each stages of star cycle;
4. describe how heavier elements formed during stellar nucleosynthesis and
evolution.
Have you also wondered what stars are made of? What keeps them shining so
bright? Are there also stars that do not spark? You might also be asking the same
questions ever since you were little that until now you still seek answers for. Well,
this module will help you understand some of the important concepts about stars.
Are you ready? Let’s go!
1
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer in each item and write it on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which of the following is the most accepted theory about the formation of the
universe that explains why it continues to expand?
a. big bang theory c. steady state theory
b. divine creation theory d. oscillating theory
2. Which of the following is not considered as light elements?

a. helium c. lithium b. hydrogen d. iron
3. Which of the following is TRUE about nucleosynthesis?

a. It is the division of atomic particle
b. The combination of elements to form compound
c. It is the creation of everything including all matter in universe
d. It is the process of creating new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nuclei
3. Which process is responsible for the formation of light elements such as

Hydrogen and Helium?
a. big bang nucleosynthesis c. supernova nucleosynthesis.
b. stellar nucleosynthesis d. terrestrial nucleosynthesis
5. Which element is the lightest and at the same time the most abundant in
outer space?
a. hydrogen c. lithium
b. helium d. iron
6. How do heavier elements formed?

a. Though combustion c. Through nuclear fusion
b. Through nuclear fission d. Through nuclear synthesis
7. Which element can be formed when three atoms of helium are fused?
a. carbon c. oxygen b. hydrogen d. silicon
8. Which of the following elements DOES NOT belong to the

group? a. beryllium c. iron b. silicon d. oxygen
2
9. Which process is responsible for the formation of elements at the center of
star?
a. big bang nucleosynthesis c. stellar nucleosynthesis
b. nuclear fusion d. supernova nucleosynthesis
10. How Elements heavier than iron are formed?

a. big bang nucleosynthesis c. stellar nucleosynthesis
b. solar nucleosynthesis d. supernova nucleosynthesis
11. Which element will be formed when Carbon atom is combined with Helium
atom?
a. magnesium c. oxygen
b. neon d. silicon
12. Why do average stars have longer life span than massive star?
a. They have less fuel to burn c. They burn their fuel at faster rate
b. They have more fuel to burn d. They burn their fuel at slower rate
13. Which phase of star life cycle is our sun?

a. main sequence star c. red giant
b. planetary nebula d. white dwarf
14. Which of the following contains only heavy elements?

a. carbon, lithium, neon
b. carbon, silicon, magnesium
c. carbon, beryllium, helium
d. helium, carbon, hydrogen
15. In which stage do massive stars explode and release large amount of
energy?
a. main sequence
b. protostar
c. super nova
d. white dwarf
3
Lesson
Stellar Nucleosynthesis:
1 Rise of the Stars!
The world where we live today is just a small part of our universe. In your
previous years, you have learned about the different theories of the origin of
the universe that eventually led to the formation of galaxies, solar system
and other heavenly bodies. This lesson will focus on one of those wonderful
things present in outer space, the stars. Although stars are millions of light
years away from us, we can still see them twinkling in the night sky. Let’s
find out how they emit light and what keeps them shining for a long time.
4
What’s In
Scientists believe that the formation of the universe began through the
explosion of a primordial atom which happened 13 billion years ago. It is
known as the Big Bang. It became a theory that also explains the
continuous expansion of the universe.
Right after Big Bang, protons and neutrons combined together and formed
light elements Hydrogen and Helium in the process of Big Bang
Nucleosynthesis. Other light elements such as Lithium and Beryllium
were also formed during this process.
5
What’s New
Stellar Nucleosynthesis
The word “stellar” means star and the formation of elements in the center of the
star is called stellar nucleosynthesis. Carl Sagan said that “We are made of star
stuff.” What did he mean by that? If we know how some important heavy elements
were formed same as stars, that maybe a clue.
Label the sequence of star life cycle. Use the hints/clues found in the table below
this diagram.
Star Life Cycle
NEBULA
1. ______
PROTOSTAR
2. ______
MAIN SEQUENCE STAR

3. ______
RED GIANT STAR

8. _____ RED SUPER GIANT
4. ______
STAR
WHITE DWARF
9. _____ 5.SUPERNOVA
______
BLACK
DWARF
10. _____
NEUTRON BLACK HOLE
7. ______ 6. ______
STAR
Average Star Massive Star
6
Hints/ Clues
Average Star
1. The star is unable to generate heat when it runs out of
hydrogen in its core leading to its contraction and expansion.
It cools down and glows red. The Helium fused into Carbon.
The star is now RED GIANT
2. Red giant star becomes exhausted of nuclear fuel, the outer
material is blown off into space leaving the inert Carbon. The
remnant is known as WHITE DWARF.
3. Giant cloud of gas and dust known as NEBULA.
4. It is formed from nebula due to the gravity that pulled
Hydrogen gas together until it spins faster and faster and
becomes ignited. A PROTOSTAR rises.
5. MAIN SEQUENCE STAR starts to form when nuclear fusion
occurs at the core of the star, it begins to contract, glow and
become stable. Hydrogen is converted into Helium.
6. This is said to be the remain of the white dwarf that cooled
down and no longer emits light and heat. The hypothetical
BLACK DWARF.
Massive star
1. It is believed that a NEUTRON STAR is formed from supernova
explosion. This is also the smallest star
2. Explosion of star or SUPERNOVA releases large amount of
energy. Because of that, elements are dispersed into the space.
3. BLACK HOLE is a region in space where gravity is too strong
that no matter can escape from it.
4. A more massive main sequence star evolves, cools and expands
faster than low mass star and will turn into RED SUPER GIANT
star, the largest known star. Carbon fusion still occurs and
Oxygen formed.
Notes to the Teacher

• Guide them in this activity and clarify any
misconceptions.
• The teacher can also ask the students to illustrate the
stages of star cycle using their art materials in a
separate bond paper for better retention.
7
What is It
TWAIN ASHLEY A. DEL ROSARIO 12-ADMIRABLE
Were you able to label all the stages of star? Review the hints/clues in the previous
activity. You will notice that following the sequence will reveal what happens in
each stage of star.
To understand further, answer the following questions below.
1. What element from space is pulled by gravity and turn into a protostar?
______________________________________________________________________
2. What will happen if a low massive main sequence star runs out of hydrogen
fuel?
_______________________________________________________________________
3. How are heavy elements such as Carbon, Oxygen and Neon formed during
star formation?
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Why is it impossible for any matter such as light and radiation to escape
from a black hole?
________________________________________________________________________
5. Why do you think massive star has shorter life span than average star?
________________________________________________________________________
1.Hydrogen gas in the nebula.
2. The Star becomes cold and starts to expand.
3. These three elements undergo through nuclear fusion.
4. No, It cant. The velocity present from the surface of the sphere would equal to
the speed of light. that means the light becomes a black hole.
5.Massive stars are shorter lived than the average because while they have more
mass to burn through their fuel at a much higher rate as the temperature and
pressure in the core where fusion occurs is extremely high, than the average
star.
8
Look at the diagrams below. These will explain how stars are formed into
different stages because of nuclear fusion (combination of nuclei to form heavier
one) among heavy elements.
The diagram shows

the Proton-Proton
Chain reaction in
main sequence star.
This is the process by
which average star
gets their energy and
convert Hydrogen into
Helium. It starts with
proton and neutron
fused together to form
deuterium. When one
proton collides with
deuterium, Helium-3
is formed. Two
Helium-3 collided will
form Helium-4.
Case is different in massive

star or star eight times
larger than solar mass.
They undergo CNO
(Carbon, Nitrogen,
Oxygen) cycle to convert
Hydrogen into Helium. You
can see at the right how
Carbon 12 fused with
proton (H) and form
Nitrogen-13. Nitrogen-13
undergoes beta decay to
form Carbon-13. Carbon-
13 captures proton (H) and
Nitrogen 14 is formed.
Nitrogen 14 captures
proton and Oxygen-15 is
produced. Oxygen-15
undergoes beta decay and
produces Nitrogen-15.
Nitrogen-15 fused with
proton gives off Helium and
ends up with Carbon-12.
Then the process repeats
again.
9
Tri alpha process happens in red giant star once they leave the stage of
main sequence star. This is how three Helium-4 are converted into Carbon.
A star accumulates more mass and continues to grow into red super
giant. Alpha particle fusion happens at its core and creates more heavy
elements until Iron. This is known as the Alpha ladder process.
10
How do elements heavier than Iron form? As the energy at the
core of the star decreases, nuclear fusion cannot produce
elements higher than Iron. Different pathway is needed for
heavier elements to be formed.
Neutron capture, a neutron is added to a seed nucleus.
Below is the representation of how neutron is captured
and heavier nucleus is formed.
Example:
Neutron capture can be slow or rapid;
a. S-process or slow process happens when there is a

slow rate of capturing neutron while there is a faster
rate of radioactive decay hence increasing the proton
by 1.
Example:
b. R-process or rapid process means that there is faster

rate of capturing neutron before it undergoes
radioactive decay thus, more neutrons can be
combined at the nucleus. This is what happens in a
supernova forming heavier elements than Iron with
the process known as supernova nucleosynthesis.
Example:
The explosion of star or supernova is believed

to be the source of other elements heavier
than Iron. During the explosion, these heavy
elements are dispersed into the space. Aside
from gases Hydrogen and Helium in space,
other evidence of star formation is the energy
emitted during nuclear reaction. It is also the
energy emitted by different forms of radiation
such as UV, Infrared, X-ray, radio wave and
microwave.
11
What’s More
Match the terms in column A with its description in Column B

A B
________1. Alpha ladder process a. There is faster rate of capturing
neutron before it undergoes
________2. Big bang nucleosynthesis radioactive decay
b. Nuclear fusion that happens in
________3. CNO cycle red super giant star and creates
more heavy elements until Iron.
________4. Neutron capture c. Happens when there is a slow rate
of capturing neutron while there
________5. Proton- proton chain is a faster rate of radioactive
decay
________6. R- process d. Process wherein light elements
such as Helium and Hydrogen
________7. S- process form.
e. This is how three Helium-4 is
________8. Stellar Nucleosynthesis converted into Carbon in red giant
star
________9.Supernova f. A process where elements heavier
Nucleosynthesis than Iron are formed.
g. Nuclear fusion reaction where
_______10. Tri alpha process Hydrogen is converted to Helium
h. Addition of neutron to form
heavier nuclei
i. Process by which elements are
created within the star
j. This happens in massive star
which convert Hydrogen into
Helium.
12
What I Have Learned
Read the paragraph then fill in the blanks with the correct word/s.
It all starts with 1. ____________, cloud of gas and dust particle in outer
space. Due to the force of gravity, the 2. ____________ gas is pulled together and
eventually became a protostar. Nebular fusion occurs at the center of the protostar
and becomes stable. During this time, hydrogen is converted into 3. _____________
forming main sequence star. The size of the star can be average or massive. A
massive main sequence star that runs out of hydrogen fuel will begin to expand
and cool down. This is 4. ________________, the biggest star in the universe. The red
super giant continues to fuse with heavy elements and stops when 5. ___________ is
converted in the core of the star. At this point, red super giant will become a
supernova after hundreds of years.
What I Can Do
Now, you have learned how stars are formed and evolve from one stage to another
and its connection with heavy elements from Carbon through Iron. There are many
processes that stars have to undergo before they evolve from one stage to another.
For your next task, you will write a story which relates the events of your life from
past, present and future to the life cycle of a star. Use also those elements which
could symbolize something or anything in your story. (Use another sheet of paper
for this task).
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________-
__________________________________________________________________________________
13
Rubrics for Story of Your Life
Criteria Excellent Fair Poor

(5pts) ( 3pts) (1pt)
Work shows time,

Overall effort effort and
neatness that Work shows time Lacks effort and
enhances the and effort put into cleanliness
overall written it
output.
The student's The project

output contains contains
No background or
background and discussion of
contextual
Background context and shows world events but it
information is
context how world events is unclear how
included.
have significantly they have affected
affected his/her the student's life.
life.
The student does The student The student

not commit error commits 1- 3 commits more
Grammar and
when it comes to grammar mistakes than 4 mistakes in
Spelling
grammar and and spelling. grammar and
spelling. spelling
Student includes Student includes Information

information about very few details. included is not
birth, friends, Output is related to the task
Content family, hobbies somewhat tied up or no attempt was
and is able to tie with the topic made.
his/her story to
the topic given.
14
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is NOT an evidence of star formation?

a. hydrogen c. infrared Radiation
b. helium d. rocks
2. How is the energy of star produced?

a. By combustion c. by nuclear fission
b. By decomposition d. by nuclear fusion
3. Which phase of star will be created after the end of red giant?
a. black hole c. supernova
b. red super giant d. white dwarf
4. Which is known as the biggest stars in the universe.

a. main sequence star c. red super giant
b. red giant d. white dwarf
5. Which of the following gases are major components of star?

a. carbon and oxygen c. hydrogen and carbon
b. helium and carbon d. hydrogen and helium
6. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. The core of red giant star is made up of carbon
b. The average star has shorter life span
c. The more massive the star is the faster it burns its fuel
d. No elements heavier than Iron can be produced in a massive star
7. Which is the first stage of a star’s life cycle?
a. black hole c. protostar b. nebula d. white

dwarf
8. In main sequence star, Hydrogen fuses and converted to Helium. What

element is produced from Helium gas at its core??
a. carbon c. neon
b. iron d. silicon
15
9. Which is the second most abundant element in the universe?
a. carbon c. hydrogen b. helium d. oxygen
10. What object is formed from gas and dust particles which are pulled together
by gravity and no nuclear fusion has happened yet?
a. nebula c. protostar
b. main sequence star d. red supergiant star
11. Who stated that we are made of star stuff?

a. Carl Sagan c. Galileo Galilei
b. Edwin Hubble d. Stephen Hawking
12. Which of the following is the sign that a protostar will transform into the
next stage?
a. When the it starts to spin faster
b. When it starts to glow
c. When Hydrogen nuclear fusion begins
d. When it increases temperature igniting the Hydrogen
13. When does a star become unstable?

a. When it runs out of fuel
b. When it contracts and expands
c. When its core is converted to Iron
d. When the outer shell of star is pulled by the gravity from the center
14. Which fusion of elements does Iron come from?
a. carbon fusion c. magnesium fusion b. neon fusion

d. silicon fusion
15. Which is a huge luminous ball of hot gas such as Hydrogen and
Helium.
a. comet c. planet
b. moon d. star
16
Additional Activities
On this activity, you will see a star with the topic written on its center. Fill out the
parts of the stars with all the concepts you have learned in this module.
7 2
Star Formation
6 3
5 4
17
Answer Key
.15 D .15 C
.14 D .14 B
.13 A .13 A
.12 C .12 B
.11 A .11 C
.10 C .10 E .10 D
.9 B .9 F .9 C
.8 A .8 I .8 A
.7 B .7 C .7 A
.6 B .6 A .6 C
.5 D .5 G .5 A
.4 C .4 H .4 A
.3 D .3 J .3 C
.2 D .2 D .2 D
.1 D .4 B .1 A
Assessment What’s More What I Know
.10 Black dwarf

.9 White dwarf
.8 Red giant
.7 Neutron star
.6 Black hole
.5 Supernova .5 Iron
.4 Red super giant .4 Red super giant
.3 Main sequence star .3 Helium
.2 Protostar .2 Hydrogen
.1 Nebula .1 Nebula
What’s New What I Have Learned
18
References
Dhaliwal, J and Moore,J. (n.d).Stellar Nucleosynthesis and The Periodic Table.

Retrieved from
https://earthref.org/SCC/lessons/2012/nucleosynthesis/#materials
National Aeroautics and Space Administration. (2015, May 7).Imagine the Universe.
Retrieved from
https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/educators/lifecycles/LC_main_p2.html
The Elements: Forged in Stars.(n.d). Retrieved from

https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ess05.sci.ess.eiu.fusion/the-
elements-forged-in-stars/
Toogood, O (n.d).Hubbles Law and the Big Bang. Retrieved from

http://www.alevelphysicsnotes.com/astrophysics/big_bang.html#
Cain, F. (2009, February 5). Red Super Giant Star. Retrieved from
https://www.universetoday.com/
Quipper. (n.d). Nucleosynthesis: The beginning of Elements. Retrieved from

https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/547ff9a8d2b76d0002001cf8/cu
rriculum#curriculum
Cantor, K. (n.d). Asrtonomy Portfolio. Retrived from

https://sites.google.com/a/wnesu.com/astronomy-portfolio-kenny-
cantor/big-bang-theory
Wiess, A. (2006). “Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: Cooking up the first Light

Elements”. Retrieved from https://www.einstein-online.info/en/spotlight/bbn/
Strassler, M. (2013, March 4). What Holds Nuclei Together?. Retrived from
https://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-
basics/the-structure-of-matter/the-nuclei-of-atoms-at-the-heart-of-
matter/what-holds-nuclei-together/
Esiegel. (2014, February 28). Burn Baby Burn!

https://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2014/02/28/ask-ethan-26-
burn-baby-burn
Canoy, W.Z. ( 2019, November 10). We Are all Made of Star Stuff. Retrieved from
https://www.facebook.com/notes/physical-science/lesson-2-we-are-all-
made-of-star-stuff-formation-of-the-heavy-elements/3024639240885614/
19
Physical Science
Concept of Atomic Number
Led to the Synthesis of New
Elements in the Laboratory
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Concept of Atomic Number Led to the Synthesis of New
Elements in the Laboratory
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.


Writers: Francis Darril O. Albo
Felipa A. Morada
Reviewers: Rogelio D. Canuel, Elmer C. Bobis, Felipa A. Morada
Illustrator: Geselle A. Teaño
Layout Artist: Elsie R. Reyes, Pamela A. Lalusin, Mary Grace L. Asa
Job S. Zape Jr.
Eugenio S. Adrao
Elaine T. Balaogan
Susan DL. Oribiana
Lorna R. Medrano
Edita T. Olan
Editha M. Malihan
Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON
Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail region4a@deped.gov.ph/ict.calabarzon@deped.gov.ph
Address:
What I Need to Know
This module is especially designed for you. It will help you track the
development of your understanding on how the concept of atomic number led
to the synthesis of new elements in the laboratory.
To make learning easy for you, the module provides activities that will soon
develop your curiosity on how the concept of atomic number led to the
synthesis of new elements in the laboratory
The scope of this module permits it to be used in different learning situations.

The language used recognizes the numerous vocabulary levels of students. The
lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the
order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook
you are now using.
• explain how the concept of atomic number led to the synthesis of

new elements in the laboratory;
• identify the different elements formed after the process of synthesis;
• realize the importance of the atomic number in identifying the new
elements identity in the periodic table.
1
What I Know
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the

chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is a device that is used to speed up the protons to overcome the

repulsion between the protons and the target atomic nuclei by using
magnetic and electrical fields.
a. Spectroscopy c. Particle Accelerator
b. Particle Decelerator d. Microscope
2. He created a classification of elements based on their atomic

weight.
a. Rutherford c. Millikan b. Dalton d.

Mendeleev
3. It is a one-dimensional point which contains a huge mass in an
infinitely small space.
a. Nucleosynthesis c. Singularity
b. Dilation d. R-process
4. He noticed that shooting electrons at elements caused them to release x-
rays at unique frequencies.
a. Mendeleev c. Moseley
b. Millikan d. Serge
5. He synthesized element with atomic number 43 using a linear particle

accelerator.
a. Ernest Rutherford c. Dmitri Mendeleev
b. Ernest Lawrence d. John Dalton
6. This is known as the origin and production of heavy elements.

a. Stellar Nucleosynthesis c. R-Process
b. Primordial Nucleosynthesis d. Supernova Nucleosynthesis
7. This is known as the origin of light elements.

2
8. Process that can produce elements up to #83 - Bismuth.
a. Nuclear Fission c. S Process
b. R-Process d. S Process
9. This is also known as Nucleosynthesis.

a. S Process c. Nuclear Fission
b. R-Process d. Proton-Proton Reaction
10. This occurs in the main sequence of stars.

11. It is also known as nuclear fusion and the formation of new

nuclei actions in the early stages of development of the universe.
a. Nucleosynthesis c. R-Process
b. S-Process d. Singularity
12. In this process, there’s a buildup of a VERY heavy isotope, then as beta-
decays occur, you march up in atomic number and produce heavy
product.
13. He successfully carried out a nuclear transmutation reaction, a process of

transforming one element or isotope into another
element.
a. Chadwick c. Mendeleev
b. Moseley d. Rutherford
14. It was created by bombardment of molybdenum by deuterons (heavy

hydrogen, H12), by Emilio Segre and Carlo Perrier in
1937.
a. Oxygen c. Technetium
b. Helium d. Uranium
15. These are elements with atomic numbers beyond 103.

a. Super Heavy Elements c. Lightest Element
b. Gases Elements d. Halogens
3
Lesson
Physical Sciences: Concept of Atomic Number
that Led to the Synthesis
of New Elements in the Laboratory
Elements are made up of tiny particles, the neutron, proton and electron. H and
Helium are the elements that exist in the early beginning. Early in the Big
Bang, it was a tiny elementary particle. As the Universe expanded and cooled,
there was a period of proton-proton chain reaction wherein protons were fuse
into Helium. The Universe ran into a problem. Red giant cores get past this via
the Triple-Alpha process, but the Universe expands right through this
possibility and the density/temperature are quickly too low to synthesis any
additional elements.
What’s In
You learned earlier how all matter in the universe is made from tiny building
blocks called atoms. All modern scientists accept the concept of the atom, but
when the concept of the atom was first proposed about 2,500 years ago,
ancient philosophers laughed at the idea. It has always been difficult to
convince people of the existence of things that are too small to see. We will
spend some time considering the evidence (observations) that convince
scientists of the existence of atoms.
Do you have any idea how the different elements on the periodic table were
formed, known and identified? Let’s have a short review.
There is what we call Big Bang Theory that has some key stages: Singularity,
Inflation, Nucleosynthesis and Recombination: Let us differentiate them.
Singularity is a one-dimensional point which contains a huge mass in an
infinitely small space, where density and gravity become infinite and space-time
curves infinitely, and where the laws of physics as we know them cease to
operate. The basic homogeneity in distribution of matter in the universe was
established as a consequence of the first phase of inflation. Nucleosynthesis
was the nuclear fusion and the formation of new nuclei actions in the early
stages of development of the universe. Recombination - the formation of the
capture of free electrons by the cations in a plasma.

Let the student explore the process and the history on how
4
elements form using the concept of atomic number.
What’s New
Activity I.I Making Your Own Periodic Table
Make your own periodic table using the hypothetical

elements that are given in the clues. Explain the
word/s that will be formed if you arrange the symbols
of the elements correctly.
1. P and Pr both have one electron each. Pr has a bigger atomic size.
2. Od, Ri, and E are in the same series as P, C, and I. In terms of
atomic size, P is the biggest while C is the smallest. E is a metal while I is a
non-metal. Od is smaller than Ri in atomic size.
3. O has a bigger atomic size than E in the same group. Y is also a
bigger atom than C in the same group. R is more nonmetallic than Pe but
more metallic than Ti.
What is It
Key Points
• The atomic number is the number of protons (positively charged

particles) in an atom.
• Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys Moseley was an English physicist who
demonstrated that the atomic number, the number of protons in an atom,
determines most of the properties of an element.
• In 1919, Ernest Rutherford successfully carried out a nuclear
transmutation reaction a process of transforming one element or isotope
into another element.
• In 1925, there were four vacancies in the periodic table
corresponding to the atomic numbers 43, 61, 85, and 87. Elements with
atomic numbers 43 and 85 were synthesized using particle accelerators.
• A particle accelerator is a device that is used to speed up the
protons to overcome the repulsion between the protons and the target
atomic nuclei by using magnetic and electrical fields. It is used to synthesize
new elements.
5
3. Elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (atomic number of
uranium) are called transuranium elements They were discovered in the
laboratory using nuclear reactors or particle accelerators.
Dmitri Mendeleev created a classification of elements based on their atomic weight.

He found that organizing the elements at the time by their calculated weight
demonstrated a periodic pattern of both physical and chemical properties, such as
luster, physical state, reactivity to water, and others.
Activity 1.1 Making Your Own Periodic Table shows how theoretical elements where
arrance accordiing to its atomic weight. For example, H has an atomic mass of
1.00794 amu, which makes hydrogen the lightest element on the periodic table.
Hydrogen, H, was named by Laviosier and is the most abundant element on the
periodic table. It is followed by He, Li, Be and so on and so fort because atomic
weight is used to arrange elements from lightest to heaviest.
Hello there, let me help you about how elements form

with the atomic concept.
By the way, He is Henry Moseley. He was an English
physicist whose experiment demonstrated that the
major properties of an element are determined by the
atomic number, not by the atomic weight, and firmly
established the relationship between atomic number
and the charge of the atomic nucleus.
Henry Moseley was a researcher at Rutherford’s laboratory.
In 1913, Moseley used Rutherford’s work to advance the understanding of

the elements and solve the problem with Mendeleev’s periodic table.
Moseley noticed that shooting electrons at elements caused them to release

x-rays at unique frequencies. He also noticed that the frequency increased by
a certain amount when the “positive charge” of the chosen element was
higher.
By arranging the elements according to the square root of the frequency they
emitted, he was able to draw out an arrangement of elements that more
correctly predicted periodic trends.
6
Mention the experimental evidence he gave to an existing hypothesis: that
the elements’ atomic number, or place in the periodic table, was uniquely
tied to their “positive charge”, or the number of protons they had. This
discovery allowed for a better arrangement of the periodic table, and
predicted elements that were not yet discovered. His method of identifying
elements by shooting electrons and looking at x-rays became a very useful
tool in characterizing elements, and is now called x-ray spectroscopy.
He used X-ray spectroscopy to determine the atomic number of an element.

He bombarded a beam of electrons to different elements and measured their
X-ray spectral lines. His results clearly showed that frequency of the X-rays
given off by an element was mathematically related to the position of that
element in the Periodic table. The frequency is proportional to the charge of
the nucleus, or the atomic number.
When the elements were arranged according to their atomic numbers, there
were four gaps in the table. These gaps corresponded to the atomic numbers
43, 61, 85, and 87. These elements were later synthesized in the laboratory
through nuclear transmutations.
Discovery of Nuclear Transmutation
In 1919, Ernest Rutherford successfully carried out a nuclear transmutation

reaction — a reaction involving the transformation of one element or isotope
into another element. The first nuclide to be prepared by artificial means was
an isotope of oxygen, 17O. It was made by Ernest Rutherford in 1919 by
bombarding nitrogen atoms with α particles:
14
7N +42α → 178O + 11H
However, both alpha particles and atomic nuclei are positively charged, so
they tend to repel each other. Therefore, instead of using fast-moving alpha
particles in synthesizing new elements, atomic nuclei are often bombarded
with neutrons (neutral particles) in particle accelerators.
James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932, as a previously unknown

neutral particle produced along with 12C by the nuclear reaction between
9Be and 4He:
4
9 +42 → 12
6 + 10
The first element to be prepared that does not occur naturally on the earth,
technetium, was created by bombardment of molybdenum by deuterons
(heavy hydrogen, H12), by Emilio Segre and Carlo Perrier in 1937:
2
1 +4297 →
2 10 +4397
The first controlled nuclear chain reaction was carried out in a reactor at the
University of Chicago in 1942. One of the many reactions involved was:
235 +1 →87 +146 +31
92 0 35 57 0
The Discovery of the Missing Elements
Recall that in 1925, there were four vacancies in the periodic table
corresponding to the atomic numbers 43, 61, 85, and 87. Two of these
elements were synthesized in the laboratory using particle accelerators. A
particle accelerator is a device that is used to speed up the protons to
overcome the repulsion between the protons and the target atomic nuclei by
using magnetic and electrical fields. It is used to synthesize new elements. In
1937, American physicist Ernest Lawrence synthesized element with atomic
number 43 using a linear particle accelerator. He bombarded molybdenum
(Z=42) with fast-moving neutrons. The newly synthesized element was named
Technetium (Tc) after the Greek word "technêtos" meaning “artificial.” Tc was
the first man-made element.
The bombarding of Mo with deuteron formed technicium which is the first

artificially made element.
42
97 +21 →
43
97 + 10
In 1940, Dale Corson, K. Mackenzie, and Emilio Segre discovered element
with atomic number 85. They bombarded atoms of bismuth (Z=83) with fast-
moving alpha particles in a cyclotron. A cyclotron is a particle accelerator
that uses alternating electric field to accelerate particles that move in a spiral
path in the presence of a magnetic field. Element-85 was named astatine
from the Greek word “astatos” meaning unstable.
The two other elements with atomic numbers 61 and 87 were discovered
through studies in radioactivity. Element-61 (Promethium) was discovered as
a decay product of the fission of uranium while element-87 (Francium) was
discovered as a breakdown product of uranium.
The Synthesis of the Elements
The invention of the device called cyclotron paved the way for transmuting
one element into another artificially. The high-energy particles that are
produced from the cyclotron upon hitting heavy target nuclei produce
heavier nuclei.
The Universe ran into the Be problem. Red giant cores get past this via the
Triple-Alpha process, but the Universe expands right through this possibility
and the density/temperature are quickly too low to synthesis any additional
elements.
8
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
• The oldest stars in the Galaxy are deficient in the abundance of elements
heavier than Helium (but show the predicted amount of He)
• The current record holder has Fe/H about 130,000 times smaller than the
solar value.
• Not quite down to Big Bang abundances, but we are getting pretty close and
still looking.
Chemical Evolution of the Universe
So we need to find the sources of

the vast majority of elements in
the Periodic Table of elements.
We already know about some of the
sources.
Chemical Evolution
• Low-mass stars synthesize `new’ He, C, O during the main-

sequence, RGB, HB and AGB phases.
• These freshly minted elements are brought to the surface via
convection and redistributed via stellar winds and planetary nebulae
into the interstellar medium to be incorporated into later generations
of stars.
Chemical Evolution II
• For more massive stars, `equilibrium’ fusion reactions produce
elements all the way up to Fe.
• Freshly made elements are delivered via stellar winds or,
sometimes more spectacularly via supernova explosions
Chemical Evolution III
What about the trans-Fe elements?

• Equilibrium fusion reactions of light elements don’t proceed past
Fe because of Fe’s location at the peak of the curve of binding energy.
• However, in certain circumstances, supernovae for example, non-
equilibrium reactions can build elements beyond Fe in the Periodic
Table. Many of these are radioactive, but some are stable.
9
Neutron Capture Elements
• There are two principle paths to building the elements heavier

than Fe. Both use the addition of neutrons to existing `seed’ nuclei
(neutrons have no charge so are much easier to add to positively-
charged nuclei).
S-process (slow addition of neutrons)
R-process (rapid addition of neutrons)
The S-process
• The S-process stands for the Slow addition of neutrons to nuclei.

The addition of a no produces heavier isotope of a particular element.
However, if an electron is emitted (this is called beta-decay), the
nucleus moves one step up the periodic table.
• `Slow’ here means that rate of no captures is low compared to the
beta-decay rate.
• It really is slow. Sometimes 100’s of years go by between neutron
captures.
The s-process acting in the range from
Ag to Sb.
Here a neutron
changed into a
proton by emitting
an electron
• The S-process can produce elements up to #83 - Bismuth. There

are peaks in the Solar System abundance of heavy elements at 38Sr,
56Ba and 82Pb. These are easily understood in the context of the S-
process and `magic’ numbers of neutrons.
• The site of the S-process is AGB start during and between shell
flashes. The no source is a by-product of C13+He4 -> O16
• 43Tc is an s-process nucleus and proof that it is in operation in
AGB stars.
The R-process
• The R-process is the Rapid addition of neutrons to existing nuclei.

Rapid here means that many neutrons are added before a beta-decay
occurs.
• First build up a VERY heavy isotope, then, as beta-decays occur,
you march up in atomic number and produce the REALLY HEAVY
STUFF.
• For this to happen, a big burst of neutrons is needed. The most
promising place with the right conditions is in a SNII explosion right
above the collapsed core.
10
• We see an overabundance of R-process elements in the oldest
stars. As the early chemical enrichment of the Galaxy was through
SNII, this is evidence of SNII as the source of r-process elements.
• If we look at the Crab Nebula or other SNII remnants we don’t see
r-process elements.
• We DO see regions of enhanced O, Si, Ne and He which appear to
reflect the `onion skin’ structure of the massive star progenitor.
Crab Nebula
1 https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/multimedia/crab_ nebula.html
D
i
a
The Transuranic
g Elements
r
a
In the 1930s, mthe heaviest element known was uranium, with an atomic
number 92. Early
(
in 1940, Edwin McMillan proved that an element having
an atomic number
H 93could be created. He used a particle accelerator to
bombard uranium
o with neutrons and created an element with an atomic
w
number 93 which he named neptunium.
Transuranic
R elements are synthetic elements with atomic numbers
-
higher than
P that of Uranium (Z = 92).
r 23892 + 10 → 23993 + −01
o
c
Plutonium (Z = 94)
e 238 2 239 + 21
s 92+ 1→ 93 0
s 23893→ 23994+1 + −10
O
At the cend of 1940, element-94 was synthesized by Seaborg,
McMillan,
c Kennedy, and Wahl. They bombarded uranium with
u
deuterons
r (particles composed of a proton and a neutron) in a
cyclotron. Element-94 was named plutonium.
)
11
Elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (atomic number of uranium)
are called transuranium elements. Hence, neptunium and plutonium are
both transuranium elements. They are unstable and decay radioactively into
other elements. All these elements were discovered in the laboratory as
artificially generated synthetic elements. They are prepared using nuclear
reactors or particle accelerators. In the next lesson, you will learn the nuclear
reactions involved in the synthesis of these transuranium elements.
Stellar nucleosynthesis
This is the process by which elements are created within stars by combining
the protons and neutrons together from the nuclei of lighter elements. Fusion
inside stars transforms hydrogen into helium, heat, and radiation. Heavier
elements are created in different types of stars as they die or explode.
The Superheavy Elements
Superheavy elements are elements with atomic numbers beyond 103. These
are produced by bombarding heavy nuclear targets with accelerated heavy
projectiles.
Bohrium (Z = 107) – projectile used was Cr

209 + 5424 → 261107 ℎ + 210
83
Following are the equations of several nuclear reactions that have important
roles in the history of nuclear chemistry:
• The first naturally occurring unstable element that was isolated, polonium,
was discovered by the Polish scientist Marie Curie and her husband Pierre in
1898. It decays, emitting particles:
21284 → 20882 + 42
12
What’s More
Activity 1.1 Write the nuclear reactions involved in

the synthesis of each of the following new elements:
a. Curium (Z = 96) was formed by reacting Pu – 239 with alpha

particles 42He. It has a half-life of 162 days.
b. Mendelevium (Z = 101) was formed by reacting En-253 with alpha
particles.
c. Meitnerium (Z = 109) was formed by cold fusion which involves the
combination of Bi and Fe nuclides at ordinary temperature
What I Have Learned
Why do scientists study and synthesize new

transuranium elements in the laboratory? What are the
uses of these elements?
Create a timeline using illustrations and text showing

on how elements form with the concept of atomic
number.
13
Timeline Rubric
Category 10 points 7 points 5 points 3 points

Facts were Facts
Facts were Facts were accurate were often
Content/ accurate for accurate for for most inaccurat
Facts all events almost all (~75%) of e for
reported on events the events
the timeline reported on events reported
the reported on on the
timeline. the timeline.
timeline.
Some
All graphics All graphics graphics
are are are Several
Graphics effective and effective, but effective graphics
balanced there and their are
with text appear to be use not
use. too few or is balanced effective.
too many. with text
use.
The overall
The overall appearance
appearance of the The The
Readability of the timeline is timeline is timeline is
timeline is somewhat relatively difficult
pleasing pleasing and readable. to read.
and easy to easy to
read. read.
The timeline The
The timeline contained timeline The
contained at least 8-9 contained timeline
Requirements 10 events events at least 6-7 contained
related to related to events fewer
the topic the topic related to than 5
being being the topic events.
studied. studied. being
studied.
14
What I Can Do
Short Essay (maximum of 3 sentences)
1. Dmitri Mendeleev is often regarded as the Father

of the Periodic Table. Would you say that Henry
Moseley deserves the recognition more than him?
2. Explain why the atomic number is called the
“fingerprint” of elements.
3. How would you relate alchemy to synthesis of new

elements?
Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the

chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. He successfully carried out a nuclear transmutation reaction, a
process of transforming one element or isotope into another
element.
a. Chadwick c. Mendeleev
b. Moseley d. Rutherford
2. This is also known as Nucleosynthesis.

3. This is known as the origin and production of heavy elements.

b. Primordial Nucleosynthesis d. Supernova
Nucleosynthesis
4. It was created by bombardment of molybdenum by deuterons

(heavy hydrogen, H12), by Emilio Segre and Carlo Perrier in 1937.
a. Oxygen c. Technetium
b. Helium d. Uranium
c.
5. Process that can produce elements up to #83 - Bismuth.
15
a. nuclear fission c. S Process
b. R-process d. S-Process
6. This is known as the origin of light elements.
7. It is also known as nuclear fusion and the formation of new nuclei

actions in the early stages of development of the universe.
a. Nucleosynthesis c. R-Process
b. S-Process d. Singularity
8. In this process there’s a buildup of a VERY heavy isotope, then

as beta-decays occur, you march up in atomic number and
produce heavy product.
9. These are elements with atomic numbers beyond 103.

a. SuperHevy Elements c. Lightest Element
b. Gases Elements d. Halogens
10. This occurs in the main sequence of stars.

11. It is a device that is used to speed up the protons to overcome

the repulsion between the protons and the target atomic nuclei
by using magnetic and electrical fields.
a. Spectroscopy c. Particle Accelerator
b. Particle Decelerator d. Microscope
12. He created a classification of elements based on their atomic

weight.
a. Rutherford c. Millikan
b. Dalton d. Mendeleev
13. It is a one-dimensional point which contains a huge mass in

an infinitely small space.
a. Nucleosynthesis c. Singularity
b. Dilation d. R-process
14. He noticed that shooting electrons at elements caused them to
release x-rays at unique frequencies.
a. Mendeleev c. Moseley
b. Millikan d. Serge
15. He synthesized element with atomic number 43 using a
linear particle accelerator.
a. Ernest Rutherford c. Dmitri Mendeleev
b. Ernest Lawrence d. John Daton
16
a
Research on the latest instruments used in preparing new elements in

the laboratory. What were the instruments used in preparing the
newest four elements, nihonium, moscovium, tennessine, and
oganesson?
17
Answer Key
b .15
c .14 266109Mt + 10n
c .13 5826Fe—> + 20983Bi .c
d .12 Mendeleev.
c .11 Dmitri after named
a .10 10n Mv is + 256101Mv
a .9 42He —> + En 25399 .b
b .8 radioactivity.
a .7 natural on research
b .6
extensive done
c .5
c .4
who had Curie Pierre
a .3 named after Marie and
c .2 is Cm 10n 24296Cm+
d .1 —> 42He + 23994Pu .a
Assessment What's More
a .15
c .14
d .13
b .12
a .11
a .10
c .9
c .8
b .7
a .6
b .5
c .4
c .3
d .2
c .1
What I Know
18
References
Coyne, Glynis L. (2012). Lead to Gold, Sorcery to Science: Alchemy and the
Foundations of Modern Chemistry. University of North Carolina PIT
Journal, 4. Retrieved October 10, 2015
http://pitjournal.unc.edu/article/lead-gold-sorcery-sciencealchemy-and-
foundations-modern-chemistry;
Famous Scientist Org. “Henry Moseley.” Famous Scientists. famouscientist.org,

December 29, 2014. http://www.famousscientists.org/henry-moseley/.
Gonzales, Jay. “Synthesis of the New Elements in the Laboratory.” LinkedIn
Corporation. SlideShare, December 22, 2017.
https://www.slideshare.net/JhayGonzales/synthesis-of-the-new-
elements-in-the-laboratory.
“Henry Moseley, the Atomic Number, and Synthesis of Elements.” Teach

Together, 2012.
http://teachtogether.chedk12.com/teaching_guides/view/283.
Navarro, Mary Grace. “The Atomic Number and the Synthesis of New
Elements.” Academia. Academia.edu. Accessed May 22, 2020.
https://www.academia.edu/33928561/The_Atomic_Number_and_the_
Synthesis_of_New_Elements.
“The Synthesis of the Elements.” Lick Observatory. Accessed May 23, 2020.
http://www.ucolick.org/~bolte/AY4_04/class6_04bwd.pdf.
Physical Science
Quarter 1 – Module: 3
Physical Science
Quarter 1 – Module 3: Polarity of Molecules
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every
effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.


Writers: Bayani T. Vicencio, Valeria Amor C. Rosita
Gertrudes L. Malabanan
Reviewers: Rogelio D. Canuel, Elmer C. Bobis, Gertrudes L. Malabanan,
Layout Artist: Elsie R. Reyes
Job S. Zape Jr.
Eugenio S. Adrao,
Elaine T. Balaogan
Helen A. Ramos
Rhina O. Ilagan
Edna U. Mendoza
Ronaldo V. Ramilo
Department of Education – Region IV-A
Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay 1900, Cainta, Rizal

1800 Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487 E-mail
Address:region4a@deped.gov.ph/ict.calabarzon@deped.gov.ph
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the varied
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence
of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond
with the textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Polarity of Molecules

1. differentiate polar and nonpolar bonds;
2. determine the polarity of chemical bonds between atoms using the concept of
electronegativity;
3. familiarize with the different molecular shapes;
4. explain how polarity of bonds and molecular geometry affects the polarity of
molecules.
1
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. ____ refers to the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons.

a. Electron affinity
b. Electronegativity
c. Ionization energy
d. Electromotive force
2. Which of the following statements is TRUE about polar bonds?

a. They are present in metals.
b. They are responsible for the formation of ionic compounds.
c. They always result to the formation of polar molecular compounds.
d. They may result to nonpolar covalent compounds depending on molecular
geometry.
3. What type of chemical bond holds the atoms of water molecule together?
a. Hydrogen bond
b. Ionic bond
c. Polar covalent bond
d. Nonpolar covalent bond
4. Which of the following molecule is nonpolar?

a. NaCl
b. HCl
c. CO2
d. NH3
5. What is the electronegativity difference of C - O?

a. 0
b. 0.5
c. 1.0
d. 1.5
6. Supposedly a hypothetical molecule has an electronegativity difference of 0.5,

what is the type of chemical bond present?
a. Ionic
b. Hydrogen
c. Polar covalent
d. Nonpolar covalent
2
7. What is the molecular shape of BeF3?
a. Linear
b. Trigonal
c. Tetrahedral
d. Trigonal bipyramidal
8. A molecule can have a polar bond and still be nonpolar overall. The statement
is ___
a. True
b. False
c. Maybe
9. A polar covalent bond would form in which of the following pairs of atoms?
a. Cl-Cl
b. Mg-O
c. N-H
d. C-S
10. A molecule shape is a three-dimensional arrangement of atoms or bonding

groups around a central atom. The molecular shape is governed by the
valence shell electron repulsion (VSEPR) theory.
a. The first and second statements are true.
b. The first and second statements are false.
c. The first statement is true while the second statement is false.
d. The first statement is false while the second statement is true.
True or False: Write TRUE if the statement is correct, otherwise write FALSE.
11. The general trend of electronegativity as you move from top to bottom of
the periodic table is increasing.
12. Flourine has the greatest electronegativity while cesium and francium have the
least electronegativity value.
13. Water, with a bent molecular shape, is classified as a polar molecule.
14. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) has six bonded electrons and no lone pair in its
central atom.
15. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) exhibits a linear geometry.
3
Lesson
1 Polarity of Molecules
It is interesting to have a quick glance at the lessons you have learned about
compounds and chemical bonds when you were in Grades 8, 9 and 10. Can you still
recall them? Great!
In Grade 8, you learned that atoms combine to form molecules or compounds

thus making them more stable by achieving a stable configuration satisfying the Octet
Rule. On the other hand, you learned about chemical bonds or intramolecular forces
and its three types such as ionic, covalent and metallic and the writing of Lewis dot
symbol in Grade 9. While in your Grade-10 Science, you have learned the concepts of
electronegativity and you were briefly introduced to the topic polarity of molecules
using the electronegativity values.
Studying this module will certainly increase your understanding about the
polarity of molecules. This module is packed with interesting activities which will
make you enjoy your Chemistry lessons even more. So, are you ready to delve on an
exciting quest for chemistry learning? You may start now by doing the activity below.
Goodluck and happy learning!
What’s In
Chemical bonds are formed when atoms lose, accept or share electrons. An ionic bond
occurs when there is a transfer of one or more valence electrons form one atom to
another. It exists between metal and nonmetal atoms where metal loses electron/s
while nonmetal accepts the electron/s donated by metal. On the other hand, when two
nonmetal atoms combine, neither of them loses or gains electron Instead, electron
pairs are being shared by both atoms and the type of chemical bond formed is called
covalent bond.
4
Periodic Table is an indispensable tool in studying chemistry. In
order for the learners to answer the above activity, they must first
be familiar on how to use all the information written on the
periodic table. At this point, they should be able to effectively use
the periodic table in order to classify elements as to metal, non-
metal or semi-metals.
Tell whether the compound below is an ionic compound (IC) or covalent

compound (CC) based on the type of chemical bond present.
____1. NaCl _____6. N2O
____2. CO2 ________7. PCl5
____3. CaCl2 _____8.KBr
____4. CCl4 _____9. HCl
____5. Fe2O3 _____10.AlCl3
ANSWER: NaCl, CaCl2, Fe2O3,KBr, and AlCl3 are all ionic compound because the
atoms involved are combination of metal and nonmetal. On the other hand, CO2, CCl4,
N2O, PCl5 and HCl are covalent compounds because the atoms involved are both
nonmetals.
It’s good that you were able to recall the difference between ionic bond and covalent
bond.
You have learned that a covalent is a shared pair of electrons between two atoms. But
are the electrons equally shared by the combing atoms? How does a polar covalent
bond differ from a nonpolar covalent? Did you know that electronegativity of an atom
can be used to further classify covalent bond into polar and nonpolar?
As you perform the activity below, you will find out that substances have different
polarities, and this explains why there are substances that do not mix while others do.
5
What’s New
Activity1: Polarity Experiment

Materials:
• Water
• Vinegar
• Oil
• Alcohol
• disposable glasses
• spoon
Procedure:
1. Obtain 6 clean disposable glasses and prepare the following set-up.

Set-up 1: 1 cup water + 5 tablespoons vinegar
Set-up 2: 1 cup water + 5 tablespoons oil
Set-up 3: 1 cup water + 5 tablespoons alcohol
Set-up 4: 1 cup vinegar + 5 tablespoons oil
Set-up 5: 1 cup vinegar + 5 tablespoons alcohol
Set-up 6: 5 tablespoon oil + 5 tablespoons alcohol
2. Thoroughly stir each mixture and observe carefully.

Note: • Do not forget to wash and dry the spoon after each use.
• Properly label each set-up.
• Samples with oil should first be mixed with dishwashing liquid
before disposing down the sink
Guide Question:
a. Which of the following set-ups mixed well? Which did not?

b. What can you infer from the result of this activity?
Or if not feasible, this activity may be performed instead.
Calculate the electronegativity difference and give the type of bond that exists
between the atoms in each of the following pairs.
EN of the first EN of the 2nd

Molecule ∆ EN
atom atom
1. NaCl
2. NH3
3. CH4
4. H2
5. H2O
6
What is It
The polarity of molecules is determined by the two factors: the polarity of bonds based
on the electronegativity difference of the atoms involved and the geometrical shape of
the molecules which can be predicted via valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR)
theory.
A. Polarity of Bonds and Electronegativity

In your grade 9 chemistry, you have tackled the lesson on the periodic properties of
elements such as atomic size, metallic property, ionization energy, electron affinity and
electronegativity. Can you still recall the definition of electronegativity? If not, no
problem because I will define it for you.
Electronegativity (EN) measures the relative tendency of an atom to attract electrons to

itself when chemically combined with other atom. Take a look at the electronegativity
values of some elements on Fig.1. What have you noticed? Correct! It increases within
period (from left to right) and decreases within a group (from top to bottom). Take note
also that the higher the value of EN, the more it tends to attract electron towards
itself.
So what is the connection of electronegativity to the polarity of bonds? We could use

the electronegativity values of the atoms involved to get the absolute electronegativity
difference (∆EN) which will help us in predicting what type of chemical bond (ionic,
polar covalent or nonpolar covalent) that would exist between them. Table 1 shows the
type of bond based on the electronegativity difference of bonded atoms.
Figure 1. Pauling Electronegativity values of some elements
7
Table 1. Type of bond based on electronegativity difference (∆EN) of bonded atoms
Electronegativity Difference
Type of Bond
(∆EN)
Ionic ≥1.7
Polar Covalent 0.5 to 1.6
Nonpolar Covalent ≤ 0.4
For example, you are asked to predict what type of bond is present between
the following pairs of atoms by determining their electronegativity difference.
4. Ca and Cl
5. Cl and Cl
6. H and Cl
7. S and O
8. C and N
Solution:
1. ENCa = 1.0 (∆EN) = 1.0 – 3.0 = │-2.0│= 2.0 ionic bond

ENCl = 3.0
2. ENCl = 3.0 (∆EN) = 3.0 – 3.0 = 0 nonpolar covalent bond

ENCl = 3.0
3. ENH = 2.1 (∆EN) = 2.1 – 3.0 = │-0.9│= 0.9 polar covalent bond
ENCl= 3.0
4. ENS= 2.5 (∆EN) = 2.5 – 3.5 = │-1.0│= 1.0 polar covalent bond
ENO = 3.5
5. ENC= 2.5 (∆EN) = 2.5 – 3.0 = │-0.5│= 0.5 polar covalent bond
ENN = 3.0
Using the above examples, let us know more about polar and nonpolar covalent
bonds. A polar covalent bond is formed when electrons are shared unequally by two
atoms in a compound. The bonded pair of atoms form an electric dipole (represented
by ). Dipole means “two poles” which means that a molecule has one positive
end and one negative end. In this type of bond, the atom with the higher EN value
becomes the partial negative pole (symbolized as ẟ-) while the atom with the lower EN
value becomes the partially positive (symbolized as ẟ+) pole. Always bear in mind that
the direction of the arrow is always pointing from a more electropositive pole to the
more electronegative pole. Take HCl for example, H is has higher EN than Cl, thus the
direction of the arrow is from H pointing to Cl and there is unequal electron density as
represented by a size of the circle (refer to figure 2). On the other hand, a nonpolar
covalent bond develops if both atoms equally share a pair of electrons between them.
8
This occurs when the bonding atoms have approximately equal EN value or equal
ability to attract electrons to each side. Nonpolar covalent bond is an example of bond
formed when two chlorine atoms combine.
(a) (b)
Figure 2. (a) Polar bond between H and Cl and (b) nonpolar bond between two
Cl atoms
B. Polarity of Molecules and Molecular Geometry

You just have learned how to predict the type of bond polarity simply by calculating
the electronegativity difference of atoms (specifically two atoms). The next question is,
how about for those molecules consisting of more than two atoms like H2O, CCl4, NH3
and CO2? For polyatomic molecules, both the bond polarity and molecular shape
determine the overall molecular polarity. In terms of molecular geometry, the valence
shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory would help us to determine the spatial
arrangement of atoms in a polyatomic molecule.
You can predict the shape or molecular geometry of a substance using the following
steps:
Step 1: Determine the central atom of a molecule. The central atom is the least
electronegative element.
Step 2: Draw the appropriate Lewis dot structure for the molecule.
Step 3: Count the number of bonding pairs of electrons and non-bonding (or
lone pairs) around the central atom.
Step 4: Determine the electron pair orientation using the total number
of electron pairs.
Step 5: Name the shape of based on the location of the atoms
Figure 3. Different Molecular Shapes
9
Consider the examples below:
Example 1: Predict the molecular geometry of BCl 3
Step 1: ENB = 2.0 ENCl= 3.0 therefore, B will be the central atom and three Cl
atoms are attached to it. By looking at the chemical formula, you
will also have an idea that boron will be the central atom and three atoms of
choline are attached to it.
Step 2:
Step 3: The central atom has three electron pairs: 3 bonded pairs and
no lone pair
Step 4: The electron pair orientation for three electrons is trigonal planar.
Step 5: The molecular shape of BCl3 is trigonal planar.
Example 2: Predict the molecular geometry of CO2
Step 1: ENC= 2.5 ENO= 3.0 therefore, C will be the central atom and two
O atoms will be the attached to it. (Use may also use the chemical
formula to predict which atom will be the central atom
Step 2:
Step 3: For the purpose of determining the position of the bonding pairs,
let us count the double bonds as one bonding pair. Therefore, CO2
has two bonding pairs of electron.
Step 4: The electron pair orientation for two electron pairs is linear.
Step 5: The molecular shape of CO2 is linear.
Example 3: Predict the molecular geometry of CHCl3.
Step 1: ENC = 2.5, ENH= 2.1 and ENCl= 3.0. Because carbon is less
electronegative than chlorine and hydrogen is normally terminal atom,
C must be the central atom.
Step 2:
Step 3: There are four bonding electron pairs.

Step 4: The electron pair orientation for four electron pairs is tetrahedral.
Step 5: The molecular shape of CHCl3 is linear.
10
Now that you have learned how to determine the molecular geometry, let us now go
on to our discussion of polarity of molecules based on molecular shapes. You may
study the diagram below and we will use it as our guide.
Is the shape
NO YES
symmetrical
in 3D?
The molecule Are all atoms

is POLAR
NO bonded to the
central atoms
the same?
YES
Note: You must think about a molecule
in 3-D according to VSEPR Theory The molecule
is NONPOLAR
Figure 4. Flowchart to determine if a molecule is polar or nonpolar
Going back to our previous examples, let us try to determine the polarity of
molecules of BCl3, CO2 and CHCl3.
For both BCl3 and CO2, the atoms are symmetrically arranged (trigonal
planar and linear) and the attached atoms to the central atom are also the
same. You must also take note that in a symmetrical molecule, the sum of the
bond dipole is equal to zero (because they cancel out) which leads to the
formation of nonpolar molecule. Therefore, both BCl3 and CO2 are nonpolar. On
the other hand, CHCl3, although it has a symmetrical arrangement
(tetrahedral), the atoms attached to the central atom are not all the same (3
chlorine atoms and 1 hydrogen atom). This causes CHCl 3 to become a polar
molecule.
Now, let us see if you fully understood our discussion. I want you to try
answering the exercises below.
11
Identify which molecule is polar and which is nonpolar given the Lewis structure and
molecular shapes of the following molecules.
Molecule Lewis Structure Molecular Geometry Molecular Shape

(based on VSEPR)
1. NH3 Trigonal
pyramidal
2. H2O Bent or angular
3. CCl4
Tetrahedral
4. Linear
If you were able to answer that NH3 and H2O are polar molecules because the bond
dipole cannot be cancelled because of the presence of lone pairs on the central atom
and CCl4 and HBr are nonpolar molecules, you are correct. Job well done! You may
now proceed to the rest of this module.
What’s More
Molecule Lewis ∆ Bond Molecular Polarity of
Structure EN Polarity Geometry Molecule
• PCl5
• BeCl2
• CH4
• OF2
• SF6
So far, we have discussed how polarity of molecules is being determined. At this point,
you will perform the activity below to find out if you fully understood our topic. If you
think you need to go back to the discussion part of this module while answering this
activity, please feel free to do so.
12
What I Have Learned
In your own words, differentiate polar and nonpolar covalent bond.

1. What is electronegativity and how can it be used in in determining the polarity
of molecules?
2. Is it possible for a molecule to have a polar bond but have an overall polarity of
nonpolar?
3. Differentiate bonding and non-bonding electrons.
What I Can Do
Answer the following questions below:
1. Ammonia (NH3) is polar molecule while boron trifluoride (BF3) is a nonpolar

molecule. Explain the difference in the polarity of these compounds.
2. Suppose that AB3E, a hypothetical molecule, is discovered. Predict whether
the molecule is polar or nonpolar by determining its molecular shape.
Note: A – corresponds to central atom,
B - terminal atom
E – lone pair (nonbonding electrons)
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
1. The following molecules have polar covalent bonds EXCEPT?
a. NH3
b. CS2
c. BCl3
d. HBr
2. Which of the following bonds is the MOST polar?
a. H-Cl
b. C-Cl
c. H-H
d. N-F
13
3. What is the molecular shape of CHBr3?
a. Linear
b. Trigonal planar
c. Trigonal bipyramidal
d. Tetrahedral
4. A nonpolar covalent bond would form in which of the following pairs of atoms?
a. Na-Cl
b. Ca-O
c. P-N
d. C-S
5. From the given Lewis structure of NH3, how many nonbonding pair/s of
electron are around the central atom?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
6. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
a. Polar covalent bonds can be present in a nonpolar molecule.
b. Polar covalent bond is present if the electronegativity difference between
atoms is equal or less than 0.4.
c. Polarity of bond and molecular geometry are the two factors that affect
the polarity of molecules.
d. Polar bond forms when electrons are unequally shared by two atoms in
a compound.
7. What do you call the relative ability of a bonded atom to attract shared
electron pairs?
a. Electron affinity
b. Electronegativity
c. Ionization energy
d. Metallic property
8. Which description below correctly describes polar molecules?
a. Have polar bonds present.
b. The polar bonds are arranged so that they do not cancel.
c. Lone pairs on the central atom are arranged so that they do not cancel.
d. Lone pairs on the central atom are arranged so that they can be
cancelled out.
14
9. Which of the following molecules is tetrahedral?
a. H2O
b. SF6
c. CH4
d. BF3
10. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about CO 2?
a. Has an electronegativity difference of 1.0
b. Polar bond is present
c. Has a linear molecular shape
d. Is a polar molecule
True or False: Write TRUE if the statement is correct, otherwise write FALSE.
11. S and O are bonded by a polar covalent bond because its
electronegativity difference value is 1.0.
12. Atoms with high electronegativity have a greater tendency to attract electrons
toward itself.
13. Polarity of molecules are determined both by polarity of bonds and molecular
geometry.
14. Among C-Cl, H-Cl, C-H and Cl-Cl, only Cl-Cl is polar.
15. Methyl alcohol, CH3OH, is a nonpolar molecule.
Analyze the following statements and determine if it is correct or wrong.
1. SiCl4 is a nonpolar molecule.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. H2S has a linear molecular geometry.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. PF5 is a polar molecule.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
15
Answer Key
F .15 .15 T
F .14 .14 T
T .13 .13 T
T .12 IC.10 .12 F
T .11 CC .9 .11 F
D .10 IC .8 .10 A
C .9 .7 CC C .9
C .8 CC .6 A .8
B .7 IC .5 B .7
B .6 .4 CC C .6
B .5 IC .3 C .5
D .4 .2 CC C .4
D .3 IC .1 C .3
D .2 D .2
B .1 What’s More B .1
Assessment What I Know
6
non-polar Octahedral Polar 7.1 SF .5
2
polar Bent Polar 5.0 OF .4
4
nonpolar Tetrahedral Non-polar 4.0 CH .3
2
nonpolar Linear Polar 5.0 BeCl .2
bipyramidal
polar polar 8.0 5
Trigonal PCl .1
Molecule Geometry Polarity

∆ EN Molecule
Polarity of Molecular Bond
16
.bond
of valence electrons that is not shared with another atom in a covalent
covalent bonds while lone pair (nonbonding electrons) refers to a pair
Answer: Bonding electrons are those electrons involved in the formation of
Differentiate bonding and non-bonding .electrons .4
molecular geometry satisfies the condition of VSEPR .theory
a nonpolar molecule as long as its bond but still be classified as
bond and molecular .geometry A molecule can have a polar covalent
Answer: .Yes Because polarity of molecule is determined both by polarity of
polarity of nonpolar?
Is it possible for a molecule to have a polar bond but have an overall .3
∆EN is beyond .04 but less than 7,.1 the bond is .polar
or .nonpolar If the ∆EN is 4.0 or less, the bond is .nonpolar But if the
electronegativity can be used to predict whether the bond will be polar
of toward .itself The concept attract shared electrons to
Answer: Electronegativity measures the tendency of an atom in a molecule
polarity of molecules?
What is electronegativity and how can it be used in in determining the .2
there is equal sharing of electrons between .atoms
nonpolar bonds are formed when electrons between atoms, while
Answer: Polar bonds are formed when there is an unequal sharing of
.1 In your own words, differentiate polar and nonpolar covalent .bond
What I Have Learned
17
.nonpolar
configuration will exhibit a trigonal bipyramidal shape and therefore it is
3
Using the concept of VSEPR theory, a molecule with an AB E
E – lone pair (nonbonding electrons)
B - terminal atom
Note: A – corresponds to central atom,
the molecule is polar or nonpolar by determining its molecular .shape
3
E, a hypothetical molecule, is .discovered Predict whether Suppose that AB .2
central atom has no lone pair, making it .nonpolar
pairs of electron and has a trigonal planar geometry with three bonding
3
1 nonbonding pair/lone pair), this makes it .polar On the other hand, BF
has a trigonal pyramidal shape, with four electron pairs (3 bonding pairs and
3
Answer: Polarity of molecule is determined by its molecular .geometry Since NH
.molecule Explain the difference in the polarity of these .compounds
3 3
) is a nonpolar Ammonia (NH ) is polar molecule while boron trifluoride (BF .1
What I can do
making the overall molecule .nonpolar

5
) exhibits a trigonal bipyramidal based on VSEPR theory pentafluoride (PF
.Correct Though the value ∆ EN is 9.1 (polar bond is present), Phosphorus
is a polar .molecule 5 PF .3
2 2
AB E representation wherein the central atom also has two lone .pairs
more electronegative central atom, .sulfur The molecule is represented by
dipole .moment Two partially positive hydrogen atoms are attached to the
2
S has a bent molecular geometry which gives it an upwards net .Incorrect H
2
.2
S has a linear molecular .geometry H
the central atom does not have lone .pair
classified as nonpolar molecule because it has a tetrahedral geometry and
is still 4SiCl ∆ .Correct Though polar bond is present because
EN is 08,.
is a nonpolar .molecule 4.1 SiCl
Additional Activities:
18
References
Department of Education- Bureau of Secondary Education (2003). Lesson

Plans in Science III(Chemistry).
CHED-PNU. (2006). Teaching Guide in Senior High School-Physical
Science. Commission on Higher Education. C.P. Garcia Ave., Diliman, Quezon
City. Retrieved from https://lrmds.deped.gov.og/detail/14519 last May 19, 2020
Punzalan, J.M. &Monserat, R.C. (2016). Science in Today’s World for Senior
High School- Physical Science. Sibs Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines.
Padua, A.L., Padolina, M.C.D., Crisostomo, R.M., &Alumaga, M.J.B.
(2016). Physical Science. Vibal Group Inc. G. Araneta Avenue, Quezon City
Santiago, K. S., & Silverio, A.A. (2016). Exploring Life Through Science-
Physical Science. Pheonix Publishing House, Inc. Quezon Avenue, Quezon City.
Religioso, T.F., & Cordero-Navaza, D. (2017). You and the Natural World-
Physical Science. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Quezon Avenue, Quezon City.
19
Physical Science
Polarity of Molecules and
Its Properties
Quarter 1 – Module 4: Polarity of Molecules and Its Properties
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks,
etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has
been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective
copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.


Writers: Bayani T. Vicencio, Valeria Amor C. Rosita
Reviewers: Rogelio D. Canuel, Elmer C. Bobis, Gertrudes L. Malabanan
Job S. Zape Jr.
Eugenio S. Adrao
Elaine T. Balaogan
Helen A. Ramos
Rhina O. Ilagan
Edna U. Mendoza
Ronaldo V. Ramilo
Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay 1900, Cainta, Rizal

1800 Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487 E-mail
Address:region4a@deped.gov.ph/ict.calabarzon@deped.gov.ph
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the concept of polarity of molecules. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the varied vocabulary level
of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook
you are now using.
The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Properties of Molecules based on its Polarity

1. define solubility, miscibility and polarity;
2. identify the different types of intermolecular forces of attraction ;
3. explain how polarity of molecules related to its properties
1
What I Know
paper.
1. Which of the following is TRUE of polar molecules?

i. Have high boiling point iii. low surface tension ii.
Have high melting point iv. High vapor pressure
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. IV only
2. Which of the following intermolecular forces of attraction (IMFA) is

arranged from strongest to weakest?
a. H- bonding – dipole-dipole – London forces
b. London-forces – dipole-dipole – H-bonding
c. Dipole-dipole – London forces – H- bonding
d. H-bonding – London forces – dipole-dipole
For numbers 3-6, consider the choices below:

a. boiling point c. Viscosity
b. solubility d. vapor pressure
3. Refers to the resistance of a liquid to flow.

4. Is temperature at which the liquid starts to boil.
5. Defined as the pressure exerted by a substance when in its gaseous state.
6. The ability of a substance to be dissolved in another substance to form a
solution.
7. The following are examples of viscous substances EXCEPT:
a. blood c. vinegar
b. honey d. syrup
2
8. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about water?
a. has high surface tension
b. has high boiling point
c. has low viscosity
d. becomes denser when freezes
9. Which of the following substances will most likely be miscible in water?

a. Benzene (C6H6)
b. Ethyl alcohol (C2H6O)
c. carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
d. toluene (C6H5CH3)
10. Which of the following will dissolve in polar solvents?

a. Polar solutes and ionic compounds.
b. non Polar substances and ionic compounds
c. Polar solutes and non ionic compounds
d. Non Polar solutes and non ionic compounds
True or False: Write T if the statement is true, otherwise write F.

11. The floating of ice on liquid water is an indication that ice has higher
density than liquid water.
12. The volatility of a substance depends on its vapor pressure.
13. Alcohol is less volatile than vinegar.
14. Between water (H2O) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), water has higher boiling
point.
15. Vapor pressure is inversely proportional to the strength of
intermolecular forces present.
3
Lesson
Properties of Molecules
1 based on its Polarity
From the previous module, you learned how to determine the polarity of bonds using
the concept of electronegativity. Also, you learned that polarity of molecules is affected
by both the polarity of bonds and its molecular shape or geometry.
What’s In
Let us have some warm up exercise for our nerve cells before we proceed to the
presentation of our lesson. You will perform a simple activity that will help you recall
some basic concepts related to polarity of molecules. Have some fun!

There are numerous terms or concepts being studied in science
and most of them are either difficult to spell out or pronounce. As
teachers, we should think of engaging activities that would
motivate our students to learn and at the same time increase
their vocabulary skills and spelling ability. Below is an example of
an activity you could employ in your class.
4
WORD CRYPTOGRAM
Directions: Unscramble the letters by placing the correct letter sequence in the
shaded boxes to come up with the correct answer for each number. Use the numbered
boxes to complete the answer to the riddle below.
1.
L E C M O U L E
1 5 6
2.
O P A L R O D N B
3 9
3.
O N L E A P I R
2 14 8 16
4.
N A R O P O L N B D O N
7 12
5.
A C E G T R O T L I Y E I T E N V
11 15 4 10 17
6.
M A T O
13
RIDDLE: It shows the three-dimensional arrangement of bonding

groups of atoms around a central atom.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Can you define the following words/terms that you have decoded?
5
What’s New
Analyze the lyrics of the song, “Tubig at Langis”, and answer the questions below.
TUBIG AT LANGIS
Sharon Cuneta
Tubig at langis, ang katayuan nati’y yan ang kawangis

Pilitin mang magsam’y may mahahapis
Ganyang-ganyan tayong dalawa
Ang panuntunan’y magkaiba
Langis at tubig, ‘di mapagsama ng tunay mang pag-ibig
Hinanakit ang s’yang lagging mananaig
Mahal na mahal man kita
May mahal ka naming iba
Chorus:
Tubig at langis
Idarang man sainit, ‘di rin tatamis
Dahil ang halo’y luha’t paghihinagpis
Ang kirot ay di maalis kung labis
Bakit nanaig ang dusa sa ligaya sa ‘ting daigdig ?
May dasal ba akong hindi N’ya narinig ?
Papel natin sa pag-ibig
Ako’y langis, ika’y tubig
Repeat Chorus:
Bakit nanaig ang dusa sa ligaya sa ‘ting daigdig ?
May dasal ba akong hindi N’ya narinig ?
Papel natin sapag-ibig
Guide Question:
1. What is the message of the song?
2. If you add oil to the water, what will happen? Will it create a single
homogenous phase or will it form two layers? Why?
3. Why do you think water and oil cannot be mixed even when heated? Support
your answer.
6
What is It
A. Polarity, Solubility, and Miscibility

One of the practical applications of polarity of molecule in real-life scenario is
manifested on the solubility and miscibility of substances to form solution.
Solubility is defined as the ability of a solid substance to be dissolved in a given

amount of solvent while miscibility is the ability of the two liquids to combine or mix
in all proportions, creating a homogenous mixture.
The general rule to remember about the solubility and miscibility of molecular
compounds can be summarized in a phrase, “like dissolves like” or “like mixes with
like”. This means that polar substances will only be dissolved or mixed with polar
substances while nonpolar substances will be soluble or miscible with another
nonpolar substance.
Now I want you to try the exercises below in order to assess how much you have
understood the solubility (and miscibility) rule of substances in relation to their
polarity.
Which of the following substances below will most likely mix with each other?
a. water (H2O) and chloroform (CHCl3)

b. benzene (C6H6) and chloroform (CHCl3)
c. water (H2O) and vinegar (CH3COOH)
d. acetone (C3H6O) and toluene (C6H5CH3)
e. carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and water (H2O)
What chemistry concept did you used in answering the question above? If you
answered polarity of molecules, then you are on the right track. Great job! Benzene
and chloroform are both nonpolar compounds while water and vinegar are both polar
compounds, thus they are miscible to each other. However, the rest is a combination
of polar and nonpolar molecules and therefore will not mix and instead will form two
layers even if shaken or carefully stirred.
B. Bond Strength and Physical Properties of Covalent Compounds
From the previous module, you learned the intramolecular forces of attraction, the
attractive force that binds atoms together. In this module, you will learn another type
of attractive force, the intermolecular forces of attraction (IMFA) which exists between
molecules.
7
In this lesson, we will not discuss IMFA in so much detail because it will be tackled to
you in the next module. We will just focus on the following salient points of IMFA and
its effect on the physical properties of covalent compounds:
1. There are several types of IMFA and below they are arranged from
STRONGEST to WEAKEST.
Ion-dipole → H-bonding→ dipole-dipole→dipole-induced dipole→
London forces of attraction
2. The strength of IMFA greatly affects the physical properties of substances
such as boiling point, melting point, vapor pressure, surface tension, etc.
Before we move further, try to perform the exercise below to test your ability to
analyze concepts and principles that you have learned from the discussion.
Put a check (/) to those properties applicable for polar molecule.
____1. High boiling point ____7. High vapor pressure

____2. Low boiling point ____8. Low vapor pressure
____3. High melting point ____9. High surface tension
____4. Low melting point ____10. Low surface tension
____5. High volatility ____11. H-bonding & dipole-dipole present
____6. Low volatility ____12. London dispersion is present
How well did you perform in this exercise? Continue reading for you to find out the
correct answers for this activity.
From the above discussion you learned that there are several types of IMFA and their
relative strength as compared to other types. Strong intermolecular forces tend to yield
solids and liquids while weak intermolecular forces favor formation of gases.
Table 1 shows the comparison of the various types of IMFA while table 2 shows the
physical properties of polar and nonpolar molecules as affected by the type of
IMFA present.
Table 1. Summary of Types of Intermolecular Forces of Attraction (IMFA)
Type of IMFA Interacting Substances Examples

Ion-dipole Ion (cation or anion) and a NaCl dissolved in H2O;
polar molecule Ca2+ and PCl3
Hydrogen bonding Polar molecules H2O, NH3, CH3OH
containing H chemically
bonded to a small and
highly electronegative
nonmetal atom such as N,
O, and F
Dipole –dipole Polar molecules CH3F and H2S; HCl;
Dipole-induced dipole Polar and nonpolar HI and CH4
molecules
London forces All substances and solely O2, N2, He gas, Br2
for nonpolar molecules
and noble gases
8
Table 2. General Properties of polar and nonpolar molecules
Polar molecules Nonpolar molecules

• IMFA type: H-bonding • IMFA type: London
and dipole-dipole dispersion
• exist as solids or liquids • exist as gases at room
at room temperature temperature
• High boiling point • Low boiling point
• High melting point • Low melting point
• High surface tension • Low surface tension
• Low vapor pressure • High vapor pressure
• Low volatility • High volatility
• Soluble in water • Insoluble in water
Let us define the physical properties of substances:
A. Boiling point: temperature at which the vapor pressure and atmospheric

pressure of a liquid substance are equal.
B. Melting point: temperature at which solid becomes liquid. At this point,

the solid and liquid phases exist in equilibrium.
C. Surface tension: energy needed to increase the surface area by a unit

amount;
D. Viscosity: the resistance of the liquid to flow
E. Vapor pressure: pressure exerted by a substance in its gaseous state.
F. Volatility: measures the rate at which a substance vaporizes (changes

from liquid to gas)
In the simplest sense, boiling point, melting point, viscosity and surface tension
increase as the strength of intermolecular forces increases. On the other hand, vapor
pressure and volatility decrease with increasing strength of IMFA. London dispersion
forces increase as the molecular mass of a substance increases. Unlike in H-bonding,
as the molar mass increases, the boiling point, melting point, viscosity and surface
tension decrease.
9
What’s More
Activity 1. Strength of IMFA and Physical Properties

of Covalent Compounds
For each pair of molecules, identify the one with the higher boiling point (BP), melting
point (MP), viscosity (V), surface tension (ST) and vapor pressure (VP). Briefly explain
your choice.
BP MPV ST VP
Methane, CH4carbon tetrachloride, CCl4
Dihydrogen sulfide, H2S water, H2O
Methanol, CH3OH ethanol, CH3CH2OH
Acetic acid, CH3COOH acetone, CH3OCH3

Adapted from Punzalan and Monserat (2016)
10
What I Have Learned
1. Distinguish intramolecular forces of attraction and intermolecular forces of

attraction.
2. In your own words, explain the Solubility Rule.
3. Compare and contrast polar and non-polar molecules based on its physical
properties.
4. What relationship can you derive between the strength of IMFA and the
physical properties of covalent molecules?
What I Can Do
A. Using the concept of bond polarity and solubility, explain why water (H2O) and
vinegar are miscible, but vinegar and oil are immiscible.
B. Using the concept of intermolecular forces of attraction, explain why butter

melts at room temperature but solidifies when refrigerated.
C. Explain the importance polarity of molecules to biological processes such as

in the structure of proteins and phospholipids.
11
Assessment
Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
1. Which of the following IMFAs is considered as the weakest?

a. H-bonding
b. Ion-dipole
c. Dipole-dipole
d. London forces
2. The boiling point of water is greater than dihydrogen sulfide because of ______.
a. Dipole-dipole bond
b. H-bonding
c. London dispersion
d. Ion-dipole
3. Which of the following substances will dissolve most likely in water?

a. Oil
b. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
c. Vinegar (CH3COOH)
d. Hexane (C6H14)
4. Which of the following molecules has high melting point?

a. CHCl3
b. CCl4
c. BCl3
d. BeCl2
5. ______ refers to the energy required to increase the surface area by a unit
amount.
a. Viscosity
b. Surface tension
c. Vapor pressure
d. Density
6. Which of the following statements is TRUE about nonpolar molecules

a. Have high boiling point
b. Have high melting point
c. Have low surface tension
d. Have low vapor pressure
12
7. Which of the following substances is miscible in hexane (C 6H14)?
a. Acetone (C3H6O)
b. Vinegar (CH3COOH)
c. Chloroform (CHCl3)
d. Methanol (CH3OH)
8. The following are intermolecular forces of attraction EXCEPT:

a. H-bond
b. Dipole-dipole
c. Covalent bond
d. London forces
9. Which of the following properties has indirect relationship with the strength of
IMFA?
a. Boiling point
b. Melting point
c. Surface tension
d. Vapor pressure
10. In which of the following solvents would molecular iodine (I2) be most soluble?
a. Vinegar
b. Water
c. Ethyl alcohol
d. Carbon tetrachloride
True or False: Write T if the statement is true, otherwise write F.

11. H-bonds are broken when ice melts.
12. Molecules with H-bonds have higher boiling point than molecules with dipole-
dipole bond.
13. In covalent molecules, vapor pressure decreases with decreasing strength of
intermolecular forces.
14. When the attractive forces holding particles together are greater, you have to get
to a higher temperature to break those forces, so the melting point is higher.
15. The strength of dispersion (London) forces tends to increase with increased
molecular weight.
13
1. Briefly explain why water is considered as the universal solvent.

2. Using the concept of IMFA, account for the difference in boiling point and
melting point of the following molecular substances:
Substance Boiling point (0C) Melting point (0C)
Helium gas, He -269 -272
Methane, CH4 -162 -184
H2 O 100 0
Ethanol, C2H5OH 78 -117
14
Answer Key
F .15 F .15
T .14 T .14
F .13 F .13
T .12 T .12
F .11 F .11
D .10 A .10
D .9 B .9
C .8 D .8
C .7 C .7
C .6 B .6
B .5 D .5
A .4 A .4
C .3 C .3
B .2 CRYPTOGRAM A .2
D .1 WORD C .1
Assessment What's More What I Know
17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Y R T E M O E G R A L U C E L O M
RIDDLE
13
M O T A
.6
17 10 4 15 11
Y T I V I T A G E N O R T C E L E
.5
12 7
D N O B R A L O P N O N
.4
16 8 14 2
R I A P E N O L
.3
9 3
D N O B R A L O P
.2
6 5 1
E L U C E L O M
.1
What's More
15
3 3 3
acetone, CH OCH COOH Acetic acid, CH
acid
molar mass than acetic
however acetone has lower
Both have H-bonding
3 3
CH3COOH
OCHCH 2 3 3
OH CHethanol, CH Methanol, CH OH
ethanol
molar mass than
but methanol has lower
Both have H-bonding
2 3 3
CH CH OH OHCH 2 2
dipole Owater, H SDihydrogen sulfide, H
which is stronger than dipole-
2
and IMFA type is H-binding
S H Because it is polar molecule
2
O H
4 4
carbon tetrachloride, CCl Methane, CH
London forces
4 dipole which is stronger than
CH 11. a
n
d
I
M
F
A
t
y
p
e
i
s
d
i
p
o
l
e
B
e
c
a
u
s
e
i
t
i
s
p
o
l
a
r
m
o
l
e
c
u
l
e
4
CCl
VP ST V MP BP
What’s More
metallic bonds constitute the intramolecular forces

Ionic, covalent and .molecule forces exist between atoms within a
solutes are only soluble (miscible) to nonpolar .solvents Intramolecular
polar solutes are soluble (miscible) only to polar solvents while nonpolar
dissolves ”.like This means that Answer: Solubility rule states that “like
In your own words, explain the Solubility .Rule .2
forces are examples of intermolecular forces of .attraction

attraction between .molecules Ion-dipole, H-bond, dipole-dipole and London
.attraction On the other hand, intermolecular forces of attraction are forces of
of forces intramolecular covalent and metallic bonds constitute the
Answer: Intramolecular forces of attraction exist within a .molecule Ionic,
.attraction
Distinguish intramolecular forces of attraction and intermolecular forces of .1
What I have Learned
16
is inversely proportional to the strength of .IMFA and ST are
directly proportional to the strength of IMFA while VP increases
with decreasing strength of .IMFA Therefore, BP, MP, V increase
with increasing strength of .IMFA Vapor pressure Answer: Boiling
point, melting point, viscosity and surface tension
molecules? covalent of properties physical the and
.4 What relationship can you derive between the strength of IMFA
• Insoluble in water • Soluble in water

• High volatility • Low volatility
• High vapor pressure • Low vapor pressure
• Low surface tension • High surface tension
• Low melting point • High melting point
• Low boiling point • High boiling point
temperature at room temperature
• exist as gases at room • exist as solids or liquids
dispersion and dipole-dipole
• IMFA type: London • IMFA type: H-bonding
Nonpolar molecules Polar molecules
Answer:
physical .properties
.3 Compare and contrast polar and non-polar molecules based on its
What I have Learned
assembled between fatty acids thus butter becomes .solid

inside the freezer, the temperature decreases and more London forces gets
rotate and move .freely On the other hand, when you placed the butter
increases, more London forces are disrupted and fats begin to vibrate,
London forces of attraction between fatty .acids As the amount of heat
.forces The physical change of melting requires heat that disrupts the
together by a weak attractive van der Waals interaction called London
Possible answer: Butter is composed of complex mixture of fatty acids held
melts at room temperature but solidifies when .refrigerated
Using the concept of intermolecular forces of attraction, explain why butter .B
oil is a nonpolar substance, therefore they will not .mix

they are miscible to each .other On the other hand, vinegar is polar while
Possible answer: Water and vinegar are both polar substances therefore
and vinegar are miscible, but vinegar and oil are .immiscible
2
Using the concept of bond polarity and solubility, explain why water (H O) .A
What I Can Do
17
membrane .effectively
membrane can perform its function of being selectively permeable
water while its hydrophobic part is oriented .inward In this way, the cell
it forms a micelle wherein its hydrophilic part has a close contact with
loving) end and hydrophobic (water-fearing) .end When placed in water,
hand, are present in the cell .membrane It has a hydrophilic (water-
it can no longer perform its basic .function Phospholipids, on the other
polar and nonpolar .groups Once its shape has been altered or modified,
The shape of proteins is affected by attraction and repulsion among its
a long chain and it also has the ability to bend to form various .shapes
nonpolar ends which are essential for life processes to .occur It can form
Possible answer: Proteins are macromolecules having polar and
processes such as in the structure of proteins and .phospholipids
.C Explain the importance polarity of molecules to biological
What I Can Do
18
References
Department of Education- Bureau of Secondary Education (2003). Lesson

Plans in Science III(Chemistry).
CHED-PNU. (2006). Teaching Guide in Senior High School-Physical
Science. Commission on Higher Education. C.P. Garcia Ave., Diliman, Quezon
City. Retrieved from https://lrmds.deped.gov.og/detail/14519 last May 19, 2020
Punzalan, J.M. &Monserat, R.C. (2016). Science in Today’s World for Senior
High School- Physical Science. Sibs Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines.
Padua, A.L., Padolina, M.C.D., Crisostomo, R.M., &Alumaga, M.J.B.
(2016). Physical Science. Vibal Group Inc. G. Araneta Avenue, Quezon City
Santiago, K. S., & Silverio, A.A. (2016). Exploring Life Through Science-
Physical Science. Pheonix Publishing House, Inc. Quezon Avenue, Quezon City.
Religioso, T.F., & Cordero-Navaza, D. (2017). You and the Natural World-
Physical Science. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Quezon Avenue, Quezon City.
http://www.songlyrics.com/sharon-cuneta/langis-at-tubig-lyrics/Retrieved
last May 25, 2020.
19
Physical Science
General Types of
Intermolecular Forces
Physical Science
Quarter 1 – Module 5: General Types of Intermolecular Forces
First Edition, 2020
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Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
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ownership over them.


Writers: Valeria Amor C. Rosita, Bayani T. Vicencio
Editors: Priscilla D. Domino,
Reviewers: Rogelio D. Canuel, Elmer C. Bobis, Gertrudes L. Malabanan
Illustrator: Geselle A. Teaño
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What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the General Types of Intermolecular Forces. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in different learning situations. The language used recognizes
the varied vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – How the general types of intermolecular forces are described
• Lesson 2 – Intermolecular forces present between and among substances

1. describe the types of intermolecular forces present in substances, and
2. identify the types of intermolecular forces present between and among
substances.
1
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Forces that are present between and among molecules

a. ionic
b. covalent
c. intermolecular
d. intramolecular
2. Forces that are present between an ion and a polar molecule

a. ion-dipole
b. dipole-dipole
c. dispersion forces
d. hydrogen bonding
3. The ease with which the electron distribution in the atom or molecule
can be distorted
a. Diffusion
b. Polarizability
c. dipole moment
d. induced dipole
4. Attractive forces that arise as a result of temporary dipoles

induced in atoms or molecules
a. dipole forces
b. induced dipole
d. instantaneous dipole
5. An interaction between the H-atom in a polar bond and

an electronegative atom such as O, N, or F
a. h-bonding
b. dipole-dipole
c. london forces
d. ion-induced dipole
2
6. The strongest among the intermolecular forces
a. ion-dipole
b. h-bonding
c. dipole-dipole
d. dipole-induced dipole
7. Attractive forces between polar molecules where the positive end of

one molecule aligns to the negative end of another molecule
a. ion-dipole
b. dipole-dipole
d. ion-induced dipole
8. Results when an ion or polar molecule is placed near an atom or a

nonpolar molecule such that the electron distribution is distorted by
the force exerted by the said substances
a. h-bonding
b. ion-dipole forces
d. dipole-dipole interaction
9. London dispersion forces are a function of the molar mass of

substances. As the molar mass increases the dispersion forces of the
molecules
a. a. increase
b. b. decrease
c. c. remain the same
d. cannot be measured
10. A heat of hydration is the result of favourable interaction between

the cations and anions of an ionic compound with water. The nature
of this attraction is
a. a. h-bonding
b. b. ion-dipole forces
c. c. dispersion forces
d. d. dipole-dipole interaction
11. The measure of the shift of electron density from one

atom to the more electronegative atom in a molecule
a. a. Polarity
b. b. Polarizability
c. c. Dipole moment
d. d. Forces of interaction
3
12. The strength of ion-dipole interaction depends on the ions present.
with ions of the same magnitude, which is true about this
interaction?
a. a. Cations interact more strongly that anions because their charges
are less concentrated.
b. b. Cations interact more strongly that anions because their charges
are more concentrated.
c. c. Anions interact more strongly that anions because their charges
are less concentrated.
d. d. Anions interact more strongly that anions because their charges
are more concentrated.
13. At any certain time the shift in the position of the electrons in an
atom will likely create a temporary positive and negative poles. This is
known as
a. dipole forces
b. dipole moment
d. instantaneous dipole
14. The force/s of attraction present between the species I2 and NO-3
a. London dispersion forces
b. H-bonding and ion-induced dipole interaction
c. Van der Waals interaction and dipole-dipole interaction
d. London dispersion forces and ion-induced dipole interaction
15. Which of the following species is capable of hydrogen-

bonding among themselves?
a. ethane (C2H6)
b. acetic acid (CH3COOH)
c. beryllium hydride (BeH2)
d. potassium fluoride (KF)
4
Lesson
Types of
Intermolecular
Forces
Atoms in molecules and ionic substances are attracted to each other either by
sharing or complete transfer of electrons. These attractions keep the molecules
and their identities intact.
But, say, how do molecules or substances stay together and exhibit properties
that are unique to them? This is known as bulk properties.
In this lesson, you will learn how the different forces of attraction known as
intermolecular forces keep substances together. You will also be able to identify the
intermolecular forces present between and among substances, thus their bulk
properties can be predicted.
What’s In
This simple activity will help you recall what you understood about Lewis electron
dot structure and polarity of molecules. The polarity of substances will guide you
in identifying the intermolecular forces present between and among molecules.

1. This module will help the students understand the concepts of
intermolecular forces (IMF).
2. Allow the students to answer each part thoroughly, either
individually or in pairs.
3. Let the students check the answers to each part. Have a short
discussion of the concepts involved after checking.
4. The students will then move to the next part of the module.
They will have the feedback and discussion after every part.
5. Inputs can be given in addition to the discussion in this
module.
6. Kindly entertain questions for further discussions.
5
Directions:
1. Use a clean sheet of paper to answer this part.
2. Copy the table and fill up with the correct information.
3. Show the direction of the dipole moment for each molecule.
Substance LEDS Shape Polarity
1. CCl2F2
2. N2
3. CH4
4. H2O
5. CO
Polarity of molecules based on the LEDS
6
What’s New
Activity 1:
Using the illustrations below, describe what happens in each of the attractions
between substances by completing each sentence with the correct words. Tell
what kind of attractive forces keep the substances together.
1.
This attraction happens between polar molecules. The charges align so that the
________________ pole of one molecule is attracted to the ____________ end of the
other molecule. Kind of interaction: __________________
2.
The ____________ sodium ion is attracted to the partially ___________ end of water
molecules. Kind of attraction: ____________________
3.
A __________ ion or __________ approaches a neutral nonpolar substance. This

results to a distortion of the substance and leads to the development of
positive and negative poles. Kind of attraction: _______________
4.
A permanent _____________ approaches a neutral nonpolar substance resulting to a

__________________ dipole. Kind of attraction: __________________
5.
The partially- __________ oxygen of one water molecule is ___________ to the

partially- __________ hydrogen of the other water molecule. Kind of attraction:
___________________
7
Activity 2: Identify the intermolecular forces present among the following
species.
a. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and another SO2
b. Sodium ion (Na+) and Formaldehyde (CH2O)
c. Carbon dioxide (CO2)with another CO2
d. Ammonia (NH3and H2O)
e. Fe2+ and O2
8
What is It
This section gives brief and thorough discussion of the concepts of intermolecular
forces. The different types of intermolecular forces are described to be congruent
with the first objective of this module. The second discussion is about the strategies
to identify the intermolecular forces present between and among molecules.
Activity 1:
Atoms are held together in molecules by strong intramolecular forces, like covalent
and ionic bonds. On the other hand, other forms of attractive forces are present to
keep these molecules together giving rise to the different states of matter, which,
then exhibit their own bulk properties such as boiling, melting, and freezing points,
and viscosity among others.
There are three general types of intermolecular forces (IMF), namely, van der
Waals forces, ion-dipole interaction, and H-bonding.
Van der Waals forces, after the Dutch chemist Johannes van der Waals
(1837-1923) consist of dipole-dipole interaction, dipole-induced dipole interaction,
and dispersion forces. Dipole-dipole attraction is present among polar molecules.
Through constant movement, the charges of the molecules align in such a way that
the positive (+) end of one molecule is attracted to the negative (-) end of the other
molecule. This happens due to the shift of electron density towards the more
electronegative element in the molecule resulting to (+) and (-) ends. The measure of
this electron shift is known as dipole moment, represented by crossed arrow, .
Dipole-induced dipole interaction, just like the dipole-dipole forces, depends

on the presence of polar molecules. The other molecule needs not be a polar one.
The partial charges present in the dipole cause the polarization or distortion of the
electron distribution of the other molecule. This gives rise to regions of partial (+)
and (-) poles. This induced dipole will then be attracted to the original polar
molecules, resulting to dipole-induced dipole attraction.
Dispersion forces (London dispersion forces), were named after the German
physicist Fritz London (1900-1954). The electron cloud of a neutral substance can
be normally distributed around the nucleus. At any given time, the electron
distribution may be uneven resulting to an instantaneous dipole. This temporary
dipole will then influence the neighbouring atoms through attractive and repulsive
forces. Eventually, the substances will gain instantaneous dipoles, too. Attraction
between opposite charges will happen among the species present. These are true
for ion-induced dipole and induced dipole-induced dipole interactions.
Ion-dipole interaction results from the attraction between either a cation (+)
or an anion (-) with permanent polar molecules. The ions will be attracted to the
opposite charges present in the dipole resulting to this type of attraction.
9
H-bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole interaction between the H-atoms
in a polar bond. It requires that the H-atoms in the molecules be bonded with more
electronegative atoms such as O, N, or F to form H-bonds with other molecules.
All interacting substances exhibit the presence of London dispersion forces

in addition to other forces of attraction among them.
Activity 2: Intermolecular forces (IMF) present among species

Polar substances exhibit dipole-dipole interaction due to the presence of (+)
and (-) ends of the molecules. In the exercise above, sulphur dioxide (SO 2) has polar
ends that will participate in the dipole-dipole forces of attraction.
With the presence of an ion (cation or anion), the charged ends of polar
molecules will be attracted to the dipole. This is true in the case of Na+ and
formaldehyde. The positive (+) sodium ion will be attracted to the partially-negative
oxygen in formaldehyde, resulting to an ion-dipole interaction.
For the third example, CO2 is a nonpolar substance. It is a linear molecule

and the electron shift at the right of C is balanced by the electron shift to the left.
This produces no net shift in electron density so no net charged is produced. For
nonpolar molecules, only dispersion forces are present.
In both NH3 and H2O, the hydrogen atoms are bonded to more
electronegative atoms, nitrogen and oxygen, respectively. This permits them to form
H-bonds with other molecules with the same condition. Thus, H-bond is present
between NH3 and H2O.
Ion-induced dipole forces of attraction are present among Fe2+ ions together with
oxygen molecules. The charge in iron will distort the electron distribution in O2
resulting to temporary poles in oxygen. The oppositely-charged particles, Fe2+ and
partially-negative end of O2 will then be attracted to form the above-mentioned force
of attraction.
In all of the examples above, London dispersion forces are also present.
10
What’s More
Activity 1.1 Description of Intermolecular Forces

Match Column A with column B. Choose the letters of the correct answer and write
it on your answer sheet.
Column A Column B
1. Attractive forces between polar molecule a. hydration

2. Electrostatic attraction between an ion b. ion-induced dipole
and a polar molecule
3. Favorable interaction between the ions c. H-bonding
of an ionic compound and water
4. Distortion of the electron distribution d. polarizability
of an atom or molecule brought about e. dipole-dipole
by an ion or a polar molecule
5. Dispersion of charges when an ion f. dipole-induced dipole
approaches a molecule
6. Happens when a H-atom bonded to g. ion-dipole
electronegative atoms, such as O, N, F
approaches a nearby electronegative atom
7. Dispersion of charges when a dipole h. dipole
approaches a nonpolar molecule i. cations
8. The ease with which electron distribution j. dispersion forces
is distorted k. anions
9. Substance with positive and negative ends
10. Positively-charged ions
Activity 2.1 Intermolecular Forces present among species

Identify the intermolecular forces present in the following species.
1. Chlorine gas (Cl2)
2. Carbon monoxide (CO)
3. Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
4. Dichloromethane (CH2Cl2)
5. Dimethyl ether (CH3-O-CH3)
11
What Have I Learned
1. What are the general types of intermolecular forces?
2. Describe the following in your own words.

a. van der Waals forces
a.1 dipole-dipole interaction
a.2 dipole-induced dipole interaction
a.3 dispersion forces
b. ion-dipole interaction
c. H-bonding
3. List down the intermolecular forces present in each species.

a. HBr
b. CS2
c. C2H6
d. CH3COOH
e. Br2
What I Can Do
Knowledge of concepts is not enough for a learning experience to be

meaningful. We should also understand how the concepts we learned on
intermolecular forces can be applied to real life situation to get the most out
of what we learned. Let us look at this simple situation that will help us
realize the advantage of fully understanding intermolecular concepts.
Situation:
Storage of different substances at home needs careful attention.
Alcohol, acetone, and hair sprays, even gasoline should be taken care of to
avoid fire. Where should these substances be stored? Why do we need extra
precaution in keeping them at home? Relate your answer to intermolecular
forces.
12
Assessment
paper.
1. What is true about intermolecular forces?

a. They are strong bonds that form between atoms of molecules.
b. Substances can form more than one but one will predominate.
c. They are stronger than the intramolecular forces between atoms.
d. There is a vague relationship between intermolecular forces and bulk
properties.
2. Ion-dipole interaction results from the

a. Attraction between an ion and a polar molecule.
b. Repulsion between a dipole and another dipole.
c. Repulsion between a polar with a nonpolar molecule.
d. Attraction between a polar with another polar molecule.
3. Why are dispersion forces high in molecules with great number of electrons?
a. The electron distribution of big molecules is easily polarized.
b. The nucleus in the molecules has greater effective shielding effect.
c. The electrons move freely around the nucleus resulting to greater energy.
d. The electrons in the molecules can easily jump from one orbital to
another.
4. What are considered van der Waals forces of attraction?

a. ion-induced dipole; dipole-dipole; London dispersion forces
b. dipole-dipole; dipole-induced dipole; London dispersion forces
c. London dispersion forces; ion-induced dipole; dipole-induced dipole
d. dipole-induced dipole; ion-induced dipole; London dispersion forces
5. Distinguishing characteristic of London dispersion forces

a. There is instantaneous dipole that influences neighboring substances to
gain dipoles.
b. There is permanent (-) and (+) ends that participate in electrostatic
attractions.
c. The electron cloud of the atoms are evenly distributed around
the nucleus.
d. The atoms of two neighboring molecules participate in give and take of
electrons.
13
6. How does dipole-dipole interaction happen?
a. Polar molecules shift electron density that gives rise to
neutral substances.
b. The electron distribution in the polar molecules is distorted
that results to (-) and (+) poles.
c. Polarization of big nonpolar molecules brings about
the formation of permanent (+) and (-) charges.
d. The (-) and (+) ends of one polar molecule align themselves
to the (+)and (-) ends of another polar molecule and attract
each other.
7. During ion-dipole interactions, the cation causes the

a. repulsion of charges among the molecules.
b. distortion of the electron distribution in the dipole.
c. attraction of the (-) ion to the (+) end of a permanent dipole.
d. formation of (+) ions that are attracted to the permanent dipole.
8. H-bonding forms when the substances involved are polar and

have molecules with
a. H-atoms attached to O, N, F.
b. C-atoms attached to O, N, F.
c. central atoms with O, N, F as attached atoms.
d. unshared pair of electrons in the central atom.
9. Which ions will result to higher ion-dipole interactions?

a. anions
b. divalent
c. cations
d. monatomic
What Intermolecular forces are present in the following species?
10. CH4
11. CH3COOH
12. O3
13. N2
14. NH3
15. PCl5
14
This part will test whether you fully understand what intermolecular
forces are present between and among species. You can answer this by
recalling the strategies discussed earlier in this module. Remember also that
there may be more than one IMF present in the given substances.
Identify the intermolecular forces present in the following substances.

1. Silicon tetrafluoride, SiF4
2. Acetone, CH2O
3. Methyl alcohol, CH3OH
4. Methane, CH4
5. Phosphorus trichloride, PCl3
15
Answer Key
London dispersion .15

H-bonding
forces; dipole-dipole;
forces
.15 B
.14 D
forces; dipole-dipole
.13 D
London dispersion .12 I .10 .12 B
H-bonding dipole-dipole H .9 .11 C
forces; dipole-dipole; .5 LDF, D .8 .10 D
London dispersion .11 dipole-dipole F .7 A .9
forces LDF,.4 C .6 C .8
London Dispersion .10 dipole-dipole B .5 B .7
C .9 .3 LDF, J .4 A .6
A .8
dipole-dipole A .3 A .5
C .7
LDF,.2 G .2 D .4
D .6
.1 LDF E .1 B .3
A .5
A .2
B .4
.Act 1.2 Act. 1.1 C .1
A .3
A .2
C .1 What's More What I Know
Assessment
What’s In
Polarity of molecules based on the LEDS
Substance LEDS Shape Polarity
1. CCl2F2 (Freon-12) Tetrahedral Polar
2. N2 (Nitrogen gas) Linear Nonpolar
3. CH4 (Methane) Tetrahedral Nonpolar
4. H2O (Water)
Bent
Nonpolar
5. CO (Carbon
monoxide) Linear Polar
16
What’s New
London dispersion forces, ion-induced dipole .5
London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole, H-bonding .4
London dispersion forces .3
London dispersion forces, ion-dipole .2
London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole .1
.Act 2
negative, attracted, positive ; Kind of interaction: H-bonding .5
dipole, temporary; Kind of interaction: dipole-induced dipole .4
positive, cation ; Kind of intersection; ion-induced dipole .3
positive, negative ; Kind of interaction : ion-dipole .2
partially negative, positive ; Kind of interaction: dipole-dipole .1
1. Act
What Have I Learned

London dispersion forces .e
London dispersion forces .d
London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interaction, H-bonding .c
London dispersion forces .b
.a London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole 2.
distribution or polarization of the .molecules

a3) Dispersion forces result from the distortion of the electron
resulting to temporary .dipoles

dipole that causes the polarization of the electron distribution
a2) Dipole-induced dipole interaction depends on the presence of a
the (-) poles of the .molecules

charges that align themselves so that the (+) will be attracted to
a1) Dipole-dipole intraction depends on the encepres of (+) and (-)
.molecules
be either repulsive or attractive depending on the distance of the
2a) van der Waals forces are interactions between molecules that can
ion-dipole interaction, and H-.bonding

The general types of intermolecular forces are van der Waals forces, .1
London dispersion forces , dipole-dipole interaction .5
London dispersion forces , H-bonding, dipole-dipole interaction .3
London dispersion forces , dipole-dipole interaction .2
17
References
Shawn P.Shields. “Analyzing Strengths of Intermolecular Forces.” Accessed May

25, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kU5nRCB4jJ8
BCcampus. “Intermolecular Forces.” Accessed May 21, 2020.

https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/10-1-intermolecular-forces/
Chang, Raymond.2005. Chemistry (8th. Ed.).New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education
(Asia).
Chegg Study. “Textbook Solutions.” Accessed May 23, 2020.
https://www.chegg.com/homework- help/explain-glycerol-viscous-water-
acetone-less-viscous-water-gl-chapter-7-problem-99p- solution-
9780077274290-exc
chemlibretexts. “Liquids and Intermolecular Forces (Summary).” Accessed May
21, 2020.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_
-
_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_F
orces/11.S%3A _ Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces_(Summary)
chemlibretexts. “Properties of Matter.” Accessed May 25, 2020.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemist
ry_Textbook_M
aps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical
_Properties_of_ Matter
chemlibretexts. “Solubility and Intermolecular Forces.” Accessed May 21, 2020.
https://www.google.com/search?q=solubility+and+intermolecular+forces&o
q=solubility+and+intermolecular&aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57j0l4.13287j0j8&sour
ceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
Clutch. “Formal Charges of Ozone.” Accessed May 25, 2020.
https://www.clutchprep.com/chemistry/practice-problems/131828/what-
are-the-formal-charges-in-o3-ozone
Clutch. “Lewis Structure of HF.” Accessed May 25, 2020.
https://www.clutchprep.com/chemistry/practice-problems/110784/look-
at-the-lewis- structure-for-hf-where-are-the-nonbonding-electrons
Clutch. “Molecular Geometry of CH3NH2.” Accessed May 25, 2020.
https://www.clutchprep.com/chemistry/practice-problems/108201/what-
is-the-molecular- geometry-about-nitrogen-in-ch3nh2
Elmhurst College. “Intermolecular Forces.” Accessed May 20, 2020.
http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/160Aintermolec.html
Liberal dictionary. “Pentane.” Accessed May 23, 2020.
https://www.liberaldictionary.com/pentane/
18
Nutrients Review.com. “Glycerin (Glycerol).” Accessed May 22, 2020.
http://www.nutrientsreview.com/carbs/edible- glycerin.html
Quora. “What is the formula and structure of water?” Accessed May 24, 2020.
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-formula-structure-of-water
Study.com. “Ether: Preparations and Reactions.” Accessed May 20, 2020.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/ether-preparation-reactions.html
19
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex

Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600
Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985
Email Address: blr.lrqad@deped.gov.ph * blr.lrpd@deped.

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Physical Science

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – RegionIV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village,Barangay San Isidro

The module consists of:

After going through this module, you are expected to:

2. Which of the following is not considered as light elements?

3. Which of the following is TRUE about nucleosynthesis?

3. Which process is responsible for the formation of light elements such as

6. How do heavier elements formed?

8. Which of the following elements DOES NOT belong to the

10. How Elements heavier than iron are formed?

13. Which phase of star life cycle is our sun?

14. Which of the following contains only heavy elements?

Star Life Cycle

MAIN SEQUENCE STAR

RED GIANT STAR

Average Star Massive Star

Notes to the Teacher

To understand further, answer the following questions below.

2. The Star becomes cold and starts to expand.

3. These three elements undergo through nuclear fusion.

The diagram shows

Case is different in massive

Neutron capture can be slow or rapid;

a. S-process or slow process happens when there is a

b. R-process or rapid process means that there is faster

The explosion of star or supernova is believed

Match the terms in column A with its description in Column B

Criteria Excellent Fair Poor

Work shows time,

The student's The project

The student does The student The student

Student includes Student includes Information

1. Which of the following is NOT an evidence of star formation?

2. How is the energy of star produced?

4. Which is known as the biggest stars in the universe.

5. Which of the following gases are major components of star?

6. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. black hole c. protostar b. nebula d. white

8. In main sequence star, Hydrogen fuses and converted to Helium. What

11. Who stated that we are made of star stuff?

13. When does a star become unstable?

a. carbon fusion c. magnesium fusion b. neon fusion

.10 Black dwarf

Dhaliwal, J and Moore,J. (n.d).Stellar Nucleosynthesis and The Periodic Table.

The Elements: Forged in Stars.(n.d). Retrieved from

Toogood, O (n.d).Hubbles Law and the Big Bang. Retrieved from

Quipper. (n.d). Nucleosynthesis: The beginning of Elements. Retrieved from

Cantor, K. (n.d). Asrtonomy Portfolio. Retrived from

Wiess, A. (2006). “Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: Cooking up the first Light

Esiegel. (2014, February 28). Burn Baby Burn!

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON