Department of Education

National Capital Region

SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE

MARIKINA CITY

Physical Science
First Quarter - Module 6:

Stoichiometry
 What I Need to Know

Stoichiometry is the calculation of quantities of reactants and products in

chemical reactions. The concept of stoichiometry can be observed in the Law of
Conservation of Mass where the total mass of the reactants must be equal the
total mass of the products. In other words:

• If the amounts of the separate reactants are known, then the amount
of the product can be calculated.
• If one reactant has a known quantity and the quantity of the product
can be determined, then the amount of the other reactant used can
also be calculated.

The module is divided into 3 lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Molar Mass

• Lesson 2 – Mass of Reactants and Products
• Lesson 3 – Percentage Yield

Moreover, in this lesson you will learn concepts and do practice activities
that will help you to do the following prior to the main lesson

• write balanced chemical equations and find stoichiometric ratios of

the reactants and products;
• calculate the amount of substances used and produced in a chemical
reaction;
• calculate the percent yield of a reaction; and
• determine the limiting reactant in a reaction and calculate the
amount of product formed.

What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of
paper.
1. What is the molecular mass of potassium phosphate?
A. 69 g/mol
B. 85 g/mol
C. 112 g/mol
D. 212 g/mol
2. The unit of molar mass is __________.
A. grams
B. grams/mole
C. mole
D. moles/gram

3. What is the molecular mass of AuCl3?

A. 35 g/mol
B. 197 g/mol
C. 303 g/mol
D. 1232 g/mol

4. Which among the choices would have more atoms?

A. 1 mole of Li
B. 1 mole of Au
C. 1 mole of Si
D. None, all are equal

5. What is the mass of 2.50 mol of oxygen gas (O2)?

A. 16 g B. 32 g
C. 40 g
D. 80 g

6. How many molecules of water are in 5.2 moles of water?

A. 5.2
B. 6.02 x 1023
C. 8.638 x 10-24
D. 3.1304 x 1024

7. What should be the molar ratio to balance the chemical equation of:
H2 + O2 → H2O?
A. 2: 1: 2
B. 0: 2: 2
C. 2: 2: 2
 D. 2: 0: 2

8. Which of the following pertains to chemicals that are created in a chemical

reaction?
A. Producers
B. Products
C. Reactants
D. Reactors

9. How many moles of oxygens are in 2(NO3)?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 6

10. What coefficients would balance this equation?

Fe + Cl2 → FeCl3
A. 2, 3, 2
B. 3, 2, 2
C. 1, 1, 2
D. 4, 2, 2

11. How many aluminum atoms are in 2Al2O3?

A.
2
B.
6
C. 4
D. 8

12. Which four coefficients are required to balance the equation?

_CuO + _H2 → _Cu + _H2O
A. 2, 1, 2, 1
B. 1, 1, 1, 1
C. 2, 1, 1, 1
D. 1, 2, 2, 1

13. Which four coefficients are required to balance the equation below?
_CH4 + _O2 → _CO2 + _H2O
 A. 1, 1, 1, 2
B. 1, 2, 2, 1
C. 1, 1, 1, 1
D. 1, 2, 1, 2

14. In most chemical reactions the amount of product obtained is ___________.

A. more than the percentage yield
B. less than the theoretical yield
C. more than the theoretical yield
D. equal to the theoretical yield

15. When two substances react to form products, the reactant which is used up
is called the ____________.
A. catalytic reagent
B. determining reagent
C. excess reagent
D. limiting reagent

Lesson 1 Molar Mass

What’s In
Molecular Mass and Formula Mass

Before we proceed to the more complex computations, it is necessary that

we recall how to determine how to calculate molecular mass or the formula mass
of compounds. It is simply calculated by adding together the atomic mass of each
atom in its chemical formula.

(Note: Your Periodic table would be significant on this module in cases you are
not fond of the atomic masses of elements.)
Let us look at the following examples:
Table 1.1. Examples of Molecular Mass
Example 1: Nitrogen Example 2: Carbon Dioxide

Nitrogen exists as molecules. Each One molecule of carbon dioxid (CO 2)

molecule of nitrogen (N2) consists of consists of one carbon atom (Cand two
 two nitrogen atoms (N) oxygen atoms (O)

Number of Atoms :2 Number of Atoms of Carbon :

Atomic Mass of Nitrogen : 14 1
Atomic Mass of Carbon : 12
Number of Atoms of Oxygen :2
Atomic Mass of Oxygen : 16
Molecular Mass : 2 x 14 = 28
Molecular Mass: (1 x 12) + (2 x 16) = 44
For more samples of computations molecular and formula mass, refer to
the table 1.2 below:
Table 1.2. More examples of Molecular Mass
Molecule/ Number of
Formula Calculation of the Mass
Substance Atoms
Ammonia NH3 1N ;3H (1 X 14) + (3 X 1) = 17
Water H2O 2H ;1O (2 X 1) + (1 X 16) = 18
Ethanol C2H5OH 2C;6H;1O (2 X 12) + (6 X 1) + (1 X 16) = 46
Calcium
CaCO3 1 Ca ; 1 C ; 3 O (1 X 40) + (1 X 12) + (3 X 16) = 100
carbonate
Magnesium
MgSO4 1 Mg ; 1 S ; 4 O (1 X 24) + (1 X 32) + (4 X 16) = 120
sulphate

What’s New

Activity 1.1
Solve for the molecular/formula mass of the following compounds. Write your
solutions and answers of a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the molecular mass of glucose (C6H12O6)? »

Number of Atoms of Carbon :6
Atomic Mass of Carbon : 12.011
Number of Atoms of Hydrogen : 12
Atomic Mass of Hydrogen : 1.008
Number of Atoms of Oxygen :6
Atomic Mass of Oxygen : 15.999
Molecular Mass: (6 x 12.011) + (12 x 1.008) + (6 x 15.999) = 180.156 g/mol

2. What is the molecular mass of sucrose (C12H22O11)? »

Number of Atoms of Carbon : 12
Atomic Mass of Carbon : 12.011
 Number of Atoms of Hydrogen : 22
Atomic Mass of Hydrogen : 1.008
Number of Atoms of Oxygen : 11
Atomic Mass of Oxygen : 15.999
Molecular Mass: (12 x 12.011) + (22 x 1.008) + (11 x 15.999) = 342.397 g/mol

3. What is the molecular mass of sulphuric acid (H2SO4)?

»
Number of Atoms of Hydrogen :2
Atomic Mass of Hydrogen :1.008
Number of Atoms of Sulfur :1
Atomic Mass of Sulfur : 32.06
Number of Atoms of Oxygen :4
Atomic Mass of Oxygen : 15.999
Molecular Mass: (2 x 1.008) + (1 x 32.06) + (4 x 15.999) = 98.08 g/mol

4. What is the formula mass of potassium sulphide (K2S)?

»
Number of Atoms of Potassium :2
Atomic Mass of Potassium : 39.098
Number of Atoms of Sulfur :1
Atomic Mass of Sulfur : 32.06
Molecular Mass: (2 x 39.098) + (1 x 32.06) = 110.26 g/mol

5. What is the formula mass of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)?

»

Number of Atoms of Calcium :1

Atomic Mass of Calcium : 40.078
Number of Atoms of Oxygen :2
Atomic Mass of Oxygen : 15.999
Number of Atoms of Hydrogen :2
Atomic Mass of Hydrogen : 1.008
Molecular Mass: (1 x 40.078) + (2 x 15.999) + (2 x 1.008) = 74.092 g/mol

6. What is the formula mass of magnesium oxide (MgO)?

Number of Atoms of Magnesium :1

Atomic Mass of Magnesium : 24.305
Number of Atoms of Oxygen :1
Atomic Mass of Oxygen : 15.999
Molecular Mass: (1 x 24.305) + (1 x 15.999) = 40.304 g/mol
 What Is It
Molar Mass and Moles

The mass of one mole of particle of any substance is called the molar
mass. The unit used is grams per mole (g/mol).

The molar mass is equal to the atomic mass of the element in grams (g).

Example:
• The atomic mass of carbon (C) is 12.
• The mass of one mole of carbon atoms is 12 g.
• We can say that the molar mass of carbon is 12 grams per mole (12
g/mol).
Table 1.3 – Molar mass of some elements and substances

Atomic Mass /
Element/ Substance Molar Mass
Molecular Mass
Aluminum (Al) 27 27 g/mol
Neon (Ne) 20 20 g/mol
Oxygen (O2) 2 x 16 16 g/mol
Water (H20) (2 x 1) + (1 x 16) = 18 18 g/mol
Magnesium Fluoride (1 x 24) + (2 x 19) = 62 62 g/mol
(MgF2)
As atoms are very small, we deal with a very large number of atoms in this
chemistry part of Physical Science. The SI unit for the amount of substance is
denoted as mole (mol), given the symbol “n”.

The number of moles of substances can be calculated using this formula:

The actual number of particles in a mole has been experimentally

determined to be 6.02 x 1023 particles representing atoms, molecules, and ions or
formula units. Therefore:

• a mole of copper (Cu) has 6.02 x 1023 atoms

• a mole of water (H2O) has 6.02 x 1023 molecules, and
• a mole of sodium chloride (NaCl) has 6.02 x 1023 formula units
 Now that you have been presented by the relevant formulas. Let us look at
more examples:

1. Find the number of moles of 88g carbon dioxide (CO2)

It can be solved like this: or like this:

2. How many moles of sodium chloride are in 175.5g sodium chloride (NaCl)?

It can be solved like this: or like this:

3. Convert 2.01 x 1023 magnesium atom to mole of magnesium atoms.

4. How many grams are there in 3.3 moles of Magnesium Fluoride (MgF 2)?
 What’s More

Activity 1.2
Compute the right answer to the following problems. Use a separate sheet of
paper for your solutions and answers.

1. How many iron atoms are there in 0.6 mol of iron?

6 ,02 x3.612 x 1023 atoms of iron

10 23 atoms
0.6 moles
1 mole

2. Calculate the mass of a 0.8 mol of sulphur dioxide (SO2).

51.2464
g of sulphur dioxide (SO2) = 0.8 g of SOg/mol
mol x 64.058 2

3. How many moles are in 420g of copper (II) sulphate (CuSO4)?

No. of moles 3 grams

420 moles CuSO
CuSO4 4
CuSO 159.609 g/mol CuSO 4
4

4. What is the amount in moles of a 36.5g of silver nitrate (AgNO 3)?

36.5 grams AgNO

No. of moles 0.21 moles AgNO
3 3
AgNO 169.87 g/mol AgNO 3
3

5. How many hydrogen atoms are there in three moles of hydrogen gas?
 6.02 x 10 23 atoms
3 moles 24
1.806 x 10 atoms x 2
1 mole

3.612 x 1024 atoms of hydrogen

What I Have Learned

Here are the things worth to remember:

The molar mass is also known as molecular weight, is the sum of the total
mass in grams of all the atoms that make up a mole of a particular molecule. The
unit used to measure is grams per mole.
• Find the atomic mass of the individual elements
• Count the atoms each element • Find the molar mass

What I Can Do

Activity 1.3
The following are some of the chemicals used in daily life. Complete the table
below by solving the molar masses of the following common chemicals.
Number Common Name of Chemical Molecular For mula Molar Mass
1 Baking powder NaHCO3 84.007 g/mol

2 Alcohol C2H6O 46.07 g/mol

3 Bleaching Powder NaOCl 74.44 g/mol

4 Moth balls C6H4Cl 220.22 g/mol

2

5 Chalk CaCO3 100.09 g/mol

 Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. What is the molecular mass of calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2)?

A. 116.1 g/mol B.
102.1 g/mol
C. 150.1
g/mol
D. 164.1 g/mol
2. What is the molecular mass of magnesium fluoride (MgF 2)?
A. 43.3 g/mol
B. 62.3 g/mol
C. 67.6 g/mol
D. 92.9 g/mol
3. How many moles are in 32.3 grams of carbon dioxide (CO2)?
A. 0.73 moles
B. 32.3 moles
C. 44.01 moles
D. 1421.52 moles

4. What is the mass of 2.50 mol of oxygen gas (O2)? A. 16 g B. 32 g C. 40

g
D. 80 g

5. How many moles are in 36.0 g of Be?

A. 0.25 mol
B. 4.0 mol
C. 45.0 mol
D. 320 mol

6. What is the mass of one mole of AuCl3?

A. 96 g
B. 130 g
 C. 232.5 g
D. 303.5 g

7. How many moles of atoms in a container are in 6.02 x 10 24 molecules of

water?
A. 1
B. 10
C. 30
D. 60

8. Comparing an 88 g of carbon dioxide (CO 2) to an 88 g of propane (C3H8) it

contains ______________. A. less atoms
B. more molecules
C. the same number of atoms
D. the same number of molecules
9. How many moles of atoms are present in sulfuric acid, H2SO4?
A. 7
B. 14
C. 21
D. 49

10. What is the molecular mass of potassium oxide? – 94.2 g/mol

A. 90.2 g/mol
B. 92.4 g/mol
C. 102.4 g/mol
D. 116.0 g/mol

Additional Activities
Read the question at START and follow the correct path that contains the right
answer. Keep going until you reach the FINISH. Hint: the correct path has 9
questions.
 Lesson 2 Mass of Reactants and Products

What’s In

Review of Balancing Chemical Equations

Before we proceed to the concept of mass of reactants and products, it is

necessary that you know how to balance chemical equations. This is for the
reason of: every chemical reaction problem you must deal with must be
balanced.

Consider the reaction below:

 o A hydrogen gas (H2) reacts with oxygen gas (O2) to form water (H2O)

Word Equation : hydrogen + oxygen → water Chemical

Formula Equation : H2 + O2 → H2 O

Figure 2.1. Parts of a Chemical Equation

Balanced Chemical Equation : 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

Now, let us try doing another example of balancing chemical equations by

following the steps presented.

Sample Chemical Equation:

CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H20

1. Write down the number of atoms per element. Do this separately for
both reactant and product side of the equation. Look at the subscripts
next to each atom to find the number of atoms in the equation.

Figure 2.2. Writing down the atoms per element

(Take note that in balancing chemical equations, you can add or change
coefficients, but you must never alter the subscripts.)
 2. Add a coefficient. A coefficient of 2 is placed on the product side- that is,
of water (H2O) to balance the hydrogen from the product(right) side, with
the 4 hydrogen atoms on the reactant (left) side.

Figure 2.3. Adding coefficients and adjusting the number of atoms

3. Address the remaining unbalanced atoms by adding coefficients that

would balance the chemical equation. A coefficient of 2 is placed on one
of the reactants- the oxygen (O2) to balance the atoms of oxygen to the
product side.

Figure 2.4. Further adding coefficients and adjusting the number of atoms

What’s New

Activity 2.1
Balance the following chemical reactions by writing the correct coefficients.

1. 1 SiCl4 + 2 H2O → 1 SiO2 + 4 HCl

2. 2 Fe + 3 H2S04 → 1 Fe2(SO4)3 + 3 H2

3. 1 Fe2O3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO2
 4. 2 NaBr + 1 Cl2 → 2 NaCl + 1 Br2

5. 1 Mg(OH)2 + 2 HCl → 1 MgCl2 + 2 H2O

What Is It

Masses of reactant and product given the mass of one reactant As

a recall, let us note the following concepts that you have learned:

• You learned how to construct a balanced chemical equation.

• Your learned that a chemical equation represents the actual atoms or
molecules that takes part on a reaction.

From a balanced chemical equation, we are now going to calculate the

amount of reactants required and the amount of products formed as well.

Let us consider this chemical reaction:

A reaction occurred between zinc and hydrochloric acid. The products formed
are zinc chloride and hydrogen gas.

• Writing down the word equation:

zinc + hydrochloric acid → zinc chloride + hydrogen gas

• Writing down the chemical formula equation:
Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

• Using graphical illustration of particles:

 Figure 2.6. Graphic Illustration of a Chemical
Equation

• Writing down the balanced chemical equation:

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

• Writing the balanced equation in terms of mole ratio:

1 mole : 2 moles : 1 mole : 1 mole

The above interpretations show that the mole ratio is proportional to the
number of atoms or molecules taking part in a chemical reaction. Therefore, we
can say that the number of atoms or molecules taking part in a chemical
reaction can be converted into moles.

The equation can be interpreted as:

1 mole of zinc reacting with 2 moles of hydrochloric acid will

produce 1 mole of zinc chloride and 1 mole of hydrogen.

The following step by step examples show how chemical calculations are
carried out.

Sample Problem 1:
A magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid according to the equation
of: magnesium + hydrochloric acid → magnesium chloride + hydrogen gas

In an experiment, 2g of magnesium ribbon is chemically reacted with excess

hydrochloric acid.

a. How many moles of magnesium have reacted?

b. What mass of magnesium chloride would be formed?

Solution:
• Step 1: Balance the chemical equation

Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2

• Step 2: Write the molar ratio

1 mol Mg : 2 mol HCl : 1 mol MgCl2 : 1 mol H2

 Verbal Interpretation:

1 mole of magnesium reacts with 2 moles of hydrochloric acid will produce

1 mol of magnesium chloride and 1 mole of hydrogen gas.

• Step 3: Using the molecular mass and molar ratio, convert to the asked
unit.

a. Question: How many moles of magnesium have reacted?

Solution:
• Step 1: Balance the chemical equation

2NO + O2 → 2NO2

• Step 2: Write the molar ratio

2 mol NO : 1 mol O2 : 2 mol NO2

• Step 3: Using the molecular mass and molar ratio, convert to the asked
unit.

1. QUESTION: How many moles of NO2 are formed by the reaction of

0.56 moles of O2?

2. QUESTION: How many grams of NO2 are formed by the reaction of

144 moles of NO?
 0.24 moles BaCl2

What’s More

Activity 2.2
Solve the following chemical reactions:

1. Calculate the amount of barium chloride (BaCl 2) needed to prepare 50.0g of

barium sulphate (BaSO4).

barium chloride + sodium sulphate → barium sulphate + sodium chloride

BaCl2 + Na2SO4 → BaSO4 + NaCl

No. of moles 5 0 grams BaCl

2
barium
chloride 208.23 g/mol BaCl 2

2. A reaction occurs between sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and silver nitrate
solution (AgNO3). If a SHS student have 5.85 g of sodium chloride (NaCl),
how many grams silver nitrate (AgNO 3) would he need for all the sodium
chloride (NaCl) to be used up?

sodium chloride + silver nitrate →

silver chloride + sodium nitrate
No. of moles 5.85 grams NaCl
sodium NaCl +
chloride 58.44 g/mol NaCl AgNO3
→
AgCl + NaNO3
1 gram AgNO
No. of moles 3 0.1001 moles of NaCl
silver nitrate 169.87 g/mol AgNO 3

0.0059 moles of
AgNO3
 0.1001 moles of NaCl ÷ 0.0059 moles of AgNO3 = 16.97 g of AgNO3

What I Have Learned

Here are your takeaways from this specific lesson:

• We want the equation to accurately represent what happens in an

actual chemical reaction.
• A balanced chemical equation obeys the Law of Conservation of Mass,
which is a major principle in science.
• A balanced chemical equation lets up predict the amount of reactants
needed and the amount of products formed.

And keep in mind these things when doing calculations:

• Make sure that the chemical equation is balanced.

• To get molar ratios, use the coefficients on the left side of the
compounds.
• Check to make sure you use the appropriate atomic masses and
molecular mass before proceeding.

What I Can Do

Activity 2.3
Answer the following statements in an explanatory form.

1. Why is it important to understand the relationship between reactants and

products in a chemical reaction?
» In chemistry it is very important to understand the relationship
between reactants and products in a reaction. Stoichiometry is
exactly that, it is the quantitative relation between the number of
moles (and therefore mass) of various products and reactants in a
chemical reaction. It helps in useful prediction like how much of a
reactant participates in a chemical reaction, how much product
you'll get, and how much reactant might be left over.
 2. How is the mass of reactants and products used in the field of medicine?
» The mole (particularly millimoles and molarity) is a commonly used
unit in medicine. For example, concentrations of intravenous
solutions and drugs are expressed in terms of moles. The law of
conservation of mass requires that the same numbers of atoms of all
species be present before and after reaction. Because the small size
of atoms makes it impractical to count atoms, chemists use moles of
atoms. n balancing chemical equations, the coefficients are related
to the moles of substances present. The relationship of moles of
reactants and products in balanced equations is central in
determining mass relationships in chemical reactions.

Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. What should be the three quantities to balance the chemical equation below?
_Ca + _Cl2 → _CaCl2
A. 1, 1, 2
B. 2, 2, 1
C. 1, 2, 1
D. 1, 1, 1

2. In Fe + Cl2 → FeCl3, what coefficients would balance the equation?

A. 2, 3, 2
B. 3, 2, 2
C. 1, 1, 2
D. 4, 2, 2
3. What should be the molar ratio to balance the equation below?
_CuO + _H2 → _Cu + _H2O
A. 2: 1: 2: 1
B. 1: 1: 1: 1
C. 2: 1: 1: 1
D. 1: 2: 2: 1
4. How many aluminums are in 2Al2O3?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8

5. For the reaction 2KClO 3 → 2KCl +3O2, how many moles of oxygen are
produced when 3 moles of KClO3 decompose completely?
A. 1 mol
B. 2.5 mol
C. 3.0 mol
D. 4.5 mol

6. Consider the following reaction:

2C4H10 + 13O2 → 8CO2 (g)+10H2O

How many moles CO2 of are produced by the complete combustion of 58 g of

butane (C4H10)?

A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8

7. What does the law of conservation of mass state?

A. The total mass of the reactions equals the total mass of the
products.
B. The total mass of the reactants is greater than the total mass of the
products.
C. The total mass of the reactions is less than the total mass of the
products.
D. Mass can be created but not destroyed.

8. Aluminum reacts with oxygen to produce aluminum oxide.

4 Al + 3 O2 → 2 Al2O3
If 5.0 moles of Al react with excess O2, how many moles of Al2O3 can be formed?
A. 1.0 mol
B. 2.0 mol
C. 2.5 mol
D. 5.0 mol

9. What mass of oxygen is consumed by the complete combustion of 23.0

grams of ethylene?
C2H4+ 3 O2→ 2 CO2 + 2 H2O
A. 2.46 g
B. 8.75 g
C. 26.2 g
D. 60.5 g

10. How many moles of nitric oxide can be made from the reaction of 3.80 mol
NH3 with 5.15 mol O2?
4 NH3 + 5 O2 → 4 NO + 6 H2O
A. 3.80 mol
B. 4.12 mol
C. 5.15 mol
D. 6.44 mol

Additional Activities

Complete the concept map below by filling up the blank spaces with the
appropriate concepts using the linking words/phrases as guide on how these
concepts are related to each other.

Concepts:
Molar mass of substance A Moles of substance B
Molar mass of substance B Grams of substance A
Moles of substance A Grams of substance B
 Grams of substance A

Molar mass of substance A

Moles of substance A

Moles of substance B

Molar mass of substance B

Grams of substance B

Lesson 3 Percentage Yield

What’s In

Limiting and Excess Reactant

Imagine you are disinfecting your entire house, but you only have a small
amount of disinfectant as it was used weeks before. Of course, it would be
impossible to clean your entire household with that just amount. As there is
insufficiency in your disinfectant, chemists would say that the disinfectant is the
limiting reactant.

Let us look at the actual definitions:

 • Limiting reactant - the reactant that is completely used up in a
reaction It is called so because it determines or limits the amount of
products formed.
• Excess reactants - reactants that are not used up.
To further understand the concept, let us observe this given
scenario:

A scientist conducted three experiments using different molar ratios of the

reactants- the hydrogen and the chlorine to form hydrogen chloride or
hydrochloric acid (HCl).
H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl

1 mole : 1 mole : 2 moles

The results he obtained are the following:

• In experiment 1, the ratio of the number of moles of reactant molecules
used is the same as the balanced chemical equation.

Figure 3.1. Sample Experiment 1

• In experiments 2 and 3 however, the ratio of the number of moles of
reactant molecules used is different from the chemical equation.

Figure 3.2. Sample Exper iment 2

 Figure 3.3. Sample Experiment 3

For any chemical reaction, it is possible to calculate the exact quantities of

reactants that are required and products that are formed from a balanced
chemical equation. Reactions should be carried out using exact quantities of
reactants to minimize wastes.

Now let us try to incorporate calculations on the topic.

Solution:
According to the balanced equation, 1 mol of zinc (Zn) reacts with 2 mol of
hydrochloric acid (HCl). Therefore:

a.
 Since 0.05 mol of zinc is used, the zinc must be in excess and
hydrochloric acid is the limiting reactant.

b. The amount of zinc which remains unreacted is:

However, 5 moles of oxygen is used, therefore, oxygen gas is the

excess reactant.

b. The amount of oxygen gas remaining:

c. The amount of carbon dioxide produced:

 What’s New

Activity 3.1
Solve the chemical reaction problem below:

1. A solution containing 20 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) is reacted with a

solution containing 20 g of silver nitrate according to the equation:

NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3

a. What is the molar mass of NaCl, AgNO3, AgCl, and NaNO3?

»
NaCl
Number of Atoms of Sodium :1
Atomic Mass of Sodium : 22.99
Number of Atoms of Chlorine :1
Atomic Mass of Chlorine : 35.45
Molecular Mass: (1 x 39.098) + (1 x 32.06) = 58.44 g/mol

AgNO3
Number of Atoms of Silver :1
Atomic Mass of Silver : 107.87
Number of Atoms of Nitrogen :1
Atomic Mass of Nitrogen : 14.007
Number of Atoms of Oxygen :3
Atomic Mass of Oxygen : 15.999
Molecular Mass: (1 x 39.098) + (1 x 32.06) = 169.87 g/mol
 AgCl
Number of Atoms of Silver :1
Atomic Mass of Silver : 107.87
Number of Atoms of Chlorine :1
Atomic Mass of Chlorine : 35.45
Molecular Mass: (1 x 39.098) + (1 x 32.06) = 143.32 g/mol

NaNO3
Number of Atoms of Sodium :1
Atomic Mass of Sodium : 22.99
Number of Atoms of Nitrogen :1
Atomic Mass of Nitrogen : 14.007
Number of Atoms of Oxygen :3
Atomic Mass of Oxygen : 15.999
Molecular Mass: (1 x 39.098) + (1 x 32.06) = 84.99 g/mol

b. Which is the limiting reactant, and which is the excess reactant?

» AgNO3 is the limiting reactant and NaCl is the excess reactant.

No. of moles 20 grams NaCl

sodium 0.34 moles of NaCl
chloride 58.44 g/mol NaCl

No. of moles 20 grams AgNO

3
silver nitrate 0.12 moles of AgNO3
169.87 g/mol AgNO 3

c. What mass of silver chloride will precipitate?

» 1 mole of AgNO3 gives AgCl No. of moles AgCl formed = 0.12

17.20
Mass of AgCl formed = 0.12 mol x g of AgCl

d. What mass of excess reactant will remain unreacted at the end of the
reaction?

Mass of NaCl consumed = 0.34 mol x 58.54 g/mol

19.87 g of NaCl
 Mass of unreacted NaCl = total mass of NaCl given – mass of NaCl consumed

Mass of unreacted NaCl = 20 g of NaCl – 19.87 g of NaCl

0.13 g of NaCl

What Is It

Percentage and Theoretical Yield

Calculations based on chemical equations give the theoretical yield of product to

be expected from a reaction.

• Theoretical yields - the amount of products calculated from the complete

reaction of the limiting reactant.
• Actual yields - the amount of products that are actually produced in a
reaction.
• Percent Yield - used to determine how efficient a given reaction is.

Often, the actual yield is almost always less than the calculated yield of the
product. The reason may be that some products have remained in a solution or
has not been weighed with the final yield.

The percentage yield of a product is shown in a relationship of:

Sample Problem 1:

A grade 12 student calculates that a certain reaction will yield 7.0 g of salt. His
product we ighs 6.3 g. What percentage yield has he obtained?

Let us try doing some calculations based on the given relationship:

Sample Problem 2:

If 1.92 g of magnesium (Mg) is heated in excess oxygen (O), 3.0 g of

magnesium oxide (MgO) will be obtained. Calculate the percentage yield
of magnesium oxide (MgO).

Mg + O2 → MgO

Solution:

Solution:

1. Balance the equation

2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
2. Calculate for the mass of magnesium oxide using the 1.92g of
magnesium (Mg) given.

3. Find the percentage yield, using the actual amount of magnesium

oxide (MgO) obtained which is 3.0 g MgO.
 W hat’s More

Activity 3.2
Solve the percentage yield of the problems below:

1. 28 g of nitrogen (N2) is reacted with a hydrogen (H2) and 3.4g of ammonia

(NH3) has been formed. What is the percentage yield obtained? nitrogen +
hydrogen → ammonia N2 + H2 → NH3

Solution:

a) Balance the equation

a. N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
b) Calculate for the mass of ammonia (NH 3) using the 28g of Nitrogen
(N2) given.

1 mol N 2 2 mol NH 3 1 mol NH 3

28 g of N 2 × 1 mol N 2 × ×
1 mol N 2 17.03 g

i. = 3.29 g NH 3

c) Find the percentage yield, using the actual amount of ammonia (NH3)
obtained which is 3.4 g NH3.

Actual
Percentage 3.29 Yield × 100 g NH3
= 96.76%
Yield = =

× 100
 Theoretical 3.4 g NH3
Yield

2. If 25 g of CaO is treated with 98.5 g H 3PO4 and Ca3(PO4)2 is obtained,

calculate the percent yield?

CaO + H3PO4 → CA3(PO4)2 + H20

What I Have Learned

Why is it important to identify the limiting reactant, excess reactant, and the
percentage yield?

• In chemical industries, large amounts of chemicals are required to

manufacture a specific product. To get the maximum yield of a product at
the minimum production cost, they need to know the limiting reactant.
This ensures that the limiting reactant or chemical is utilized very well.
• In a most realistic setting, the excess reactants on the other hand are
recycled, to reduce the production costs.

What I Can Do
Activity 3.3
Write TRUE if the given statement is true and write FALSE if it says otherwise.
Write your answer before the number.

1. The presence of moisture and other environmental factors in the product

does not affect determination of actual yield.
» FALSE
2. The product must be pure to determine actual yield.
» TRUE
3. The excess reagent is always present because of incomplete reactions.
 » TRUE
4. Excess reagent is calculated from mole data presented.
» TRUE
5. A balanced equation is necessary for percentage yield calculations.

» TRUE

Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. What is the mass of hydrogen formed when 25 grams of aluminum reacts

with excess hydrochloric acid?
2Al + 6HCl -> Al2Cl6 + 3H2
A. 0.41 g
B. 1.2 g
C. 1.8 g
D. 2.8g

2. In most chemical reactions, the amount of the product obtained is _______.

A. more than the percentage yield
B. less than the theoretical yield
C. more than the theoretical yield
D. equal to the theoretical yield

3. If the percentage yield is results to 100%, then _________.

A. there was no limiting reactant
B. the actual yield is equal to the theoretical yield
C. the actual yield is less than the theoretical yield
D. the actual yield is greater than the theoretical yield

4. The reactant which is used up when two substances react to form products
is called the ___________.
 A. limiting reagent
B. determining reagent
C. catalytic reagent
D. excess reagent

5. Which statement is true if 12 mol CO and 12 mol FeO are allowed to react?
3CO + FeO -> 2Fe + 3CO

A. The limiting reagent is Fe O and 24 mol Fe will be formed.

B. The limiting reagent is CO and 3.0 mol CO will be formed.
C. The limiting reagent is CO and 8.0 mol Fe will be formed.
D. The limiting reagent is Fe O and 36 mol CO will be formed
6. For the reaction represented below, if you start with 500 g of sulfur trioxide,
how many grams of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) can you produce?

SO3 + H2O → H2SO4

A. 312.2 g
B. 766.3 g
C. 612.5 g
D. 1021.8 g

7. What is the percentage yield if 500 g of sulfur trioxide react with excess
water to produce 575 g of sulfuric acid (H2SO4)?

SO3 + H2O → H2SO4

A. 91.2%
B. 82.7%
C. 88.3%
D. 93.9%

8. What is a limiting reactant?

A. The reactant that makes the product.
B. The substance that is in excess that does not get used up as a
reactant.
C. The reactant that is used up last and prevents more product from
being made.
D. The reactant that is used up first and prevents more product from
being made.
9. If 2.5 moles of zinc react with 6.0 moles of hydrochloric acid in the equation
below, what is the limiting reactant?
Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2

A. Zn
B. HCl
C. ZnCl
D. ZnH

10. Reagent A was used in a reaction. At the end of the reaction, no reagent A
remained. Reagent A is the ____________.
A. excess reagent
B. insufficient reagent
C. limiting reagent
D. restricted reagent
Across Down
4. used to determine how efficient a given 1. reactant that is not used up. 2.
reaction is. the numbers in front of the formulas 3.
6. the new substances produced in a chemical the amount of products calculated from the
reaction complete reaction of the limiting reactant. 5.
states the proportions of reactants and products
8. the reactant that is completely used up that are used and formed in a chemical reaction.
in a reaction 7. calculated by adding together the atomic mass
9. the amount of products that are actually of each atom in its chemical formula
produced in a reaction.
10. the entity that is rearranged to form
products

1. EXCESS 4. PERCENT YIELD 8. LIMITING

REACTANT 5. MOLAR RATIO REACTANT
2. COEFFICIENT 6. PRODUCT 9. ACTUAL
3. THEORETICAL YIELD YIELD
 7. MOLECULAR MASS 10. REACTANT
Posttest
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. What is the molecular mass of potassium phosphate?

A. 69 g/mol
B. 85 g/mol
C. 112 g/mol
D. 212 g/mol

2. The unit of molar mass is __________.

A. grams
B. grams/mole C. mole
D. moles/gram

3. What is the molecular mass of AuCl3?

A. 35 g/mol
B. 197 g/mol
C. 303 g/mol
D. 1232 g/mol

4. Which among the choices would have more atoms?

A. 1 mole of Li
B. 1 mole of Au
C. 1 mole of Si
D. None, all are equal

5. What is the mass of 2.50 mol of oxygen gas (O2)?

A. 16 g
B. 32 g
C. 40 g
D. 80 g

6. How many molecules of water are in 5.2 moles of water?

A. 5.2
B. 6.02 x 1023
C. 8.638 x 10-24
D. 3.1304 x 1024
7. What should be the molar ratio to balance the chemical equation of:
H2 + O2 → H2O?
A. 2: 1: 2
B. 0: 2: 2
C. 2: 2: 2
D. 2: 0: 2
8. Which of the following pertains to chemicals that are created in a chemical
reaction?
A. Producers
B. Products
C. Reactants
D. Reactors

9. How many moles of oxygens are in 2(NO3)?

A. 1 B. 2
C. 3
D. 6
E.
10. What coefficients would balance this equation? Fe + Cl2 → FeCl3
A. 2, 3, 2
B. 3, 2, 2
C. 1, 1, 2
11. How many aluminum atoms are in 2Al2O3? A 2
B 6

D. 4, 2, 2
C. 4
D. 8

12. Which four coefficients are required to balance the equation?

_CuO + _H2 → _Cu + _H2O
A. 2, 1, 2, 1
B. 1, 1, 1, 1
C. 2, 1, 1, 1
D. 1, 2, 2, 1

13. Which four coefficients are required to balance the equation below?
_CH4 + _O2 → _CO2 + _H2O
A. 1, 1, 1, 2
 B. 1, 2, 2, 1
C. 1, 1, 1, 1
D. 1, 2, 1, 2

14. In most chemical reactions the amount of product obtained is ___________.

A. more than the percentage yield
B. less than the theoretical yield
C. more than the theoretical yield
D. equal to the theoretical yield

15. When two substances react to form products, the reactant which is used up
is called the ____________.
A. catalytic reagent
B. determining reagent
C. excess reagent
D. limiting reagent