Lect 5
Lect 5
Lect 5
CREEP
It can be defined as the slow & progressive
(increasingly continuing) deformation of a
material with time under a constant stress.
It is both a time & temperature dependent
phenemenon.
The method of carrying out creep tests is to
subject the specimen to a constant stress
while maintaining the temperature constant
and measuring the extent of deformation.
The resulting data are presented as
deformation (strain)-time curve.
Generally for all materials, 3 types of creep curves can be identified. Each of them
can occur for every material , depending on the stress level and temperature.
Deformation
(strain) E
V0
C
B
Instantaneous
elastic strain A
Time
Primary Secondary Steady- Tertiary
Creep State Creep Creep
When a load is applied at the beginning of a creep
test, the instantaneous elastic deformation (AB) is
followed by transient or primary creep (BC) then
the secondary or steady-state creep (CD) and
finally by tertiary or accelerated creep (DE).
t
Tertiary creep occurs at an accelerated rate.
Time to rupture & stress relationship can be
given as:
tr: time to failure
tr a n
a, n: material constants
T2 or σ2
σ1<σ2<σ3<σ4
T1 or σ1
Time
dε/dt σ1=55MPa
dε/dt
Time
Time (hrs)
So for σ = 59 MPa
17
2 10 59 0.0044 1/hr
8.1
t
Creep Tests
Creep tests are usually performed under
constant load or stress conditions. These type of
tests are performed by going to a load or stress
point, then holding the load or stress value. The
resulting increase in strain is recorded over time.
Long term creep tests utilize a special test frame
designed specifically for that purpose.
Definitions
Creep of Creep
and Shrinkage and Shrinkage
Prediction models
Shrinkage
The decrease of concrete volume with time after
hardening of concrete
Types ofPrediction
Creep and Shrinkage Creep models
Theory:
1. Ecoulement plastique: Davis (1934)
2. Ecoulement visqueux: Neville . A.M (1955)
3. Théorie d’écoulement: Lynman (1934)
4. D’autres hypothèses: Le fluage à plus d’un seul mécanisme
Mechanism:
Sliding of C-S-H sheets
Creep and Drying Shrinkage
Reaction frame
1
Drying shrinkage specimen
Loaded specimens
Pressure
maintaining system
3
Reaction frame
Creep: Implications to Structural Design
Beam
Stiff Walls
σmean Δσ Fluctuating
stress
σmax
σmin
σmax Δσ Reversed
σmean=0
σmin time stress
Cyclic stresses are characterized by maximum, minimum and mean stress,
the range of stress, and the stress ratio
max min min
mean R
max min 2 max
Fracture caused by fatigue is brittle (even in
ductile materials)
Fatique
Limit
Fatique Aluminum
strength
Extrusions K min
Preferred Sliding
Direction
New Surface
Intrusions produces K max
Formed
a Sharp Notch
New Surface
Folds Forward
Crack Initiated K min
from Notch Tip
Factors Affecting the Fatique Behavior
Quality
Environmental Conditions (temperature,
corrosion)
Range of Stress
Frequency of Loading
Surface Effects (Most cracks start from the
surface. Better design could be utilized to
reduce this)
Avoid sharp Round corners
corners (better design)
(poor)
Creep
Comparing with Fatigue
Unlike repeated loads of fatigue,
creep affects the entire body of
the material under stress instead
of producing a localized rupture.