Lect 5

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CREEP AND FATIGUE

CREEP
 It can be defined as the slow & progressive
(increasingly continuing) deformation of a
material with time under a constant stress.
 It is both a time & temperature dependent
phenemenon.
 The method of carrying out creep tests is to
subject the specimen to a constant stress
while maintaining the temperature constant
and measuring the extent of deformation.
 The resulting data are presented as
deformation (strain)-time curve.
Generally for all materials, 3 types of creep curves can be identified. Each of them
can occur for every material , depending on the stress level and temperature.
Deformation
(strain) E

V0
C

B
Instantaneous
elastic strain A
Time
Primary Secondary Steady- Tertiary
Creep State Creep Creep
 When a load is applied at the beginning of a creep
test, the instantaneous elastic deformation (AB) is
followed by transient or primary creep (BC) then
the secondary or steady-state creep (CD) and
finally by tertiary or accelerated creep (DE).

 Instantaneous deformations (AB)  Elastic

 The primary creep (BC) rate has a decreasing rate


because of work hardening. It is similar to delayed
elasticity (retarded elasticity) and the deformations
are recoverable.If the loading stress and
temperature are sufficiently low, only the primary
stage will occur.
 Secondary creep is essentially viscous in
character. The minimum creep rate (V0) is
determined by the slope Δε/Δt.
The secondary creep stage is highly
temperature-sensitive. It can be related to
temperature with an equation similar to that in
viscosity.
 E
 A    e RT
n

t
 Tertiary creep occurs at an accelerated rate.
Time to rupture & stress relationship can be
given as:
tr: time to failure
tr  a  n
a, n: material constants

 The two parameters determined from creep


tests are:
1. Δε/Δt (Steady state creep rate): engineering
design parameter for long-life applications.
2. Rupture lifetime (tr): relatively short-life
applications
Because it is the stage (steady-state stage) in which much of the
creep strain is accumulated during the service life.
Creep
Strain T4 or σ4
T3 or σ3
T1<T2<T3<T4

T2 or σ2
σ1<σ2<σ3<σ4
T1 or σ1

Time

 Both temperature & applied stress adversely


affect the creep strains. Usually under the
same temperature different stress levels are
applied & the creep strains are determined.
Creep σ3=69MPa
Strain
dε/dt σ2=62MPa

dε/dt σ1=55MPa

dε/dt

Time

 When the slope of two curves (dε/dt) are


determined the material constants can then be
determined. In practice, however, three or
more stress levels are usually used for
discrepancies in lab data.
Ex: In the creep test of an aluminum alloy at
180°C various stresses were applied and the
corresponding creep rates were determined.
Creep 62 MPa
Strain 
0.0066 1/hr For 55 MPa →  0.0025
t
55 MPa

0.0025 1/hr For 62 MPa →  0.0066
t

Time (hrs)

Determine the creep rate for the stress of 59 MPa


0.0066  B  62 n
62 n
2.64  n 
0.0025  B  55 n 55
ln 2.64  n  ln 62  n  ln 55
n = 8.1
17
B  2  10

So for σ = 59 MPa
 17
 2  10  59  0.0044 1/hr
8.1

t
Creep Tests
 Creep tests are usually performed under
constant load or stress conditions. These type of
tests are performed by going to a load or stress
point, then holding the load or stress value. The
resulting increase in strain is recorded over time.
 Long term creep tests utilize a special test frame
designed specifically for that purpose.
Definitions
Creep of Creep
and Shrinkage and Shrinkage
Prediction models

ACI Committee 209


Creep
The time-dependent increase of strain in hardened
concrete subjected to sustained Stress

Shrinkage
The decrease of concrete volume with time after
hardening of concrete
Types ofPrediction
Creep and Shrinkage Creep models

 In general, two types of creep can be distinguished ın concrete:


Basic creep : no moisture movement – sealed condition (100%RH)
Drying creep : exposed to the environment – unsealed condition

Concrete subjected to a sustained load

Total deformation = elastic strain + creep + shrinkage

 Depending on the loading condition:


Creep in tension, compression, and shear
CreepTheory and mechanism
and Shrinkage of creep
Prediction models

Theory:
1. Ecoulement plastique: Davis (1934)
2. Ecoulement visqueux: Neville . A.M (1955)
3. Théorie d’écoulement: Lynman (1934)
4. D’autres hypothèses: Le fluage à plus d’un seul mécanisme

Mechanism:
Sliding of C-S-H sheets
Creep and Drying Shrinkage

Reaction frame

Drying shrinkage specimen

1
Drying shrinkage specimen

Loaded specimens

Pressure
maintaining system
3

Reaction frame
Creep: Implications to Structural Design

 Due to creeping effects, the long term


deformation of structures may be significantly
above the short term deflections.
 In prestressed concrete design, the creeping of
concrete and relaxation of steel can lead to the
loss of prestress.
 Relaxation of a restrained member may lead to a
stress reversal.
Creep
Creep: Influence to Structural Design
Creep: Influence to Structural Design

Beam

Stiff Walls

A Beam constrained by Stiff Walls

As temperature increases, the beam tends to expand


but its expansion is restrained by the walls. With this
restraint, the beam is put under compression. Keeping
the beam at the high temperature, it will eventually
relax to a lower stress level. On cooling, the walls
prevent the beam from contracting. As a result,
tension is introduced.
Modeling of Creep
Modeling of Creep
Modeling of Creep
Modeling of Creep
Modeling of Creep
Modeling of Creep
Modeling of Creep
Modeling of Creep
Modeling of Creep
Modeling of Creep
Modeling of Creep
Modeling of Creep
Fatigue
• What is fatigue ? ASTM D 671:
“A general term used to describe the behavior
of materials under repeated cycles of stress
or strain which cause a deterioration of the
material that results in a progressive
failure.”
• When fatigue should be considered?
Whenever a material is subjected to
repeated loading conditions.
FATIQUE
 Under fluctuating / cyclic stresses, failure can occur at
loads considerably lower than tensile or yield strengths
of material under a static load: Fatigue
 Estimated to causes 90% of all failures of metallic
structures (bridges, aircraft, machine components, etc.)
 Fatigue failure is brittle-like (relatively little plastic
deformation) - even in normally ductile materials. Thus
sudden and catastrophic!
 Applied stresses causing fatigue may be axial (tension or
compression), flexural (bending) or torsional (twisting).
 Fatigue failure proceeds in three distinct stages: crack
initiation in the areas of stress concentration (near
stress raisers), incremental crack propagation, final
catastrophic failure.
σ

σmean Δσ Fluctuating
stress
σmax

σmin

σmax Δσ Reversed
σmean=0
σmin time stress
Cyclic stresses are characterized by maximum, minimum and mean stress,
the range of stress, and the stress ratio
 max   min  min
 mean  R
   max   min 2  max
 Fracture caused by fatigue is brittle (even in
ductile materials)

 Fatigue Tests are carried out to determine:


1. The stresses that can be applied over a specified
number of repetitions
2. The life under a specified stress level

 For ferrous metals and alloys the strength of the


material under repeated stress is called as
“Endurance Limit” or “Fatigue Limit”

 For most other materials fatigue limit does not


exist. In those the strength under repeated loading
is given by “Fatique Strength”
 In a fatigue test, stress-number of load
repetitions is plotted to obtain S-N curves
(Wohler Curves)
Fracture
strength
(S)
Steel

Fatique
Limit
Fatique Aluminum
strength

1 10 100 103 106 # of load


repetition (log N)
 Endurance Limit: Maximum stress that can be
applied repeatedly an infinite number of times
(for most steels 35%-60%)

 Fatique Strength: Maximum stress that can be


applied repeatedly over a specified number of
load repetitions (for example 106)

 The relationship b/w stress and number of


load repetitions is given by:
k: constant a: constant (8-15)
k  N
a
σ: stress N: # of repetitions
Mechanisms for (a) Crack Initiation and
(b) Crack Propagation during Fatigue
(a) (b)

Extrusions K min
Preferred Sliding
Direction
New Surface
Intrusions produces K max
Formed
a Sharp Notch

New Surface
Folds Forward
Crack Initiated K min
from Notch Tip
Factors Affecting the Fatique Behavior
 Quality
 Environmental Conditions (temperature,
corrosion)
 Range of Stress
 Frequency of Loading
 Surface Effects (Most cracks start from the
surface. Better design could be utilized to
reduce this)
Avoid sharp Round corners
corners (better design)
(poor)
Creep
Comparing with Fatigue
Unlike repeated loads of fatigue,
creep affects the entire body of
the material under stress instead
of producing a localized rupture.

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