Creep & Fatigue

CREEP
 It can be defined as the slow & progressive

(increasingly continuing) deformation of a
material with time under a constant stress.
 It is both a time & temperature dependent
phenemenon.
 The method of carrying out creep tests is to
subject the specimen to a constant stress
while maintaining the temperature constant
and measuring the extent of deformation.
 The resulting data are presented as
deformation (strain)-time curve.
Deformation
(strain) E
V0
C
B
Instantaneous
elastic strain A
Time
Primary Secondary Steady- Tertiary
Creep State Creep Creep
 When a load is applied at the beginning of a
creep test, the instantaneous elastic
deformation (AB) is followed by transient or
primary creep (BC) then the secondary or
steady-state creep (CD) and finally by tertiary
or accelerated creep (DE).
 Instantaneous deformations  Elastic
 The primary creep rate has a decreasing rate

because of work hardening. It is similar to
delayed elasticity (retarded elasticity) and the
deformations are recoverable.
 Secondary creep is essentially viscous in
character. The minimum creep rate (V0) is
determined by the slope Δε/Δt.
The secondary creep stage is highly
temperature-sensitive. It can be related to
temperature with an equation similar to that in
viscosity.
 E
 A    e RT
n
t
 Tertiary creep occurs at an accelerated rate.
Time to rupture & stress relationship can be
given as:
tr: time to failure
tr  a  n
a, n: material constants
 The two parameters determined from creep

tests are:
1. Δε/Δt (Steady state creep rate): engineering
design parameter for long-life applications.
2. Rupture lifetime (tr): relatively short-life
applications
Creep
Strain T4 or σ4
T3 or σ3
T1<T2<T3<T4
T2 or σ2
σ1<σ2<σ3<σ4
T1 or σ1
Time
 Both temperature & applied stress adversely

affect the creep strains. Usually under the
same temperature different stress levels are
applied & the creep strains are determined.
Creep σ3=69MPa
Strain
dε/dt σ2=62MPa
dε/dt σ1=55MPa
dε/dt
Time
 When the slope of two curves (dε/dt) are

determined the material constants can then be
determined. In practice, however, three or
more stress levels are usually used for
discrepancies in lab data.
Ex: In the creep test of an aluminum alloy at
180°C various stresses were applied and the
corresponding creep rates were determined.
Creep 62 MPa
Strain 
0.0066 1/hr For 55 MPa →  0.0025
t
55 MPa

0.0025 1/hr For 62 MPa →  0.0066
t
Time (hrs)
Determine the creep rate for the stress of 59 MPa

0.0066  B  62 n
62 n
2.64  n 
0.0025  B  55 n 55
ln 2.64  n  ln 62  n  ln 55
n = 8.1
17
B  2  10
So for σ = 59 MPa
 17
 2  10  59  0.0044 1/hr
8 .1
t
FATIQUE
 Under fluctuating / cyclic stresses, failure can occur at
loads considerably lower than tensile or yield strengths
of material under a static load: Fatigue
 Estimated to causes 90% of all failures of metallic
structures (bridges, aircraft, machine components, etc.)
 Fatigue failure is brittle-like (relatively little plastic
deformation) - even in normally ductile materials. Thus
sudden and catastrophic!
 Applied stresses causing fatigue may be axial (tension or
compression), flexural (bending) or torsional (twisting).
 Fatigue failure proceeds in three distinct stages: crack
initiation in the areas of stress concentration (near stress
raisers), incremental crack propagation, final
catastrophic failure.
σ
σmean Δσ Fluctuating
stress
σmax
σmin
σmax Δσ Reversed
σmean=0
σmin time stress
Cyclic stresses are characterized by maximum, minimum and mean
stress, the range of stress, and the stress ratio
 max   min  min
 mean  R
   max   min 2  max
 Fracture caused by fatique is brittle (even in
ductile materials)
 Fatique Tests are carried out to determine:

1. The stresses that can be applied over a specified
number of repetitions
2. The life under a specified stress level
 For ferrous metals and alloys the strength of the

material under repeated stress is called as
“Endurance Limit” or “Fatique Limit”
 For most other materials fatique limit does not

exist. In those the strength under repeated loading
is given by “Fatique Strength”
 In a fatique test, stress-number of load
repetitions is plotted to obtain S-N curves
(Wohler Curves)
Fracture
strength
(S)
Steel
Fatique
Limit
Fatique Aluminum
strength
1 10 100 103 106 # of load

repetition (log N)
 Endurance Limit: Maximum stressthat can be
applied repeatedly an infinite number of times
(for most steels 35%-60%)
 Fatique Strength: Maximum stress that can be

applied repeatedly over a specified number of
load repetitions (for example 106)
 The relationship b/w stress and number of

load repetitions is given by:
k: constant n: constant (8-15)
k  N
a
σ: stress N: # of repetitions
Factors Affecting the Fatique Behavior
 Quality
 Environmental Conditions (temperature,
corrosion)
 Range of Stress
 Frequency of Loading
 Surface Effects (Most cracks start from the

surface. Better design coulb be utilized to
reduce this)
Avoid sharp Round corners
corners (better design)
(poor)

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CREEP

 It can be defined as the slow & progressive

 Instantaneous deformations  Elastic

 The primary creep rate has a decreasing rate

 The two parameters determined from creep

 Both temperature & applied stress adversely

 When the slope of two curves (dε/dt) are

Determine the creep rate for the stress of 59 MPa

 Fatique Tests are carried out to determine:

 For ferrous metals and alloys the strength of the

 For most other materials fatique limit does not

1 10 100 103 106 # of load

 Fatique Strength: Maximum stress that can be

 The relationship b/w stress and number of

 Surface Effects (Most cracks start from the

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