THE UNIVERSITY OF BURDWAN

SYLLABUS FOR M. Sc. IN PHYSICS

EFFECTIVE FROM 2020 – 2021 SESSION

Course Structure in Physics

1 credit = 1 hour/week for theory; 2 hours/week for practical

Duration of examination for a course of 4 credits will be 2 hr. for theory papers and 4 hrs.
for practical papers.

SEMESTER – I (TOTAL MARKS 300) (CREDIT 24)

Course Marks Credit

Course Type T/P Name I.A E.T Total
code .
MSPH101 Core T Mathematical Methods 10 40 50 4
MSPH102 Core T MSPH102A: Classical Mechanics 5 20 25 2
MSPH102B: General Relativity & 5 20 25 2
Astrophysics
MSPH103 Core T Quantum Mechanics 10 40 50 4
MSPH104 Core T Classical Electrodynamics 10 40 50 4
MSPH105 Core P Practical 10 40 50 4
MSPH106 Core P Practical 10 40 50 4
Total credit 24

I.A.: Internal Assessment, E.T.: End Term

SEMESTER – II (TOTAL MARKS 300) (CREDIT 24)

Course Marks Credit

Course Type T/P Name I.A E.T Total
code .
MSPH201 Core T MSPH201A: Atomic Spectroscopy 5 20 25 2
MSPH201B: Laser physics 5 20 25 2
MSPH202 Core T Solid State Physics 10 40 50 4
MSPH203 Core T Nuclear & Particle Physics 10 40 50 4
MSPH204 Core T Electronics 10 40 50 4
MSPH205 Core P Practical 10 40 50 4
MSPH206 Core P Practical 10 40 50 4
Total credit 24

1
 SEMESTER – III (TOTAL MARKS 300) (CREDIT 24)
Course Marks Credit
Course Type T/P Name I.A E. Tota
code . T l
MSPH301 Core T Statistical Mechanics 10 40 50 4
MSPH302 Core T MSPH302A: Group Theory 5 20 25 2
MSPH302B: nonlinear dynamics 5 20 25 2
MSPH303 Core P Advanced General Practical 10 40 50 4
MSPH304 GE T MSPH304: Condensed Matter and Nano 5 20 25 2
Physics
MSPH305 DE T MSPH305-1: Advanced Electronics-I 10 40 50 4
MSPH305-2: Laser Physics-I
MSPH305-3: Materials Science-I
MSPH305-4: Condensed Matter Physics-I
MSPH305-5: Nuclear & Particle Physics-I
MSPH305-6: Astrophysics & Cosmology-I
MSPH306 DE T MSPH306-1: Applied Electronics 10 40 50 4
MSPH306-2: Advanced Solid State Physics
MSPH306-3: Materials Physics
MSPH306-4: Selected Topics in Nuclear
& Particle Physics
MSPH306-5: Lasers and Laser
Spectroscopy
MSPH306-6: Special tropics in General
Relativity and Astrophysics
MSPH306-7: Relativistic Quantum
Mechanics & Quantum Field Theory
MSPH306-8: May be opted from SWAYAM
MSPH307 CE N.A N.A. 5 20 25 2
.
Total credit 24
CE: Community Engagement Activities; DE: Discipline-centric Elective; GE: Generic elective
STUDENTS HAVE TO CHOOSE EITHER ‘ADVANCED ELECTRONICS-I’ OR ‘LASER PHYSICS-I’ OR
‘MATERIALS SCIENCE-I’ OR ‘CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS-I’ OR ‘NUCLEAR & PARTICLE
PHYSICS-I’ OR ‘ASTROPHYSICS & COSMOLOGY-I’ IN MSPH305
The following are the options for students for MSPH306 As per their choice in MSPH305:
Opted as DE (MSPH305) Do NOT OPT FOR
Advanced Electronics-I MSPH306-1: Applied Electronics
Laser Physics-I MSPH306-5: Lasers & Laser Spectroscopy
Materials Science-I MSPH306-3: Materials Physics
Condensed Matter Physics-I MSPH306-2: Advanced Solid State Physics
Nuclear & Particle Physics-I MSPH306-4: Selected Topics in Nuclear &
Particle Physics
Astrophysics & Cosmology-I MSPH306-6: Special tropics in General
Relativity and Astrophysics

The Discipline-centric Elective (DE) course in Semester III may also be opted from SWAYAM

2
 SEMESTER – IV (TOTAL MARKS 300) (CREDIT 24)

Course Marks Credit

Course Type T/P Name I.A E. Tota
code . T l
MSPH401 Core T Molecular Spectroscopy 10 40 50 4
MSPH402 Core T MSPH402A: Advanced Quantum Mechanics 5 20 25 2
MSPH402B: Computational Physics 5 20 25 2
MSPH403 Float- P Advanced General Practical 10 40 50 4
ing/Co
re
MSPH404 DE T MSPH404-1: Advanced Electronics-II 10 40 50 4
MSPH404-2: Laser Physics-II
MSPH404-3: Materials Science-II
MSPH404-4: Condensed Matter Physics-II
MSPH404-5: Nuclear & Particle Physics-II
MSPH404-6: Astrophysics& Cosmology-II
MSPH405 DE T MSPH405-1: Advanced Electronics-III 10 40 50 4
MSPH405-2: Laser Physics-III
MSPH405-3: Materials Science-III
MSPH405-4: Condensed Matter Physics-III
MSPH405-5: Nuclear & Particle Physics-III
MSPH405-6: Astrophysics& Cosmology-III
MSPH406 Project NA N.A. --- 50 50 4
/
Term
paper
Total credit 24

The following are the options for students for Discipline-centric Electives in Semester-IV as per their
choice in Semester-III:

Opted in Semester-III Option to be offered in Semester-IV

Advanced Electronics-I Advanced Electronics-II & Advanced Electronics-III
Laser Physics-I Laser Physics-II & Laser Physics-III
Materials Science-I Materials Science-II & Materials Science-III
Condensed Matter Physics-I Condensed Matter Physics-II & Condensed Matter Physics-
III
Nuclear & Particle Physics- Nuclear & Particle Physics-II & Nuclear & Particle Physics-
I III
Astrophysics & Cosmology- Astrophysics & Cosmology-II & Astrophysics &
I Cosmology-III

3
 SEMESTER – I
Paper: MSPH101
Mathematical Methods

1. (a) Functions of a complex variable. Brief review of the topics included in the honours
syllabus: analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann equations, integration in the Complex plane,
Cauchy‟s theorem, Cauchy‟s integral formula.
(b) Proof of Taylor and Laurent expansions. Singular Points and their classification.
Branch point and branch cut. Riemann sheets. Application of residue theorem to the evaluation
of definite integrals and the summation of infinite series. Integrals involving branch point
singularity.
2. Fourier and Laplace transforms. Inverse transforms. Convolution theorem. Solution of
ordinary and partial differential equations by transform methods.
3. Green‟s functions for ordinary and partial differential equations of mathematical physics.
Integral equations. Fredholm and volterra equations of the first and second kinds. Solution of
integral equations by using Integral transforms, Generating functions, Neumann series, Separable
(degenerate) kernels methods. Hilbert – Schmidt theory.
4. Linear vector spaces. Subspaces. Bases and dimension. Linear independence and
orthogonality of vectors. Gram-Schmidt orthogonalisation procedure. Matrix representation. The
algebra of matrices. Special matrices. Rank of a matrix. Elementary transformations.
Elementary matrices. Equivalent matrices. Solution of linear equations. Linear transformations.
Change of Basis. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices. The Cayley-Hamilton theorem.
Diagonalisation of matrices. Bilinear and Quadratic forms. Principal axis transformation.
Functions of matrices. Powers of a matrix. Roots of a matrix. Exponential of a matrix. Logarithm
of a matrix.
5. Tensor analysis. Coordinate transformations. Scalars. Covariant and Contravariant
tensors. Addition, subtraction, outer product, inner product and contraction. Symmetric and
antisymmetric tensors. Quotient law. Metric tensor. Conjugate tensor. Length and angle between
vectors. Associated tensors. Raising and lowering of indices. Tensor calculus. Differentiation of
a tensor. The Christoffel symbols and their transformation laws. Covariant derivative of tensors.

Books Recommended:
1. M. R. Spiegel (Schaum‟s outline series) – Theory and Problems of Complex Variables.
2. George B. Arfken and Hans J. Weber (Academic Press) – Mathematical Methods for
Physicists.
3. J. Mathews and R. I. Walker (Benjamin) – Mathematical Methods of Physics.
4. P. Dennery and A. Krzywicki (Harper and Row) – Mathematics for Physicists
5. W. Joshi (Wiley Estern) – Matrices and Tensors
4
Paper: MSPH102

MSPH102A: Classical Mechanics

An overview of the Lagrangian formalism

Variational principle and review of Lagrangian formalism in mechanical systems with
dissipation and for systems subject to non-holonomic constraints, Hamiltonian for relativistic
particles.

Canonical Transformation:
Equations of point and Canonical transformations; generating functions; examples of canonical
transformation; group property; Integral variants of Poincare; generators of infinitesimal
symmetry transformation; Noether‟s theorem, Lagrange and Poisson brackets and their
applications; Invariance of Poisson bracket under canonical transformation; Equations of motion
in Poisson Bracket; Conservation theorems, Jacobi‟s identity and angular momentum relations in
Poisson brackets; Liouville‟s theorem.

Hamilton-Jacobi Theory:
Hamilton-Jacobi equation for Hamilton‟s principal and characteristics functions; Physical
significance of these functions; Application of Hamilton-Jacobi equation in linear harmonic
oscillator, particle falling under gravity etc; action and angle variables; importance of action-
angle variables; Applications of action-angle variables; Kepler problem-Staekel condition,
Canonical perturbation theory. Passage from classical to quantum mechanics.

Rigid body motion:

Euler‟s theorem, Euler angles, Infinitesimal rotation. Heavy symmetrical top with one point
fixed on the axis. Fast and sleeping top.
Elements of Fluid Mechanics and Navier-Stokes Equation

Books Recommended:
1. Classical mechanics-Goldstein
2. Introduction to advances dynamics-McCuskey
3. Mechanics- Landau and Liftshitz.
4. Classical Mechanics- K.C. Gupta
5. Classical Mechanics- Rana and Jog

5
MSPH102B: General Relativity and Astrophysics

1. Brief review on Minkowski‟s Four Dimensional Space-time.

2. Tensor calculus and curved space:
Vectors and Tensors, Idea of parallel transport and covariant derivatives, covariant derivative of
g, Geodesics, Curvature tensor and its properties, Bianchi Identities, Ricci tensor, Einstein
tensor.
3. Einstein’s equation of Gravity:
Principles of equivalence, Principle of general covariance, Metric tensors and Newtonian
Gravitational potential, Logical steps leading to Einstein‟s equations of gravitation, Weak
gravitational field approximation.
4. Applications of general relativity:
Schwarzschild‟s exterior solution, singularity, event horizon and concept of black holes,
Birkhoff‟s theorem, Observational tests of Einstein‟s theory – Bending of light rays in a
gravitation field, Gravitational Red shift, Precession of Perihelion of the planet Mercury.
5. Stellar Structure and Evolution:
Star formation, Stellar Magnitudes, Classification of stars: H-D classification, Hertzsprung-
Russell (H-R) diagram: Pre-main sequence evolution, Post main sequence stage; Equations of
stellar structure. Virial theorem and it‟s application in stellar physics
6. Cosmology:
Expanding Universe, Cosmological Principles, Weyl postulate, Hubble‟s law. Robertson-
Walker metric (derivation is not required), Cosmological parameters, Static Universe, Cosmic
Microwave Background Radiation.

Books Recommended:
1. A short course in General Relativity, J. Foster and J. D. Nightingle (Longman Inc., New
York, 1979)
2. Introduction to Cosmology – J. V. Narlikar (Cambridge University Poress)
3. General Relativity, Astrophysics and Cosmology, A. K. Raychaudhuri, S. Banerji and A.
Banerjee (Springer-Verla, 1992)
4. General Relativity and Cosmology, S. Banerji and A. Banerjee (Elsevier, 2007)
5. General Relativity and Cosmology, J. V. Narlikar (MacMillion, 1978)
6. An Introduction to Relativity, J. V. Narlikar (Cambridge University Poress, 2010)
7. Introduction to Theory of Relativity, P. G. Bergmann (Prentice-Hall, 1969)
8. Introduction to Special Theory of Relativity, R. Resnick (John Wiley & Sons, New York,
1998)
9. The Special Theory of Relativity, S. Banerji and A. Banerjee (Prentice Hall of India, 2002)
10. Textbook of astronomy and astrophysics with elements of cosmology, V. B. Bhatia, (Narosa
publishing house, 2001)

6
Paper: MSPH103
Quantum Mechanics
Operator Algebra:
Vector space, concept of state vectors, principle of superposition of states, basis functions,
change of basis, Ket vector and its characteristics, Bra vector and its characteristics,
orthonormility, completeness condition and closure property, Hilbert space, Hermitian adjoint
operator, Hermitian operator, Fundamental postulates of Quantum mechanics, eigenvalue
equation, Real eigenvalues of Hermitian operator, orthogonality of eigenkets for non-degenerate
eigenvalues for Hermitian operator, expectation value, projection operator, theorems of
commutations of two operators, Uncertainty relation between two canonically conjugate
operators using the concept of expectation value, Closure property for continuously varying
Kets. Unitary operator and its characteristics, relation between wave function (Ψ) and state
vector IΨ>, operator representation of position and momentum, relation between Ψ(x) and Ψ(p).
Use of operator algebra for finding the angular momentum of electron in a spherically symmetric
potential. Angular wave functions of the electron in a hydrogen like atom.
Stationary states problem: (a) one dimensional problem, (b) function potentials and barriers,
(c) three dimensional problems- spherical oscillator, Hydrogen problem.
Harmonic oscillator with operator algebra:
Creation and annihilation operators, Oscillator algebra, Hamiltonian of harmonic oscillator in
terms of creation and annihilation operators, Number operator, solution of energy eigenvalues,
Selection rule, solution of wave functions, Coherent state, Coherent state as a normalized state,
Coherent state is a state of minimum uncertainty product of position and momentum.
Angular momentum, Generator, Symmetry: General formalism of angular momentum,
Matrix representation of angular momentum operators, Rotation and angular momentum, Spin
angular momentum, Pauli spin matrices, Rotation of spin states, Addition of two angular
momentum, Clebsch-Gordan Coefficients, Applications,
Approximation methods: Time independent perturbation theory for non-degenerate (Correction
of energy eigenvalues upto second order and wave functions upto first order) and degenerate
states (only first order correction), Applications: Anharmonic oscillator, Stark effect in hydrogen
atom, Ground state energy of Helium atom, Variational method and its applications: Ground
state energy of Helium atom, WKB method and its applications, Time dependent perturbation
theory: Harmonic perturbation, Fermi‟s golden rule, Adiabatic and Sudden approximations.
Scattering theory: Scattering of a particle by a fixed centre of force, Scattering amplitude,
Differential and total cross sections, Partial wave analysis for elastic scattering: Optical theorem,
Scattering by a hard sphere, Scattering from a potential well, The Born approximation: The first
Born approximation, Validity of the first Born approximation, Scattering from Yukawa and
Coulomb potential.
Books Recommended:
1) Quantum Mechanics by Claude Cohen-Tannnoudji, Bernard Diu, Franck Laloё (Volumes I and
II).
2) Quantum Mechanics Concepts and Applications, Second Edition by Nouredine Zettili.
3) Quantum Mechanics by V.K. Thankappan.
4) Problems and Solutions on Quantum Mechanics, Edited by Yung-Kuo Lim.
5) Quantum Physics‟ by Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick (John Wiley and sons).
6) „Quantum Theory‟ by D. Bohm (Prentice-Hall).
7) „Quantum Mechanics: Theory and Applications‟ by A. K. Ghatak and S. Lokanathan (Macmillan
India Ltd.).
8) „Quantum Mechanics‟ by L. I. Schiff (McGraw-Hill Book, New York).
9) PrabirGhosh, Quantum mechanics, Narosa Publication
7
Paper: MSPH104

Classical Electrodynamics

Green function, Inhomogeneous wave equation: it‟s solution. Lineard-Wiechart potentials, Fields
of a uniformly moving charge, Fields of an accelerated charge: Fields, radiation (power) and
angular distribution from a charge at low velocity (non-relativistic), radiation (power) from a
charge at linear motion and circular motion or orbit, angular distribution of power for linearly
linearly accelerated charges, relativistic correction, Bremsstrahlung-Cerenkov radiation.
Radiation from a localised oscillating charges, near and far zone field, multipole expansion,
dipole and quadrupole radiation, centre-fed linear antenna, classical theory of electron: radiation
reaction from energy conversation: Lorentz theory, self force.

Dispersion: Dispersion and absorption: Lorentz electromagnetic theory. Kramers-Kronig

relation.

Magnetohydrodynamics:

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations, magnetic, viscosity, pressure, Reynold number, etc.

MHD waves. Alfven waves and velocity, Hartmann flow and Hartmann number

Plasma Physics:

(a) Orbit theory of drift motions in a plasma. Pinch effect.Instability in pinched plasma column.
Plasma oscillations, short wavelength of plasma oscillation and Debye screening length

(b) Propagation of EM waves through plasma. Effect of external magnetic field on wave
propagations: ordinary and extraordinary rays.

Waveguide: Wave guides and resonant cavities: Basic concept of wave guides, TE & TM
modes, Rectangular waveguide, circular waveguide, resonat cavities, rectangular cavity
resonator-TE, TM modes. Power loss in a cavity-Q of a cavity.

Books Recommended:
1. Marion- Classical Electrodynamics
2. Jackson- Classical Electrodynamics
3. Panofsky & Phillips- Classical Electrodynamics
4. Chen- Plasma Physics
5. Griffith-Electrodynamics
8
Paper: MSPH105
General Practical
Group A
1. Determination of mean wavelength and separation of wavelengths of sodium light by Fabry
Perot interferometer
2. Study of dispersion relation in a periodic electrical circuit: an analog of monatomic and
diatomic lattice vibrations.
3. To study the effect of magneto-striction of a given material.
4. Measurement of thickness of a thin foil by Jamin's interferometer
5. Determination of (i) Rydberg constant, (ii) ionisation potential and (iii) quantum defect of an
alkali atom.

Group B

1. Study of the current mirror biasing and VBE multiplier based voltage reference.
2. To draw the LDR characteristics at different intensities and to find out the “b” value and the
dark resistance of the LDR.
3. Characteristics and Study of CE amplifier circuit (AC mode) with and without feedback.
4. To Study the amplitude modulation technique and determination of the modulation index.
5. To study the characteristics of an All Pass Filter using Op-Amp.

Paper: MSPH106
Group A
1. Determination of particle size by diffraction using a laser source.
2. Determination of Bohr magneton of an electron
3. To draw the plateau curve of a GM counter and hence to determine the statistical variation of
counts of the GM Counter.
4. Determination of wavelength of sodium light using Lloyd's mirror.
5. Determination of Lande splitting factor by ESR Spectrometer.

Group B

1. To study the characteristics of an Op-amp based nonlinear amplifier.

2. To study the input and output voltage characteristics of Schmitt trigger circuit.
3. To study the operation of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis circuits by plotting frequency
response using Op-amp.
4. To study the characteristics of an Op-amp based RC-Phase-Shift Oscillator.
5. To study the transfer characteristics of different passive networks and the phase transfer
characteristics of a given two-port network (RC).

All the students will be divided into two groups i.e. Group A & Group B and that will be
decided by the Department
9
 SEMESTER – II

Paper: MSPH201

MSPH201A: Atomic Spectroscopy

Brief overview of spectra of one –electron atoms; Spectral characteristics; Relativistic correction
to the energy; Spin –Orbit interaction, Fine structure of Spectral lines; Application to hydrogen
like atoms; Alkali spectra and quantum defect. Lamb Shift. Hyperfine Structure and Isotope
shift. (7 Lectures)
Many electron atoms: Independent particle model and central field approximation. Application to
Helium atom, Singlet and triplet states of Helium. Central field approximation for many electron
atom; Origin of L-S and j-j coupling, Equivalent and nonequivalent electrons; Energy levels and
spectra; Branching Rule, Spectroscopic terms, Hund‟s rule; Lande interval rule. (6 Lectures)
Spectra in presence of external magnetic field (Quantitative Discussion) --- Strong, moderate and
Weak fields. X-ray Spectra; Fine structure. Regular and Irregular doublet Laws; Auger Effect.
(5 Lectures)
Laser in Spectroscopy: Broadening of spectral lines, Absorption spectroscopy, excitation
spectroscopy, ionization spectroscopy, saturation absorption spectroscopy, photo acoustic
spectroscopy, Opto-galvanic spectroscopy, Tera Hertz spectroscopy. (7 Lectures)

Recommended books:

1. Introduction to Atomic Spectra by H E White, 1934, McGrawhill Books

2. Atomic and Laser Spectroscopy by Alan Corney, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

3. Lasers in Chemistry by D L Andrews, 1997, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.

4. Physics of Atoms and Molecules by B. H. Bransden and C. J. Joachim, 2 nd Edition, 2015,
Pearson Education
5. Basic Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy by J. Michael Hollas, 2011, Royal Society of
Chemistry Publication.
6. Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure by G. Herzberg, Dover Publication, 1944

10
MSPH201B: Laser physics

1. Basic Laser Theory: Einstein coefficients and stimulated light amplification: population
inversion, creation of population inversion in three level & four level lasers. .Rate Equations
for Three-level and Four-level lasers, Optimum output power Laser pumping requirements,
Temporal coherence and spatial coherence.

2. Basic Laser Systems: Gas Laser: CO2 laser, Solid State Laser: Host material, Nd:YAG laser,
Liquid laser: Dye laser, Semiconductor laser, Excimer laser, Free electron laser

3. Laser Beam Propagation: Ray transfer matrix, ABCD law, Laser beam propagation, properties
of Gaussian beam, resonator, stability, various types of stable resonators, unstable resonators.

4. Nonlinear Optics: Origin of nonlinearity, anharmonic oscillator model, susceptibility tensor,

phase matching, second harmonic generation, frequency mixing processes, Introduction to
four wave mixing.

5. Holography: Importance of coherence, Principle of holography and characteristics, Recording

and reconstruction, classification of hologram and application, holographic optical elements,
non-destructive testing, Holographic interferometry,

6. Q-Switching: Principle of Q-switching, different methods of Q-switching, electro-optic Q-

switching, Pockels cell

7. Integrated optics: Dielectric slab waveguide, modes in the symmetric slab waveguide, TE and
TM modes, modes in the asymmetric slab waveguide, coupling of the waveguide (edge,
prism, grating), dispersion and distortion in the slab waveguide, integrated optics components
(active, passive), optical fibre waveguides (step index, graded index, single mode),
attenuation in fibre, couplers and connectors, LED, injection laser diode (double
heterostructure, distributed feedback).

8. Detection of optical radiation: Human eye, thermal detector (bolometer, pyro-electric), photon
detector (photoconductive detector, photo voltaic detector and photoemissive detector), p-i-n
photodiode, Avalanche Photo Diode.

Books recommended:
1. Principles of Lasers: O Svelto
2. Solid-State Laser Engineering: W Koechner
3. Optical Electronics: A K Ghatak and K Thyagarajan
4. Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics: F Träger (Ed.)
5. Handbook of Nonlinear Optics: R L Sutherland
6. Laser and Electro-Optics: C C Davis
7. Quantum Electronics: A Yariv
11
 Paper: MSPH202

Solid State Physics

1. Crystal structure and X-ray diffraction: Lattices and Unit cells, Macroscopic and
microscopic symmetry elements, Point groups, Space groups, Equivalent points, Structure
factor calculations of some novel metals and compounds with SC, BCC, FCC, HCP, NaCl,
ZnS and diamond crystal structures, X-ray diffraction techniques, Laue, Rotation and
Debye-Scherrer camera (qualitative), electron diffraction, SEM, TEM and neutron
diffraction and magnetic structure.

2. Imperfection in solids: Different types of defects and dislocation, point defects and line
defects, Frenkel and Schottky defects, defects by non stoichiometry; electrical conductivity
of ionic crystals; classifications of dislocations; role of dislocations in plastic deformation
and crystal growth; Colour centers and photoconductivity; Luminescence and phosphors;
Alloys, Hume-Rothery rules; electron compounds; Bragg - Williams theory, order-disorder
phenomena, superstructure lines.

3. Crystal binding: General considerations about bonding: ionic bonds, covalent bond, van der
Walls-Fluctuating dipole forces-or molecular bonding, metallic bonding, hydrogen bonds

4. Magnetic properties of solids: Diamagnetism, paramagnetism – semiclassical treatment-

paramagnetism for J=1/2, Brillouin function-van Vleck paramagnetism; ground state of an
ion and Hund's rules, crystal field-quenching of orbital momentum, ferromagnetism-Weiss
model, magnetic susceptibility, effect of a magnetic field, origin of the molecular field,
antiferromagnetism-Weiss model, magnetic susceptibility, types of antiferromagnetic
order, ferrimagnetism, ferromagnetic domains and domain walls, exchange interactions.
Colossal and Giant magnetoresistance.

5. Magnetic resonances: Nuclear magnetic resonances, paramagnetic resonance, Bloch

equation, longitudinal and transverse relaxation time; spin echo; motional narrowing in
line width; absorption and dispersion; Hyperfine field; Electron-spin resonance.

6. Quantized free electron theory; Fermi energy; wave vector; velocity and temperature, density
of states. Electronic specific heats. Pauli spinparamagnetism. Sommerfeld‟s model for
metallic conduction. AC conductivity and optical properties, plasma oscillations.Thermoionic
emission. Hall effects.

7. Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. carrier concentration and Fermi levels of intrinsic and
extrinsic semi-conductors Bandgap. Direct and indirect gap semiconductors. Hydrogenic
model of impurity levels.
12
8. Energy bands in solids: The Bloch theorem; Bloch functions; Review of the Kronig-Penney
model; Brillouin zones; Band gap in the nearly free electron model;The tight binding model;
Empty lattice band; Number of states in a band; Effective mass of an electron in a band: concept
of holes; Classification of metal, semiconductor and insulator; Electronic band structures in
solids - Nearly free electron bands; Tight binding method – application to a simple cubic lattice;
Band structures in copper, GaAs and silicon; Topology of Fermi-surface; Electron dynamics in
an electric field.Cyclotron resonance and determination of Effective mass. Concept of hole.
Boltzmann Transort Equation, Sommerfeld theory of electrical conductivity.

9. Dielectric and optical properties of solids: Dielectric constant and Polarizability; Electronic,
ionic, and orientational polarization; static dielectric constant of gases and solids; Complex
dielectric constant and dielectric losses, relaxation time; Debye equations; Cases of
distribution of relaxation time; Cole - Cole distribution parameter; Dielectric modulus;
Ferroelectricity; displacive phase transition; Landau Theory of Phase Transition.

10. Phenomenological description of superconductivity: occurrence of superconductivity;

destruction of superconductivity by magnetic field; Thermodynamics of superconductivity;
Gibbs free energy;entropy; heat capacity; qualitative description of formation cooper pair and
outline of BCS theory and BCS Hamiltonian; energy gap and its experimental evidences;
Giaver tunnelling; Flux quantisation; a.c. and d.c. Josephson effect; Vortex state (qualitative
discussions); High Tc superconductors (information and qualitative description).

Books recommended:

1. F.C.Phillips: An introduction to crystallography (wiley)(3rd edition)

2. Charles A Wert and Robb M Thonson: Physics of Solids
3. J. P. Srivastava: Elements of solid state physics (Prentice Hall India; 2nd edition).
4. Christmaan-solid state physics (academic press)
5. A R Verma& O N Srivastava, Crystalolgraphic application to solid state physics
6. John Singleton: Band theory and Electronic properties of Solids (Oxford University
Press; Oxford Master Series in Condensed Matter Physics).
7. Ibach&Luth:Solid State Physics
8. M. Ali Omar: Elementary solid state physics (Addison-wesley)
9. C. Kittel: Solid-state physics (Wiley eastern) (5th edition).

13
Paper: MSPH203

Nuclear and Particle Physics

1. Static and dynamic properties of nuclei: Introduction, parity and isospin of nuclei,
Nuclear radius and charge distribution; Mirror nuclei, Muonic atoms and electron scattering
methods, charge form factor. Magnetic dipole moment and electric quadrupole moment;
Experimental determination using Rabi‟s method and NMR.

2. Two-nucleon problem and nuclear forces: Deuteron problem: Properties of deuteron;

Solution of Schrödinger equation for deuteron ground state and excited states; range and depth of
nuclear potential; deuteron radius.
Two-nucleon scattering: Partial wave analysis; phase-shift; scattering length and
significance of its sign; Low and high energy n-p and p-p scattering, spin dependence, charge
symmetry and charge independence of nuclear forces; Exchange nature of nuclear forces and
singlet and triplet potentials; the necessity of tensor forces; Yukawa‟s meson theory and form of
Yukawa potential.

3. Nuclear models: Need for models; Independent Particle and Strong Interaction
models. Fermi gas model: Derivation of Fermi energy and ground state kinetic energy for
nucleons; Shell model: Extreme single-particle model: Spin-orbit interactions and reproduction
of magic numbers; Predictions of shell model (Ground state spin parity; magnetic moment-
Schmidt lines and electric quadrupole moment); Single-particle model, Total spin „J‟ for various
configurations; electric quadrupole moment; configuration mixing; independent particle model,
Nilsson model; Introduction to Collective model.

4. Nuclear reactions: Different kinds of nuclear-reactions, Direct reactions: Kinematics

and theory of stripping, pick up and reverse reactions; Reciprocity theorem; experimental
verification of Bohr‟s independence-hypothesis, resonance reactions, Breit-Wigner one-level
formula, Transfer reactions; Optical model of nuclear reaction; Heavy-ion induced nuclear
reaction and various phenomena.

14
5. Particle accelerators: Pelletron, tandem principle, Synchrotron and synchrocyclotron:
strong and weak focusing types; colliding beam machines, threshold energy for particle
production.

6. Beta and Gamma decay: Beta spectrum and energetics; Fermi‟s theory of beta decay,
Columb correction and Fermi-Kurie plot; allowed and forbidden transitions, selection rules;
Non-conservation of parity in beta decay: Wu‟s experiment; detection of the neutrino and its
helicity; Gamma–decay: multipolarity and selection rules.

7. Nuclear detectors: Different mechanisms of interaction of radiation with matter; Bohr‟s

Ionization formula, Radiation detectors – Multi-wire proportional counter (MWPC), Cerenkov
detector; Scintillation detectors; solid state detectors; detection of neutrons; elementary idea
about pulse height analysis.

8. Reactor Physics: Slowing down of neutrons in a moderator; average log decrement of

energy; slowing down power and moderating ratio, Fermi age equation; Four-factor formula;
buckling and critical size of reactors.

9. Particle physics: Classification of elementary particles; types of interaction in nature:

typical strengths, range, time-scales; conservation laws, charge-conjugation, Parity and Time
reversal, CPT theorem; CP violation in K0 decay; Gell-Mann-Nishijima formula; resonances;
relativistic kinematics; Symmetry classification of elementary particles: baryon and meson octet
and decuplet; quark hypothesis, charm, beauty and truth, gluons, quark-confinement, asymptotic
freedom.

Books Recommended:
1. Nuclear Physics- S. N. Ghoshal (S. Chand Publications)
2. Nuclear Physics- D. C. Tayal (Himalaya Publications)
3. Introductory Nuclear Physics- K. S. Krane (Wiley India)
4. Nuclear Physics: Theory and Experimental- H. S. Hans (New Age International)
5. Nuclear Physics: Theory and Experiment- R. R. Roy and B. P. Nigam (John Wiley and Sons)

15
Paper: MSPH204
Electronics
Passive Networks: Four-terminal two-port network – parameters for symmetrical and
unsymmetrical networks; image, iterative and characteristic impedances; propagation function;
lattice network; Bisection theorem and its application.
L-C filters-LPF, HPF, BPF and BRF type constant-k prototype filters; m-derived filters
(principle only), Attenuators.
High Frequency Transmission Line: Distributed parameters; primary and secondary line
constants; Telegraphers‟ equation; Reflection co-efficient and VSWR; Input impedance of loss-
less line; Distortion of em wave in a practical line.
Semiconductor Devices: (a) p-n junction physics- Fabrication steps; thermal equilibrium condition;
depletion capacitance; current-voltage characteristics; charge storage and transient behavior;
junction breakdown; heterojunction. (b) Characteristics of some semiconductor devices- BJT, JFET,
MOSFET, MISFET, LED, Solar cell, Tunnel diode, Gunn diode and IMPATT.
Active Circuits: Transistor amplifiers- Basic design consideration; high frequency effects; video
and pulse amplifier; resonance amplifier; feedback in amplifiers.
Harmonic self-oscillators - Steady state operation of self-oscillator; nonlinear equation of self
oscillator; examples.
Op-Amp Based Circuits:
Characteristics of ideal and practical op-amp; Nonlinear amplifiers using op-amps- log amplifier,
anti-log amplifier, regenerative comparators; Active filters; precision rectifiers; ADC and DAC
circuits; Op-amp based self oscillators: sinusoidal and relaxation oscillators; Voltage regulator.
Elements of Communication Electronics: Principles of analog and Digital modulation;
comparison among different techniques; power, bandwidth and noise immunity consideration;
Generation of transmitted carrier and suppressed carrier type AM signals; principles of FM and
PM signal generation. Principles of detection of different types of modulated signals (TC and SC
types). Modulation techniques in some practical communication systems: AM and FM radio,
VSB AM and QAM technique in TV broadcasting. Digital modulation: ASK, FSK, PSK.
Digital Circuits: Logic functions; Logic simplification using Karnaugh maps; SOP and POS
design of logic circuits; MUX as universal building block. RCA, CLA and BCD adder circuits;
ADD-SHIFT and array multiplier circuits.
Registers and counters.
Books Recommended:
1. J D Ryder, Electronics Fundamental and application, PHI
2. S.M. Sze, Physics of semiconductor devices.
3. Milman and Grable, Microelectronics. Tata MacGraw Hill.
4. B. C. Sarkar and S. Sarkar, Analog Electronics, Damodar Prakashani
5. B. C. Sarkar and S. Sarkar, Digital Electronics.
6. D. RoyChowdhuri and Jain, Analog integrated circuits, New age Publishers
7. Chattopadhyay and Rakshit, Electronic Circuit analysis
8. Roddy and Coolen, Electronic Communication systems. PHI.
16
Paper: MSPH205
General Practical
Group A
1. Determination of mean wavelength and separation of wavelengths of sodium light by Fabry
Perot interferometer
2. Study of dispersion relation in a periodic electrical circuit: an analog of monatomic and
diatomic lattice vibrations.
3. To study the effect of magneto-striction of a given material.
4. Measurement of thickness of a thin foil by Jamin's interferometer
5. Determination of (i) Rydberg constant, (ii) ionisation potential and (iii) quantum defect of an
alkali atom.

Group B

1. Study of the current mirror biasing and VBE multiplier based voltage reference.
2. To draw the LDR characteristics at different intensities and to find out the “b” value and the
dark resistance of the LDR.
3. Characteristics and Study of CE amplifier circuit (AC mode) with and without feedback.
4. To Study the amplitude modulation technique and determination of the modulation index.
5. To study the characteristics of an All Pass Filter using Op-Amp.

Group A
1. Determination of particle size by diffraction using a laser source.
2. Determination of Bohr magneton of an electron
3. To draw the plateau curve of a GM counter and hence to determine the statistical variation of
counts of the GM Counter.
4. Determination of wavelength of sodium light using Lloyd's mirror.
5. Determination of Lande splitting factor by ESR Spectrometer.

Group B

1. To study the characteristics of an Op-amp based nonlinear amplifier.

2. To study the input and output voltage characteristics of Schmitt trigger circuit.
3. To study the operation of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis circuits by plotting frequency
response using Op-amp.
4. To study the characteristics of an Op-amp based RC-Phase-Shift Oscillator.
5. To study the transfer characteristics of different passive networks and the phase transfer
characteristics of a given two-port network (RC).

All the students will be divided into two groups i.e. Group A & Group B
Those students who have done Group A experiments in Semester-I will have to opt Group B
experiments in Semester-II and vice versa
17
 SEMESTER – III
Paper: MSPH301

Statistical Mechanics
1. Scope and aim of statistical mechanics. Transition from thermodynamics to statistical
mechanics. Review of the ideas of phase space, phase points, Ensemble, Density of phase
points. Liouville‟s equation and Liouville‟s theorem.

2. Stationary ensembles: Micro canonical, canonical and grand canonical ensembles. Partition
function formulation. Fluctuation in energy and particle. Equilibrium properties of ideal
systems: ideal gas, Harmonic oscillators, rigid rotators. Para magnetism.

3. Density matrix: Idea of quantum mechanical ensemble. Statistical and quantum mechanical
approaches, Properties. Pure and Mixed states.

Density matrix for stationary ensembles.Application to a free particle in a box, an electron in

a magnetic field. Density matrix for a beam of spin ½ particles. Construction of the density
matrix for different states (pure and mixture) and calculation of the polarization vector.

4. Distribution functions. Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics. General equations of state

for ideal quantum systems.

5. Introduction to ideas of cooperative and emergent phenomena, indistinguishability of

identical particles in quantum many body systems, onset of Fermi and Bose statistics, statement
and resolution of Gibbs paradox and the Sackur-Tetrode equation.
6. Length scales and the role of degeneracy in Statistical Mechanics, Thermal de-Broglie
wavelength and interparticle spacing, onset of quantum degeneracy in energy space.
7. Ideal quantum systems:

a. Partition function of an ideal Bose gas and evaluation of number density and chemical
potential: Bose-Einstein condensation and condensate fraction. Equation of state of an
ideal Bose gas.
b. Properties of an ideal Fermi gas: Fermi energy, equation of state of an ideal Fermi gas,
Sommerfeld Expansion, evaluation of chemical potential and specific heat of an ideal
Fermi gas.

18
8. Strongly interacting systems:

c. Bose-Einstein Condensation of a quantum system of repulsively-interacting bosons using

the Hartree approximation and the pseudopotential interaction model. Gross-Pitaevski
equation and the Thomas-Fermi solution.
d. Superfluidity in Bose gases using the Gross-Pitaevski equation and the Bogoliubov
approximation, Landau criterion. Transition in liquid He-4, Superfluidity in He-4.
e. Ising model. Idea of exchange interaction and Heisenberg Hamiltonian. Ising Hamiltonian
as a truncated Heisenberg Hamiltonian.
f. Solution of Ising model using the mean field theory and expression for critical temperature.
Thermodynamic properties of Ising model in the mean field. Expansion of free energy in
the mean field approximation. Exact solution of one-dimensional Ising system.
Comparison of mean field theory with exact solution in one-dimension. Peierls domain-
wall argument for estimating critical temperature of Ising model in two-dimensions.

9. Phase transitions: Landau theory of phase transitions: First and Second order phase
transitions, Spontaneous and Explicit Symmetry Breaking in Landau Theory. Onset of hysteresis
in first order phase transitions. Critical phenomena and critical indices.

Books Recommended

1. K. Huang, Introduction to Statistical Mechanics, Taylor and Francis, 2nd Ed.

2. Silvio R. A. Salinas, Introduction to Statistical Mechanics. Springer
3. F. Reif, Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics.MacGrowHill.
4. Kadanoff, Statistical Mechanics. World Scientific.
5. L.E. Reichl, A Modern course in statistical physics, Wiley-VCH, 4th Ed.
6. R. K. Pathria and P.D. Beale, Statistical Mechanics, Academic press, 3rd Ed.
7. R. Kubo, Statistical Mechanics: An Advanced Course with Problems and Solutions,
Elsevier, 1st Ed.
8. S. K. Ma, Modern Theory of Critical Phenomena, Westview Press, 1st Ed.

19
Paper: MSPH302

MSPH302A: Group Theory

1. Abstract Group Theory:

Introduction to Symmetry and its role in Physics, Group postulates. Finite and infinite groups,
Order of a group, Rearrangement theorem, Multiplication Table. Subgroups and Cosets,
Lagrange‟s theorem, Order of an element. Conjugate elements and classes. Cyclic groups.
Permutation groups, Invariant subgroups, factor groups, Generators. Isomorphism and
Homomorphism; Illustrations with point symmetry groups

2. Representation theory.
Definition of representation, Faithful and unfaithful Representations, Reducible and Irreducible
representations; Schur‟s Llemmas, Great orthogonality theorem and its significance; First and
second orthogonality theorems of characters and its significance; Regular representation,
celebrated theorem and its implication; Construction of character tables of simple groups.

3. Continuous group
Lie groups. Generators; Axial rotation group SO(2), Rotation group SO(3). Special Unitary
groups SU(2) and SU(3) and their application in Physics.
4. Application in Physics
Group of Schrodinger equation and degeneracy, Reduction due to symmetry, Applications;
Determination of molecular point groups for simple systems

Books Recommended:

1. Group Theory and its applications to Physical Problems by M. Hammermesh, Dover

Publications
2. Group Theory and Quantum Mechanics by M. Tinkham; Dover Publications.
3. Group Theory and Chemistry by David M. Bishop, Dover Publications.
4. Elements of Group Theory for Physicists by A. W. Joshi, New Age International.
5. Chemical Application to Group Theory by F. A. Cotton, Wiley Eastern Limited.
20
MSPH302B: Nonlinear Dynamics

1. Dynamical System, constants of motion, phase space, fixed points. Nonlinear dynamical
systems in Physics, biology, engineering, etc. Dynamical equations and Stability for linear
systems. Flow defined by nonlinear systems of ODEs, linearization and stable manifold
theorem. Hartman-Grobman theorem. Stability and Lyapunov functions.
Bifurcation theory: saddle-node, pitchfork, and transcritical bifurcations. Normal forms.
Applications in: laser model, magnetism, population dynamics.
2D linear flows: saddle point, nodes, foci, centers and nonhyperbolic critical points.
2D nonlinear flows: stability analysis, Conservative systems: Pendulum equation and double
well potential. Applications in: Josephson junction.

2. Limit cycle oscillations and Chaos: Concept of limit cycle, Hopf bifurcation, Poincare-
Bendixon theorem; role of nonlinearity: From harmonic oscillator to Van der Pol oscillator,
Chaos, Lorenz equation and Rossler equation. Applications in: Chaos in electronic
oscillators, chaos in Laser system.
3. Discrete time nonlinear systems: logistic map, sine circle map, linear stability analysis and
the existence of 2-cycles; numerical analysis of the logistic map; universality and the
Figenbaum numbers; bifurcation and chaos, intermittency, crises; Applications in:
population dynamics, discrete phase-locked loop system, power electronics.

4. Dispersion, Dissipation and nonlinearity, Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation, solitory waves
and soliton interaction, Application of KdV equation.

5. Pattern formation: Turing pattern. Reaction Diffusion theory. Diffusion driven instability.
Books Recommended:

1. Steven Strogatz. “Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos: With Applications to Physics, Biology,
Chemistry, and Engineering”, Levant Publishers, 1994.
2. Edward Ott, Chaos in Dynamical Systems, Cambridge University Press.
3. Dominic Jordan, Peter Smith, “Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations: An Introduction
for Scientists and Engineers” (Oxford Texts in Applied and Engineering Mathematics)
4. R. C. Hilborn, Chaos and Nonlinear Dynamics, Oxford University Press
21
Paper: MSPH303
Advanced General Practical
List of Experiments

Group A:
I.
1. Determination of temporal coherency of a coherent (laser) light and compare it with
incoherent light (sodium)
2. Study of magneto-optic effect (Faraday effect)
3. Study of electro-optic effect (Pockels effect)
4. Measurement of bending loss in a multi-mode optical Fiber.
5. Study of characterization of antenna
6. Design of active filters (a) band-pass filter, (b) all pass filters
7. Studies of nonlinear electronic circuits and design of chaotic electronic oscillator
8. Studies on LED modulation characteristics
9. Arc emission and absorption measurements using CCD based Constant Deviation
Spectrometer.
10. Band gap evaluation of a semiconductor by studying temperature variation of resistance.

II. Computer Assignment: Numerical experiments and assignments

Group B:
I.
1. Study of ultrasonic diffraction using a laser
2. Study of gamma ray spectrum of radioactive nuclides with NaI (Tl) scintillators & SCA
3. Study of beta-ray absorption & determination of mass absorption co-efficient of the given
absorber material.
4. Study of gamma-ray absorption & determination of gamma ray energy
5. Determination of particle size of an unknown powder specimen using Scherrer equation
from supplied XRD pattern
6. Phase identification of an unknown sample from its X-ray diffraction pattern
7. Identification of liquid, solid or powder samples using Laser Raman Spectrometer.
8. Study of NMR.
9. Intensity dependent nonlinear susceptibility of nonlinear liquid by Z-Scan technique.
10. Determination of grove spacing of a CD by diffraction method and hence determination of
wavelength of unknown source.

II. Computer Assignment: Numerical experiments and assignments

All the students will be divided into two groups i.e. Group A & Group B and that will be
decided by the Department
22
Paper – MSPH304

General Elective (Condensed Matter and Nano Physics)

1. Structure of Matter (bulk and nano): Amorphous, crystalline, crystals, polycrystals,

symmetry, Unit Cells, Crystal Structures (Bravais Lattices), Crystallographic Directions,
Crystallographic Planes, Miller Indices, Single Crystal and Powder X-ray Diffraction, Structure
factor, determination of some simple structures.

2. Microstructural and electrical characterization of nanomaterials: X-ray diffraction,

theory and method of particle size analysis, Scherrer equation, electron microscopy, (SEM,
TEM).

3. Magnetic Properties: Fundamentals of magnetism, Different kinds of magnetism in nature:

Dia, Para, Ferro, Antiferro, Ferri, Superpara. Important properties in relation to nanomagnetism.
Spinel ferrites, Application of Mössbauer spectroscopy in nanocrystalline ferrites.

4. Dielectric and ferroelectric properties: Dielectric constant, electric polarization,

polarizability, different sources of polarizability, spontaneous polarization and ferroelectricity.

5. Superconductivity: Survey of important experimental results. Critical temperature, Meissner

effect. Type I and type II superconductors, isotope effect, thermodynamics of superconducting
transition, High-Tc superconductors.

Books recommended:
1. Ibach&Luth: Solid State Physics
2. M. Ali Omar: Elementary solid state physics (Addison-wesley)
3. C. Kittel: Solid-state physics (Wiley eastern)(5th edition).
4. J. P. Srivastava: Elements of solid state physics (Prentice Hall India; 2nd edition).
5. Christmaan-solid state physics (academic press)
6. A R Verma& O N Srivastava, Crystalolgraphic application to solid state physics
7. S. Chikazumi: Physics of Magnetism.
23
Paper: MSPH305

Major Electives (DE)

MSPH305-1: Advanced Electronics-I

1. Microwave Devices: Problems of microwave generation in conventional oscillators.

2. Vacuum tube devices : Klystron and Reflex Klystron , Magnetrons, Slow wave structure and
Travelling wave tubes,
3. Solid state devices : Gunn diode, Impatt, Trapatt ,High speed transistors.
4. Optical Devices: Laser and Laser resonator, LEDs, Photodiodes, Photo conductor. Quantum
well laser.
5. Microwave measurements (Frequency, power, impedance).
6. Optical modulator: Electro optics modulation (amplitude and phase).
7. Optical coupler: Coupling of light from one fiber to other with the use of evanescent wave
8. Analysis of networks and systems: Sample data system. Z- transform, Fourier and Laplace
transforms.
9. Microwave Transmission lines and Waveguides: Transmission lines, Standing wave ratio,
Quarter wave transformer, Smith Chart, Stub matching. Wave guides coaxial, rectangular
and cylindrical; Waveguide attenuation, Resonators.
10. Antenna theory: Antennas-dipole, Antenna arrays, reflectors, steering strip, microstrip and
coplanar structure.
11. Feed back control systems: Feed back system, stability, performance criteria, servo systems,
automatic control principle.

Books Recommended

1. P. Bhattacharya - Semiconductor opto electronics devices.

2. R E Collin - Foundations of Microwave engineering.
3. S.Y.Liao – Microwave Devices on circuits.
4. J. Ryder – Networks, Lines and Field.
5. A. Papoulis – Signal Analysis
6. Electronic and Radio Engineering – F. E Terman.
7. Microwaves – K . C. Gupta.
8. Optoelectronics andFibre Optic Communication –C. Sarkar.
9. Photonics – A. Yariv and P. Yeh.

24
MSPH305-2: Laser Physics –I

1. Basic Laser Principle: Quantum theory for evaluation of the transition rates and Einstein A
and B coefficients, allowed and forbidden levels-metastable state; population inversion; rate
equations for three level and four level lasers, threshold of power calculation, various broadening
mechanism, homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening Lamb dip and active stabilization of
laser frequency
2. Basic Laser System: Basic concept of construction of laser system, various pumping system
(incoherent and coherent), pumping cavities for solid state laser system, characteristics of host
materials and doped ions.
3. Optical beam propagation: Paraxial ray analysis, wave analysis of beams and resonators,
propagation and properties of Gaussian beam, Gaussian beam in lens like medium, ABCD law,
Gaussian beam focusing, M2 parameter.

4. Resonators: Stability of resonators, „g‟ parameters, various types of stable resonators,

evaluation of beam waist of such combination, design aspect of resonator for various types of
lasers, unstable resonator and their application, Ring Resonator.
5. Q-switching: Different active and passive Q-switching techniques: mechanical Q-switching,
electrooptic Q-switching, Pockels and Kerr Q-switching, acousto-optic Q-switching, dye Q-
switching, Raman-Nath effect. Brief idea on giant pulse theory.
6. Ultrafast Phenomenon: Principle of generation of ultrafast pulses, Mode-locking: pico
second and femtosecond pulse generation, Basic concepts for measurement of fast processes,
Streak technique, Stroboscopes, sampling technique, nonlinear optical methods for measuring
ultrashort pulses

7. Different laser systems:

Gas Laser: (i) molecular gas lasers- CO2 laser & N2 laser; (ii) ionic gas laser – Ar+ laser
(iii) gas dynamic laser; (iv) high pressure pulsed gas laser
Solid State Laser: (i) Nd:YAG laser, (ii) Nd:Glass laser, comparison of performances
(iii) Tunable solid state laser: Ti:sapphire laser; Alexandrite laser
Chemical Laser: HF laser, HCl laser
Excimer laser; Fibre laser, Free electron laser; semiconductor laser

Books Recommended:

1. Principles of lasers- O Svelto

2. Solid State Laser Engineering- W Koechner
3. Quantum Electronics- A Yariv
4. The Physics and Technology of Laser Resonator- D R Hall & P E Jackson
5. Introduction to optical electronics- K A Jones
6. Gas laser- A J Boom

25
MSPH305-3: Materials Science-I

Applied crystallography in materials science

Noncrystalline and semicrystalline states, Lattice. Crystal systems, unit cells.Indices of lattice
directions and planes.Coordinates of position in the unit cell, Zones and zone axes.Crystal
geometry. Symmetry classes and point groups, space groups. Glide planes and screw axes, space
group notations, Equivalent points. Systematic absences, Determination of crystal symmetry
from systematic absences.Stereographic projections. Standard projection of crystals.

Introduction to materials
Classification of materials: Crystalline & amorphous materials, high Tc superconductors, alloys
& composites, semiconductors, solar energy materials, luminescent and optoelectronic materials,
Polymer, Liquid crystals and quasi crystals, Ceramics.

Preparation techniques of materials

Preparation of materials by different techniques: Sol-gel, polymer processing. Preparation of

ceramic materials.

Synthesis of nanomaterials

Top down and bottom up approaches of synthesis of nano-structured materials, nanorods,

nanotubes/wire and quantum dots. Fullereness and tubules, Single wall and multiwall nanotubes.

Phase transition in materials

Solid solutions, Phases, Thermodynamics of solutions, Phase rule, Binary phase diagrams,
Binary isomorphous systems, Binary eutectic systems, ternary phase diagrams, kinetics of solid
reactions.Order disorder phenomenon in binary alloys, long range order, super lattice, short
range order.

Books Recommended:

1. Materials science and Engineering by V. Raghavan, Prentice-Hall Pvt. Ltd.

2. Thin Solid Films by K. L Chopra
3. Elements of X-ray diffraction by B. D. Cullity, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
4. Elements of crystallography by M. A. Azaroff
5. Engineering Materials by Kenneth G. Budinski, Prentice-Hall ofIndia Pvt. Ltd.
26
MSPH305-4: Condensed Matter Physics-I
Diffraction of x-rays by crystals - Scattering of X-rays by an atom and by a three dimensional
crystal, Laue equations, Bragg‟s law, Ewald construction, Width of diffraction maxima,
Crystal structure factor, Space group extinctions, Patterson function, Effect of temperature on
the intensity of Bragg reflections, Debye-Waller factor.
Crystal defects- Lattice imperfections, Vacancies and interstitial defects, Dislocations, Crystal
growth, Color centers.
Alloys and Solid Solutions - Structure of metals and solid solutions, Hume Rothary rules,
Order-disorder phenomena in binary alloys, Long-range and short-range order, Elementary
theory of ordering, Super-lattice lines.
Crystal elasticity - Generalized Hooke‟s law, Strain energy density function Cauchy relations,
Propagation of elastic waves through cubic crystals, Determination of elastic constants.
Band theory and dynamics of an electrons in a crystal: Electrons in periodic potential and
single particle Schrödinger equation for all electrons, Bloch electrons and band structure,
Orthogonalized plane waves (OPW); Phillops-Kleinman‟s cancellation; Augmented plane waves
(APW); Core States and the Pseudopotential; dynamics of electrons; Wannier functions and
equations of motion in Wannier representation.
Electrons in magnetic field and the Fermi Surface: Model Hamiltonian and its digonalization;
Landau levels, quantization of orbits and its degeneracy; Cyclotron resonance and electron sapin
resonance; filling factor and quantum Hall effect; Density of states; Fermi surface and its
experimental determination; Pauli spin paramagnetism; Landau Diamagnetism; the de Haas-van
Alphen effect.
Dielectric and Ferroelectrics – Ferroelectricity Piezoelectricity, Pyroelectric materials, Nature
of phase transitions: Order-disorder, Polarization catastrophe, Landau Theory.
Nanostructured system: Properties of nanoparticles; quantum wells, wires, quantum
confinement and dots; shape, size and dimensionality effects; Over view of carbon nanotubes
and grapheme; properties and applications of spintronics and multiferroics in nano-dimension.
Books recommended:
1. X-ray diffraction: B. E. Warren
2. Introduction to Solid State Physics: C. Kittel
3. Solid State Physics: Askroft and Mermin
4. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance: Pake
5. Theory of Solids: J.M. Ziman
6. A quantum approach to the Solid State: Philip L. Taylor
27
MSPH305-5: Nuclear and Particle Physics-I

1. Two-nucleon bound state problem: deuteron ground state, singlet state, spin-dependence
of nuclear force, magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments of the deuteron, D-state
admixture, tensor interaction, concept of isospin, generalized Pauli principle and its
consequence, exchange nature of nucleon-nucleon interaction – its experimental signatures,
photo-disintegration of the deuteron. Meson theory of nucleon-nucleon interaction – Yukawa‟s
potential from time-independent Klein-Gordon equation with a source term.
2. Two-nucleon scattering-partial wave analysis, effective range theory, coherent scattering,
spin-flip and polarization, High energy scattering.
3. Nuclear many-body problem:Hartree-Fock (HF) theory – derivation of HF equation,
symmetries of HF orbits, angular momentum projection to get the physical nuclear state of the
nucleus from the intrinsic state, energy of the projected state.
Concept of quasiparticles; second quantization formalism in nuclear physics; Wick‟s theorem,
normal ordered products and contractions, pairing density and pairing potential; BCS
quasiparticle transformations, HF-BCS theory, consequences of the fermionic properties of the
quasiparticles. BCS ground state.
4. Importance of electron scattering in probing the structures of nucleon and nucleus, elastic
electron scattering on the proton, Lorentz-invariant transition four- current, form factors and
anomalous magnetic moment of the proton, electric and magnetic form factors in the Breit frame
of reference; Inelastic scattering of unpolarized electron on unpolarized nucleus – Coulomb and
magnetic form factors of the nucleus, the differential scattering cross-section in terms of the form
factors.
5. Shell model: nucleons in a harmonic oscillator potential, radial density distribution, an
estimate of oscillator frequency, spin-orbit potential, Predictions of spin, magnetic and electric
quadrupole moment of nuclei, Nordheim‟s rules; residual interaction and configuration mixing,
Evaluation of matrix elements of one and two-body operators, antisymmetrization of wave
functions, CFP, single particle model, seniority and reduced iso-spin; many-particle shell model,
Nilsson model.
6. Collective model: Collective Hamiltonian, vibrational spectra, Ellipsoidally deformed
nuclei, total deformation parameter and non- axiality parameter, Moment of inertia –rigid and
irrotational values. Rotational models of even-even and odd A nuclei. High Spin states,
qualitative explanation, VMI; Coriolis anti-pairing, Cranking formula for the moment of inertia
of deformable nucleus, Bohr-Wheeler‟s theory of nuclear fission. Fission isomers.

Books Recommended:
1. Nuclear Physics: Theory and Experiment: R R Roy and B P Nigam (New Age International)
2. Elements of Nuclear Theory: S N Mukherjee (CBS Publisher)
3. Introduction to Nuclear Physics: H. Enge
4. Theoretical Nuclear Physics: John M Blatt and Victor F Wiesskopf
5. Structure of the Nucleus: M A Preston and R K Bhaduri
28
MSPH305-6: Astrophysics & Cosmology -I
1. Introduction
Stellar magnitudes. Spectral features of a star. Saha Equation of ionization and its
consequences. HD classification. HR diagram.
2. Stellar Evolution: From birth to Pre-Main sequence
Virial theorem for star and its consequences. Average temperature in stellar interior. Jean‟s
criteria for star formation. Fragmentation and Cloud collapse. Protostar. Failed Star. Hayashi and
Henyey tracks.
3. Stellar Structure
Local thermodynamic equilibrium. Energy equation and equation of motion. Hydrostatic
equilibrium. Virial theorem. Total energy of star. Equations governing composition changes.
Dynamical, thermal and nuclear timescales. Equation of state (EOS) of non-degenerate gas of
electrons and ions. Radiation pressure. Radiative and Convective energy transport in stars.
Scaling relations for Main sequence stars. Polytropic gas spheres. Eddington‟s model and
Homologous model. Secular and dynamical stability of stars. Stability of supermassive stars.
4. Nuclear Astrophysics
Abundance of elements. Rate of thermonuclear reactions in stars, Astrophysical S factor, Gamow
window. Electron screening. pp chain and CNO cycle. Helium burning, Be bottleneck. Carbon
burning and above. r, s & p processes. Solar neutrinos and neutrinos from supernovae.
5. Post-Main sequence evolution and Relativistic astrophysics
Evolution of stars of various masses. Red giant phase. Horizontal branch. Asymptotic giant
branch and planetary nebula phase.
Onset of degeneracy. White dwarf: Equation of state for cold electrons, mass-radius relation,
Chandrasekhar mass limit, cooling. Neutron star: neutronization, Equation of state for cold
neutrons. Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) equation, its consequences and Newtonian
limit. Interior structure and maximum mass of neutron star. Pulsar. Nova and X-ray burst.
Supernova – types and mechanism. Schwarzschild and Kerr black holes. Penrose process. No
Hair theorem.
6. Accreting Systems
Accretion disk formation in close binary systems through mass transfer. Roche model. Steady
disk accretion. Rayleigh criterion for stability, Disk dynamics. Effect of viscosity. Spherical
Accretion. Accretion onto compact objects.
7. Plasma Astrophysics
Basic equations of fluid mechanics and magneto hydrodynamics. Flux freezing and its
implications. Sunspots and magnetic buoyancy, Dynamo theory. Second and first order
acceleration theories for cosmic rays.
Books Recommended:
1. Stellar Structure and Evolution - R. Kippenhahn and A. Weigert (Springer)
2. Theoretical Astrophysics (vol 2) – T. Padmanabhan (Cambridge University Press)
3. Physics of Stars - A.C. Phillips (Wiley)
4. Astrophysics for Physicists - A. Raichoudhuri (Cambridge University Press)
5. Black holes, White dwarfs and Neutron stars - S.L Shapiro and S.A. Teukolsky (Wiley)
6. General Relativity and Cosmology – S. Banerji and A. Banerjee (Elsevier)
7. High Energy Astrophysics – J. I. Katz (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company)
8. Accretion power in Astrophysics - J. Frank, A. King, D. Raine (Cambridge University Press)
9. Plasma Physics for Astrophysics - R.M. Kulsrud (New Age International Publ.)
10. Astrophysics: Stars and Galaxies – K.D. Abhyankar (Universities Press)

29
Paper: MSPH306

MSPH306-1: Applied Electronics

1. Analysis of networks and systems: Sample data system. Z- Transform, Fourier and
Laplace transforms.
2. Microwave Transmission lines and Waveguides: Transmission lines, Standing wave
ratio, Quarter wave transformer, Smith Chart, Stub matching, Wave guides coaxial, rectangular
and cylindrical; Waveguide attenuation, Resonators.
3. Microwave Devices: Problems of microwave generation in conventional oscillators (A)
Vacuum tube devices: Klystron , Reflex Klystron , and Magnetrons (B) Solid state device:
Gunn diode.
4. Optical/ Optoelectronic Devices: LEDs, Semiconductor Junction Laser, sand
Photodiodes.
5. Optical modulator: Electro optic Phase modulation.
6. Antenna theory: Antennas-dipole, Antenna arrays, reflectors, steering strip, micro strip
and coplanar structures.
7. Digital integrated circuit: asynchronous and synchronous counters. Design of sequence
counting circuit.
8. Memory devices: ROM, RAM, and sequential memory. Brief introduction to
microcontroller.

Books recommended:
1. R.C. Collin -Foundations of Microwave engineering.
2. S.Y.Liao- Microwave Devices on circuits.
3. J. Ryder – Networks, Lines and Field.
4. F. E Terman -Electronic and Radio Egineering.
5. K . C. Gupta- Microwaves. (New Age International Publishers Limited)
6. C. K. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar - Optoelectronics and Fibre Optic Communication.( New Age
International Publishers Limited) .
7. A. Yariv and P. Yeh- Photonics. (Oxford University Press).
8. Geiger, Allen and Strader – VLSI – Design Techniques for Analog and Digital Circuits.
9. Gray and Meyer – Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits.
10. A P Mathur – Microprocessors.
11 . Milman and Grable , Microelectronics – Tata McGraw Hill.
12. A. Papoulis- Signal Analysis.

30
MSPH306-2: Advanced Solid State Physics

Study of Crystal Structure- Scattering of X-rays by an atom and by a three dimensional

crystal, Laue equations, Bragg‟s law, Ewald construction, Width of diffraction maxima,
Crystal structure factor, Effect of temperature on the intensity of Bragg reflections, Debye-
Waller factor.

Lattice dynamics - One dimensional chain of coupled harmonic oscillators with alternating
masses and stiffness, dispersion relations, acoustic and optical modes, obtaining atomic force
constants from the dispersion relation. Classical vibrations of a lattice in higher dimensions and
the harmonic approximation, dynamical matrix, central and non-central forces, dispersion
relation. Dispersion relations for two dimensional square lattice with monoatomic and diatomic
basis, acoustic and optical branches, polarization of lattice vibrations in the long wavelength
limit, brief remarks on the vibrational properties of cubic lattices. Einstein theory of specific
heats. Thermodynamic functions of a vibrating solid in the harmonic approximation, density of
states (i.e. frequency distribution function) therein. General result for phonon contribution to the
specific heat of a crystal, Debye theory of specific heats in three and lower dimensions,
combining Einstein and Debye models for vibrating lattices with both acoustic and optical
branches.

Many body techniques: Introduction to Second Quantization (SQ) and the occupation number
representation,creation and annihilation operators for fermions and bosons, SQ rules for states,
operators and Hamiltonians, Wick‟s Theorem (without proof). Introduction to the coulombic
many body problem (CMB), Born-Oppenheimer Approximation, Jelium Model, Hartree and
Hartree-Fock (HF) equations, HF approximations for the electron gas, Lindhard dielectric
function. Exchange hole, exchange energy. Density Functional Theory (DFT), Hohenberg and
Kohn theorems, obtaining approximate expressions for the ground state energy of the CMB
problem using density functionals, Thomas-Fermi (TF) theory for CMB, static screening via
linearization of the TF equation, TF momentum. Kohn-Sham (KS) approach to DFT, exchange
correlation functional and the Local Density Approximation (LDA), idea of KS pseudopotentials
and introduction to ab-initio problems, computational resources for ab-initio DFT (mention
VASP, Espresso etc.).

Band theory and dynamics of an electron in a crystal: Electrons in periodic potential and
single particle Schrödinger equation for all electrons, Bloch electrons and band structure,
Orthogonalized plane wave (OPW) method: Idea of pseudo-potential, Band electrons in a
magnetic field, Landau levels and its degeneracy, filling factor and idea of quantum Hall effect,
Pauli spin paramagnetism, Landau Diamagnetism, the de Haas-van Alphen effect.

Superconductivity: Ginzburg-Landau theory of Superconductivity, G-L Equations, Fluxoid

quantization, BCS theory: Cooper pairing, Instability of the Fermi sea, BCS Hamiltonian and its
31
diagonalization by Bogoliubov-Valatin transformation, Ground state energy, Gap equation,
Critical temperature, Isotope effect. Josephson junction and Josephson effect, Applications:
Detailed description of SQUID, Coexistence of superconductivity and magnetism, High Tc
superconductors.

Nanostructured system: Properties of nanoparticles; quantum wells, wires, quantum

confinement and dots; shape, size and dimensionality effects; Over view of carbon nanotubes
and grapheme; properties and applications of spintronics and multiferroics in nano-dimension.

Dielectric and Ferroelectrics – Ferroelectricity Piezoelectricity, Pyroelectricity Materials,

Nature of phase transitions: Displacive, Order-disorder, Polarization catastrophe, Landau
Theory.

Ordered magnetic Systems – Origin of Ferromagnetism, Spin dependent Hamiltonian of a two-

electron system, Heisenberg Model, Exchange interactions: Direct and Indirect (R.K.K.Y. and
Superexchange), Spin wave theory of ferromagnetism, magnons, Magnetic phase transitions:
Mean Field theory, Landau theory, Critical phenomena, Importance, basic theory and
applications of neutron diffraction technique to identify magnetic ordering, Demagnetizing fields
and origin of domains, Structure of magnetic domains and domain walls, Magnetization
procedure and hysteresis of a ferromagnet.

Optical properties of solids –Interband transition processes, Semiconductors: Direct and

indirect interband transitions, Kramers-Kronig relations, Optical properties and band structure,
Excitons: Mott-Wannier excitons, Frenkel excitons.

Books recommended:

1. X-ray diffraction: B. E. Warren

2. Introduction to Solid State Physics: C. Kittel
3. Solid State Physics: Askroft and Mermin
4. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance: Pake
5. Theory of Solids: J.M. Ziman
6. A quantum approach to the Solid State: Philip L. Taylor
7. Condensed Matter Physics, Michael P. Marder Wiley, New York.
8. Condensed Matter in a Nutshell, Gerald D. Mahan, Princeton University Press.
9. Solid State Physics Supppleent-2(Paramagnetic Resonance in Solids): William Low
10. Magnetism in Condensed Matter: Stephen Blundell
11. Solid State Physics An Introduction to Principles of Materials science: H. Ibach & H.
Luth
12. Introduction to Solid-State Theory: Otfried Madelung
32
MSPH306-3: Materials Physics

Noncrystalline and semicrystalline states, Crystal systems and unit cells, Coordinates of position
in the unit cell. Zones and zone axes, Crystal geometry, Symmetry classes and point groups,
space groups, Glide planes and screw axes, space group notations, Equivalent points. Systematic
absences, Determination of crystal symmetry from systematic absences.

Introduction to materials
Classification of materials: Crystalline & amorphous materials, high Tc superconductors, alloys
& composites, semiconductors, solar energy materials, luminescent and optoelectronic materials,
Polymer, Liquid crystals and quasi crystals, Ceramics.
Preparation techniques of materials
Preparation of materials by different techniques: Sol-gel, polymer processing. Preparation of
ceramic materials. Top down and bottom up approaches of synthesis of nano-structured materials

Characterization techniques of materials

Diffraction techniques: interpretation of x-ray powder diffraction patterns, Identification &
quantitative estimation of unknown samples by X-ray powder diffraction technique.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Electron and neutron diffraction.

Properties of materials
Electrical properties of metals, conductivity in semiconductors.
Optical properties of semiconductors: Direct and indirect band gap semiconductor.
Mechanical Properties of metals and ceramics
Concepts of stress & strain, stress-strain behavior, anelasticity, Plastic deformation, Strength of
metals and alloys, Hardness measurement instruments.
Thermal properties of metals & alloys
Temperature effects on the intensities of Bragg reflections. Influence of temperature on
diffraction of X-rays: Debye-Waller temperature factor, Debye‟s method of calculating isotropic,
DTA, TGA, DSC (Outline only).

Books Recommended:
1. Materials science and Engineering by V. Raghavan, Prentice-Hall Pvt. Ltd.
2. Thin Solid Films by K. L Chopra
3. Elements of X-ray diffraction by B. D. Cullity, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
4. Elements of crystallography by M. A. Azaroff
5. Engineering Materials by Kenneth G. Budinski, Prentice-Hall ofIndia Pvt. Ltd.
6. Crystallography applied to Solid State Physics, A.R. Verma, O.N. Srivastava, New-Age
Publishers.
33
MSPH306-4: Selected Topics in Nuclear & Particle Physics

1. Two-nucleon bound state problem: deuteron ground state, singlet state, spin-dependence
of nuclear force, magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments of the deuteron, D-state
admixture, tensor interaction, concept of isospin, generalized Pauli principle and its
consequence, exchange nature of nucleon-nucleon interaction – its experimental signatures,
photo-disintegration of the deuteron. Meson theory of nucleon-nucleon interaction – Yukawa‟s
potential from time-independent Klein-Gordon equation with a source term.
2. Two-nucleon scattering-partial wave analysis, effective range theory, coherent scattering,
spin-flip and polarization, High energy scattering.
3. Nuclear many-body problem: Hartree-Fock (HF) theory – derivation of HF equation,
symmetries of HF orbits, angular momentum projection to get the physical nuclear state of the
nucleus from the intrinsic state, energy of the projected state.
Concept of quasiparticles; second quantization formalism in nuclear physics; Wick‟s theorem,
normal ordered products and contractions, pairing density and pairing potential; BCS
quasiparticle transformations, HF-BCS theory, consequences of the fermionic properties of the
quasiparticles. BCS ground state.
4. Importance of electron scattering in probing the structures of nucleon and nucleus, elastic
electron scattering on the proton, Lorentz-invariant transition four- current, form factors and
anomalous magnetic moment of the proton, electric and magnetic form factors in the Breit frame
of reference; Inelastic scattering of unpolarized electron on unpolarized nucleus – Coulomb and
magnetic form factors of the nucleus, the differential scattering cross-section in terms of the form
factors.
5. Shell model: nucleons in a harmonic oscillator potential, radial density distribution, an
estimate of oscillator frequency, spin-orbit potential, Predictions of spin, magnetic and electric
quadrupole moment of nuclei, Nordheim‟s rules; residual interaction and configuration mixing,
Evaluation of matrix elements of one and two-body operators, antisymmetrization of wave
functions, CFP, single particle model, seniority and reduced iso-spin; many-particle shell model,
Nilsson model.
6. Collective model: Collective Hamiltonian, vibrational spectra, Ellipsoidally deformed
nuclei, total deformation parameter and non- axiality parameter, Moment of inertia –rigid and
irrotational values. Rotational models of even-even and odd A nuclei. High Spin states,
qualitative explanation, VMI; Coriolis anti-pairing, Cranking formula for the moment of inertia
of deformable nucleus, Bohr-Wheeler‟s theory of nuclear fission. Fission isomers.

Recommended books:

1. Nuclear Physics: Theory and Experiment: R R Roy and B P Nigam (New Age International)
2. Elements of Nuclear Theory: S N Mukherjee (CBS Publisher)
3. Introduction to Nuclear Physics: H. Enge
4. Theoretical Nuclear Physics: John M Blatt and Victor F Wiesskopf
5. Structure of the Nucleus: M A Preston and R K Bhaduri

6. Concepts of Nuclear Physics - B.L. Cohen (TMH)

34
MSPH306-5: Lasers and Laser Spectroscopy

1. Laser Safety:
Various hazards due to laser radiation-eye, skin, chemical etc., high voltage hazards, safety
measures and standard
2. Nonlinear Optics:
Introduction, nonlinearities of the polarization, Anharmonic oscillator model, coupled
amplitude equation, Intensity expression for generated frequency, Manley-Rowe relation. SHG,
SFG & DFG.
3. Phase Matching:
Basic idea of phase matching, quasi-phase matching method, critical and noncritical phase
matching, collinear and non-collinear phase matching, Type-I & II Phase matching angles
calculation, effective nonlinearity calculation.

4. Techniques of generation of tunable short and long wavelength radiation:

Idea on tunable second harmonic, sum frequency and difference mixing techniques; basic
equation of SHG, its conversion efficiency and parameters affecting doubling efficiency, various
methods of enhancing conversion efficiency,

5. Laser instrumentation: Principle of measurement with laser beam, distance measurement,

rotation, fluid velocity measurement, Advantages of remote monitoring of the atmosphere by
laser, principles of remote monitoring, different lidar systems.
6. Chemical Application: Selective excitation reaction, different separation processes, principle
of isotope separation, uranium enrichment, Ultrashort pulses in chemical reaction, AVLIS
7. Laser spectroscopy: Application of Lasers in Molecular Spectroscopy: Perspective,
Understanding the molecular structure in its Ground and Excited States, Vibrational Spectra 
Spectroscopy of Molecular Beams. Fluorescence Excitation (FE) Spectroscopy and Dispersed
Fluorescence (DF) Spectroscopy. Understanding the intramolecular and intermolecular
interactions. Hydrogen bonding.
Time resolved spectroscopy, Degenerate Four Wave Mixing and Coherent anti-Stokes Raman
Spectroscopy and there applications

Books Recommended:
7. Principles of lasers- O Svelto
8. Solid State Laser Engineering- W Koechner
5. Methods of Experimental Physics Vol. 15B ed. By C L Tang
6. Industrial Application of Lasers – J F Ready
7. Laser remote Sensing:- R M Measures
8. Handbook of Nonlinear Optics- R L Sautherland
9. Laser and electrooptics- C C Davis
10. Molecular Physics----Wolfgang Demtroder, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH, ISBN-13: 978-3-
527-40566-4

35
MSPH306-6: Special tropics in General Relativity and Astrophysics
1. Introduction to General Theory of Relativity:
In consistencies of Newtonian gravitation with Special Theory of Relativity, Need for a curved space-
time, Principle of equivalence, Inertial and gravitational mass, Geodesic Equation (Lagrangian
formulation), Curvature tensors and Energy-Momentum tensors, Principle of general covariance,
Heuristic derivation of Einstein‟s Field equation, Weak field approximation of Einstein‟s gravity
2. Schwarzschild Solutions of Einstein’s Field Equations:
Line element for spherical symmetric objects, Schwarzschild exterior solution, Birkhoff‟s theorem,
Isotropic coordinates, singularity, Schwarzschild radius and event horizon Geodesic equation in
Schwarzschild space-time, Tests of General theory of Relativity: Bending of light rays in a gravitation
field, gravitational red shift, Precession of Perihelion of Mercury
3.Observational Cosmology:
Expanding Universe, Models of F-R-W universes (k=0,+1,-1), density and volume of the universe, Open
and Closed universe, Cosmological red shift, Hubble time and age of the universe, Red shift – magnitude
relation, Hubble diagram using type Ia supernova, number counts of extra galactic objects, Last scattering
surface, Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation.
4. Prelude of stellar physics:
Astronomy and Astrophysics, Classification of stars, Stellar magnitudes, Stellar distances: Distances
indicators - SNIa, Cepheid variables
5. Stellar Structure
Saha Equation of ionization and its consequences, Equations of mass & energy conservation. Hydrostatic
and Thermal equilibrium. Equation of state. Radiation pressure. Energy transport inside stars.
Schwarzschild stability condition. Convective and Radiative stars. Polytropic model. Scaling relations for
Main sequence stars.
6. Nuclear Astrophysics
Abundance of elements. Rate of thermonuclear reactions in stars, Gamow window. Hydrogen and Helium
burning. Carbon burning and above. r, s & p processes. Solar neutrino problem and it's solution.
7. Stellar Evolution and Relativistic Astrophysics
Virial theorem for star and its consequences. Jean‟s criteria for star formation. Fragmentation and Cloud
collapse. Protostar. Failed Star. Hayashi and Henyey tracks. Evolution of stars of different masses.
Red giant phase. Onset of degeneracy. Electron and neutron degeneracy. White dwarf: mass-radius
relation, Chandrasekhar mass limit. Neutron star: composition, Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV)
equation and its consequences. Pulsar. Nova and Supernova. Schwarzschild black hole, Collapse in a
spherically symmetric space-time, Event horizon.

References:
1.A short course in General Relativity, J. Foster and J. D. Nightingle (Longman Inc., New York,
1979)
2. Introduction to Cosmology, J. V. Narlikar (Cambridge University Poress)
3. The Structure of the Universe, J. V. Narlikar (CUP, 1978)
4. General Relativity and Cosmology, J. V. Narlikar (MacMillion, 1978)
5. Theory of Relativity - S. Weinberg (Wiley, 1972).
6. Introduction to Theory of Relativity, P. G. Bergmann (Prentice-Hall, 1969)
7. Textbook of astronomy and astrophysics with elements of cosmology, V. B. Bhatia, (Narosa
publishing house, 2001)
8. Stellar Structure and Evolution - R. Kippenhahn and A. Weigert (Springer)
9. Physics of Stars - A.C. Phillips (Wiley)
10. Black holes, White dwarfs and Neutron stars - S.L Shapiro and S.A. Teukolsky (Wiley)
11. Astrophysics for Physicists - A. Raichoudhuri (Cambridge University Press)
12. Astrophysics: Stars and Galaxies – K. D. Abhyankar (Universities Press)
36
MSPH306-7: Relativistic Quantum Mechanics & Quantum Field Theory

1. The Klein Gordon (KG) equation. Covariant notations. Free particle energy, negative
energy and negative probability density, KG equation in em field.
2. The Dirac equation. Properties of the Dirac matrices.The Dirac particle in an external
electromagnetic field.The non-relativistic limit of the Dirac equation and the magnetic moment
of the electron.
3. Covariant form of the Dirac equation. Lorentz covariance of the Dirac equation. Boost as
hyper rotation, boost, rotation, parity and time reversal operation on the Dirac wave function.
4. Conjugate Dirac spinor and its Lorentz transformation. The γ5 matrix and its
properties.Bilinear covariants and their properties.
5. Boosting the wave function from the rest frame. Plane wave solutions of the Dirac
equation and their properties.Energy and spin projection operators.
6. Dirac‟s hole theory and charge conjugation. Feynman-Stuckelberg interpretation of
antiparticles.
7. Foldy-Wuthuysen transformations: free particle transformation, the transformation, to the
hamiltonian with an electromagnetic field, relativistic correction to mass, spin-orbit interaction,
Darwin term, Zitterbewegung
8. The Hydrogen atom problem: the Dirac theory with central force, the Coulomb potential,
the energy eigenvalues, spin-orbit splitting, ground state wave function.
9. Concepts of fields. Lagrangian dynamics of Classical fields.Derivation of the Euler-Lagrange
equation from Hasmilton‟svariational principle.Lagrangians and equations of motion of
fundamental fields.
10. Noether‟s theorem. Invariances.Conserved currents and charges.Energy-momentum tensors
and energy of fields.
11. Canonical quantization and particle interpretation of the real Klein-Gordon field. Fock space
of bosons.Energy of the real Klein Gordon field.Normal ordering.

12. Introduction of antiparticle. Charge of quantum complex Klein-Gordon field.

13. Canonical quantization and energy of the Dirac field. Anti-commutators.Pauli

principle.Equal time anti-commutator between the Dirac field and the canonically conjugate
momentum field.

37
14. Coulomb gauge quantization and energy of the Electromagnetic field.
15. A comparison between non-covariant and covariant quantization of the electromagnetic field.
Features of covariant quantizations : Derivation of equal-time commutators between the
components of fields and canonically conjugate momentum fields, (Derivation of energy
operator not needed) special properties of time-like photons. Gupta-Bleuler formalism.
17. Basic ideas of the path integral formalism in quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.
18. Interacting fields (mainly electromagnetic interaction). Lagrangian and equations of
motion of a system of interacting electrons and photons.Covariant perturbation theory.Derivation
of the s-matrix operator.Time-ordering.Application to Compton scattering.Wick‟s theorem
(statement only). Enumeration of terms of s-matrix element and corresponding Feynman
diagrams. Statement of Feynman rules of graphs in quantum electrodynamics. Vacuum
polarization diagram in Hydrogen atom, Charge renormalization and Lamb shift. (Detailed
derivations of integrals not needed). Drawing of diagrams and statement of anomalous magnetic
moment of electron.
Books recommended:
1. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics – J.D.Bjorken and S.D.Drell, McGraw-Hill, New York
(1964).
2. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics- Walter Greiner, Springer-Verlag (1990)
3. Advanced Quantum Mechanics – J.J.Sakurai, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
(1967).
4. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Fields – T-Y Wu and W-Y Pauchy Hwang,
Allied Publishers Limited (2001).
5. Relativistic Quantum Fields - J. D. Bjorken and S. D. Drell, McGraw-Hill (1965)
6. Quantum Field Theory - Lewis H Ryder, Cambridge University Press (1985)
7. Quantum Field Theory - Claude Itzyksen and Jean-Bernard Zuber, McGraw Book Co. (1985)
8. Quantum Field Theory in a nutshell - A. Zee, Princeton University Press (2003).
9. A First Book of Quantum Field Theory – A. Lahiri and P. B. Pal, Narosa Publishing House
(2001).

MSPH306-8: May be opted from SWAYAM

Paper: MSPH307 Community Engagement Activities

38
 SEMESTER IV
Paper: MSPH401
Molecular Spectroscopy
1. Born-Oppenheimer approximation and separation of electronic and nuclear motions in
molecules. Band structures of molecular spectra.
2. Microwave and far infrared spectroscopy : Energy levels of diatomic molecules under rigid
rotator and non-rigid rotator models. Selection rules. Spectral structure. Structure
determination. Isotope effect. Rotational spectra of polyatomic linear and symmetric top
molecules. Stark effect.
3. Infrared spectra : Energy levels of diatomic molecules under simple harmonic and anharmonic
(no deduction necessary for this one) models. Selection rules and spectral structures. Morse
potential energy curves. Dissociation energies.Isotope effect.Rotational – vibrational
coupling.P and R branches of lines, Band origin, Parallel and perpendicular modes.Symmetry
properties of molecular wave functions and absence of spectral lines.
4. Raman spectroscopy. Rotational, Vibrational, Rotational-Vibrational Raman spectra. Stokes
and anti stokes Raman lines. Selection Rules.Spectral structures.Nuclear spin and its effect on
Raman spectra.
5. Vibrational spectra of poly atomic molecules. Normal modes. Selection rules for Raman and
infrared spectra. Complementarity of Raman and infrared specra.Normal modes of CO2
molecule.Normal modes of other simple triatomic molecules.
6. Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules:
(a) Vibrational band structure. Progressions and sequences. Isotope shifts. Deslandres
tables.Molecular constants in the ground and excited electronic states and crude idea of
molecular bonding.
(b) Rotational structure of electronic spectra. P-, Q- and R- branches. Band head formation
and shading of bands.
(c) Intensity distribution in the vibrational structure of electronic spectra and Franck-
Condon principle. Hund‟s coupling. Experimental determination of dissociation energy.
(d) Hydrogen molecule ion and molecular orbitals. Valence Bond approach in hydrogen
molecule. Coulomb and exchange integrals. Electronic structures of simple molecules.
Chemical bonding. Hybridizations.
(e) Basic aspects of photo physical processes: radiative and non-radiative transitions;
fluorescence and phosphorescence; Kasha‟s rules. Nuclear Magnetic resonance
spectroscopy. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Fourier transform spectroscopy.
Photo acoustic spectroscopy. Photo electron spectroscopy. Mossbauer spectroscopy.
(f) Application of group theory to spectroscopy.
7.Nonlinear spectroscopy: Laser Raman spectroscopy.
Books Recommended:
1. G. Herzberg. „Molecular Spectroscopy (Diatomic Molecules)‟ Van-Nostrand.
2. G. M. Barrow. „Molecular Spectroscopy‟.McGraw-Hill.
3. J.MichaelHollas. „ Modern spectroscopy‟. John-Wiley & sons.
4. C. L. Banwell and E. M. McCash. „Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy‟
Tata- McGraw-Hill..
5. G.Aruldhas „Molecular Spectroscopy‟.
6. Bransden and Joachin. „Atoms and Molecules‟
7. F.A.Cotton. „Chemical application to Group theory‟.
39
Paper: MSPH402

MSPH402A: ADVANCED QUANTUM MECHANICS

Symmetries Invariance Principle and Conservation Laws - Generator of finite and

infinitesimal transformations, Invariance principle and Conservation laws. Space translation,
Time translation, Space inversion, Time reversal.

Scalar, Vector and Tensor Operators: Scalar operators, Vector operators, Reducible and I
rreducible spherical tensor operators, Wigner-Eckert theorem for spherical tensor operators.

Quantum Dynamics: The equations of motion, the Schrodinger picture, the Heisenberg picture,
the Interaction picture.

Identical Particles: The identity of particles, Spins and Statistics, Exchange degeneracy,
Symmetrization Postulate, Wave function of two-particle system, Wave function of many-
particle system, Example.

Relativistic Quantum Mechanics The Klein Gordon (KG) equation, Covariant notations, Free
particle energy, Negative energy and negative probability density, KG equation in em field.
The Dirac equation, Properties of the Dirac matrices, The Dirac particle in an external
electromagnetic field, The non-relativistic limit of the Dirac equation and the magnetic moment
of the electron, Covariant form of the Dirac equation, Lorentz covariance of the Dirac equation.

Books Recommended:

1) Quantum Mechanics by Claude Cohen-Tannnoudji, Bernard Diu, Franck Laloё (Volumes

I and II).
2) Quantum Mechanics Concepts and Applications, Second Edition by Nouredine Zettili.
3) Quantum Mechanics by V.K. Thankappan.
4) Problems and Solutions on Quantum Mechanics, Edited by Yung-Kuo Lim.
5) Relativistic Quantum Mechanics- Walter Greiner, Springer-Verlag
6) Advanced Quantum Mechanics – J.J.Sakurai, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
7. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics – J.D.Bjorken and S.D.Drell, McGraw-Hill, New York.
40
MSPH402B: COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS

Computational Physics
1. Introduction to Python programming: The Python Interpreter, Python console, Jupyter and
python IDEs; Setting up and using python on GNU/Linux, Windows and Android operating
systems; Simple Input and Output; Variables; Mathematical Operators; list, string, tuple, set,
dictionary; Control flow and decision control: logical loop structure; Functions and lambdas;
Object and class; Files: reading and writing. Python namespaces, installation, design and import
of modules in python.
2. Scientific Computing in Python: Introduction to the Numerical Python (numpy), Scientific
Python (scipy), and matplotlib modules. Numpy arrays; Initialization and basic operations;
resizing; slicing of arrays; array as a matrix; 2D plotting with matplotlib; plot with external data.
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and the Danielson-Lanczos/Cooley-Tukey algorithms.
Implementation of FFT using numpy/scipy. Sparse matrices in scipy, types of sparse matrices.
Linear algebra operations with numpy arrays using numpy-BLAS. Determination of eigenvalues
and eigenfunctions of simple Fermionic and Bosonic systems.
3. Numerical Methods in Scientific Computing with Python: Representation of real and
complex numbers, statistical calculations, factorial, infinite series, iterative methods: logistic
map; binary search. Imprecisions in integer and floating point arithmetic. Interpolation of
datasets using the Lagrange polynomial. Numerical root finding: Bisection method, False
position method, Newton-Raphson method. Solution of system of simultaneous linear equations:
Gauss elimination, Gauss-Seidel method, LU decomposition algorithm. Numerical integration
using Newton-Cotes quadratures: Trapezoidal and Simpson‟s 1/3rd methods.
4. Numerical solutions of Differential Equations: Ordinary Differential Equations: Simple
Euler and Runge-Kutta methods. Application in physics problems: damped harmonic oscillator,
forcing and resonance; self sustained oscillation (van der Pol oscillator, Lorenz and Roessler
oscillator); Henon-Heiles potential problem; visualization in phase space and Poincare sections.
Partial Differential Equations: Laplace and Wave equations. Schrodinger equation and solutions
to the eigenvalue problem for simple systems.
5. Monte Carlo Simulations: Deterministic Randomness; Random Sequences; Monte Carlo
Applications: A Random Walk Problem, Radioactive Decay. The Metropolis algorithm and a
brief exposition to numerical solution of Ising spin model, Bose-Einstein condensation using the
Metropolis algorithm
(1. Instructor should demonstrate the installation of Python, Matplotlib, NumPy, and Scipy in
Windows and Linux. 2. Emphasis will be given to solve physical problems and their
visualizations. 3. Assignments should be given to the students at a regular interval.)
References:
1. Numerical Python: Scientific Computing and Data Science Applications with Numpy, SciPy
and Matplotlib, R. Johansson, 2019, Apress.
2. Computational Physics: Problem Solving with Python, 3rd Edition, Rubin H. Landau,
Manuel J Páez, Cristian C. Bordeianu, 2015, Wiley.
3. Scientific Computing in Python, Abhijit Kar Gupta, Techno world, 2019.
4. Let Us Python, 2nd Edition, Y. Kanetkar, A. Kanetkar, 2020, BPB Publications.
5. Computational Physics, N.J. Giordano, 1997, Prentice-Hall.
6. Python and matplotlib essentials for scientists and engineers, Matt A. Wood, 2015, Morgan
and Claypool Publishers.
7. Introducing Python: Modern Computing in Simple Packages, B. Lubanovic, 2015, O‟Reilly
Media, Inc.
41
Paper: MSPH403
Advanced General Practical
List of Experiments
Group A:
I.
1. Determination of temporal coherency of a coherent (laser) light and compare it with
incoherent light (sodium)
2. Study of magneto-optic effect (Faraday effect)
3. Study of electro-optic effect (Pockels effect)
4. Measurement of bending loss in a multi-mode optical Fiber.
5. Study of characterization of antenna
6. Design of active filters (a) band-pass filter, (b) all pass filters
7. Studies of nonlinear electronic circuits and design of chaotic electronic oscillator
8. Studies on LED modulation characteristics
9. Arc emission and absorption measurements using CCD based Constant Deviation
Spectrometer.
10. Band gap evaluation of a semiconductor by studying temperature variation of resistance.

II. Computer Assignment: Numerical experiments and assignments

Group B:
I.
1. Study of ultrasonic diffraction using a laser
2. Study of gamma ray spectrum of radioactive nuclides with NaI (Tl) scintillators & SCA
3. Study of beta-ray absorption & determination of mass absorption co-efficient of the given
absorber material.
4. Study of gamma-ray absorption & determination of gamma ray energy
5. Determination of particle size of an unknown powder specimen using Scherrer equation
from supplied XRD pattern
6. Phase identification of an unknown sample from its X-ray diffraction pattern
7. Identification of liquid, solid or powder samples using Laser Raman Spectrometer.
8. Study of NMR.
9. Intensity dependent nonlinear susceptibility of nonlinear liquid by Z-Scan technique.
10. Determination of grove spacing of a CD by diffraction method and hence determination of
wavelength of unknown source.

II. Computer Assignment: Numerical experiments and assignments

All the students will be divided into two groups i.e. Group A& Group B
Those students who have done Group A experiments in Semester-III will have to opt Group B
experiments in Semester-IV and vice versa
42
Paper: MSPH404
MSPH404-1: Advanced Electronics -II

1.IC Technology: Hybrid and monolithic IC; Semiconductor processing diffusion, implanation,
oxidation, epitaxy, lithography; Si IC technology-MOS and Bipolar; Packaging and testing.

2. Analog Integrated Circuits. Differential amplifier, OP-AMP comparator; continuous time

filters, switched capacitance implementation of sample data filters; analog multiplexers, PLL and
frequency synthesizer.

3. Digital Integrated Circuits: Logic families – TTL, ECL, MOS, MESFET; design of
combinational and sequential circuits – MUX, decoder/ encoder, registers, counters, gate arrays;
programmable logic devices – PAL, GAL, PLA, Programmable gate arrays.

4. Application specific ICs: ICs for analog communication; Digital signal processing ICs; Speech
and image processing.

5. Memories: Sequential and Random access memories; RAM bipolar and MOS static and
dynamic memories; programmable memories PROM, EPROM, EEPROM.

6. Microprocessor and their applications: Architecture of 8 bit (8085) and 16 bit (8086)
microprocessors; addressing modes and assembly language programming of 8085 and 8086.
8086 machine cycles and their timing diagrams; Interfacing concepts memory and I/O
interfacing; Interrupts and interrupt controllers; microprocessor based system design; comparison
of different microprocessors.

Books Recommended:

1. Milman and Grable, Microelectronics. Tata MacGraw Hill.

2. Geiger, Allen and Strader – VLSI – Design Techniques for Analog and Digital Circuits.
3. Gray and Meyer – Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits.
4. A P Mathur – Microprocessors.
5. R S Gaonkar – Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications with 8085/
8085A (2nd Ed.).
6. S Soelof – Applications of Analog Integrated Circuits.
43
MSPH404-2: Laser Physics –II
1. Laser Safety:
Various hazards due to laser radiation-eye, skin, chemical etc., high voltage hazards, safety
measures and standard
2. Nonlinear Optics:
Introduction, nonlinearities of the polarization, generation of second harmonic, D.C., sum and
difference frequency generation, anharmonic oscillator model, Miller‟s rule, crystal symmetry,
coupled amplitude equation, Manley-Rowe relation
3. Phase Matching:
Basic idea of phase matching, quasi-phase matching method, various methods of phase matching
(angle, temperature, birefringence etc.) critical & noncritical phase matching, collinear and non-collinear
phase matching, expression of angle band-width (∆) and wavelength band-width (∆) in phase matched
second harmonic generation, idea of tangential and dispersion phase matching.
4. Second Harmonic Generation and OPO:
Basic equation, conversion efficiency and parameters affecting doubling efficiency, various
methods of enhancing conversion efficiency, second harmonic generation with Gaussian beam,
intra-cavity second harmonic generation
Optical parametric oscillations: threshold, output, efficiency, merits and demerits over other
tunable lasers, a glimpse of THz radiation.
5. Higher Order Nonlinear Processes:
Four wave mixing processes-third harmonic generation, resonance enhancement of nonlinear
susceptibilities, different phase matching techniques, generation of tunable deep UV and IR
radiation, stimulated Raman scattering, inverse Raman scattering, anti-stokes coherent Raman
scattering, application in spectroscopy
6. Chemical Application:
Selective excitation reaction, different separation processes, principle of isotope separation,
uranium enrichment, Ultrashort pulses in chemical reaction, AVLIS
7. Laser in Spectroscopy: Two-photon spectroscopy, multi-photon spectroscopy, saturation
spectroscopy, opto-galvanic spectroscopy, photo-acoustic spectroscopy, Terahertz spectroscopy
8. Stimulated Raman Scattering:
Introduction, Quantum theory of stimulated Raman scattering, phase matching, Coherent anti-
stoke Raman scattering, inverse Raman scattering, competition effect, Tunable infrared and UV
radiation using stimulated Raman scattering, application of stimulated Raman scattering.
9. Laser speckle:
Spatial frequency filtering- principle and its application
Books Recommended:
1. Methods of Experimental Physics Vol. 15B ed. By C L Tang
2. Industrial Application of Lasers – J F Ready
3. Solid State Laser Engineering- W Koechner
4. The Principle of Nonlinear Optics- Y R Shen
5. Handbook of Nonlinear Optics- R L Sautherland
6. Laser and electrooptics- C C Davis

44
MSPH404-3: Materials science II

X-ray scattering from crystalline, nanocrystalline and noncrystalline materials

Continuous spectrum and characteristic spectrum, Duane-Hunt law. X-ray energy level schemes,
diagram and non-diagram lines, Absorption of X-rays and theory of filters.

X-ray scattering: General description of scattering process, coherent and incoherent scattering,
total scattering from a spherically symmetric electron cloud, Atomic scattering factor. Coherent
and incoherent scattering from hydrogen atom, scattering from many electron atom (outline).
Perfect crystal theory: Intensity form a small single crystal, integrated intensity from a small
perfect crystal (no deduction), integrated reflection from Mosaic and powder crystal.
Lattice Imperfections
Point defect and line defect. Dislocations, Burger vectors. Alloys and solid solutions,
composition. Surface energy for solids.

Microstructure characterization by direct & indirect methods

Diffraction techniques: interpretation of x-ray powder diffraction patterns, Identification &
quantitative estimation of unknown samples by X-ray powder diffraction technique. Theory and
method of particle size analysis.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electron and
neutron diffraction.
Computational methods in Materials Physics
Density Functional Theory: Basics of DFT, Comparison with conventional wave function
approach, Hohenberg-Kohn Theorem; Kohn-Sham Equation; Thomas-Fermi approximation and
beyond; Practical DFT in a many body calculation and its reliability.

Books Recommended:
1. X-ray diffraction by B. E. Warren, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
2. An Introduction to Metallurgy by Sir Alan Cottrell, University Press
3. The Structure & Properties of Materials (Volume II) by J. H. Brophy, R. M. Rose and J.
Wulff, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
4. Structure of Metals, C. S. Barrett & T. B. Massalski, McGraw-Hill Book Company.

45
MSPH404-4: Condensed Matter Physics-II
Lattice dynamics - Vibrations of a crystal lattice. Classical vibrations of coupled harmonic
oscillators in one dimension. One dimensional chain of coupled harmonic oscillators with
alternating masses and stiffness, dispersion relations, acoustic and optical modes, obtaining
atomic force constants from the dispersion relation. Classical vibrations of a lattice in higher
dimensions and the harmonic approximation, dynamical matrix, central and non-central forces,
dispersion relation. Dispersion relations for two dimensional square lattice with monoatomic and
diatomic basis, acoustic and optical branches, polarization of lattice vibrations in the long
wavelength limit, brief remarks on the vibrational properties of cubic lattices. Second
quantisation of lattice vibrations as phonons, diagonalization of the quantum Hamiltonian for a
vibrating lattice. Quantum thermodynamics of phonons in the long wavelength limit,
contribution of zero point energy, Einstein theory of specific heats. Thermodynamic functions
of a vibrating solid in the harmonic approximation,density of states (i.e. frequency distribution
function) therein. General result for phonon contribution to the specific heat of a crystal, Debye
theory of specific heats in three and lower dimensions, combining Einstein and Debye models
for vibrating lattices with both acoustic and optical branches. Beyond the Einstein and Debye
models: Density of states and van-Hove singularities. Anharmonic interaction and thermal
expansion, Gruneisen parameter, Mie-Gruneisen equation of state. Inelastic neutron scattering
from phonons, formal theory for the cross section of Neutron scattering. Averaging of
exponentials using Wick‟s theorem and Zassenhaus formula, evaluation of Debye-Waller factor.
Evaluation of structure factor, elastic scattering from the zeroth order expansion of the structure
factor, multi-phonon processes from higher order terms in the structure factor.
Transport properties of solids: Boltzmann transport equation and its linearization, Relaxation
time approximation, Temperature dependence of resistivity of a metal, Variational method for
the solution of the linearized Boltzmann equation, Electron-phonon interaction, Limitations of
the Boltzmann transport equation, Kubo formula for electrical conductivity, Transport
coefficients of metals and semiconductors in presence of magnetic field.
Ordered magnetic Systems – Origin of Ferromagnetism, Spin dependent Hamiltonian of a two-
electron system, Heisenberg Model, Exchange interactions: Direct and Indirect (R.K.K.Y. and
Superexchange), Spin wave theory of ferromagnetism, magnons, Spin waves in
Antiferromagnets. Band model of ferromagnetism – Temperature behaviour of a ferromagnet in
the band model, Magnetic phase transitions: Mean Field theory, Landau theory, Critical
phenomena, Importance, basic theory and applications of neutron diffraction technique to
identify magnetic ordering.
Magnetic domains and interactions –Demagnetizing fields and origin of domains, Structure of
magnetic domains and domain walls, Magnetization procedure and hysteresis of a ferromagnet
Optical properties of solids –Interband transition processes, Semiconductors: Direct and
indirect interband transitions, Kramers-Kronig relations, Optical properties and band structure,
Excitons: Mott-Wannier excitons, Frenkel excitons
Books Recommended:
Basic Solid State Physics: Arun Kumar Raychaudhuri
Magnetism in Condensed Matter: Stephen Blundell
Condensed Matter Physics: Michael P. Marder
Solid State Physics An Introduction to Principles of Materials science: H. Ibach and H. Luth
Introduction to Solid-State Theory: Otfried Madelung
46
MSPH404-5: Nuclear and Particle Physics-II
1. Nuclear Reaction:
Reaction and scattering cross sections. Compound nuclear reactions. Resonance
reactions. Optical model. Direct nuclear reaction, PWBA, DWBA and Coupled channel
calculations. Coulomb excitation. Heavy ion reactions - types of Interactions, Semi-classical
treatment and diffraction models, Angular Momentum dependence of various types of reactions.
Heavy Ion fusion and high spin states. Sub-barrier fusion. Deep Inelastic collision.
2. Experimental Techniques:
(a) Radiation detectors - general properties, modes of operation. Pulse height spectra,
energy resolution, detector efficiency, peak-to-total ratio. X-ray, gamma-ray and charged
particle spectrometers. Compton-suppressed germanium detectors, various channel
selection devices, multi-detector array. Calorimeter.
(b) Nuclear Electronics - Pre-amplifier, Amplifier, Discriminators, Time to amplitude
converter, Data acquisition systems. Brief discussion on electronic circuit diagram for
two and three detector set-ups.
(c) Energy, timing and position sensitive spectroscopy. Measurement of level spin, linear
polarization and lifetime.
3. Nucleosynthesis:
Abundance of elements. Source of Stellar energy. Barrier penetration and quantum
tunnelling. Fusion cross-sections and Reaction rates. Non-resonant and resonant thermonuclear
Reaction rate. Electron screening. Hydrogen burning: pp chain and CNO cycles, other cycles.
Helium burning, Be bottleneck. Electron degeneracy and Helium flash. Advanced and Explosive
burning. Neutron capture nucleosynthesis. Solar neutrinos. Origin of light elements Li, Be and B.
4. Health Physics:
Exposure, Roentgen, Exposure rate, Absorbed Dose, Relative Biological Effectiveness,
Equivalent Dose, Effective dose, Dose limits. Dosimetry from radiation inside and outside the
body. Biological half-life. Biological Effects of radiation. Radiation shielding and its safety.
Estimation of radiation level near a radioactive source using a radiation detector. Pocket
Ionization Dosimeter.
5. Physics of Medical Imaging:
1D & 2D Radiography. Computed Tomography (CT), Single-Photon Emission
Computed Tomography (SPECT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Compton camera.
Magnetic Resource Imaging (MRI). Radiotherapy.
Books Recommended:
1. Introduction to Nuclear Reactions - C.A. Bertulani and D. Danielewicz (CRC Press)
2. Nuclear Reactions - R. Singh and S.N. Mukherjee (New Age International Pvt. Ltd.)
3. Elements of Nuclear Theory - S.N. Mukherjee (CBS)
4. Nuclear radiation detection, Measurement and Analysis - K.M. Varier (Narosa)
5. Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments - W.R. Leo (Springer)
6. Radiation detection and Measurement - G.F. Knoll (Wiley)
7. Nuclear Physics of Stars - C. Iliadis (Wiley-VCH)
8. Cauldrons in the Cosmos: Nuclear Astrophysics - C.E. Rolfs and W.S. Rodney (University of
Chicago Press)
9. Introduction to Radiation Protection Dosimetry, J. Sabol & P. S. Weng (World Scientific).
10. Radioactive Isotopes in Biological Research, William R. Hendee (John Wiley and Sons).
11. Introductory Nuclear Physics - K.S. Krane (Wiley)
12. Concepts of Nuclear Physics - B.L. Cohen (TMH)

47
MSPH404-6: Astrophysics & Cosmology -II
1. Review of Mechanics of Continuous Media:
Equation of continuity, 4-D formulation, comoving coordinate system, Energy momentum tensor
of continuous media,
2. Space-Time Geometry:
A critical review of space, time and gravity, Euclidean and non-Euclidean space-time, Parallel
transport in flat and curved Spaces, affine connection, Covariant derivatives, covariant derivative
of vectors, covariant derivative of tensors, metric tensors, Geodesics, Geodesics on spherical
surface, Riemann Christoffel tensor, Ricci tensor, Bianchi Identities, Einstein tensor, necessary
and sufficient condition for flatness of space-time, Newtonian gravity in metric tensor form.
3. Einstein’s Gravity:
Inconsistencies of Newtonian gravitation with Special Theory of Relativity, Need for a curved
space-time, Principle of equivalence, Inertial and gravitational mass, connection between Inertia
and gravitation, Principle of general covariance, heuristic derivation of Einstein‟s law of
gravitation, weak field approximation of Einstein‟s gravity.
4. Solutions of Einstein’s Field Equations and Static Black Holes:
Schwarzschild solution, exterior solution, isotropic coordinates, singularity, Schwarzschild
radius and event horizon, Schwarzschild interior solution, Schwarzschild solution in other
coordinate systems, Birkhoff‟s theorem. Conflict between Minkowski metric and equivalence
principle, Circular geodesic of a particle in Schwarzschild space – time, minimum radius, motion
of a test particle, trajectories of photons; Geodesic equation in Schwarzschild space-time,
Bending of light rays in a gravitation field, gravitational red shift, Precession of perihelion of
Mercury, Analogues of Keplar‟s laws, Charged black hole (R – N metric).
5. Rotating Black Holes:
Kerr black hole (derivation is not required), distinguished surfaces of Kerr black hole, event
horizon, infinite red shift surface, ergosphere, Kerr – Newmann metric (derivation is not
required), No hair theorem, Cosmic censorship hypothesis.
6. Black hole physics:
Laws of black hole thermodynamics, Surface gravity, Energy extraction from a black hole-
Penrose mechanism, Irreducible mass, Detection of black holes, White Holes.
Elementary discussion on Hawking radiation.
7. Gravitational waves :
Introduction, Gravitational wave equation, plane waves, polarization; radiation of gravitational
waves, detection of Gravitational waves.
References:
1.A short course in General Relativity, J. Foster and J. D. Nightingle (Longman Inc., NY, 1979)
2. Theoretical Astrophysics (Vols. I, II, III) , T. Padmanavan
3. General Relativity, Astrophysics and Cosmology, A. K. Raychaudhuri, S. Banerji and A.
Banerjee (Springer-Verla, 1992)
4. General Relativity and Cosmology, S. Banerji and A. Banerjee (Elsevier, 2007)
5. An Introduction to Relativity, J. V. Narlikar (Cambridge University Poress, 2010)
6. General Relativity and Cosmology, J. V. Narlikar (MacMillion, 1978)
7. Theory of Relativity - S. Weinberg (Wiley, 1972).
8. Introduction to Theory of Relativity, P. G. Bergmann (Prentice-Hall, 1969)
9. Astrophysics for Physicists, Arnab Rai Choudhuri (Cambridge University Press 2012)
10. Gravitation, C. W. Misner, K. S. Thorne and J. A. Wheeler (Princeton University Press,
2017)
48
Paper: MSPH405
MSPH405-1: Advanced Electronics-III
Review of CW Modulation Technique:
Linear modulation DSB, SSB, VSB, QAM techniques, Exponential modulation FM and PM;
AM and FM modulators and demodulators.
Pulse Modulation and Demodulation Techniques:
Sampling the rein PAM, PWM, PPM, Pulse code modulation – coding technique modulation and
Demodulation.Quantization error.
Digital Modulation Techniques:
ASK, FSK, CPFSK, PSK, DPSK, QPSK, MSK, Principle, modulators and demodulators.
Bandwidth calculation.
Effect of Noise on Communication System:
Characteristics of additive noise; Performance of AM, FM and PCM receivers in the face of
noise; Multi-path effect.
Elements of Information Theory:
Information, average information, information rate, Effect of coding on average information per
bit; Shannon‟s theorem; Channel capacity, an optimum modulation system.
TV Systems:
Color TV standards – NTSC, PAL, SECAM; Transmission format of intensity and color signal;
Transmitter and receiver systems of broadcast TV; Advanced TV; Cable TV.
RADAR System: Basic pulsed radar system – modulators, duplexer indicators, radar antenna
CW radar; MTI radar FM radar; chirped pulse radar.
Optical Communication: Planar wave guide, concept of mode, V-parameter, Multi-path and
material dispersion; Power budget equation; Wavelength Division Multiplexing; Quantum limit;
Bit error rate and maximum bit rate.
Satellite Communication:
Orbits, Station keeping; Satellite attitude; Path loss calculation; Link calculation; Multiple access
techniques; Transponders; Effects of nonlinearity of transponders.
Specialized Communication Systems:
Mobile Communication – Concepts of cell and frequency reuse description of cellular
communication standards; Pagers. Computer communication – Types of networks; Circuit
message and packet switched networks; Features of network, design and examples of
ARPANET, LAN, ISDN, Medium access techniques – TDMA, FDMA, ALOHA, Slotted
ALOHA, CSMA/CD; Basics of protocol.
Books Recommended
1. A B Carlson – Communication Systems.
2. D Roddy and J Coolen – Electronic Communications.
3. Franz and Jain – Optical Communication Systems.
4. A M Dhake – Television and Video Engineering.
5. Gulati – Monochrome and Color TV.
6. Kennedy and Davis – Electronic Communication Systems.
7. Taub and Schilling – Principle of Communication Systems.
49
MSPH405-2: Laser Physics-III

1. Frequency conversion and higher harmonic generation:

Sum frequency generation, limitation to upconversion, introductory theory, infrared detection,
effect of phase matching, difference frequency generation, effect of phase matching, evaluation
of ∆ and ∆Applications in Nonlinear Optics, Self-focusing and self-defocusing,
measurement of second and third order optical nonlinear susceptibility.
2. Optical communication:
Optical fibre waveguide, Electromagnetic analysis of simple optical waveguide: Basic waveguide
equation, Group velocity dispersion and dispersion compensation, pulse distortion and
information rate in optical fibres, distortion in single modefibre, fibre losses, coupling of source
with fibre, modulation, PCM, multiplexing, WDM, TDM, solitons.
3. Nonlinear materials:
UV-VIS-NIR crystals, assessment of nonlinear crystals (Kurtz powder method, Maker fringe
method Z-scan), Chalcopyrites and their characteristics.
4. Methods of semiconductor crystal growth:
Outline of crystal growth and Phase-Diagrams, Bridgman-Stockbarger method,
Czochralski method, Kyropoulos method, Molecular Beam Epitaxy.
5. Laser instrumentation:
Principle of measurement with laser beam, distance measurement, rotation, fluid velocity
measurement, surface velocity measurement using speckle patterns, measurements of rate and
rotation using laser gyroscope
Advantages of remote monitoring of the atmosphere by laser, principles of remote monitoring,
different lidar systems: single beam, dual beam, sources of noise and its remedial measures,
Raman back scattered lidar
7. Material processing:
Laser in drilling, cutting, welding, marking and annealing
8. Optical bistability& phase conjugation:
Principle of optical bistability, different optical logic gates, optical phase conjugation, production
of phase conjugated beam, self focusing, optical computing, Illustrative applications.
9. Laser in medical science:
Laser tissue interaction, physical effects on human skin of laser beam reflection, absorption,
scattering, different interaction mechanism, different surgical treatment. Effects of ultrashort
pulses.
10. Laser cooling & BE Condensation:
Principle of laser cooling & trapping, optical molasses, cooling below Doppler limit, magnetic
trapping, applications.

Books Recommended:
1. Methods of Experimental Physics Vol. 15B ed. By C L Tang
2. Industrial Application of Lasers – J F Ready
3. Laser remote Sensing:- R M Measures
4. Optical bistability- H M Gibbs
5. Handbook of Nonlinear Optics- R L Sutherland
6. Laser and electrooptics- C C Davis
7. The Principles of Nonlinear Optics, Y. R. Shen, Wiley-Interscience , 2003
8. A. H. Cherin: An Introduction to Optical Fibres,(McGraw Hill, 1983).

50
MSPH405-3: Materials Science-III

Optical and dielectric properties of materials

Theory of electronic polarization and optical absorption, ionic polarization, orientational
polarization. Optical phonon model in an ionic crystal; Interaction of electromagnetic waves with
optical modes, Polaritons, Dispersion curves of transverse optical (TO) phonon and optical
photon in a diatomic ionic crystal, LST relation; Metal-insulator transition. Optical properties of
metals & nonmetals- Luminescence, photoconductivity.

Electrical properties of materials

Conductivity in metals, conductivity in semiconductors and effects of high fieds, electrical
conduction in ionic ceramics. Band gap determination in semiconductors using electrical and
optical methods. Tensor Properties of Materials; Tensor representation of electrical conductivity.

Physics of Semiconductors: Electrical and structural property of semiconductors. Band

formation, valence band and conduction band. Direct and indirect band gap semiconductor.
Examples and applications. Physics of p-n junction. Energy band diagram. P-n junction diodes.
LED, solar cell and laser diode.

Mechanical Properties of metals and ceramics

Concepts of stress & strain, stress-strain behavior, anelasticity, Plastic deformation, Hardness-
Knoop&Vicker‟s hardness test.
Thermal properties of metals & alloys
Temperature effects on the intensities of Bragg reflections. Influence of temperature on
diffraction of X-rays: Normal coordinates of lattice vibration and X-ray scattering from a
vibrating lattice and origin of thermal diffuse spots. First order TDS. Debye-Waller factor‟
Debye‟s method of calculating isotropic temperature factor for a cubic crystal. DTA, TGA, DSC
(Outline only).
Structure - Property correlation, application aspects of material
Correlation of structure with physical properties of materials, application prospects of materials
in different areas.Functional and smart materials.

Books recommended:

1. Introduction to Ceramics by W. D. Kingery, H. K. Bowen and D. R. Uhlmann, John Wiley &

Sons
2. Diffraction analysis of the microstructure of materials by E. J. Mittemeijere and P. Scardi,
Springer
3. Materials Science & Engineering by William D. Callister, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4. Modern techniques of surface science by D. P. Woodruff & T. A. Delchar, Cambridge
University Press
5. X-ray spectroscopy by B. K. Agarwal, Springer-Verlag.
51
MSPH405-4: Condensed Matter Physics-III

Many body techniques: Introduction to Second Quantization (SQ) and the occupation number
representation,creation and annihilation operators for fermions and bosons, SQ rules for states,
operators and Hamiltonians, Wick‟s Theorem (without proof). Introduction to the coulombic
many body problem (CMB), Born-Oppenheimer Approximation, Jelium Model, Hartree and
Hartree-Fock (HF) equations, HF approximations for the electron gas, Lindhard dielectric
function. Exchange hole, exchange energy. Density Functional Theory (DFT), Hohenberg and
Kohn theorems, obtaining approximate expressions for the ground state energy of the CMB
problem using density functionals, Thomas-Fermi (TF) theory for CMB, static screening via
linearization of the TF equation, TF momentum. Kohn-Sham (KS) approach to DFT, exchange
correlation functional and the Local Density Approximation (LDA), idea of KS pseudopotentials
and introduction to ab-initio problems, computational resources for ab-initio DFT (mention
VASP, Espresso etc.).
Magnetic anisotropy: Magnetic susceptibility tensor, Quadratic representation, Correlation of
principal susceptibilities with crystallographic axes in different crystal systems using magnetic
ellipsoid, Correlation of magnetic anisotropy of molecules and ions in a unit cell with those of
crystals, Measurements of principal anisotropies of crystals belonging to different systems,
Structural information from measurement of magnetic anisotropy.
Crystal Field theory: Free ion and Crystal field Hamiltonians, Steven‟s operators, Operator
equivalent method, Splitting of 3d ions in octahedral and tetrahedral field, Crystal field splitting
of Ce3+ in ethyl sulfate and derivation of susceptibility of Ce3+ ethyl sulfatelattice, Kramer‟s
theorem, J-T effect.
Mössbauer Spectroscopy and Hyperfine interactions: Problems of nuclear γ-ray resonance
absorption and Mössbauer‟s discovery, Recoil-less fraction and its temperature dependence,
Mössbauer source for iron rich samples, Isomer shift, Application of Mössbauer effect to solid
state physics, Quadrupole interaction, EFG tensor, Splitting of nuclear levels of iron. Application
of Mössbauer spectroscopy in magnetic nanocrystalline ferrites, NMR and EPR.
Superconductivity: Electron-Phonon interactions and the Frölich Hamiltonian; the
superconducting state and the cooper pair; the BCS Hamiltonian; the Bogoliubov-Valatin
transformation; the ground state wave function and the energy gap equation; the transition
temperature; tunneling experiments; Flux quantization and the Josephson effect and applications;
SQUID magnetometer; Coexistence of superconductivity and magnetism; Ginzburg-Landau
theory of Superconductivity, G-L Equations, Isotope effect. High Tc superconductors.
Books recommended:

1. Condensed Matter Physics, Michael P. Marder Wiley, New York.

2. Condensed Matter in a Nutshell, Gerald D. Mahan, Princeton University Press.
3. Solid State Physics Supppleent-2(Paramagnetic Resonance in Solids): William Low

52
MSPH405-5: Nuclear and Particle Physics-III
1. Primary objectives of high energy physics. A brief overview of four fundamental interactions
and their characteristics, elementary particles and their characteristics.
2. Static model (SU(3)f ) of quarks. Baryon and meson supermultiplets. Basic quark model.
Isospin and flavour symmetry. Spin-flavour state functions of baryon decouplets, baryon
octets and meson nonets. Colour wave functions. Evidence for quark, color and gluon.
Magnetic moments of baryons. Drawbacks of SU(3)f quark model. Principles of discoveries
of heavy flavours: Charm, bottom and top. Summary of quantum numbers of all quark
flavours. Vector mesons and their decays. Zweig rule.
3. Gauge theories of fundamental interactions. Concept of field, relation between particle and
field. Lagrangian and various relativistic fields. Internal symmetries. Global and local gauge
invariances. U(1) and SU(3)c symmetries. Quantum Electrodynamics and Quantum
Chromodynamics. Charge screening and anti-screening. Running coupling constants.
Ultraviolet breakdown. Asymptotic freedom. Infrared slavery.
4. Structure of Hadrons. High energy electron-proton elastic scattering - kinematics, differential
cross-section, Rosenbluth formula. High energy electron-proton inelastic scattering - Bjorken
variable, Inelasticity. Electron-proton deep-inelastic scattering - differential cross-section and
structure functions, Bjorken scaling and Callan-Gross relation. Naive Parton Model,
Quantifying the charge of partons. Scaling violations and QCD improved Parton model.
Altarelli–Parisi equation.
5. Weak interaction. An analogy with electromagnetic interaction.Four-fermion point interaction
of Fermi.Weak interaction amplitude in terms of bilinear covariants.Parityviolation.τ-θ
paradox, Wu‟s experiment.Goldhaber‟s experiment to determine the neutrino helicity, the
two-component theory of neutrino.Correlationdata.V-A form of weak interaction amplitude.
Parity violations in Λ0, K0 decays. Strangeness oscillation.Regeneration phenomenon.CP
violation in K0 decay.CPT theorem (statement only).Strangeness-conserving and strangeness-
violating weak interactions.Cabbibo theory.
6. Gauge theory of weak interaction. Spontaneous symmetry breaking and Higgs
mechanism.Electroweak unification.Glashow-Weinberg-Salam model of electroweak
symmetry breaking.W0, Z0 masses. Basic ideas of a Grand Unified Theory, SU(5) theory and
its predictions. Inclusion of gravity. Planck scale. Brief chronology of events in the early
universe.
7. Neutrino mass and neutrino oscillation. Derivation of the intensity of νe - νμ.Atmospheric,
solar and Supernova neutrinos.Solar neutrino problem.
Books recommended:
1. Modern Particle Physics - Mark Thomson (Cambridge University Press)
2. Introduction to High Energy Physics - D.H. Perkins, (Addison Wesley)
3. Introduction to Elementary Particles - David Griffiths (Wiley-VCH)
4. Quarks and Leptons: An introductory course in modern particle physics - F. Halzen and
A.D. Martin (John Wiley & Sons)
5. Nuclear and Particle Physics - W.E. Burcham and M. Jobes (Addison Wesley)
6. An Introduction to Particle Physics - M.P. Khanna (PHI Learning)
7. Nuclear and Particle Physics: An Introduction - B.R. Martin (Wiley)
8. Lie Algebras in Particle Physics - Howard Georgi (CRC Press)
9. The ideas of Particle Physics: An introduction for Scientists - G.D. Coughlan, J.E. Dodd
and B.M. Gripaios (Cambridge University Press)
10. Facts and Mysteries in elementary particle physics - Martinus Veltman (World Scientific)
53
MSPH405-6: Astrophysics & Cosmology -III

1. Introduction:
Large scale structure of the universe, Cosmological scales, Weyl postulates, Cosmological
Principles, Static Universe model – Einstein Model, de-Sitter Model, Properties of Einstein and
de-Sitter universes, cosmological constant and its significance, Mach principle (elementary
discussions), Discussion on Newtonian cosmology, red shift.

2. Non static model of the universe:

Friedmann model of the universe, Field equations, Energy-Momentum tensors (perfect fluid) of
the universe, Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric (derivation is not required), Cosmological
parameters, Static Universe and Expanding universe, Hubble‟ law, scale factor, present day scale
factor, Models of F-R-W universes (k=0,+1,-1), density and volume of the universe, Open and
Closed universes, Cosmological red shift, Hubble time and age of the universe, cosmological
models with Λ-term, Particle Horizon and Event Horizon, Olber‟s Paradox.

3. Early Universe:
Big Bang, Early universe, Thermal history, Entropy – Temperature and Time – Temperature
relations, photons, primordial neutrinos, neutrino decoupling, decoupling of matter and radiation,
electrons, positrons, protons, neutrons, synthesis of lighter nuclei, primordial nucleosynthesis,
radiation dominated and matter dominated universe,
Qualitative discussions on: very early universe, vacuum energy, false vacuum energy, Grand
Unified Theory (GUT),

4. Problems of Standard Cosmology:

Some problems of Standard Cosmology. Flatness problem, Horizon problem, Entropy problem,
and Monopole problem, Elementary discussion on inflationary universe.

5.Observational Cosmology:
Red shift – magnitude relation, Hubble diagram using type Ia supernova, number counts of extra
galactic objects, last scattering surface, Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation.
Brief reviews on: counts of galaxies, counts of radio sources, age of the universe. Gamma ray
burst.
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6. Dark Energy and Dark matter:
Elementary analysis on Dark Energy and Dark Matter, evidences in support of Dark Energy
and Dark Matter. Origin and nature of Dark Energy, galaxy rotation curves.

7. Singularity in Cosmological Models:

A brief discussion on Raychaudhuri equation and Hawking – Penrose singularity theorem.

Books Recommended
1. An Introduction to Relativity, J. V. Narlikar (Cambridge University Poress, 2010).
2. S. Banerji and A. Banerjee – The Special Theory of Relativity (Prentice Hall of India, 2002)
3. P. G. Bergmann- Introduction to Theory of Relativity (Pren tice-Hall, 1969).
4. J. V. Narlikar- General Relativity and Cosmology (MacMillion, 1978).
5. S. Banerji and A. Banerjee, General Relativity and Cosmology – (Elsevier, 2007)
6. A. K. Raychaudhuri, S.Banerji and A. Banerjee General Relativity, Astrophysics and
Cosmology – (Springer-Verla, 1992)
7. J. V. Narlikar –Introduction to Cosmology (Cambridge Univ, Press, 2003).
8. S. Weinberg- Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General
Theory of Relativity (Wiley, 1972).
9. V. B. Bhatia - Textbook of astronomy an astrophysics with elements of cosmology, Narosa
publishing house, (2001).
10. E. W. Kolb and M. S. Turner - The Early Universe –(Addison-Wesley Reading, 1990)

Paper: MPHYS0406

Project/Term Paper

The project work or term paper in experimental/theoretical area should be designed in

such a way that it acts as a bridge between pass out PG students and PhD incumbents.

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