2012 NIMO Problems

NIMO Problems 2012

– Winter Contest

– January 22nd

1 In a 10 by 10 grid of dots, what is the maximum number of lines that can be

drawn connecting two dots on the grid so that no two lines are parallel?
Proposed by Aaron Lin

2 If r1 , r2 , and r3 are the solutions to the equation x3 − 5x2 + 6x − 1 = 0, then

what is the value of r12 + r22 + r32 ?
Proposed by Eugene Chen

3 The expression ◦ 1 ◦ 2 ◦ 3 ◦ · · · ◦ 2012 is written on a blackboard. Catherine

places a + sign or a − sign into each blank. She then evaluates the expression,
and finds the remainder when it is divided by 2012. How many possible values
are there for this remainder?
Proposed by Aaron Lin

4 Parallel lines ℓ1 and ℓ2 are drawn in a plane. Points A1 , A2 , . . . , An are chosen

on ℓ1 , and points B1 , B2 , . . . , Bn+1 are chosen on ℓ2 . All segments Ai Bj are
drawn, such that 1 ≤ i ≤ n and 1 ≤ j ≤ n + 1. Let the number of total
intersections between these segments (not including endpoints) be denoted by
Q. Given that no three segments are concurrent, besides at endpoints, prove
that Q is divisible by 3.
Proposed by Lewis Chen

5 In convex hexagon ABCDEF , ∠A ∼ = ∠B, ∠C ∼

= ∠D, and ∠E ∼ = ∠F . Prove
that the perpendicular bisectors of AB, CD, and EF pass through a common
point.
Proposed by Lewis Chen

6 The positive numbers a, b, c satisfy 4abc(a + b + c) = (a + b)2 (a + c)2 . Prove

that a(a + b + c) = bc.
Proposed by Aaron Lin

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7 For how many positive integers n ≤ 500 is n! divisible by 2n−2 ?

Proposed by Eugene Chen

8 A convex 2012-gon A1 A2 A3 . . . A2012 has the property that for every inte-
ger 1 ≤ i ≤ 1006, Ai Ai+1006 partitions the polygon into two congruent re-
gions. Show that for every pair of integers 1 ≤ j < k ≤ 1006, quadrilateral
Aj Ak Aj+1006 Ak+1006 is a parallelogram.
Proposed by Lewis Chen

– Monthly Contests

Day 1 September 17th

1 Dan the dog spots Cate the cat 50m away. At that instant, Cate begins running
away from Dan at 6 m/s, and Dan begins running toward Cate at 8 m/s. Both
of them accelerate instantaneously and run in straight lines. Compute the
number of seconds it takes for Dan to reach Cate.
Proposed by Eugene Chen

2 A permutation (a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . , a100 ) of (1, 2, 3, . . . , 100) is chosen at random. De-

note by p the probability that a2i > a2i−1 for all i ∈ {1, 2, 3, . . . , 50}. Compute
the number of ordered pairs of positive integers (a, b) satisfying a1b = p.
Proposed by Aaron Lin

3 For positive integers 1 ≤ n ≤ 100, let

100
X
f (n) = i |i − n| .
i=1

Compute f (54) − f (55).

Proposed by Aaron Lin

4 In △ABC, AB = AC. Its circumcircle, Γ, has a radius of 2. Circle Ω has

and is tangent to Γ, AB, and AC. The area of △ABC can be
a radius of 1 √
a b
expressed as c for positive integers a, b, c, where b is squarefree and gcd(a, c) =
1. Compute a + b + c.
Proposed by Aaron Lin

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 2012 NIMO Problems

5 If w = a + bi, where a and b are real numbers, then ℜ(w) = a and ℑ(w) = b.
Let z = c + di, where c, d ≥ 0. If

ℜ(z) + ℑ(z) = 7,
ℜ(z 2 ) + ℑ(z 2 ) = 17,




then compute ℜ z 3 + ℑ z 3 .
Proposed by Lewis Chen

6 A square is called proper if its sides are parallel to the coordinate axes. Point
P is randomly selected inside a proper square S with side length 2012. Denote
by T the largest proper square that lies within S and has P on its perimeter,
and denote by a the expected value of the side length of T . Compute ⌊a⌋, the
greatest integer less than or equal to a.
Proposed by Lewis Chen

7 Point P lies in the interior of rectangle ABCD such that AP + CP = 27,

BP − DP = 17, and ∠DAP ∼ = ∠DCP . Compute the area of rectangle ABCD.
Proposed by Aaron Lin

8 The positive integer-valued function f (n) satisfies f (f (n)) = 4n and f (n + 1) >

f (n) > 0 for all positive integers n. Compute the number of possible 16-tuples
(f (1), f (2), f (3), . . . , f (16)).
Proposed by Lewis Chen

Day 2 October 17th

1 Compute the largest integer N ≤ 2012 with four distinct digits.

Proposed by Evan Chen

2 A normal magic square of order n is an arrangement of the integers from 1 to

n2 in a square such that the n numbers in each row, each column, and each of
the two diagonals sum to a constant, called the magic sum of the magic square.
Compute the magic sum of a normal magic square of order 8.

3 A polygon A1 A2 A3 . . . An is called beautiful if there exist indices i, j, and k

such that ∡Ai Aj Ak = 144◦ . Compute the number of integers 3 ≤ n ≤ 2012 for
which a regular n-gon is beautiful.

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Proposed by Aaron Lin

4 When flipped, coin A shows heads 13 of the time, coin B shows heads 12 of
the time, and coin C shows heads 32 of the time. Anna selects one of the
coins at random and flips it four times, yielding three heads and one tail. The
probability that Anna flipped coin A can be expressed as pq for relatively prime
positive integers p and q. Compute p + q.
Proposed by Eugene Chen

5 In △ABC, AB = 30, BC = 40, and CA = 50. Squares A1 A2 BC, B1 B2 AC,

and C1 C2 AB are erected outside △ABC, and the pairwise intersections of lines
A1 A2 , B1 B2 , and C1 C2 are P , Q, and R. Compute the length of the shortest
altitude of △P QR.
Proposed by Lewis Chen

6 In △ABC with circumcenter O, ∡A = 45◦ . Denote by X the second intersec-

−→
tion of AO with the circumcircle of △BOC. Compute the area of quadrilateral
ABXC if BX = 8 and CX = 15.
Proposed by Aaron Lin

7 The sequence {ai }i≥1 is defined by a1 = 1 and

√
an = ⌊an−1 + an−1 ⌋
for all n ≥ 2. Compute the eighth perfect square in the sequence.
Proposed by Lewis Chen

8 Compute the number of sequences of real numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . , a16 satisfying

the condition that for every positive integer n,

 10n+1 + 10n + 1 for even n
an1 + a2n
2 + · · · + a 16n
16 = .
 10n − 1 for odd n

Proposed by Evan Chen

Day 3 November 24th

1 Hexagon ABCDEF is inscribed in a circle. If ∡ACE = 35◦ and ∡CEA = 55◦ ,

then compute the sum of the degree measures of ∠ABC and ∠EF A.
Proposed by Isabella Grabski

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2 Compute the number of positive integers n < 2012 that share exactly two
positive factors with 2012.
Proposed by Aaron Lin

3 Compute the sum of the distinct prime factors of 10101.

Proposed by Lewis Chen

4 The subnumbers of an integer n are the numbers that can be formed by using a
contiguous subsequence of the digits. For example, the subnumbers of 135 are
1, 3, 5, 13, 35, and 135. Compute the number of primes less than 1,000,000,000
that have no non-prime subnumbers. One such number is 37, because 3, 7, and
37 are prime, but 135 is not one, because the subnumbers 1, 35, and 135 are
not prime.
Proposed by Lewis Chen

5 The hour and minute hands on a certain 12-hour analog clock are indistinguish-
able. If the hands of the clock move continuously, compute the number of times
strictly between noon and midnight for which the information on the clock is
not sufficient to determine the time.
Proposed by Lewis Chen
√
6 In rhombus N IM O, M N = 150 3 and ∡M ON = 60◦ . Denote by S the locus
of points P in the interior of N IM O such that ∠M P O ∼
= ∠N P O. Find the
greatest integer not exceeding the perimeter of S.
Proposed by Evan Chen

7 For every pair of reals 0 < a < b < 1, we define sequences {xn }n≥0 and {yn }n≥0
by x0 = 0, y0 = 1, and for each integer n ≥ 1:

xn = (1 − a)xn−1 + ayn−1 ,
yn = (1 − b)xn−1 + byn−1 .

The supermean of a and b is the limit of {xn } as n approaches infinity. Over all

2
2

1 2
pairs of real numbers (p, q) satisfying p − 12 + q − 21 ≤ 10 , the minimum
m
possible value of the supermean of p and q can be expressed as n for relatively
prime positive integers m and n. Compute 100m + n.
Proposed by Lewis Chen

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 2012 NIMO Problems

8 Concentric circles Ω1 and Ω2 with radii 1 and 100, respectively, are drawn
with center O. Points A and B are chosen independently at random on the
circumferences of Ω1 and Ω2 , respectively. Denote by ℓ the tangent line to Ω1
passing through A, and denote by P the reflection of B across ℓ. Compute the
expected value of OP 2 .
Proposed by Lewis Chen

9 Let f (x) = x2 − 2x. A set of real numbers S is valid if it satisfies the following:
• If x ∈ S, then f (x) ∈ S. • If x ∈ S and f (f (. . . f (x) . . . )) = x for some
| {z }
k f ’s
integer k, then f (x) = x.
Compute the number of 7-element valid sets.
Proposed by Lewis Chen

333
X
10 For reals x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . , x333 ∈ [−1, ∞), let Sk = xki for each k. If S2 = 777,
i=1
compute the least possible value of S3 .
Proposed by Evan Chen

Day 4 December 17th

1 Compute the average of the integers 2, 3, 4, . . . , 2012.

Proposed by Eugene Chen

n 40
2 For which positive integer n is the quantity 3 + n minimized?
Proposed by Eugene Chen

3 In chess, there are two types of minor pieces, the bishop and the knight. A
bishop may move along a diagonal, as long as there√are no pieces obstructing
its path. A knight may jump to any lattice square 5 away as long as it isn’t
occupied.
One day, a bishop and a knight were on squares in the same row of an infinite
chessboard, when a huge meteor storm occurred, placing a meteor in each square
on the chessboard independently and randomly with probability p. Neither the
bishop nor the knight were hit, but their movement may have been obstructed
by the meteors.
The value of p that would make the expected number of valid squares that the
bishop can move to and the number of squares that the knight can move to

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a
equal can be expressed as b for relatively prime positive integers a, b. Compute
100a + b.
Proposed by Lewis Chen

4 Let S = {(x, y) : x, y ∈ {1, 2, 3, . . . , 2012}}. For all points (a, b), let N (a, b) =
{(a − 1, b), (a + 1, b), (a, b − 1), (a, b + 1)}. Kathy constructs a set X
T by adding n
distinct points from S to T at random. If the expected value of |N (a, b)∩
(a,b)∈T
T | is 4, then compute n.
Proposed by Lewis Chen

5 A number is called purple if it can be expressed in the form 2a15b for positive
integers a > b. The sum of all purple numbers can be expressed as ab for
relatively prime positive integers a, b. Compute 100a + b.
Proposed by Eugene Chen
√ √ √
6 The polynomial P (x) = x3 + 6x2 − 2x − 3 has three distinct real roots.
Compute the sum of all 0 ≤ θ < 360 such that P (tan θ◦ ) = 0.
Proposed by Lewis Chen

7 In quadrilateral ABCD, AC = BD and ∡B = 60◦ . Denote by M and N

the midpoints of AB and CD, respectively. If M N = 12 and the area of
quadrilateral ABCD is 420, then compute AC.
Proposed by Aaron Lin

8 Bob has invented the Very Normal Coin (VNC). When the VNC is flipped,
it shows heads 21 of the time and tails 21 of the time - unless it has yielded
the same result five times in a row, in which case it is guaranteed to yield the
opposite result. For example, if Bob flips five heads in a row, then the next flip
is guaranteed to be tails.
Bob flips the VNC an infinite number of times. On the nth flip, Bob bets 2−n
dollars that the VNC will show heads (so if the second flip shows heads, Bob
wins $0.25, and if the third flip shows tails, Bob loses $0.125).
Assume that dollars are infinitely divisible. Given that the first flip is heads,
the expected number of dollars Bob is expected to win can be expressed as ab
for relatively prime positive integers a, b. Compute 100a + b.
Proposed by Lewis Chen

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 2012 NIMO Problems

9 In how many ways can the following figure be tiled with 2 × 1 dominos?

Proposed by Lewis Chen

10 In cyclic quadrilateral ABXC, ∡XAB = ∡XAC. Denote by I the incenter

of △ABC and by D the projection of I on BC. If AI = 25, ID = 7, and
BC = 14, then XI can be expressed as ab for relatively prime positive integers
a, b. Compute 100a + b.
Proposed by Aaron Lin

– Summer Contest

1 Let f (x) = (x4 + 2x3 + 4x2 + 2x + 1)5 . Compute the prime p satisfying f (p) =
418,195,493.
Proposed by Eugene Chen

2 Compute the number of positive integers n satisfying the inequalities

2n−1 < 5n−3 < 3n .

Proposed by Isabella Grabski

3 Let
2012
X
S= i!.
i=1

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The tens and units digits of S (in decimal notation) are a and b, respectively.
Compute 10a + b.
Proposed by Lewis Chen

4 The degree measures of the angles of nondegenerate hexagon ABCDEF are

integers that form a non-constant arithmetic sequence in some order, and ∠A is
the smallest angle of the (not necessarily convex) hexagon. Compute the sum
of all possible degree measures of ∠A.
Proposed by Lewis Chen

5 In the diagram below, three squares are inscribed in right triangles. Their areas
are A, M , and N , as indicated in the diagram. If M = 5 and N = 12, then A
√
can be expressed as a + b c, where a, b, and c are positive integers and c is not
divisible by the square of any prime. Compute a + b + c.

Proposed by Aaron Lin

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6 When Eva counts, she skips all numbers containing a digit divisible by 3. For
example, the first ten numbers she counts are 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15.
What is the 100th number she counts?
Proposed by Eugene Chen

7 A permutation (a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . , a2012 ) of (1, 2, 3, . . . , 2012) is selected at random.

If S is the expected value of
2012
X
|ai − i|,
i=1

then compute the sum of the prime factors of S.

Proposed by Aaron Lin

8 Points A, B, and O lie in the plane such that ∡AOB = 120◦ . Circle ω0 with
−→ −−→
radius 6 is constructed tangent to both OA and OB. For all i ≥ 1, circle ωi
−→ −−→
with radius ri is constructed such that ri < ri−1 and ωi is tangent to OA, OB,
and ωi−1 . If
∞
X
S= ri ,
i=1
√
then S can be expressed as a b + c, where a, b, c are integers and b is not
divisible by the square of any prime. Compute 100a + 10b + c.
Proposed by Aaron Lin

9 A quadratic polynomial p(x) with integer coefficients satisfies p(41) = 42. For
some integers a, b > 41, p(a) = 13 and p(b) = 73. Compute the value of p(1).
Proposed by Aaron Lin

10 A triangulation of a polygon is a subdivision of the polygon into triangles meet-

ing edge to edge, with the property that the set of triangle vertices coincides
with the set of vertices of the polygon. Adam randomly selects a triangulation
of a regular 180-gon. Then, Bob selects one of the 178 triangles in this trian-
gulation. The expected number of 1◦ angles in this triangle can be expressed
as ab , where a and b are relatively prime positive integers. Compute 100a + b.
Proposed by Lewis Chen

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 2012 NIMO Problems

11 Let a and b be two positive integers satisfying the equation

√ √
20 12 = a b.

Compute the sum of all possible distinct products ab.

Proposed by Lewis Chen

12 The NEMO (National Electronic Math Olympiad) is similar to the NIMO Sum-
mer Contest, in that there are fifteen problems, each worth a set number of
points. However, the NEMO is weighted using Fibonacci numbers; that is, the
nth problem is worth Fn points, where F1 = F2 = 1 and Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2
for n ≥ 3. The two problem writers are fair people, so they make sure that
each of them is responsible for problems worth an equal number of total points.
Compute the number of ways problem writing assignments can be distributed
between the two writers.
Proposed by Lewis Chen

13 For the NEMO, Kevin needs to compute the product

9 × 99 × 999 × · · · × 999999999.

Kevin takes exactly ab seconds to multiply an a-digit integer by a b-digit integer.

Compute the minimum number of seconds necessary for Kevin to evaluate the
expression together by performing eight such multiplications.
Proposed by Evan Chen

14 A set of lattice points is called good if it does not contain two points that form
a line with slope −1 or slope 1. Let S = {(x, y) | x, y ∈ Z, 1 ≤ x, y ≤ 4}.
Compute the number of non-empty good subsets of S.
Proposed by Lewis Chen

15 In the diagram below, square ABCD with side length 23 is cut into nine rect-
angles by two lines parallel to AB and two lines parallel to BC. The areas
of four of these rectangles are indicated in the diagram. Compute the largest
possible value for the area of the central rectangle.

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A B

13

123 111

37

D C

Proposed by Lewis Chen

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