Chapter 22

Electromagnetic
Induction

These materials are copyrighted to WILEY are restricted to personal use only 1
22.1 Induced Emf and Induced Current

There are a number of ways a magnetic field can be used to

generate an electric current.

It is the changing field that produces the current.

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22.1 Induced Emf and Induced Current

The current in the coil is called the induced current because it is brought
about by a changing magnetic field.

Since a source emf is always needed to produce a current, the coil behaves
as if it were a source of emf. This emf is known as the induced emf.

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22.1 Induced Emf and Induced Current

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22.1 Induced Emf and Induced Current

An emf can be induced by changing the

area of a coil in a constant magnetic field

In each example, both an emf and a current are induced because

the coil is part of a complete circuit. If the circuit were open, there
would be no induced current, but there would be an induced emf.

The phenomena of producing an induced emf with the aid of a

magnetic field is called electromagnetic induction.

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22.2 Motional Emf

THE EMF INDUCED IN A MOVING CONDUCTOR

Each charge within the conductor

is moving and experiences a
magnetic force

F  qvB

The separated charges on the

ends of the conductor give rise
to an induced emf, called a
motional emf ( E ).

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22.2 Motional Emf

Motional emf E when v, B,

and L are mutually
perpendicular

 vBL

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Fleming’s right-hand rule (For generator)

Thumb: Motion / Force

Fore finger: Magnetic field (from North to South).
Second finger: Conventional Current.
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22.2 Motional Emf

Example 1 Operating a Light Bulb with Motional Emf

Suppose the rod is moving with a speed of 5.0m/s

perpendicular to a 0.80-T magnetic field. The rod
has a length of 1.6 m and a negligible electrical
resistance. The rails also have a negligible
electrical resistance. The light bulb has a
resistance of 96 ohms. Find (a) the emf produced
by the rod and (b) the current induced in the
circuit.

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22.2 Motional Emf

(a)  vBL  5.0 m s 0.80 T 1.6 m   6.4 V

E 6.4 V
(b) I   0.067 A
R 96

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22.2 Motional Emf

MOTIONAL EMF AND ELECTRICAL ENERGY

In order to keep the rod moving at constant velocity, the force

the hand exerts on the rod must balance the magnetic force on
the current:
Fhand  F  ILB

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22.2 Motional Emf

The direction of the force in this figure would violate the

principle of conservation of energy.

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22.2 Motional Emf

Conceptual Example 3 Conservation of Energy

A conducting rod is free to slide down between

two vertical copper tracks. There is no kinetic
friction between the rod and the tracks. Because
the only force on the rod is its weight, it falls with
an acceleration equal to the acceleration of
gravity.

Suppose that a resistance connected between the

tops of the tracks. (a) Does the rod now fall with
the acceleration of gravity? (b) How does the
principle of conservation of energy apply?

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22.3 Magnetic Flux

MOTIONAL EMF AND MAGNETIC FLUX

 x  xo 
E  vBL  
 xL  xo L 
 BL  
 A  Ao 
 B    B 
 BA  BAo
 t  to   t  to   t  to  t  to

magnetic flux   BA Unit: Wb;

1 Wb = 1 T m2
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22.3 Magnetic Flux

   o 
 
t  to t

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22.3 Magnetic Flux

GENERAL EXPRESSION FOR MAGNETIC FLUX

  BA cos 

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22.3 Magnetic Flux

  BA cos 

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22.3 Magnetic Flux

GRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION OF MAGNETIC FLUX

The magnetic flux is proportional

to the number of field lines that pass
through a surface.

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22.4 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

The average emf induced in a coil of N loops is

   o  
  N    N
 t  to  t

SI Unit of Induced Emf: volt (V)

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22.4 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

Example 5 The Emf Induced by a Changing Magnetic Field

A coil of wire consists of 20 turns each of which has an area of 0.0015 m2.
A magnetic field is perpendicular to the surface. Initially, the magnitude of
the magnetic field is 0.050 T and 0.10s later, it has increased to 0.060 T.
Find the average emf induced in the coil during this time.

 BA cos   Bo A cos 
  N  N
t t
 B  Bo  0.060 T  0.050 T
  NA cos  
 t 
  2

   20  0.0015 m cos  0 
0.10 s
 3.0  103 V

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22.4 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

Conceptual Example 7 An Induction Stove

Two pots of water are placed on an induction stove at the same time.
The stove itself is cool to the touch. The water in the ferromagnetic
metal pot is boiling while that in the glass pot is not. How can such
a cool stove boil water, and why isn’t the water in the glass pot boiling?

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22.5 Lenz’s Law

LENZ’S LAW

The induced emf resulting from a changing magnetic flux has a

polarity that leads to an induced current whose direction is such
that the induced magnetic field opposes the original flux change.

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22.5 Lenz’s Law

LENZ’S LAW

The induced emf resulting from a changing magnetic flux has a

polarity that leads to an induced current whose direction is such
that the induced magnetic field opposes the original flux change.

Reasoning Strategy

1. Determine whether the magnetic flux that penetrates the coil

is increasing or decreasing.

2. Find what the direction of the induced magnetic field must be

so that it can oppose the change influx by adding or subtracting
from the original field.

3. Use RHR-2 to determine the direction of the induced current.

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22.5 Lenz’s Law

Conceptual Example 8 The Emf Produced by a Moving Magnet

A permanent magnet is approaching a

loop of wire. The external circuit consists
of a resistance. Find the direction of the
induced current and the polarity of
the induced emf.

(a) point A positive and point B

negative

(b) point A negative and point B

positive

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22.5 Lenz’s Law

Conceptual Example 9 The Emf Produced

by a Moving Copper Ring.

There is a constant magnetic field directed

into the page in the shaded region. The field
is zero outside the shaded region. A copper
ring slides through the region.

For each of the five positions, determine whether

an induced current exists and, if so, find its
direction.

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22.7 The Electric Generator

HOW A GENERATOR PRODUCES AND EMF

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