Chapter # 13 Support and Movement Q 1: Define Movement. Write Down Different Types of Movement

Chapter # 13
Support and Movement

Q 1: Define movement. Write down different types of movement.
Ans: “Movement” is a general term meaning the act of changing place or position by entire
body or by its parts.
There are two types of movements:
1. Movements of body parts

2. Locomotion. Locomotion is the movement of an animal as a whole from one place to
another.
Q 2: Define skeleton. Write down its different types.

Ans: Skeleton is defined as the framework of hard, articulated structures that provide physical
support, attachment for skeletal muscles, and protection for the bodies of animals.
Skeleton is of two types:
Endoskeleton: Skeleton is present inside the body of organism is called endoskeleton e.g. the
human skeleton.
Exoskeleton: Skeleton is present on outside of the body is called exoskeleton e.g.
Arthropods.
Q 3: Differentiate between bone and cartilage.

Bone Cartilage
Bone is the hardest connective tissue in Cartilage is a dense, clear blue-white firm
body. connective tissue
Bone cells are known as osteocytes. Cartilage cells are known as chondrocytes.
Presence of blood vessels. Absence of blood vessels (nutrients are
obtained through diffusion)
Bones are of two types: compact and Cartilage is of three types: Hyaline
spongy. cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic
cartilage.
Q 4: Differentiate between Tendon and ligaments.
Tendons Ligaments
Connects skeletal muscles to bones. Connects one bone to another bone at joint.
When a muscle contracts, tendon exerts a They prevent dislocation of bones at joints.
pulling force on the attached bones.
Tendons are tough bands Ligaments are strong but flexible bands.
Q 5: Differentiate between axial and appendicular skeleton.
Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton
Axial Skeleton of the human body forms the Appendicular Skeleton of the human body
central axis of the skeletal system. is the limbs and appendages.
Axial skeleton consists of 80 bones. Appendicular Skeleton consists of 126
bones.
The axial skeleton consists of the following The appendicular skeleton consists of Arms,
bones, Skull, facial bones, hyoid bone, rib Forearms, pectoral girdles, pelvis, legs,
cage, and the vertebral column. ankle and feet.
Support the upright position and support the Aid in the movement of the body.
internal organs.
Q 6: What is role of skeletal system?

Ans: Skeleton act as framework that supports soft tissues.
 It allows free movement through the action of muscles across joints.
 It upholds and sustains the body against gravity and other external forces.
 Some bones in the skeleton contain bone marrow which produces red blood cells,
white blood cells and platelets.
 The bones store minerals such as calcium, iron, potassium and phosphorous and
release them into the blood when the body needs to use them.
Q7: What type of cartilages are these?
Cartilage of epiglottis Elastic Cartilage

Cartilage of larynx Hyaline Cartilage
Cartilage of trachea Hyaline Cartilage
Detail Question:
Q 1: Explain in detail the structure, function and types of Cartilage.
Ans: Cartilage is a dense, clear blue-white firm connective tissue (but less strong than bone).
The cells of cartilage are called chondrocytes. Each chondrocyte lies in a fluid space called
lacuna present in the matrix of cartilage. The matrix of cartilage contains also collagen fibres.
Blood vessels do not enter cartilage.
There are three types of cartilage.
1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Elastic cartilage
3. Fibrous cartilage
Hyaline cartilage: Hyaline cartilage is strong yet flexible. It is found covering the ends of
the long bones, in the nose, larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes.
Elastic cartilage: Elastic cartilage is similar in structure to hyaline cartilage. It is also quite
strong but has elasticity due to a network of elastic fibres in addition to collagen fibres. It is
found in epiglottis, pinna etc.
Fibrous cartilage: Fibrous cartilage is very tough and less flexible due to large number of
thick collagen fibres present in knitted form. It is found in intervertebral discs.
Q 2: Describe the role and components of bones of human skeletal system.
Bone is the hardest connective tissue in body. Bones not only move, support and protect the
various parts of body but also produce red and white blood cells and store minerals.
Components of bones:
Compact bone:
The hard-outer layer of a bone is called compact bone.
Spongy bone:
Interior of bone is soft and porous. It is called spongy bone.
Bone marrow:
Spongy bones consist of blood vessels and bone marrow.
The matrix of bones contains collagen. It also contains minerals e.g. calcium and phosphate.
Bones contain different types of cell. The mature bone cells are called osteocytes.
Internal Structure of bones
Q 3: Describe the components of axial and appendicular skeleton in detail.

The 206 bones in the adult human skeleton are organized two components:
1. axial skeleton
2. appendicular skeleton
1. Axial skeleton
Axial skeleton consists of the 80 bones in the head and trunk of body. It is composed of five
parts.
i. Skull contains 22 bones out of which 8 are cranial bones (enclosing the brain) and 14
are facial bones.
ii. There are 6 middle ear ossicles (3 in each ear).
iii. There is also a hyoid bone in neck.
iv. Vertebral column contains 26 bones (vertebrae).
v. The chest is made of a chest bone called sternum and 24 (12 pairs) ribs.
2. Appendicular Skeleton
Appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones.
 Pectoral (shoulder) girdle is made of 4 bones.

 Arms have 6 bones.
 Both hands have 54 bones.
 Pelvic girdle (hips) has 2 bones.
 Legs have 6 bones.
 Both feet have 54 bones.
Q 4: Describe the types of joints in detail.

A joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact. They allow movement and
provide mechanical support.
Joints can be classified on the basis of the degree of movement they allow.
1. Immoveable (Fixed) joints: Such joints allow no movement e.g. the joints between
the skull bones.
2. Slightly moveable joints: Such joints allow slight movements e.g. joints between the
vertebrae.
3. Moveable joints: They allow a variety of movements e.g. shoulder joint, hip joint,
elbow joint, knee joint etc.
There are many types of moveable joints in body.
The main types are
I. Hinge joints:
Hinge joints move back and forth like the hinge on a door and allow movements in
one plane only. The knee and elbow are hinge joints.
II. Ball and-socket joints:
Ball-and-socket joints allow movement in all directions. The hip and shoulder joints
are ball and socket joints.
Q 5: Write a brief note on role of skeletal muscles.

Ans: When the bones move at joints, they produce movements. The movements in bones are
brought about by the contractions of skeletal muscles, which are attached with them by
tendons.
Role of Skeletal Muscles:

The role of skeletal muscles is as follows.
One end of a skeletal muscle is always attached with some immoveable bone. This end of
muscle is called the origin.
Other end of muscle is attached with a moveable bone and is called the insertion. When a
muscle is stimulated by a nerve impulse, it contracts to become shorter and thicker. Due to
this contraction, it pulls the moveable bone (at insertion).
Q 6: Explain antagonism in muscles action selecting biceps and triceps as

example.
Ans: Antagonism:
Skeletal muscles are usually in pairs of antagonists. In an antagonistic pair, both muscles do
opposite jobs. When one muscle contracts the other relaxes and this phenomenon is known as
antagonism (antagonistic action).
Flexion:
When a muscle contracts and bends the joint, it is known as flexor muscle and the movement
is called flexion.
Extension:
When a muscle contracts and straightens the joint, it is known as extensor muscle and the
movement is called extension. Following is an example of the antagonistic action of a pair of
skeletal muscles.
Biceps:
Biceps is a flexor muscle on the front of the upper arm bone.
Triceps:
Triceps is an extensor muscle on the back of arm.
Action of Bicep and Triceps muscles:

Both these muscles have their origin at pectoral girdle and insertion at one of the two bones
of forearm.
When biceps contracts, the forearm (insertion end) is pulled upward. It is the flexion of elbow
joint. During this flexion, triceps muscle relaxes.
When triceps muscle contracts, forearm is pulled down. It is the extension at elbow joint.
During it, biceps muscle relaxes. In this way, biceps and triceps make up an antagonistic pair
of muscles.
Similar pairs, working antagonistically across other joints, provide for almost all the
movements of skeleton.
Q 7: Write down the Roles of Tendons and Ligaments.

Tendons and ligaments are bands of connective tissue (made of collagen).
Tendons:
Tendons are tough bands and attach muscles to bones.
Function of Tendon
When a muscle contracts, tendon exerts a pulling force on the attached bone which moves as
a result.
Ligaments:
Ligaments are strong but flexible bands and join one bone to another at joints.
Function of Ligament:
They prevent dislocation of bones at joints.

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Chapter # 13

Support and Movement

1. Movements of body parts

Q 2: Define skeleton. Write down its different types.

Q 3: Differentiate between bone and cartilage.

Q 6: What is role of skeletal system?

Q7: What type of cartilages are these?

Cartilage of epiglottis Elastic Cartilage

There are three types of cartilage.

Internal Structure of bones

Q 3: Describe the components of axial and appendicular skeleton in detail.

 Pectoral (shoulder) girdle is made of 4 bones.

Q 4: Describe the types of joints in detail.

Q 5: Write a brief note on role of skeletal muscles.

Role of Skeletal Muscles:

Q 6: Explain antagonism in muscles action selecting biceps and triceps as

Action of Bicep and Triceps muscles:

Q 7: Write down the Roles of Tendons and Ligaments.

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