_yialee 4.> 

Il`ifptls gvg`zghls hf cg jftlhlcloêg _yialee

   Cgs ftkquftgs
   ^rfikl vs Ulcujf`

  Giujucgikù` l hkstrkduikù` egcckhg



   Egccl fstruiturgc
l  Hfdkckhgh
l  Elrtgcfzg
   Yblrtf`k`o le tbf Xbrust (YLX)
   Ltrls tkpls hf fstruiturgs
l  Fstruiturgs il` pf`hkf`tf
   Fstruiturg hf giujucgikù` il` pf`hkf`tf gcikstg
   Fstruiturg hf giujucgikù` il` pf`hkf`tf dgmkstg
   Fstruiturg hf hkstrkduikù` il` pf`hkf`tf gcikstg
   Fstruiturg hf hkstrkduikù` il` pf`hkf`tf dgmkstg
l  Fsqufjgs k`usugcfs

Tfslcuikù` hf huhgs erfiuf`tfs

   Igjdkl hf ftkquftgs y pcg`tfgjkf`tl hf fsif`grkls

   ¼Iùjl hkstk`oukr f`trf giujucgikù` y hkstrkduikù`<
l  Xkpl hf tfst f` Egsf G
l  Xkpl hf tfst f` Egsf D
l  Cg sgiuhkhg f` Egsf I
l  Cg giikù` hfc prfikl y fc vlcujf` f` Egsf H
l  Fc vlcujf` of`frgc hurg`tf fc hfsgrrlccl hfc rg`ol
l  Fc g`çcksks hfc k`hkighlr _fks _gvf
   ¼Iùjl g`gckzgr u` orçekil hfshf ><
  Fstruiturgs
  ]l`gs lpfrgtkvgs


  Dgmgr hf tfjplrgckhgh
l

l  Yudkr hf tfjplrgckhgh
   ¼Wuë bgifr iug`hl fc il`tfxtl `l fstç icgrl<
  Gujf`tgr hf jgril tfjplrgc


  Igjdkgr hf gitkvl


l  Fc il`trlcghlr

Fc filskstfjg hf trghk`o gitugc

   Xkpls hf pgrtkikpg`tfs f` cls jfrighls ek`g`ikfrls

   Jfrighls fcfitrù`kils
  Xrghk`o gcolrêtjkil
l

l   Bkob Erfquf`iy Xrghk`o

 

  Jfrighls Lvfr Xbf Ilu`tfr

  Hgra ^llcs
  ¼Yl` cls jfrighls gcfgtlrkls l hftfrjk`kstgs<
l  Cg bkpùtfsks hf cls jfrighls ghgptgtkvls

Cg kjplrtg`ikg hfc vlcujf`


  Guitkl` Jgraft Xbflry
l  Cgs vgrkgdcfs
l  Cg pfrifpikù` hfc vgclr
l  Cls iugtrl pgsls hf cg gitkvkhgh hfc jfrighl
  Cg Cfy hf Lefrtg y Hfjg`hg
l  Frrlrfs ilju`fs hf k`tfrprftgikù`
l  DKH/GYA, Yprfgh y Ckqukhfz
l  Xkpls hf pgrtkikpg`tfs f` dgsf g su iljplrtgjkf`tl
l  Iljl sf prlhuif fc hfspcgzgjkf`tl hfc prfikl
   K`kikgtkvg
   Egctg hf k`tfrës
l  Iljl sf prlhuif` cls okrls hf jfrighl
  Xkpls y iruif hf ùrhf`fs
ù rhf`fs
  Bfrrgjkf`tgs pgrg fc g`çcksks hfc vlcujf`
l  Ckdrl hf ùrhf`fs
   Ypllek`o
   Ùrhf`fs Kifdfro
l  Ik`tg
l  Bufccg
l  Hfctg
  Cg prldcfjçtkig hfc Lrhfr Eclw
l  ^rldcfjçtkig #7. Hkvfrof`ikg hfc prfikl
l  ^rldcfjçtkig #7. Hkvfrof`ikg hf hfctg
l  Lpfrghlr hf prfikl y vlcujf`
l  Il`icuskl`fs


  Ulcujf
l 
^rlekcf
Xflrêg hf cg sudgstg + Ulcujf ^rlekcf
l  Iljplskikù` hfc Ulcujf ^rlekcf
  Ugcuf Grfg


  Fxtrfjls


  Ulcujf ^lk`t le Il`trlc



  Ulcujf _fkobtfh Gvfrgof ^rkif



  Bkob Ulcujf @lhfs



  Clw Ulcujf @lhfs



l  Xkpls hf pfrekcfs
  Tg`ol ekml


  Yfskù`


  Iljplsktf


  Hkefrf`ikg f`trf vlcujf` vfrtkigc y blrkzl`tgc

l

l  Hkefrf`ikg f`trf Ulcujf ^rlekcf y Jgraft ^rlekcf

 

l  Elrjgs hf cls pfrekcfs

l  Vsls hfc Ulcujf ^rlekcf
  Khf`tkekigikù` hf fstruiturgs
  Hftfrjk`gr fc sfsol hfc jfrighl
  G`çcksks hf cg sgcuh hf cg tf`hf`ikg
  Jkorgikù` hfc U^LI
  Lpfrgtkvg il` pfrekcfs ^ y d.
  Igckdrgikù` hf cg ofstkù` hf cg plskikù`
  Lrhfr Eclw
l  Cfiturg hf cg bufccg
l  Hfsfqukckdrkls
l  ^gtrl`fs hf okrl
  Gdslrikù`
  K`kikgtkvg
l  ^gtrl`fs hf il`tk`ugikù`
  Il`trlc
  Xfst gc il`trlc
l  Ergitgckhgh

_yialee 4.>
7.  Jftlhlcloêg _yialee
7. 
4.  Xflrêg hf cg sudgstg
4. 
9.  Ulcujf ^rlekcf
9. 
8.  Lrhfr Eclw
8. 
  Lpfrgtkvg
l  Lpfrgtkvg f` rg`ol
  F` fxtrfjls
  F` fc k`tfrklr
l  Lpfrgtkvg f` tf`hf`ikg
  K`tfrgitug`hl il` cg zl`g hf vgclr
  Gcfmghl hf cg zl`g hf vgclr
  ¼Wuë bgifr iug`hl fc prfikl sf vg sk` `lsltrls<
  Ofstkù` hf cg plskikù`
l  G`çcksks
l  F`trghg
l  Ytlp Clss
l  Xgaf ^rlekt
 

Il`ifptls gvg`zghls hf cg Jftlhlcloêg _yialee

Xg`tl fc ckdrl g`tfrklr –Cg Jftlhlcloêg _yialee f` ^rleu`hkhgh‚ iljl fstf jksjl `l
prftf`hf` hkvucogr f` `k`oý` jljf`tl fc f`elquf hf cg jftlhlcloêg _yialee hfshf su pu`tl
hf vkstg jçs purl. ^ufhf quf bgyg lpfrghlrfs _yialee quf sê cl bgog` pfrl f`tf`hfjls quf
cls jfrighls hf bly f` hêg bg` igjdkghl sustg`ikgcjf`tf il` rfspfitl g cls fstuhkghls plr
Tkibgrh _yialee y fs `ufstrg tgrfg sgdfr ghgptgr`ls g fstls igjdkls.

^frl sk bgy gcol quf fs k`vgrkgdcf y hl`hf rghkig rfgcjf`tf cg vf`tgmg hf fstf f`elquf plr
f`ikjg hf ltrls sl` cls prk`ikpkls sldrf cls quf sudygif` sus f`sf÷g`zgs. K`hfpf`hkf`tfjf`tf
hf iùjl bgyg` igjdkghl cls jfrighls y sus lpfrghlrfs, tlhl skouf rkokë`hlsf dgml cg cfy
u`kvfrsgc hf lefrtg y hfjg`hg1 y fstg fs cg pkfhrg g`oucgr hf cg jftlhlcloêg.

Fstg `ufvg elrjg quf prlpl`ol hf g`gckzgr cls jfrighls jf bg ligskl`ghl gcou`g hksiuskù`
il` il`likhls (purkstgs) hkvucoghlrfs hfc jëtlhl. Iljl iljf`tl, jk ldmftkvl `l fs f`sf÷gr cg
elrjg jçs prkjktkvg hf cg jftlhlcloêg, sk`l ilofr cls prk`ikpkls quf il`skhfrl vçckhls y
pltf`ikgrcl mu`tl il` cgs bfrrgjkf`tgs jçs jlhfr`gs hf g`çcksks hfc vlcujf`.

F` rfgckhgh, irfl quf hkvucogr cgs f`sf÷g`zgs hf Tkibgrh _yialee tgc y iljl ëc cgs iljpgrtêg fs
prçitkigjf`tf kjplskdcf. Gc ek`gc, ighg u`l f`sf÷g su pu`tl hf vkstg hf cg jftlhlcloêg mu`tl
il` cgs bfrrgjkf`tgs quf jgylr il`ekg`zg cf ltlrog`1 y fstl `l qukfrf hfikr quf gcou`g fstë plr
f`ikjg hfc rfstl. Cl kjplrtg`tf fs ldtf`fr rf`tgdkckhgh hfc jfrighl k`hfpf`hkf`tfjf`tf hfc
f`elquf usghl.
Hkibl fstl, fstly sfourl quf sk Tkibgrh _yialee vkvkfrg bly f` hêg, ëc jksjl sf bgdrêg
prfliupghl hf kr fvlcuikl`g`hl sus prlpkgs f`sf÷g`zgs ghgptç`hlsf g cls `ufvls jfrighls.
Xgc y iljl yg cl euf f` su jljf`tl, sfoukrêg skf`hl u` fstuhklsl hfc vlcujf` y fstl cf bgdrêg
ccfvghl g prleu`hkzgr f` bfrrgjkf`tgs iljl fc Ulcujf ^rlekcf y fc Lrhfr Eclw.

[ fstl fs fxgitgjf`tf cl quf bfjls bfibl y cl quf tf prfsf`tgrë g cl cg

cgrol
rol hfc ckdrl1 gu`gr cls
prk`ikpkls jçs sùckhls hf g`çcksks hfc jfrighl mu`tl il` cgs bfrrgjkf`tgs jçs gvg`zghgs hf
g`çcksks hfc vlcujf`.

^frl g`tfs hf ccfogr g fsf pu`tl vgjls g g÷ghkr gcou`ls il`ifptls gvg`zghls quf hfdfrêgs
il`lifr y g gicgrgr
g icgrgr u`g sfrkf hf huhgs quf sf hg` erfiuf`tfjf`tf.
 

Cgs ftkquftgs
Xlhl fc gpgrtghl tfùrkil vkstl f` fc prkjfr ckdrl fs u` il`tf`khl `fifsgrkl f k`hkspf`sgdcf pgrg
ccfogr g hljk`gr fstf f`elquf y f`tf`hfr vfrhghfrgjf`tf iùjl sf jufvf fc jfrighl, pfrl cg
jftlhlcloêg _yialee, l jk jg`frg hf f`tf`hfrcg, vg juibl jçs gccç.

@l sf trgtg skjpcfjf`tf hf ftkquftgr u` orçekil igsk hf jg`frg rldùtkig y yg. Bfjls gprf`hkhl
cl quf sudygif g ighg fvf`tl1 iùjl sf elrjg, iùjl sf rfprfsf`tg
r fprfsf`tg sldrf fc orçekil, cg pskilcloêg
hftrçs hf ëc fti. ^frl iljl hkol, fc jëtlhl fs juibl jçs rkil.
Iljf`tl fstl plrquf, plr cg prlpkg `gturgcfzg hfc jfrighl, fs prçitkigjf`tf kjplskdcf quf sf
pufhg` hgr hls fstruiturgs iljpcftgjf`tf kougcfs. Yk dkf` fs ikfrtl quf g hkgrkl vfjls
fsqufjgs –hf ckdrl‚, quf sf ghgptg` hf elrjg juy of`uk`g g cls fmfjpcls icçski ls, f` cg
jgylrêg hf ligskl`fs fc jfrighl hfsgrrlccgrç fstruiturgs jf`ls il`vf`ikl`gcfs, hl`hf cg
khf`tkekigikù` hf tgcfs fvf`tls sfrç jçs iljpcfmg.
i ljpcfmg.

Fs plr tg`tl k`hkspf`sgdcf `l if`trgrsf f` cg dýsqufhg fxgitg hf cls fvf`tls (prk`ikpgcjf`tf

hf cls fvf`tls hf pgrghg quf iljpl`f` cg Egsf G) y qufhgrsf il` quf cl rfgcjf`tf kjplrtg`tf
fs cg giikù` f` su il`mu`tl. Fs hfikr, f` juctktuh hf orçekils vfrfjls quf u` jlvkjkf`tl
tf`hf`ikgc sf hftkf`f f k`kikg u` prlifsl hf cgtfrgckzgikù`, pfrl `l sljls igpgifs hf khf`tkekigr
ilrrfitgjf`tf fsls 8 prkjfrls fvf`tls hf pgrghg. ^ufhf quf f` vkstg hf fstl, hfsfibfjls fc
gitkvl y fstfjls pfrhkf`hl u`g lplrtu`khgh lpfrgtkvg euturg. Fstl fs u` frrlr. Iljl hkol, cl
kjplrtg`tf `l fs quf `lsltrls sfpgjls khf`tkekigr fsls 8 fvf`tls hf pgrghg, sk`l quf fc
jfrighl hf jg`frg ldmftkvg bg prlhuikhl cg c g pgrghg hfc jlvkjkf`tl tf`hf`ikgc. ^ufhf quf `l
khf`tkekquf fc Icêjgx, cg Tfgiikù` y fc Xfst hf elrjg of`uk`g, pfrl cl ldmftkvl fs quf fc jfrighl
sf bg hftf`khl y bg k`kikghl u` igjdkl hf igrçitfr (jkorgikù` hf fstghl tf`hf`ikgc g cgtfrgc).

Iljl vfjls f` cls fmfjpcls, gu`quf fsgs fstruiturgs `l sf pgrfzig` `ghg g cgs icçskigs yg
fstuhkghgs1 sk gdrkjls fc orçekil y `ls f`il`trgjls f` fsf pu`tl quf jgril il` cg ecfibg, `l fs
hfsigdfccghl pf`sgr f` quf plskdcfjf`tf gdgml bgyg` hfsgrrlccghl u` prlifsl hf
giujucgikù`. Yfrç jçs l jf`ls hkeêikc khf`tkekigr cls fvf`tls hf cg jftlhlcloêg, pfrl cl ldmftkvl
fs quf vfjls u` `kvfc hl`hf fc prfikl bg rfibgzghl f` hkvfrsgs ligskl`fs (Irffa) y quf
ek`gcjf`tf bg il`sfoukhl rljpfrcl y plskikl`grsf plr f`ikjg. Fstg fs cg icgvf.
 

Yfourgjf`tf sk `ls elrzgjls plhfjls ftkquftgr tlhls y ighg u`l hf cls jlvkjkf`tls pfrl
rfpktl quf fstl `l fs cl kjplrtg`tf. Cl kjplrtg`tf hf cg jftlhlcloêg fs cg cùokig quf sudygif
hftrçs hf fccg= quf pgrg quf fc prfikl sudg prkjfrl hfdf bgdfr u`g giujucgikù`1 y quf pgrg
quf dgmf u`g hkstrkduikù`. Cg
C g elrjg l jg`frg f` quf hfsgrrlccf` fstls prlifsls `l hfdfrêg sfr
gcol hftfrjk`g`tf.

Fc `kvfc hf jf`tgckhgh gdkfrtg quf sf rfqukfrf fs juy org`hf. ^ufhf quf k`icusl g gcou`l cf
bgyg fstgccghl cg igdfzg, pfrl fstg fs cg
c g rfgckhgh. Gelrtu`ghgjf`tf f` juibgs ligskl`fs vfjls
fstruiturgs icçskigs pfrl cg il`tk`ug k`tfrgiikù` f`trf lefrtg y hfjg`hg prlvlig quf hkibls
prlifsls sf pufhg` hfsgrrlccgr hf elrjgs k`ek`ktgs, y tf`fjls quf fstgr prfpgrghls pgrg vfrcgs
kougcjf`tf.

Jçs quf pf`sgr f` ftkquftgr tlhls y ighg u`l hf cls jlvkjkf`tls hfc prfikl, vgjls g
if`trgr`ls f` trgtgr hf khf`tkekigr sfoý` cgs bufccgs quf ldsfrvgjls qukë` prldgdcfjf`tf fstç
ldtf`kf`hl fc il`trlc hf jfrighl f` dgsf g cg tflrêg fstuhkghg.
 

^rfikl vs Ulcujf`
F` `ufstrg jg`frg hf il`ifdkr fc g`çcksks hfc jfrighl k`kikgcjf`tf `l vgclrgjls cg plskdkckhgh
hf `l tf`fr f` iuf`tg gcou`l
g cou`l hf fstls hls hgtls, prfikl y vlcujf`. ^frl sfoý` prleu`hkzgs f`
fc filskstfjg quf rlhfg gc ju`hl ek`g`ikfrl, fjpkfzg` g pcg`tfgrsf gcou`gs trgdgs.

Yk` hgr juibls rlhfls, bf hf hfikr quf dgml jk pu`tl hf vkstg cls hgtls hfc prfikl sl`
ikfrtgjf`tf jçs rfcfvg`tfs quf cls hgtls hfc vlcujf`. [ g il`tk`ugikù` vly g rgzl`gr fstg
gekrjgikù` gplyç`hljf f` hls fcfjf`tls.
^lr u` cghl, fc vlcujf` k`trghkgrkl quf plhfjls g`gckzgr f` iugcqukfr gitkvl pufhf sfr juy
f`og÷lsl hfpf`hkf`hl hfc jljf`tl hf cg sfskù`. ^lr fmfjpcl, g cg gpfrturg hf cg sfskù`
gjfrkig`g hfc Y&^6>> f` su blrgrkl
bl rgrkl cligc (FXB), skfjprf vgjls g vfr u` org` vlcujf`, juibl
jgylr quf fc vkstl prfvkgjf`tf g fsg gpfrturg hurg`tf fc blrgrkl rfoucgr (TXB). [ icgrl, tlhl fc
g`çcksks prfvkl qufhgrç sfsoghl f` ikfrtl
i kfrtl jlhl.

Iljl vfjls f` fc orçekil hfc FY (euturl hfc Y^6>>), cg jgylr vlcgtkckhgh y plr tg`tl
hfspcgzgjkf`tl hfc prfikl sf prlhuif hurg`tf cg sfskù` gjfrkig`g, ldsfrvç`hlsf juy
icgrgjf`tf cg egctg hf pgrtkikpgikù` hurg`tf fc blrgrkl rfoucgr. @l tf`hrêg juibl sf`tkhl bgifr
g`çcksks tf`kf`hl f` iuf`tg hf elrjg ocldgc tlhg cg giikù` hfc prfikl y fc vlcujf` yg quf plhrêg
ccfvgr`ls g il`euskl`fs.

@l fs quf hurg`tf fc blrgrkl rfoucgr bgygjls khf`tkekighl u` jlvkjkf`tl il` egctg hf k`tfrës
(vlcujf` dgml)1 sk`l quf fsf vlcujf` dgml sf hfdf g u`g gusf`ikg hf lpfrghlrfs f` fsf
jljf`tl. Cl jksjl liurrkrêg il` ltrls jljf`tls hf cg sfskù`, iljl f` cg pgrghg g jfhkl hêg
l mustl g`tfs hf k`kikgr cg rfitg ek`gc hfc hêg, jljf`tl f` fc quf tgjdkë` sf prlhuif u` gujf`tl
sko`kekigtkvl hfc vlcujf`.

V`g vfz sgdkhl fstl, tf`fjls hls jg`frgs hf slcvf`tgr fstg sktugikù`=

  Yk qufrfjls sfoukr lpfrg`hl f` jgrils tfjplrgcfs k`trghkgrkls hfdfjls

`fifsgrkgjf`tf g`gckzgr fc prfikl y fc vlcujf` f` tërjk`ls iljpgrgtkvls1 plr u` cghl
 

fc quf sf ldsfrvg hurg`tf fc blrgrkl cligc y plr ltrl cghl fc vkstl hurg`tf fc blrgrkl
rfoucgr.
  Ghfjçs, cg jfmlr jg`frg hf fvktgr il`euskl`fs fs g`gckzgr fc orçekil hkgrkl. Iljl fstg
tfjplrgckhgh gdgrig gjdgs sfskl`fs (FXB y TXB), `l bgy `fifskhgh hf hkstk`oukrcgs pgrg
su g`çcksks. ^frl icgrl, fstl yg rfqufrkrêg u` igjdkl tltgc hf fstkcl hf lpfrgtkvg.

Yk bgy u` hgtl quf yg k`ilrplrg tlhg cg k`elrjgikù` fs fc prfikl. Fc prfikl fs cg rfprfsf`tgikù`

orçekig hf tlhgs cgs ùrhf`fs yg fmfiutghgs. ^lhrêgjls fstgr g`gckzg`hl u` gitkvl f` iugcqukfr
blrgrkl y cg giikù` hfc prfikl sf rfecfmgrêg ekfcjf`tf sk` tf`fr quf fstgr pf`hkf`tf hfc jljf`tl
hf cg sfskù` y hf rfgckzgr g`çcksks iljpgrgtkvls. Fs cg vf`tgmg quf prfsf`tg fc prfikl.

Gu`quf sk` fc vlcujf` pfrhfjls u`g org` pgrtf hf cg k`elrjgikù` hkspl`kdcf, cg k`tfrgiikù`
il`tk`ug f`trf lefrtg y hfjg`hg vg hfmg`hl sus bufccgs f` fc prfikl y ëstf hfsgrrlccg u`ls
pgtrl`fs ikfrtgjf`tf rfpftktkvls (`l f` elrjg gu`quf sê f` el`hl).

Ldvkgjf`tf `l fstly rfiljf`hg`hl lpfrgr sk` g`gckzgr cls hgtls hfc vlcujf`, `l fs `fifsgrkl,
skjpcfjf`tf qufrêg pl`fr hf jg`kekfstl cg prfvgcf`ikg hfc prfikl sldrf fc vlcujf` pgrg `ufstrg
elrjg hf f`tf`hfr y lpfrgr cls jfrighls.

Jçs ghfcg`tf vfrfjls ghfjçs ltrl k`il`vf`kf`tf quf prfsf`tg` cls hgtls hfc vlcujf` hfdkhl
g cls jfrighls Lvfr Xbf Ilu`tfr (LXI) y cls Hgra ^llcs.
 

Giujucgikù` l Hkstrkduikù` egcckhg

Iug`hl fc g`çcksks hf tlhgs cgs bufccgs quf sf ldsfrvg`

l dsfrvg` sldrf fc orçekil `ls suokfrf` quf sf fstç
prlhuikf`hl fc hfsfqukckdrkl bgikg u` cghl pfrl f` fc jljf`tl hf cg vfrhgh fc cghl lpufstl
prfskl`g il` jgylr gorfskvkhgh, fstgrfjls bgdcg`hl hf egccl hf il`tk`ukhgh l fstruiturg
egcckhg.

Hurg`tf fc hfsgrrlccl hf cgs fstruiturgs fstç f` mufol fc il`trlc hfc jfrighl y ëstf pufhf kr

igjdkg`hl hf cghl (g egvlr hf cls iljprghlrfs l hf cls vf`hfhlrfs) il`tk`ugjf`tf, sfoý` cls
tkpls hf lpfrghlrfs y cgs vgclrgikl`fs quf bgog` hfc gitkvl.

Iljl sgdfjls quf bgstg quf `l sf vksugckzg fc fefitl hf u`g igusg `l plhfjls hftfrjk`gr hf
quë sf trgtg (giujucgikù` l hkstrkduikù`), igsk cl jçs cùokil sfrêg fvktgr utkckzgr fstf tërjk`l hf
fstruiturg egcckhg yg quf rfgcjf`tf u`g giujucgikù` egcckhg skfjprf sfrç u`g fstruiturg hf
hkstrkduikù` y vkifvfrsg. ^frl fs u` il`ifptl
il `ifptl juy k`tfrfsg`tf quf `ls skrvf pgrg f`tf`hfr u`g
hk`çjkig kjplrtg`tf hfc jfrighl, quf `l fs ltrg quf fc il`likjkf`tl hf cls hkstk`tls tkpls hf
lpfrghlrfs y iùjl fstls k`tfrvkf`f` f` dgsf g cg tfjplrgckhgh.

Iug`hl fc prfikl bgif u` pltf`ikgc Yprk`o f` jê`kjls hf cg fstruiturg y hfshf gbê clorg gcig`zgr
hf `ufvl cg pgrtf gctg hf cg jksjg, fs ldvkl quf gbê gdgml bg` f`trghl il` ikfrtg gorfskvkhgh
cls iljprghlrfs1 pfrl hfsil`lifjls iuç`hl fstls hfikhkrç` ifrrgr sus plskikl`fs. ^ufhf quf
skjpcfjf`tf sf trgtf hf trghfrs hf juy ilrtl pcgzl quf gprlvfibf` cg vksktg g gcou`g zl`g hf
ckqukhfz (yg sfg g jçxkjls hf cg fstruiturg l g gcou`g zl`g k`tfrjfhkg) pgrg f`il`trgr cg
il`trgpgrtkhg il` cgs quf igsgr sus ùrhf`fs y plhfr ifrrgr gbê sus plskikl`fs ldtf`kf`hl
df`fekikls. Fstf ikfrrf hf plskikl`fs iljprghlrgs prlvligrêg u`g përhkhg hf jljf`tuj gcikstg
y plskdcfjf`tf u` `ufvl okrl g cg dgmg.
 

L pufhf quf cls lpfrghlrfs quf bg` iljprghl f` fc Yprk`o tf`og` u`g pfrspfitkvg hf jçs
cgrol pcgzl y bgog` tlhl
tl hl cl plskdcf pgrg jg`tf`frsf hf`trl hfc jfrighl y hfef`hfr su plskikù`
sk eufrg `fifsgrkl, prlhuikf`hl fc hfsgrrlccl iljpcftl hf cg giujucgikù`.

Ghfjçs, tgjplil sgdfjls sk pufhf bgdfr lpfrghlrfs hf jçs cgrol pcgzl, il` u`g jgylr
igpgikhgh pgrg jlvfr cls
cl s jfrighls pf`hkf`tfs hf fsf jlvkjkf`tl gcikstg pgrg gprlvfibgrcl y
f`trgr f` ilrtl hf elrjg gorfskvg.

^lr ltrl cghl,

skstfjçtkig tgjdkë` bgy
y rfiurrf`tf g clquf rfilrhgr
cgrol quf `l
hfc tkfjpl. F`tlhls cls org`hfs
ligskl`fs juibgslpfrghlrfs
hf fccgs sfog`g` hf elrjgg
vf` ldckoghgs
gsujkr përhkhgs y fstf il`tfxtl hf fstruiturg egcckhg plhrêg sfr u` fmfjpcl pfrefitl. Iljl dkf`
hkif Gc Drllas f` sus ckdrls sldrf ^rkif Gitkl`, f` cls jfrighls cêqukhls ighg jê`kjl
jlvkjkf`tl hfc prfikl fs of`frghl hfdkhl g quf u` org` lpfrghlr fstç iljprg`hl y ltrl fstç
vf`hkf`hl. Fs u`g dgtgccg f`trf fstls org`hfs igpktgcfs y plr tg`tl bgdrç pgrtf hf fccls quf
of`frf` përhkhg f` gcou`gs hf sus lpfrgikl`fs.

Cg icgvf pgrg hftfrjk`gr quf fstgjls g`tf u`g fstruiturg egcckhg fs quf fstg tf`og
gdslcutgjf`tf tlhgs cgs bufccgs g egvlr hf u`g hkrfiikù` pfrl quf f` fc jljf`tl hfikskvl (f`
fc tfst trgs cg rlturg), ergigsf y sf of`frf u` hfsfqukckdrkl g egvlr hfc cghl lpufstl.

^grg fc fmfjpcl hf giujucgikù` egcckhg, tf`hrêgjls quf vfr quf tlhgs cgs bufccgs `ls suokfrf`
quf fc il`trlc hfc jfrighl cl tkf`f` cls iljprghlrfs, quf ghfjçs fc prfikl vf`og quf
hfsgrrlccgr u` pltf`ikgc Yprk`o, quf cg rlturg gcikstg sfg of`uk`g hfshf fc pu`tl hf vkstg hf cg
giikù` hfc prfikl y hfc vlcujf`1 pfrl quf ek`gcjf`tf f` plskikù` hf pltf`ikgc DVFI fc prfikl
`l clorf sfoukr sudkf`hl, y sf prlvlquf u` hfsfqukckdrkl g egvlr hf cls vf`hfhlrfs hfmg`hl
ek`gcjf`tf cg fstruiturg iljl hkstrkdutkvg.

Fxgitgjf`tf cl jksjl pfrl g cg k`vfrsg `fifsktgrêgjls vfr pgrg hftfrjk`gr u`g hkstrkduikù`
egcckhg= bufccgs g egvlr hf cls vf`hfhlrfs, hfsgrrlccl hf pltf`ikgc Vptbrust, rlturg dgmkstg
 

of`uk`g y quf f` plskikù` hfc tfst trgs rlturg f`trf` iljprgs gorfskvgs quf rltf cg fstruiturg
iljl giujucgikù`.

Fs kjplrtg`tf sfr il`sikf`tfs hf quf `l sgdfjls cg igpgikhgh quf tkf`f` cls lpfrghlrfs hf
sfoukr il`trlcg`hl fc jfrighl yg quf f` iugcqukfr jljf`tl pufhf gpgrfifr u` lpfrghlr il`
u`g jgylr igpgikhgh y prlvligr cg rltgikù`. Cl quf f` prk`ikpkl pgrfiêg fstgr hfsfqukckdrghl
bgikg u` cghl, ek`gcjf`tf il` fstg `ufvg gpgrkikù` bgif quf fc hfsfqukckdrkl sf il`ekrjf bgikg
fc cghl lpufstl.

F`tl`ifs tf`fjls fsgs hls igsuêstkigs juy kjplrtg`tfs g vgclrgr=

  @l sgdfjls cg k`tf`ikù` hf cls lpfrghlrfs quf fstë` gplyg`hl fc jlvkjkf`tl gitugc .

Yk sf trgtg hf lpfrghlrfs hf ilrtl pcgzl quf ifrrgrç` plskikl`fs f` cg prùxk
prùxkjg
jg zl`g hf
ckqukhfz l sk plr fc il`trgrkl tkf`f` u`g pfrspfitkvg hf jçs cgrol pcgzl y il`tk`ugrç`
bgstg fc iljpcftl hfsgrrlccl hf cg fstruiturg.
  @l sgdfjls sk pufhf` k`tfrvf`kr lpfrghlrfs il` u`g jgylr igpgikhgh . F` fc
jljf`tl hf cg vfrhgh, f` fc tfst trgs rlturg quf il`ekrjgrêg cg hkrfiikl`gckhgh hf cg
fstruiturg, pufhf` gpgrfifr lpfrghlrfs gorfskvls il` u`g jgylr igpgikhgh pgrg
jlvfr fc jfrighl prfskl`g`hl f` fc sf`tkhl lpufstl yg quf f` fc jçs cgrol pcgzl
pufhf quf tf`og` u`g vkskù` hkstk`tg.

Ldvkgjf`tf fstg hkekiuctgh cg f`il`trgjls il`tk`ugjf`tf, plr fsl `ufstrg vf`tgmg fstç f`
lpfrgr g egvlr hfc ýctkjl hfsfqukckdrkl y pgrg fccl fs vktgc khf`tkekigr fc fvf`tl hljk`g`tf= cg
sgiuhkhg.

Cg sgiuhkhg, iljl yg sf bg iljf`tghl, fs cg giikù` jçs hftfrjk`g`tf hfc eu`ikl`gjkf`tl hfc

jfrighl. Yu cùokig sudygif`tf fs tg` plhfrlsg quf `ls ccfvg g sfsogr`ls skfjprf g egvlr hf
fccg. F`tl`ifs, sk fc rfstl hf bufccgs giljpg÷g`, skfjprf fstgrfjls egvlrfikf`hl lpfrgr f` cg
hkrfiikù` hf cg ýctkjg sgiuhkhg1 fs hfikr,
hfikr , cgrols trgs vfr u` pltf`ikgc YYprk`o1
prk`o1 y ilrtls trgs vfr u`
Vptbrust.

Gcou`ls pufhf quf ccfouf` g cg il`icuskù` hf quf fspfrgr gc prfikl f` cls fxtrfjls y lpfrgr
ý`kigjf`tf sktugikl`fs hf pltf`ikgc Vptbrust/Yprk`o sfg cl jçs il`vf`kf`tf iljl jfhkhg pgrg
skjpckekigr tlhl fc g`çcksks1 y `l fs gcol quf fstë tltgcjf`tf eufrg hf cuogr. Fs cl duf`l hf cg
 

jftlhlcloêg _yialee, quf gc lerfifr u`g jg`frg hf f`tf`hfr cl jçs ldmftkvgjf`tf plskdcf
iùjl sf jufvf fc jfrighl, ighg lpfrghlr pufhf utkckzgr sus prk`ikpkls pgrg hfsgrrlccgr sus
prlpkgs fstrgtfokgs.

Dgml jk pu`tl hf vkstg cgs bufccgs quf lerfif fc hfsgrrlccl hf cgs fstruiturgs hfshf su k`kikl sl`
sko`kekigtkvgs y `ls gyuhg g fstgdcfifr fsif`grkls il` u`g jgylr prldgdkckhgh. ^lr fmfjpcl, sk
ldsfrvl ikfrtgs igrgitfrêstkigs hkstrkdutkvgs f` u`g fstruiturg y plstfrklrjf`tf sf f`iuf`trg f`
plskikù` hf pltf`ikgc rupturg dgmkstg y hf pltf`ikgc Yprk`o, fc g`çcksks hfc il`tfxtl jf ccfvgrç g
egvlrfifr cg rupturg dgmkstg1 jkf`trgs quf fc lpfrghlr quf sùcl lpfrg cgs sgiuhkhgs f` cls
fxtrfjls sk` fvgcugr `ghg jçs bgrç cl lpufstl. [ of`frgcjf`tf fc jfrighl hfsgrrlccgrç (f`
fstf fmfjpcl) g egvlr hf cg il`tk`ugikù` hkstrkdutkvg yg quf fc hfsfqukckdrkl fs cgtf`tf y sf bg
khl fvkhf`ikg`hl hurg`tf fc hfsgrrlccl hfc rg`ol.
 

Egccl fstruiturgc

Fs u` il`ifptl juy sf`ikccl quf `ls pufhf gyuhgr g cg blrg hf fvgcugr cg hk`çjkig hf cls
jlvkjkf`tls.

Fstf egccl cl plhfjls f`il`trgr f` tlhl tkpl hf fstruiturgs1 tg`tl f` fstruiturgs il`
pf`hkf`tfs gcikstg l dgmkstg iljl f` fstruiturgs blrkzl`tgcfs, il`vfrof`tfs l hkvfrof`tfs.

Cl prkjfrl fs khf`tkekigr cg cùokig fstruiturgc quf hfikhf sfoukr fc prfikl. Fstg vf`hrç
hftfrjk`ghg plr cls tlqufs fxktlsls quf rfspftf` u`g fstruiturg elrjghg plr hls zl`gs hf
lefrtg y hfjg`hg. Fstg fs cg icgvf k`kikgc= khf`tkekigr cg fstruiturg quf fc prfikl bg vgckhghl.
Iug`tls jçs tlqufs tf`og, jgylr il`ekg`zg `ls hgrç hkibg fstruiturg.

F` fsf pu`tl, y dgml fc prk`ikpkl hf egvlrfifr cg il`tk`ukhgh hf cl quf vkf`f bgikf`hl fc prfikl,
cl cùokil sfrêg pf`sgr f` quf fc jfrighl sfoukrç jlvkë`hlsf rfspftg`hl fsg cùokig fstruiturgc,
jlvkë`hlsf hf fxtrfjl g fxtrfjl.

F` igsl hf quf fc prfikl `l clorf hfsgrrlccgr u` `ufvl tfst sldrf fc cghl lpufstl y f` su cuogr
of`frf u` okrl g`tfs hf gcig`zgr hkibg zl`g, hkrfjls quf bg hfsgrrlccghl u` egccl fstruiturgc yg
quf `l bg il`tk`ughl il` cg hk`çjkig quf trgêg y fstg sf÷gc g÷ghf elrtgcfzg pgrg fc fsif`grkl g
egvlr hf fsf ýctkjl okrl.

Hf cg jg`l hf fstf il`ifptl, sf f`tkf`hf quf fc fvf`tl hfc ýctkjl gplyl hf cg lefrtg l hf cg
hfjg`hg (Cgst ^lk`t le Yupplrt y Cgst ^lk`t le Yuppcy) sf trgtg` hf egccls fstruiturgcfs f` cls
quf fc prfikl fs dclqufghl f` su k`tf`tl plr kr g dusigr fc fvf`tl hf sgiuhkhg pgrg k`kikgr hfshf
fsf pu`tl fc jlvkjkf`tl plstfrklr hf rlturg hf cg fstruiturg.

Hfdkckhgh

Fc fmfjpcl hf egccl fstruiturgc quf hf`ltg hfdkckhgh cl f`il`trgjls iug`hl fc prfikl, trgs
vgckhgr u`g fstruiturg f` vgrkgs ligskl`fs, fs k`igpgz hf sfoukr jlvkë`hlsf dgml fsg cùokig hf
jlvkjkf`tls y `l pufhf gcig`zgr cg pgrtf gctg hf cg jksjg.

Fstg k`igpgikhgh pgrg sfoukr hfspcgzç`hlsf iljl vf`êg bgikf`hl bgstg fsf jljf`tl hf`ltg
hfdkckhgh hf el`hl. Cls iljprghlrfs bg` hfmghl hf tf`fr fc il`trlc hfc jfrighl y sl` cls
vf`hfhlrfs cls quf bg` iljf`zghl g gpgrfifr jçs sko`kekigtkvgjf`tf.
 

Fstf k`hkikl `l suokfrf u`g rfvfrskù` k`jfhkgtg g cg dgmg1 sk`l quf fs u` fcfjf`tl jçs g tf`fr
f` iuf`tg g cg blrg hf cffr ilrrfitgjf`tf fc il`tfxtl hfc jfrighl.

^lhrêg skjpcfjf`tf trgtgrsf hf u`g pgrghg tfjplrgc hf cg tf`hf`ikg prfvkg pgrg hfsgrrlccgr
hfshf gbê u` pfrêlhl hf il`slckhgikù` hurg`tf fc quf rfgiujucgr stlia y sfoukr sudkf`hl.

Elrtgcfzg

Cg giikù` quf hf`ltgrêg elrtgcfzg hf el`hl cg ldtf`hrêgjls gc vfr quf fc prfikl `l pufhf
gcig`zgr cg pgrtf dgmg hf cg fstruiturg quf vkf`f trgdgmg`hl.

Fs hfikr, quf sk fc prfikl vkf`f hfsgrrlccg`hl u`g sfrkf hf jçxkjls y jê`kjls hfirfikf`tfs iuyg
giikù` f`igmg pfrefitgjf`tf hf`trl hf u`ls cêjktfs supfrklr f k`efrklr, egvlrfifrfjls quf fc
jfrighl sf skog iljplrtg`hl hf cg jksjg jg`frg y plr tg`tl dusigrfjls u` `ufvl tfst gc cghl
lpufstl hf cg fstruiturg. Yk plr fmfjpcl vkf`f hf bgifr u` tfst sldrf cg pgrtf gctg hf cg
fstruiturg, cg hk`çjkig `ls suokfrf quf gblrg tf`hrêg quf bgifr u` `ufvl tfst sldrf cg pgrtf
dgmg. Yk hurg`tf fc hfsgrrlccl hf hkibl jlvkjkf`tl fc prfikl sf okrg sk` clorgr gcig`zgr fsg pgrtf
dgmg hkrfjls quf fc jfrighl bg of`frghl u` egccl fstruiturgc y fs u`g sf÷gc hf elrtgcfzg hfc
jfrighl yg quf cls iljprghlrfs `l bg` pfrjktkhl quf fc prfikl igkog jçs gdgml.

Yk ghfjçs hf fstg bufccg hkibl jlvkjkf`tl il`skouf sgiuhkr gcoý` jê`kjl prfvkl rfcfvg`tf
fstgrêgjls f` u`g pltf`ikgc sktugikù` hf Yprk`o il` jgylr elrtgcfzg hf el`hl hfdkhl g quf
il`ecuyf il` fsf egccl fstruiturgc.
 

Fc rgzl`gjkf`tl hftrçs hf hkibg giikù` fs quf cls iljprghlrfs bg` f`trghl gorfskvgjf`tf
hfsfqukckdrg`hl fc il`trlc g su egvlr. Fstls iljprghlrfs tkf`f` k`tfrfsfs jçs grrkdg y dclqufg`
cg igêhg hfc prfikl. @l qukfrf` quf fc prfikl dgmf. @l qukfrf` quf `ghkf jçs sf pufhg sudkr gc
jlvkjkf`tl gcikstg.

Fstf k`hkikl `l suokfrf u`g rfvfrskù` k`jfhkgtg gc gczg1 sk`l quf fs u` fcfjf`tl jçs g tf`fr f`
iuf`tg g cg blrg hf cffr ilrrfitgjf`tf fc il`tfxtl hfc jfrighl.
 

Yblrtf`k`o le tbf Xbrust (YLX)

^lhrêg trghuikrsf gc igstfccg`l iljl –Gilrtgjkf`tl hfc fjpumf‚. Yf trgtg hf u` pgtrù` hf

igjdkl hf hkrfiikù`. Fs u`g bfrrgjkf`tg g`gcêtkig quf lrkok`grkgjf`tf usgdg _yialee pgrg
jfhkr cg përhkhg hf jljf`tuj l goltgjkf`tl hf u` jlvkjkf`tl kjpucskvl l fjpumf.

Uksugcjf`tf sf ldsfrvg iljl ighg `ufvl fxtrfjl rfilrrf u`g hkstg`ikg jf`lr quf fc fxtrfjl
prfvkl y plr tg`tl sf hkif quf sf fstç gilrtg`hl fc fjpumf.

  ^grg fc fmfjpcl f` tf`hf`ikg gcikstg, ldsfrvgrêgjls iljl ighg `ufvl jçxkjl rfilrrf
u`g hkstg`ikg jf`lr quf fc jçxkjl prfvkl1 cl quf `ls suokfrf u` hftfrklrl hf cg
hfjg`hg y sf÷gcg u` plskdcf okrl dgmkstg.
  ^grg fc fmfjpcl f` tf`hf`ikg dgmkstg, sf ldsfrvgrêg u`g hksjk`uikù` f` cg hkstg`ikg quf
rfilrrf fc `ufvl jê`kjl f` rfcgikù` il` cg hkstg`ikg quf rfilrrkù fc jê`kjl prfvkl,
suokrkf`hl u` hftfrklrl hf cg lefrtg y sf÷gcg`hl u` plskdcf okrl gc gczg.

Cg khfg prk`ikpgc fs u`g egctg hf il`tk`ukhgh f` fsg hkrfiikù`. V` goltgjkf`tl hf cgs eufrzgs quf
bgstg fc jljf`tl pgrfiêg` tf`fr fc il`trlc hfc jfrighl. Cg përhkhg hf jljf`tuj g`tkikpg u`
rftrlifsl kjplrtg`tf f k`icusl g vfifs u`g rfvfrskù` hf cg tf`hf`ikg.

^grg quf fstf iljplrtgjkf`tl sfg vçckhl, sf rfqukfrf u` jê`kjl hf trfs fjpumfs f` cg hkrfiikù`
hkrfii kù`
hf cg tf`hf`ikg. G pgrtkr hf trfs l iugtrl jlvkjkf`tls kjpucskvls, fs ýtkc iljf`zgr g dusigr fstf
pgtrù` hf gilrtgjkf`tl f` fc fjpumf ek`gc.

  Iug`hl fc gvg`if hfc prfikl sf gilrtg pfrl bgy u` eufrtf vlcujf`, sko`kekig quf fc org`


fseufrzl ldtuvl plig rfiljpf`sg= Hkvfrof`ikg Fseufrzl/Tfsuctghl. F` fc igsl hf u`

fmfjpcl dgmkstg, cg hfjg`hg fstgrêg gpgrfikf`hl1 y f` u` fmfjpcl gcikstg cg lefrtg
fstgrêg gpgrfikf`hl.
  Iug`hl fc gvg`if hfc prfikl sf gilrtg y ghfjçs bgy u` vlcujf` hëdkc, sko`kekig
goltgjkf`tl. F` fc igsl hf u` fmfjpcl dgmkstg, cg lefrtg sf fstgrêg rftkrg`hl1 y f` u`
fmfjpcl gcikstg, sfrêg` cls iljprghlrfs cls quf sf rftkrg` hfc jfrighl.

Iug`hl bgy jçs hf iugtrl fjpumfs y pfrskstf fc gilrtgjkf`tl, cg tf`hf`ikg pufhf quf sfg
hfjgskghl eufrtf iljl pgrg lpfrgr f` su il`trg.

Cl quf il`ekrjgrêg fc igjdkl hf hkrfiikù` sfrêg u` eufrtf jlvkjkf`tl kjpucskvl f` cg hkrfiikù`

il`trgrkg. Xrgs fc gilrtgjkf`tl hfc fjpumf, qufrfjls vfr quf fc `ufvl kjpucsl f` cg hkrfiikù`
lpufstg tf`og u` vlcujf` gctl, hf`ltg`hl k`tf`ikl`gckhgh. Xrgs fstf kjpucsl quf igjdkg hf
hkrfiikù` sf plhrêg fspfrgr g u` rftrlifsl pgrg dusigr k`ilrplrgr`ls f` cg hkrfiikù` hfc `ufvl
jlvkjkf`tl kjpucskvl.
 

Ykfjprf tf` f` iuf`tg fc il`tfxtl sldrf fc quf sf hfsgrrlccg fc gilrtgjkf`tl hfc fjpumf=

Yk fc prfikl rljpf fc tfibl hf u` rg`ol y rfvkfrtf, fstg giikù` fs u` pltf`ikgc Vptbrust. Yk trgs
u`g pligs l`hgs dgmkstgs sf prlhuif u` gilrtgjkf`tl hfc fjpumf y suokfrf u`g lpfrgikù` hf
iljprg1 hfdfs tf`fr f` iuf`tg quf fc prfikl vkf`f hf hfsgrrlccgr u` Vptbrust y quf cl jçs
prldgdcf fs quf skog igyf`hl. Iugcqukfr lpfrgikù` hf iljprg hfdfrêg sfr fvktghg, y f` igsl hf
sfr tljghg, ifrrghg rçpkhgjf`tf trgs u`g hëdkc rfspufstg. Cl jksjl suifhfrêg f` igsl hf
ldsfrvgr fc pgtrù` dgmkstg hfspuës hf u` pltf`ikgc Yprk`o, fc sfsol hkrfiikl`gc cl jgrigrêg cg

sgiuhkhg plr cl quf bgdrêg quf pl`fr f` huhg cg khfg lpfrgtkvg f` ilrtl hfc YLX.
Fc pgtrù` hf Yblrtf`k`o Le tbf Xbrust tgjdkë` pufhf sfr vkstl f` dgrrgs k`hkvkhugcfs ghfjçs hf
f` jlvkjkf`tls. F` fstf igsl, sf ldsfrvgrêg iùjl suifskvgs dgrrgs bgif` ighg vfz jf`ls
prlorfsl. Yk ghfjçs ilk`ikhf f` u`g zl`g lpfrgtkvg hl`hf plr il`tfxtl fstuvkërgjls f`
hksplskikù` hf dusigr u`g lpfrgikù` f` il`trg, cg sktugikù` sfrêg khfgc.
 

Ltrls tkpls hf fstruiturgs

K`kikgcjf`tf sf bg` prfsf`tghl iljl fsqufjçtkig dçskig cgs fstruiturgs il` hfsgrrlccl
blrkzl`tgc. Yl` cgs jçs eçikcfs hf khf`tkekigr y pgrg fc lpfrghlr quf fjpkfzg g prleu`hkzgr plr
prkjfrg vfz f` cg jftlhlcloêg _yialee rfiljf`hgrêg trgdgmgr fstf tkpl hf fsqufjgs igsk il`
fxicuskvkhgh.

Iljl yg bfjls iljf`tghl f` hkvfrsgs ligskl`fs, fc jfrighl fs u` f`tf vkvl quf sf f`iuf`trg
f` il`stg`tf igjdkl hfdkhl g cg k`tfrgiikù` il`tk`ug
il `tk`ug f`trf lefrtg y hfjg`hg. Fstg k`tfrgiikù`
fs cg quf prlvlig cg of`frgikù` hf cgs fstruiturgs, cgs iugcfs pufhf` hfsgrrlccgrsf hf hkvfrsgs
elrjgs.

@l tf`hrêg `k`oý` sf`tkhl gprlxkjgrsf gc jfrighl pf`sg`hl quf ëstf hfdf iljplrtgrsf tgc y
iljl fstgdcfif` cls fsqufjgs dçskils k`kikgcjf`tf fstuhkghls. Cg rfgckhgh fs quf tlhl
jljf`tl fs ý`kil y sfrç hkstk`tl g ltrl euturl yg quf fs prçitkigjf`tf kjplskdcf quf sf pufhg`
hgr f` hls jljf`tls hkstk`tls u`gs jksjgs ikriu`stg`ikgs.
i kriu`stg`ikgs.

^grg quf hls fstruiturgs sf hfsgrrlccf` iljpcftgjf`tf kougcfs hfdfrêg` fstgr cls jksjls
pgrtkikpg`tfs f` gjdls jljf`tls y ghfjçs, iljplrtgrsf fxgitgjf`tf hf cg jksjg jg`frg,
ilsg kjplskdcf.

Fs plr fstl quf fs kjplrtg`tf tf`fr u`g jf`tgckhgh gdkfrtg f k`tf`tgr kr u` pgsl jçs gccç g cg

blrg hf prleu`hkzgr f` fc f`tf`hkjkf`tl hf cg jftlhlcloêg. _yialee `ls hkl u`gs pgutgs g

sfoukr hfstgig`hl plr f`ikjg hf tlhl= iùjl sf jufvf` cls jfrighls1 cls prlifsls hf
giujucgikù` y hkstrkduikù`1 y cgs trfs cfyfs eu`hgjf`tgcfs.

Fstf fs fc jgril tfùrkil quf sustf`tg cg jftlhlcloêg. Fc lpfrghlr _yialee sf dgsg f` fstgs
bfrrgjkf`tgs pgrg g`gckzgr fc orçekil il` fc ldmftkvl hf k`tf`tgr hkcuikhgr qukë` fstç f` il`trlc
hfc jfrighl y plhfr pcg`tfgr gsê fsif`grkls mukiklsls.

Fc skoukf`tf pgsl fs fstgr f` hksplskikù` hf plhfr khf`tkekigr fc hfsgrrlccl hf u`g fstruiturg

gu`quf `l tf`og u` gspfitl khfgc. F` juibgs ligskl`fs plhrfjls trgdgmgr f` tkfjpl rfgc il`
fstruiturgs quf sf ghgptg` juy of`uk`gjf`tf g cgs fstruiturgs icçskigs fstuhkghgs, pfrl bgdrç
ltrgs ligskl`fs f` quf fstl `l sfrç gsê.

[ fstl `l hfdfrêg sfr jltkvl hf hfskcuskù`. Cls lpfrghlrfs _yialee gvg`zghls f`tkf`hf` quf

fsls prlifslshf hf
hfpf`hkf`hl iuç`giujucgikù`
fqukckdrghl ly hfsfqukckdrghl
hkstrkduikù` sf pufhf`
fstë prfsf`tgr
fc jfrighl g egvlrhf hkstk`tg elrjg
hf iljprghlrfs y
vf`hfhlrfs.

Fstg fs cg icgvf hf tlhl. F` dgsf g cg il`hkikù` hfc jfrighl f` fsf jljf`tl (qukë` tf`og jgylr
il`trlc), fc prfikl hfsgrrlccgrç u` tkpl hf fstruiturg u ltrg.

G il`tk`ugikù` pgsgjls g fstuhkgr gcou`ls tkpls hf fstruiturgs `l il`vf`ikl`gcfs.

 

Fstruiturgs il` pf`hkf`tf

Gu`quf ikfrtgjf`tf sl` fstruiturgs jçs hkeêikcfs hf vfr, f` rfgckhgh sf hfsgrrlccg` fxgitgjf`tf
kougc quf cgs fstruiturgs blrkzl`tgcfs. Bgz u`g prufdg1 ilof gcou`l hf cls fmfjpcls y
jf`tgcjf`tf k`tf`tg okrgr cg kjgof` bgstg f`igmgr cg fstruiturg iljl sk eufrg blrkzl`tgc. Ufrçs
quf fc iljplrtgjkf`tl of`frgc, fvf`tls y egsfs tkf`f` u` hfsgrrlccl khë`tkil g cls rg`ols
blrkzl`tgcfs. Fc ý`kil fcfjf`tl quf vgrêg fs cg il`hkikù` hfc jfrighl, y fs quf bgdrç sktugikl`fs
f` cgs quf l dkf` cls iljprghlrfs l dkf` cls vf`hfhlrfs tf`hrç` hf k`kikl u` jgylr il`trlc.

Hf elrjg of`frgc vgjls g qufhgr`ls il` quf u`g fstruiturg iil` l` pf`hkf`tf gcikstg `ls suokfrf
ikfrtg elrtgcfzg hf el`hl, fs hfikr, u` jgylr il`trlc hf cls iljprghlrfs1 y quf cg fstruiturgs
il` pf`hkf`tf dgmkstg ikfrtg hfdkckhgh, jgylr il`trlc hf cls vf`hfhlrfs.

K`kikgcjf`tf, gc khf`tkekigr cg Egsf G hf pgrghg fstgdcfifrfjls cls cêjktfs hfc rg`ol hf elrjg
blrkzl`tgc. Yk ldsfrvgjls quf f` Egsf D fc prfikl `l rfspftg hkibls fxtrfjls y iljkf`zg g
jlvfrsf eufrg hf cg fstruiturg, sfrç fc jljf`tl pgrg fjpfzgr g pf`sgr f` u`g plskdcf
fstruiturg il` pf`hkf`tf. Il`fitgrfjls hkibls fxtrfjls y ldsfrvgrfjls sk rfgcjf`tf fc prfikl
rfspftg cls cêjktfs hf hkibg fstruiturg.
 

F` ltrgs ligskl`fs skjpcfjf`tf gdrkrfjls u` orçekil y sfrç juy vksugc iùjl fc prfikl bg
rfspftghl cls fxtrfjls hf u`g fstruiturg il` pf`hkf`tf. Il`fitg cls jê`kjls y jçxkjls hf cgs
Egsfs G, D y I. ^ufhfs hkdumgr u` fxtrfjl prkjfrl y icl`gr cg cê`fg f` fc fxtrfjl lpufstl. Cl
kjplrtg`tf fs quf fc ig`gc il`tf`og prçitkigjf`tf cg tltgckhgh hf cg giikù` hfc prfikl hf`trl
hf ëc. Iug`tls jçs tlqufs tf`og` hkibls fxtrfjls, jgylr elrtgcfzg hf quf hkibg fstruiturg
fstç skf`hl trgdgmghg (rfspftghg).

Fs rfcfvg`tf hfstgigr quf `l `fifsktgjls vfr u`ls tlqufs pfrefitls hfc prfikl f` hkibls
fxtrfjls pgrg hftfrjk`gr quf fc prfikl fstç trgdgmg`hl fsg fstruiturg. @l fs `fifsgrkl quf sfg
gcol tltgcjf`tf prfiksl, cg icgvf fs quf hfdfrêg sfr gcol quf sgctf g cg vkstg y quf `ls pfrjktg
il`fitgr tlhls cls fxtrfjls gu`quf eufsf `fifsgrkl hkdumgr u`g zl`g hf ikfrtg g`iburg, f` vfz
hf u`g cê`fg.

Hf kougc jg`frg skfjprf rfiljf`hgrêg `l hfsfibgr plr iljpcftl cls `kvfcfs blrkzl`tgcfs.
^grtkiucgrjf`tf jf lerfif` u`g jgylr il`ekg`zg y igdf cg plskdkckhgh hf quf fc prfikl rfk`orfsf
f` cg fstruiturg lrkok`gc y plhgjls sfoukr trgdgmç`hlcg.

Cgs plskdcfs fstruiturgs il` pf`hkf`tf quf plhfjls f`il`trgr sfrç` iugtrl=
i ugtrl=

  Fstruiturg hf giujucgikù` il` pf`hkf`tf gcikstg.

  Fstruiturg hf giujucgikù` il` pf`hkf`tf dgmkstg.
  Fstruiturg hf hkstrkduikù` il` pf`hkf`tf dgmkstg.
  Fstruiturg hf hkstrkduikù` il` pf`hkf`tf gcikstg.
 

Fstruiturg hf giujucgikù`
giujucgikù` il` pf`hkf`tf gcikstg

Fs cg vgrkg`tf quf jgylr elrtgcfzg hf el`hl hf`ltg. Xrgs cg Egsf

E gsf G hf pgrghg, fc prfikl iljkf`zg
g ecuitugr bgikg grrkdg y bgikg gdgml hurg`tf fc hfsgrrlccl hf cg fstruiturg ldsfrvç`hlsf
icgrgjf`tf u`g sfrkf hf jçxkjls y jê`kjls
j ê`kjls irfikf`tfs.

Cls iljprghlrfs tkf`f` ikfrtg gorfskvkhgh, vgclrg` fc prfikl hfc gitkvl f` `kvfcfs supfrklrfs y
`l pfrjktf` quf igkog g zl`gs hf sldrfvf`tg il` tgc hf prltfofr su plskikù`.

Fstgs fstruiturgs `l sl` eçikcfs hf lpfrgr prk`ikpgcjf`tf plrquf g cg supfrgikù` hf iugcqukfr

jçxkjl prfvkl `ls pgrfifrç quf fstgjls g`tf u`g pltf`ikgc sgiuhkhg quf bgrç okrgr fc jfrighl
bgikg gdgml. ^frl f` rfgckhgh fs cg prlpkg `gturgcfzg hfc jlvkjkf`tl= kjpucsls y rftrlifsls.

[ fstg kjprfskù` cg tf`hrfjls gý` jçs prfsf`tf f` cg zl`g hf pltf`ikgc DVFI. Gu`quf sf trgtg
hf cg f`trghg jçs il`sfrvghlrg y quf `ls ltlrog u`g jgylr sfourkhgh, vksugcjf`tf
ldsfrvgjls gc prfikl iltkzgr f` `kvfcfs juy gctls y `l `ls pgrfif (sudmftkvgjf`tf) u` ùptkjl

pu`tl hf f`trghg.
Fc jfrighl, gmf`l g tlhl fstl, sfoukrç su iursl y sk rfgcjf`tf sf trgtg hf u` prlifsl hf
giujucgikù` k`kikgrç hfshf gbê fc jlvkjkf`tl tf`hf`ikgc eufrg hfc rg`ol f` dýsqufhg hf `kvfcfs
supfrklrfs hf ckqukhfz.
 

Fstf fmfjpcl hfc DXI fs juy k`struitkvl yg quf plhfjls khf`tkekigr u`l hf cls il`ifptls
prfsf`tghls, fc egccl fstruiturgc hf elrtgcfzg.

Ufjls iljl trgs cg gdruptg igêhg fc prfikl giujucg rçpkhgjf`tf (igmg vfrhf) pgrg k`kikgr u`ls
`kvfcfs jçs grrkdg u`g `ufvg fstruiturg. Fstf bfibl yg fs f` sê u`g jufstrg hf elrtgcfzg hf
el`hl. Ufjls quf bgy u` vlcujf` juy gctl lpfrghl f` fsg igêhg y fc bfibl hf vfr u`g rfgiikù`
plstfrklr gc gczg yg `ls suokfrf quf gc jf`ls f` prk`ikpkl fc sf`tkjkf`tl fs gcikstg. Yk g`gckzg`hl
fc il`tfxtl vfjls quf plr hfdgml hfc prfikl gitugc bgy vlcýjf`fs gctls plhrêgjls bgifr u`g
skjpcf k`tfrprftgikù` iljl quf f` tgc vlcujf` bg` f`trghl gorfskvgjf`tf cls iljprghlrfs yg
quf hf ltrg jg`frg fc prfikl `l sf plhrêg bgdfr hfspcgzghl gc gczg.

Ltrgs bufccgs k`tfrfsg`tfs quf `ls suofrêg` giujucgikù` fs cg hksjk`uikù` hfc vlcujf` hurg`tf
fc hfsgrrlccl hf cg fstruiturg y cg prfhljk`g`ikg hf cgs l`hgs gcikstgs hfc k`hkighlr _fks.

Ghfjçs hf fstl, fc fcfjf`tl icgvf quf jgrig u` g`tfs y u` hfspuës f` cg cfiturg hfc il`trlc f`
fsg fstruiturg cl tf`fjls f` cg giikù` hf Vptbrust. F` cg pgrtf gctg hf cg fstruiturg hfsgrrlccg
u` fsqufjg jf`lr hf hkstrkduikù`. Fstf fsqufjg plhrêg pfrefitgjf`tf bgdfr gitughl f`

eu`ikù` hf VXGHhf
suifhg hfspuës y prlvligr cg rupturg
u`g sgiuhkhg, dgmkstg.
pfrl cl Fstf fs
quf vfjls fsfc iljplrtgjkf`tl
u`g qufplr
k`igpgikhgh tltgc fspfrgjls
igfr. Xrgsquf
fsf
fsqufjg jf`lr hkstrkdutkvl fc prfikl `l clorg `k gcig`zgr cg pgrtf dgmg hf fsg fstruiturg il`
pf`hkf`tf gcikstg quf vkf`f trgdgmg`hl, y fstl `l fs jçs `k jf`ls quf u` egccl fstruiturgc hf
elrtgcfzg.

Yfoukhgjf`tf hfsgrrlccg u` sbgaflut k`tfr`l quf gitýg iljl fvf`tl hf Xfst f` Egsf I
prlvlig`hl fc hfsfqukckdrkl ek`gc y il`tk`ugikù` gc gczg.
 

Xgjdkë` g hfstgigr cg udkigikù` hfc Bkob Ulcujf @lhf y fc U^LI hf cg fstruiturg. Iùjl fc
prfikl fs k`igpgz hf gtrgvfsgr fstg zl`g hf gctg `folikgikù`, suokrkf`hl gsê fc il`trlc hf cls
gcikstgs. Hf fstgs zl`gs hf Ulcujf ^rlekcf
^ rlekcf bgdcgrfjls jçs ghfcg`tf.

Gquê vfjls ltrl fmfjpcl hf fsqufjg giujucgtkvl il` pf`hkf`tf gcikstg. F` fstf igsl cg
pf`hkf`tf fs dgstg`tf prl`u`ikghg cl iugc `l suokfrf quf cg il`hkikù` gitugc hfc jfrighl fs hf
dgstg`tf elrtgcfzg.

Ufjls cg pgrghg hfek`ktkvg sk` vlcujf` ickjçtkil (Yfcck`o Fxbgustkl`) y iljl g pgrtkr hf gbê fc
prfikl iljkf`zg u`g icgrg suifskù` hf jçxkjls y jê`kjls irfikf`tfs. Ulcujf` hfirfikf`tf
hurg`tf fc hfsgrrlccl hf cgs Egsfs G y D suokrkf`hl gdslrikù`. F`iuf`trg hkekiuctgh gc plskikl`grsf
plr f`ikjg hfc Bkob Ulcujf @lhf pfrl u`g vfz quf cl il`skouf hfspuës hfc sbgaflut il`tk`ýg
jlstrg`hl elrtgcfzg y clorg rljpfr gc gczg il` duf`gs vfcgs gcikstgs (YLYdgr).

Juy k`tfrfsg`tf iljl fc Dgia Vp cl hfsgrrlccg sldrf cg pgrtf gctg hf cg fstruiturg (Irffa) f`
il`ecuf`ikg il` u` `kvfc lpfrgtkvl hf vlcujf` (U_G^ sfjg`gc).
 

Fstruiturg hf giujucgikù`
giujucgikù` il` pf`hkf`tf dgmkstg

Fs cg vgrkg`tf giujucgtkvg quf jgylr hfdkckhgh prfsf`tg. Cg pf`hkf`tf dgmkstg, fsg hk`çjkig hf
jçxkjls y jê`kjls hfirfikf`tfs, yg `ls hf`ltg u` il`trlc tltgc hf cls lpfrghlrfs dgmkstgs. Cg
hfdkckhgh fs cgtf`tf pfrl gu` gsê ek`gcjf`tf gpgrfif` cls iljprghlrfs y prlvlig` fc hfsf`cgif
giujucgtkvl.

Xrgs ldsfrvgr cg gpgrkikù` hf cls prkjfrls fvf`tls hf pgrghg hf cg tf`hf`ikg, cg hfdkckhgh sfrç
tg` gctg quf fc jfrighl `l plhrç goug`tgr fc hfsgrrlccl hf u`g fstruiturg blrkzl`tgc y f` su
cuogr iljf`zgrç` g vfrsf jufstrgs hf hfdkckhgh quf of`frgrç` jê`kjls ighg vfz jçs dgmls.

Fstruiturgcjf`tf fc prfikl rfspftgrç cg hk`çjkig dgmkstg, ecuitug`hl f`trf cls fxtrfjls

supfrklrfs f k`efrklrfs hfc ig`gc. Cls
Cl s `ufvls jê`kjls rfilrrfrç` u`g hkstg`ikg ighg vfz jf`lr
ldsfrvç`hlsf vksugcjf`tf u` pgtrù` juy iljý` hf goltgjkf`tl hf cg tf`hf`ikg (Yblrtf`k`o
Le tbf Xbrust)

Ghfjçs, juy plskdcfjf`tf fc jfrighl hfsgrrlccgrç gcoý` tkpl hf egccl fstruiturgc hl`hf f` u`
jljf`tl hftfrjk`ghl fc prfikl gdg`hl`g cg hk`çjkig quf cf ccfvgrêg g vksktgr cg pgrtf dgmg hf
cg fstruiturg y f` su cuogr f`iuf`trg slplrtf f` gcoý` cuogr k`tfrjfhkl. ^lskdcfjf`tf bgyg
bfibl sufcl y fstë prfpgrghl pgrg k`kikgr fc jlvkjkf`tl tf`hf`ikgc gcikstg.

Cl quf il`ekrjgrêg fc pgtrù` YLX y fc egccl fstruiturgc sfrêg quf fc prfikl hfsgrrlccgrg gblrg u`
eufrtf kjpucsl gcikstg. ^rfefrkdcfjf`tf qufrrfjls vfr iùjl fstf kjpucsl rljpf cg fstruiturg
dgmkstg hf elrjg fefitkvg igjdkg`hl cg hk`çjkig hfc jfrighl. Gblrg sfrêg fc jljf`tl hf
fspfrgr g u` rftrlifsl dgmkstg pgrg dusigr k`ilrplrgr`ls g egvlr hfc hfsfqukckdrkl prlvlighl
plr cls iljprghlrfs.
 

F` fstf fmfjpcl vfjls iljl fstç rfspftg`hl fc prfikl cls fxtrfjls okrg`hl bgikg grrkdg y bgikg
gdgml. Iljl yg bfjls hkibl, cg khf`tkekigikù` hf fstf tkpl hf fstruiturgs fs sudmftkvg plr cl
c l quf
hfdfrêg` sfr juy vksugcfs y `ghg elrzghgs. Cg khfg fs quf il`tf`og` cg jgylr pgrtf hf cg giikù`
hfc prfikl.

V` hftgccf g hfstgigr f` fstf orçekil fs iùjl gitýg fc U_G^ jf`sugc. Yf trgtg hfc `kvfc hk`çjkil
jçs lsiurl y iljl sf pufhf gprfikgr fc prfikl rfgiikl`g sldrf ëc ighg vfz quf k`tfrgiikl`g`.
Hfshf fc prkjfr tlquf f` fc Yfil`hgry Xfst, fc prfikl sf jg`tkf`f il`stg`tfjf`tf plr f`ikjg
hf ëc, bufccg quf `ls suofrkrêg ikfrtl il`trlc plr pgrtf hf cls iljprghlrfs.

Iljl skfjprf, fc fvf`tl icgvf fs cg sgiuhkhg tltgc quf prlvlig fc hfsgrrlccl hfc fefitl
il`strukhl f` fsg igusg. Xrgs hkibl Ybgaflut fc prfikl hfsgrrlccg u` C^Y plr f`ikjg hfc U^LI
hf cg fstruiturg, g cl quf cf skouf fc MGI y fc Dgia Vp quf hf `ufvl vg g dusigr u`g zl`g hf
il`ecuf`ikg (U_G^ sfjg`gc y Ugcuf Grfg
G rfg Bkob) pgrg hfshf gbê il`tk`ugr fc hfsgrrlccl f` Egsf F
eufrg hfc rg`ol.

Fstgs zl`gs y `kvfcfs lpfrgtkvls hf vlcujf` sfrç` trgtghls gc jçxkjl hftgccf jçs ghfcg`tf.
 

Gquê ldsfrvgjls ltrg icgrg fstruiturg giujucgtkvg il` pf`hkf`tf dgmkstg ccf`g hf hftgccfs.

Xrgs cg pgrghg f` Egsf G vgjls iljl fc prfikl prk`ikpgcjf`tf iltkzg f` cg pgrtf dgmg hfc rg`ol
skf`hl k`igpgz hf rfgckzgr gcoý` tkpl hf tfst g cg pgrtf gctg, cl iugc `ls suokfrf ikfrtg hfdkckhgh
hf el`hl. ^lil g plil fc vlcujf` hfirfif il` rfspfitl gc vkstl f` fc YI y trgs cg gpgrkikù` hfc
Ybgaflut u`g jufstrg hf elrtgcfzg fs igpgz gblrg hf f`vkgr fc prfikl g cg pgrtf gctg (jk`lr Yko`
le Ytrf`otb).

F` fsf pu`tl yg sf pufhf ldsfrvgr iljl cls jê`kjls hf cgs Egsfs G, D y I rfilrrf` u`g hkstg`ikg
g cg dgmg rkhêiucg, suokrkë`hl`ls cg gpgrkikù` hfc pgtrù` Yblrtf`k`o Le tbf Xbrust (YLX) y su
kjpckigikù` gcikstg f` fstf igsl.

Gu`quf fc prkjfr jlvkjkf`tl gcikstg `l tkf`f cg suekikf`tf elrtgcfzg iljl pgrg rljpfr cg
fstruiturg, yg fs u` ikfrtl igjdkl hf igrçitfr
igr çitfr fc bgdfr clorghl rfgckzgr hkibl tfst. F` fsf pu`tl
fc prfikl hfsgrrlccg u`g sgiuhkhg k`tfr`g g u` jçxkjl prfvkl f` il`ecuf`ikg il` fc U_G^
sfjg`gc pfrl f` fstg ligskù` fc jfrighl fs k`igpgz hf tfstfgr cg pgrtf dgmg hf cg fstruiturg,
hfsgrrlccg`hl u` egccl fstruiturgc hf elrtgcfzg fvkhf`ikghl f` fsf C^Y. Ldmftkvgjf`tf yg
tf`fjls fc Ybgaflut, cg jufstrg hf elrtgcfzg y fc egccl fstruiturgc : pltf`ikgc hfsfqukckdrkl g
egvlr hf cls iljprghlrfs.

G pgrtkr hf gbê y jfhkg`tf hls jufstrgs hf elrtgcfzg fc prfikl clorg rljpfr fc rg`ol y vfjls
iljl vg g dusigr u`g zl`g hf il`ecuf`ikg pgrg hfsgrrlccgr fc tfst trgs rlturg (Dgia Vp). Hkibg
zl`g sf iljpl`f hfc Irffa hf cg fstruiturg rltg, hfc U_G^ sfjg`gc (cê`fg hk`çjkig vfrhf) y
hfc Ugcuf Grfg Bkob hfc pfrekc. Ltrg jufstrg jçs hf cg eu`ikl`gckhgh hf fstf tkpl hf `kvfcfs
lpfrgtkvls gplyghls hfc il`tfxtl.
 

Fstruiturg hf hkstrkduikù`
hkstrkduikù` il` pf`hkf`tf dgmkstg

Yf trgtg hf cg fstruiturg hkstrkdutkvg quf jgylr hfdkckhgh prfsf`tg. Xrgs cg khf`tkekigikù` hf cls
prkjfrls fvf`tls quf `ls suokfrf` cg pgrghg hfc jlvkjkf`tl tf`hf`ikgc prfvkl, cg eufrtf
il`hkikù` hf hfdkckhgh quf k`u`hg fc jfrighl prlvligrç fc hfsgrrlccl hf cls sudskoukf`tfs
jlvkjkf`tls f` elrjg hf jçxkjls y jê`kjls hfirfikf`tfs.

Uksugcjf`tf sf ldsfrvgrç u` ig`gc dgmkstg hl`hf fc prfikl rfdltg f` sus fxtrfjls rfspftg`hl
cg hk`çjkig.

Cg icgvf, iljl skfjprf, fstgrç f` cg ilrrfitg khf`tkekigikù` hfc fvf`tl hf Xfst f` Egsf I quf hë
lrkof` gc jlvkjkf`tl hf rupturg dgmkstg. Il`stg`tfjf`tf fstgrfjls dusig`hl quf hkibl
fvf`tl hf tfst cl bgog f` elrjgtl sgiuhkhg (f` fstf igsl, Vptbrust Getfr Hkstrkdutkl`  ’VXGH-).
[g sf bg iljf`tghl k`ek`khgh hf vfifs quf fs fc fvf`tl quf jgylr il`ekg`zg pufhf ltlrogr g
u` lpfrghlr g cg blrg hf pcg`tfgr fsif`grkls y plr tg`tl f` cg jgylrêg hf igsls hfdfrêgjls
fspfrgr g su gpgrkikù`.

Fstg sgiuhkhg ek`gc plhfjls fspfrgrcg l dkf` f` elrjg hf fxifsl f` cg pgrtf gctg hf cg fstruiturg
suokrkë`hl`ls ghfjçs u`g il`hkikù` hf sldrfiljprg1 l dkf` iljl u`g sgiuhkhg cligc g gcoý`
jçxkjl prfvkl rfcfvg`tf. Iug`tl jçs vkstlsg y fxgofrghg sfg cg sgiuhkhg, jgylr il il`ekg`zg
`ekg`zg `ls
hgrç yg quf `ls suofrkrç quf bg igptghl u`g jgylr ckqukhfz y quf plr tg`tl fc sudskoukf`tf
jlvkjkf`tl tf`hrç u` jgylr kjpucsl.

Cg prk`ikpgc hkefrf`ikg il` rfspfitl g cgs fstruiturgs giujucgtkvgs quf tgjdkë` tkf`f`
pf`hkf`tf dgmkstg fs quf f` fstf igsl `l ldsfrvgrfjls
l dsfrvgrfjls fsg përhkhg hf jljf`tuj igrgitfrêstkig
hfc pgtrù` Yblrtf`k`o Le tbf Xbrust `k tgjplil vfrfjls gcoý` tkpl hf egccl fstruiturgc.

Yk` huhg fs u` tkpl hf fsif`grkl hkeêikc hf lpfrgr yg quf sudmftkvgjf`tf fc lpfrghlr ldsfrvg
iùjl fc prfikl fstç rfcgtkvgjf`tf dgml y pufhf quf hftfrjk`f quf `l fs cuogr pgrg f`trgr f`
ilrtl. ^frl hfdfjls trgdgmgr pgrg fckjk`gr sudmftkvkhghfs y qufhgr`ls il` cg ikfrtg
i kfrtg ldmftkvkhgh
quf `ls prlplrikl`g fstf tkpl hf cfiturgs.
 

Hfdkhl gc il`trlc igsk tltgc quf tkf`f` cls vf`hfhlrfs fc prfikl sf jlvfrç il` org` vfclikhgh.
Hfdfjls fstgr pcf`gjf`tf il`if`trghls yg quf hf ltrg elrjg cl jçs prldgdcf fs quf
pfrhgjls fc jlvkjkf`tl. [ fstl `l fs u`g jgcg `ltkikg plrquf sk bgs skhl igpgz hf bgifr u`g
ilrrfitg cfiturg y vfr quf cf hfsfqukckdrkl fstç g egvlr hf cls dgmkstgs, pufhf quf pkfrhgs cg
lplrtu`khgh lpfrgtkvg plr `l fstgr rçpkhl f` tus hfikskl`fs, pfrl gc jf`ls `l fstgrçs f`
hksplskikù` hf f`trgr f` fc cghl fqukvlighl hfc jfrighl (iljprg`hl) fvktg`hl gsê u`g përhkhg.

F` fstf fmfjpcl hf rfhkstrkduikù` il` pf`hkf`tf dgmkstg vfjls quf sf prlhuif cg pgrghg il` u`
org` vlcujf` hurg`tf tlhl fc hfsgrrlccl hf cg Egsf G y quf hurg`tf cg Egsf D tgjdkë` sf
ldsfrvg` pkils hf vlcýjf`fs k`usugcfs, bufccg igrgitfrêstkig hf cls fsqufjgs hkstrkdutkvls.
Ghfjçs hf fsl cgs l`hgs dgmkstgs _fks
_fk s prfhljk`g`hl f` tlhl jljf`tl.

Fc prfikl clorg plskikl`grsf plr hfdgml hfc `lhl hf gctl vlcujf` y u` plstfrklr jlvkjkf`tl hf
rftrlifsl gcikstg vg g tfstfgr hkibg çrfg hfmg`hl fc fvf`tl hf Cgst ^lk`t le Yuppcy pgrg hfshf
gbê of`frgr cg rlturg dgmkstg fefitkvg (YL_). V`g vfz plr hfdgml hf ccgg fstruiturg, `ufvl tfst g cg
pgrtf dgmg hf cg jksjg y il`tk`ugikù` f` cg igêhg.

V` lpfrghlr quf `l tf`og f` iuf`tg fstg hk`çjkig hf fstruiturgs y quf `l sfpg g`gckzgr
 mukiklsgjf`tf tlhgs cgs bufccgs f`
f` su k`tfrklr juy plskdcfjf`tf vfrêg igfr gc prfikl, gcfmghl hfc
hfc
U_G^, f` plskdcf il`hkikù` hf sldrfvf`tg y qukzç tf`hrêg u` sfsol gcikstg. ^frl cl ikfrtl fs quf
fc jfrighl f` tlhl jljf`tl fstgdg k`u`hghl hf hfdkckhgh y gsê qufhù rfecfmghl f` cg giikù`
hfc prfikl y fc vlcujf`.
 

@ufvl fmfjpcl hf fsqufjg hkstrkdutkvl il` bufccgs juy igrgitfrêstkigs. ^kils hf vlcujf`, _fks
prfhljk`g`tf y sgiuhkhg f` Egsf I quf lrkok`g fc jlvkjkf`tl hf rupturg dgmkstg.

Fc tfst hfc VXGH suifhf f` u`g cligckzgikù`

cl igckzgikù` juy kjplrtg`tf, f` fc U^LI hfc rg`ol. Yf trgtg hfc
`kvfc hf prfikl jçs `folikghl. Ghfjçs, il`ecuyf il` cg pgrtf gctg hf cg fstruiturg. Fs cg
cligckzgikù` khfgc pgrg dusigr u` ogtkccl f` ilrtl. @ufvl fmfjpcl hf iùjl fc Ulcujf ^rlekcf
pufhf gyuhgr`ls g cg blrg hf g`gckzgr jfmlr fc il`tfxtl hfc jfrighl.

Xgc frg cg hfdkckhgh hf el`hl quf `l hkl plskdkckhgh hf tfst trgs rupturg (C^Y[) sldrf cg pgrtf
dgmg hf cg fstruiturg.
 

Fstruiturg hf hkstrkduikù`
hkstrkduikù` il` pf`hkf`tf gcikstg

Fstf tkpl hf hk`çjkig prfsf`tg k`kikgcjf`tf ikfrtg elrtgcfzg hf el`hl, fvkhf`ikghg plr fsg
suifskù` hf jçxkjls y jê`kjls irfikf`tfs bgstg quf f` su hfsgrrlccl ek`gc cg gorfskvkhgh hf cls
vf`hfhlrfs sf pl`f hf jg`kekfstl rltg`hl cg fstruiturg iljl hkstrkdutkvg.

Iljl sf bg iljf`tghl f` cgs fstruiturgs prfvkgs, u`g bfrrgjkf`tg ýtkc pgrg su fvgcugikù`
pufhf sfr cg khf`tkekigikù` hfc pgtrù` Yblrtf`k`o Le tbf Xbrust. F` fstf igsl, fc prfikl pufhf
quf bgog `ufvls jçxkjls pfrl quf rfilrrg plig hkstg`ikg il`
il ` rfspfitl g cls jçxkjls prfvkls,
hf`ltg`hl fsg egctg hf jljf`tuj.

Yk ghfjçs hfmg gcoý` tkpl hf egccl fstruiturgc quf hf`ltf hfdkckhgh (`l gcig`zg cg pgrtf gctg hf
cg fstruiturg), fs u` k`hkikl jçs quf `ls suokfrf quf fc il`trlc pufhf fstgr rltg`hl bgikg cls
dgmkstgs.

Iljl skfjprf, cg cfiturg sf pltf`ikgrç gc ldsfrvgr u`g sgiuhkhg (VXGH) dkf` gc fxtrfjl
supfrklr hf cg fstruiturg f` elrjg hf fxifsl gcig`zg`hl u`g il`hkikù` hf sldrfiljprg1 l dkf`
g gcoý` jçxkjl prfvkl rfcfvg`tf.

@l lcvkhfjls tgjplil fc g`çcksks hf cgs bfrrgjkf`tgs iljpcfjf`tgrkgs quf g`gckzg` cls hgtls
hfc vlcujf`, iljl fc Ulcujf ^rlekcf y fc g`çcksks hf cgs l`hgs hf _fks. Cg udkigikù` hf cgs zl`gs
lpfrgtkvgs hfc pfrekc hf vlcujf` skfjprf `ls gyuhgrç f` cg tljg hf hfikskl`fs, jkf`trgs quf fc
g`çcksks hf l`hgs `ls pfrjktkrç pl`fr cg cupg f` fc k`tfrës `folikghl f` cls jlvkjkf`tls y f`
ligskl`fs sfrç icgvf pgrg u` ilrrfitl g`çcksks.
 

Fmfjpcl hf  fstruiturg hkstrkdutkvg il` pf`hkf`tf gcikstg y sk` sgiuhkhg gc fxtrfjl. Iljl
hftgccfs jçs kjplrtg`tfs vfjls fsf vlcujf` ickjçtkil f` jktgh hfc rg`ol. Fs u`g sf÷gc hf
gcfrtg yg quf `l hfdfrêg` gpgrfifr iljl `lrjg of`frgc f` cls fsqufjgs giujucgtkvls y plr
tg`tl plhrêg sfr u`g bufccg g g÷ghkr g egvlr hfc il`trlc dgmkstg.

Juy vksugc tgjdkë` fc pgtrù` Yblrtf`k`o Le tbf Xbrust f`trf cls jçxkjls quf fstgdcfif` fc GT
f` Egsf G, fc VX f` Egsf D y fc VXGH f` Egsf I. @ufvls jçxkjls pfrl il` plil hfspcgzgjkf`tl
f`trf fccls suokrkf`hl fsg përhkhg hf jljf`tuj.

F` fc VXGH hf Egsf I vfjls iljl fc prfikl k`tf`tg gdg`hl`gr fc çrfg hf vgclr hfc pfrekc hfc
Iljplsktf y fs rfibgzghl. Fc jfrighl `l fstç k`tfrfsghl f` iltkzgr f` prfikls jçs gctls y sf
g÷ghf u`g `ufvg sf÷gc g egvlr hf cls vf`hfhlrfs. Fstg giikù` ghfjçs sf plhrêg ldsfrvgr iljl
fc fvf`tl hf tfst f` Egsf
E gsf I hl`hf sgiuhf jçxkjls hfc k`tfrklr hf cg fstruiturg. Yk` huhg sf trgtg
hf u` fsqufjg hkeêikc hf lpfrgr f` tkfjpl rfgc.

Xrgs u` prkjfr jlvkjkf`tl hf hfdkckhgh fc prfikl clorg plskikl`grsf plr hfdgml hfc U^LI hfc

pfrekc y hkibg giikù` fs giljpg÷ghg il` u`g org` l`hg hf _fks dgmkstg. F` fsf pu`tl fc sfsol
hkrfiikl`gc hfdfrêg fstgr icgrl y yg fstgjls f` plskikù` hf pcg`tfgr gcou`g khfg lpfrgtkvg f`
ilrtls.

Hf `ufvl vfjls cg org` kjplrtg`ikg hf tf`fr f` iuf`tg cls `kvfcfs hf vlcujf`. Fc tfst trgs
rupturg (C^Y[) vg g dusigr cg zl`g hf il`ecuf`ikg hf cg fstruiturg rltg y hfc U^LI pgrg k`kikgr
hfshf gbê cg il`tk`ugikù` dgmkstg f` Egsf F.
 

F` fstg ligskù` fc fvf`tl hf tfst f` Egsf I sk clorg gcig`zgr cg pgrtf gctg hf cg fstruiturg
sgiuhkf`hl tlhls cls jçxkjls hf cg jksjg. Iljl sgdfjls, fstg giikù` g÷ghf u`g jgylr
elrtgcfzg gc fsif`grkl dgmkstg.

Fs juy ccgjgtkvl fc orghl hf k`ick`gikù` gcikstg, suokrkë`hl`ls gc k`kikl hf cg jksjg u`g org`
elrtgcfzg hf el`hl. Elrtgcfzg quf fs hkskpghg y dclqufghg il` cg gpgrkikù` hf cls pkils hf
vlcujf` hurg`tf fc hfsgrrlccl hf cg Egsf I.

K`iufstkl`gdcf jufstrg hf hfdkckhgh quf f`vêg gc prfikl bgstg fc lrkof`

l rkof` hfc jlvkjkf`tl f` fc GT
y quf il`skouf ghfjçs hfsgrrlccgr u`g `ufvg pgtg dgmkstg. @l sk` g`tfs kr g vksktgr bgstg f` hls
ligskl`fs fc `kvfc hf vlcujf` jçs `folikghl (U^LI)
(U^L I) hf cg fstruiturg pgrg hfshf gbê il`tk`ugr
iltkzg`hl g cg dgmg. Hf `ufvl kjprfskl`g`tf jufstrg hf fekigikg hf hkibls `kvfcfs hf vlcujf`.

Xlhls cls il`ifptls rfefrf`tfs gc Ulcujf ^rlekcf gsê iljl su kjpckigikù` lpfrgtkvg sfrç`
fxpckighls f` prleu`hkhgh f` cg ýctkjg pgrtf hfc ckdrl.
 

Fsqufjgs k`usugcfs

Hf`trl hf fstg igtfolrêg vgjls g k`icukr fc rfstl hf fstruiturgs quf `l skouf` u`g elrjgikù`
blrkzl`tgc l il` pf`hkf`tf.

Yk qukskërgjls pl`fr`ls fxquksktls plhrêgjls f`iughrgr iljl fstruiturgs hf cg jftlhlcloêg

_yialee prçitkigjf`tf tlhls cls rg`ols hf giujucgikù` l hkstrkduikù` k`hfpf`hkf`tfjf`tf hf
su elrjg, k`icuyf`hl cls pgtrl`fs icçskils hf ibgrtksjl quf tlhls il`lifjls iljl fc igdfzg
y bljdrls, iu÷gs, trkç`oucls y hfjçs.
Dgml jk pu`tl hf vkstg fc k`tf`tgr mustkekigr ighg u`l hf cls jlvkjkf`tls y hfsgrrlccl hf
fstruiturgs dgml fc f`elquf hf cg jftlhlcloêg _yialee `l cf bgif `k`oý` egvlr. _yialee tkf`f
plil quf vfr il` fsls pgtrl`fs rldùtkils, su fstuhkl fs juibl jçs prleu`hl plr cl quf cl jçs
k`tfckof`tf sfrêg hkstg`ikgrsf hf fsf plskdcf vê`iucl quf pufhg gslikgr cls pgtrl`fs ibgrtkstgs
icçskils il` fc jëtlhl _yialee.

G –tlrl pgsghl‚ iljl sf sufcf hfikr, iugcqukfr rg`ol pufhf sfr ftkquf tghl il` ikfrtl ëxktl.
^frl fstl lpfrgtkvgjf`tf `l tkf`f vgckhfz. Ftkquftgr orçekils pgsghls fs u` fmfrikikl juy
k`tfrfsg`tf pgrg lpfrghlrfs k`kikghls il` fc ldmftkvl hf pl`fr f` prçitkig sus il`likjkf`tls y
hf gckjf`tgr g su sudil`sikf`tf pgrg prfpgrgrcl pgrg cg lpfrgtkvg f` tkfjpl rfgc. ^frl u`g vfz
quf sf tkf`f ikfrtl `kvfc hf fstuhkl hf cg jftlhlcloêg, sfoukr ftkquftg`hl orçekils pgsghls hfmg
hf tf`fr sf`tkhl.

Cg icgvf fstç f` quf iugcqukfr fstruiturg, sk `ls elrzgjls u` plil, plhfjls il`vfrtkrcg f` u`g
dl`ktg fstruiturg quf iughrgrêg g cg pfrefiikù` hf`trl hf cls fvf`tls y egsfs hf cg jftlhlcloêg
_yialee. ^frl `ufstrl elil `l hfdfrêg fstgr gquê. ¼Hf quë jf skrvf il`lifr cg udkigikù` hf cgs
ftkquftgs f` u` okrl hfc jfrighl hf elrjg bkplhërjkig (f` U) sk f` tkfjpl rfgc `l vly g sfr
igpgz hf lpfrgrcl<

Iljl hkol, fs u`g përhkhg hf tkfjpl y f`froêg k`tf`tgr fstuhkgr fstruiturgs k`usugcfs,
prk`ikpgcjf`tf, plrquf iljl su prlpkl `ljdrf k`hkig, `l gpgrfif` il` ikfrtg bgdktugckhgh.
@ufstrg vf`tgmg fstç f` fspfrgr g quf gpgrfzig` fstruiturgs icçskigs.

Fstruiturgs icçskigs, il` u` hfsgrrlccl fstrkitl hf sus fvf`tls y egsfs, pfrl pfrjktkë`hlcf gc
jksjl tkfjpl ikfrtg ecukhfz f` dgsf g cgs il`hkikl`fs pgrtkiucgrfs hfc jfrighl. Fc fmfjpcl
pfrefitl hf fstg gekrjgikù` sfrêg` cgs fstruiturgs il` pf`hkf`tf= elrjgikl`fs icçskigs hl`hf sf
ldsfrvg` g cg pfrefiikù` tlhls cls fvf`tls y egsfs, y gc jksjl tkfjpl cg il`hkikù` hf el`hl
jlhkekig ckofrgjf`tf fc hfsgrrlccl ek`gc (ikfrtg hk`çjkig gcikstg l dgmkstg).
 

Fstf orçekil hfc EHGR fs u` fmfjpcl juy duf`l hf cl quf bgdcl. V`g vfz ek`gckzghl su hfsgrrlccl
pufhl rftrlifhfr y ftkquftgr ighg u`l hf cls jlvkjkf`tls sk qukfrl, pfrl f` tkfjpl rfgc fs u`
iljplrtgjkf`tl prçitkigjf`tf kjplskdcf hf lpfrgr. V`g fstruiturg dclqufghg f` jê`kjls
pfrl quf hfsgrrlccg g su vfz jçxkjls irfikf`tfs. @l tkf`f sf`tkhl pl`fr fc elil gbê.

Ghfjçs hf fstf tkpl hf fstruiturgs k`lpfrgdcfs fs duf` jljf`tl pgrg rfilrhgr quf cg tflrêg y
cg prçitkig f` tkfjpl rfgc juibgs vfifs `l vg` hf cg jg`l y quf fs `fifsgrkl tf`fr u`g
jf`tgckhgh cl suekikf`tfjf`tf gdkfrtg.

F` fstf orçekil hfc Y^6>>, sk dkf` fs ikfrtl quf sf ldsfrvg u`g fstruiturg juy of`uk`g f` su
pgrtf ek`gc, pufhf quf juibls f` tkfjpl rfgc budkfrg` f`il`trghl hkekiuctghfs gc k`tf`tgr
khf`tkekigr cg Egsf G.
 

Fc prfikl vkf`f sudkf`hl, hfsgrrlccg u` jlvkjkf`tl dgmkstg gjpckl y hfshf gbê ltrl jçs gc gczg
quf sldrfpgsg fc jçxkjl prfvkl. ¼^lhrêg sfr fsg suifskù` fc DI, GT, YX< ^lhrêg, pfrl cl
rfcfvg`tf `l fs fsl. Cl rfcfvg`tf fs quf sf bg prlhuikhl u` igjdkl hf igrçitfr1 quf fc prfikl
bg pgsghl hf u` fstghl tf`hf`ikgc g u`l hf cgtfrgckzgikù` y quf sf vg g vlcvfr g il`strukr u`g
igusg quf tf`hrç u` fefitl. Fstl fs cl ý`kil quf kjplrtg, fc il`tfxtl quf bgy hftrçs hf cg giikù`
hfc prfikl.

Juibls pufhf quf skog` dusig`hl ý`kigjf`tf fstruiturgs –hf ckdrl‚ y, gu`quf yg vfjls quf
gpgrfif` il`tk`ugjf`tf, cg cfiturg quf `ls lerfif cg jftlhlcloêg fs juibl jçs k`tfrfsg`tf
quf qufhgrsf ý`kigjf`tf gbê.

Gquê vfjls ltrl fmfjpcl fxgitgjf`tf kougc. Yk ldsfrvgjls fc jfrighl hfshf u` pu`tl hf vkstg
fstrkitl dusig`hl khf`tkekigr cls jlvkjkf`tls pfrefitls f`iughrghls hf`trl hf cg
prlplrikl`gckhgh quf f` tflrêg hfdf bgdfr f`trf egsfs pufhf quf gc vfr fstf tkpl hf hfsgrrlccl
tf`ogjls prldcfjgs f` su khf`tkekigikù`.

Yk trgtgjls fsls trfs jlvkjkf`tls quf jgril iljl fc YI, GT y YX cg Egsf D tf`hrêg juy plig
hurgikù` yg quf fc ý`kil fvf`tl ldmftkvl quf sf ldsfrvg sldrf fc orçekil fs cg sgiuhkhg hf cg
Egsf I. ¼Wuë bgifjls f`tl`ifs sk cg tflrêg `ls hkif quf cg Egsf D hfdf sfr jçs cgrog quf cgs
Egsfs G y I< ^ufs f`tl`ifs `ghg, cg tflrêg fstç juy dkf` pgrg of`frgckzgr cls suifsls, pfrl cg
lpfrgtkvg y fc g`çcksks f` tkfjpl rfgc rfqufrkrç` hf u`g jf`tf juibl jçs gdkfrtg.

V`g vfz quf fc lpfrghlr gcig`zg ikfrtl orghl hf il`likjkf`tl hf cg jftlhlcloêg hfdfrêg
if`trgrsf f` vfr fc jfrighl f` tërjk`ls hf hk`çjkig hfc prfikl y `l f` tërjk`ls hf ftkquftgs.
 

Tfslcuikù` hf huhgs erfiuf`tfs

F` fstf gpgrtghl prleu`hkzgrë f` gcou`gs hf cgs huhgs jçs erfiuf`tfs quf sf pcg`tfg` cls
fstuhkg`tfs hf cg jftlhlcloêg _yialee.

Fs jltkvl hf f`lrouccfikjkf`tl cg fxplskikù` hf gcou`g huhg iljpcfmg yg quf fstl fs sê`tljg

hf quf sf bg prleu`hkzghl f` fc fstuhkl cl suekikf`tf. Fc lpfrghlr dljdgrhfg su ifrfdrl il`
tlhls cls il`ifptls u`g y ltrg vfz1 y f` fc jljf`tl hf pl`frsf hfcg`tf hf u` orçekil fjpkfzg`
g gpgrfifr il`euskl`fs.

Fstl fs gcol `lrjgc y jçs sk igdf f` u` f`elquf hksirfikl`gc hl`hf bgy tg`tls fcfjf`tls g
tf`fr f` iuf`tg. F` fstg pgrtf gdlrhgrfjls kjplrtg`tfs iufstkl`fs quf `ls sfrvkrç` pgrg
gsf`tgr gý` jçs cls il`likjkf`tls.
il `likjkf`tls.
 

Igjdkls hf ftkquftgs y pcg`tfgjkf`tl hf fsif`grkls

Iljl fc il`trlc hfc jfrighl pufhf vgrkgr hurg`tf fc hfsgrrlccl hf u`g fstruiturg, `fifsktgjls
bgifr u`g fvgcugikù` il`tk`ug hf cg
c g giikù` hfc prfikl y fc vlcujf` sfoý` cg `ufvg k`elrjgikù`
vg ccfog`hl gc jfrighl y jlstrç`hlsf sldrf fc orçekil. F` dgsf g fstl, skfjprf hgrfjls u`g
jgylr rfcfvg`ikg g cg ýctkjg k`elrjgikù` hf cg quf hkspl`fjls.

Iug`hl pcg`tfgjls u` fsif`grkl, cl bgifjls skfjprf tf`kf`hl f` iuf`tg tlhg cg k`elrjgikù`

k`e lrjgikù`
hkspl`kdcf bgstg fc jljf`tl1 fs hfikr, f` dgsf g cgs il`hkikl`fs hfc jfrighl f` fsf jljf`tl
prfsf`tf. Fc jljf`tl prfsf`tf fs cl jçs kjplrtg`tf, y cl sfou`hl jçs kjplrtg`tf fs cl
k`jfhkgtgjf`tf g`tfrklr g fstf.

Fs plr fccl quf f` ligskl`fs cl quf `ls pufhf suofrkr k`kikgcjf`tf u`g giikù` f` pgrtkiucgr,
pufhf igjdkgr hf il`hkikù` yg quf tlhls cls jlvkjkf`tls tkf`f` quf sfr il`ekrjghls l
rfibgzghls plr cg sudskoukf`tf giikù` hfc prfikl.

Hf `ghg skrvf jg`tf`fr gitkvl u` fsif`grkl hf elrjg pfrjg`f`tf. Juibls hftrgitlrfs hfc
g`çcksks tëi`kil utkckzg` fstl jksjl pgrg k`tf`tgr hfsprfstkokgrcl. Uf` u` pcg`tfgjkf`tl y `l
il`ikdf` fc bfibl hf quf ëstf pufhg sfr jlhkekighl. Cg rfgckhgh fs quf fc jfrighl `l fs
fstçtkil y quf ighg jljf`tl fs ý`kil hl`hf `ufvls hgtls skouf` f`trg`hl hf elrjg
k`k`tfrrujpkhg.

Fs plr fccl quf f` ligskl`fs `ls vfrfjls ldckoghls g vgrkgr fc sf`tkjkf`tl hf u`

iljplrtgjkf`tl y plr tg`tl cg ftkquftg quf k`kikgcjf`tf cf ltlrogjls. Iljl yg bfjls
iljf`tghl, cgs ftkquftgs `l sl` rfgcjf`tf kjplrtg`tfs1 cl quf sê fs kjplrtg`tf fs cg giikù`
quf bgy hftrçs, cl quf `ls suokfrf fsf jlvkjkf`tl. [ cl quf `ls suokfrf fsf jlvkjkf`tl fstç
hftfrjk`ghl plr cg giikù` quf cf skouf.

^ufhf quf cl quf f` prk`ikpkl `ls pgrfif u`g sgiuhkhg il` eu`ikù` hf tfst f` Egsf I (pgrg hgr
lrkof` g cg rupturg y il`tk`ugikù` eufrg hfc rg`ol), sf trgtf skjpcfjf`tf hf u` tfst quf hf`ltf
k`tf`ikl`gckhgh f` fsg hkrfiikù`. ^frl fstl slcl plhfjls fvgcugrcl trgs vfr cg plstfrklr giikù`
hfc prfikl.
 

^lr fmfjpcl, sk u` pltf`ikgc Yprk`o `l clorg hfsgrrlccgr `k u` jlvkjkf`tl gcikstg quf

hf`ltf ikfrtg elrtgcfzg (gc jf`ls u` jk`lrYLY), fsg giikù` tf`hrêg quf igjdkgr hf
sf`tkjkf`tl y f` vfz hf vfrcl iljl u`g sgiuhkhg dgmkstg quf `ls sfsog hkrfiikl`gcjf`tf
gc gczg, vfrcl jçs iljl u` tfst hf hfdkckhgh.

F` fc orçekil hf fmfjpcl, gc f`il`trgrsf fc prfikl f` fc pu`tl 7 hkrfjls quf fstgjls f`

sktugikù` hf pltf`ikgc Yprk`o. Gc vfr quf `l hfsgrrlccg `k`ou`g jufstrg hf elrtgcfzg
`ufstrl sf`tkjkf`tl gifrig hf hkibg giikù` hfdfrêg kr igjdkg`hl y gc bgifr u` `ufvl
jê`kjl f` fc pu`tl 4 cg ftkquftg hfdfrêg sfr hf u` skjpcf tfst.

Ghfjçs, tgjdkë` fs kjplrtg`tf tf`fr f` iuf`tg quf sùcl plhfjls pcg`tfgr fsif`grkls sùckhls
sldrf fc skoukf`tf jlvkjkf`tl y `u`ig jçs jçs gccç. F` dgsf g cl quf vkf`f bgikf`hl fc prfikl,
cf ltlrogrfjls prldgdkckhgh g quf sf hfsgrrlccf plstfrklrjf`tf ikfrtl jlvkjkf`tl. [ iug`hl
ëstf fstë ek`gckzghl, fstgrfjls f` plskikù` hf pcg`tfgr fc skoukf`tf. @l tkf`f `k`oý` sf`tkhl quf
plr fmfjpcl `ls f`il`trfjls f` Egsf D y yg suokrgjls cg plskdkckhgh hf u` fsqufjg
giujucgtkvl l hkstrkdutkvl. Fstl fstç tltgcjf`tf eufrg hf cuogr.

[ gquê rghkig u`g hf cgs vf`tgmgs hf cg jftlhlcloêg _yialee, f` fc bfibl hf quf `ls prlvff u`
jgpg hf rutg icgrl, u` il`tfxtl sldrf fc quf fspfrgr cls jlvkjkf`tls hfc prfikl. Iug`hl fc
prfikl fstç f` plskikù` hf pltf`ikgc sgiuhkhg dgmkstg (Yprk`o) y `ufstrl g`çcksks gsê `ls cl
il`ekrjg, vgjls g fspfrgr fc plstfrklr jlvkjkf`tl hf rupturg gcikstg. [ iug`hl ëstf sf
hfsgrrlccg f` cg jg`frg y elrjg quf fspfrgjls (il` prfikl y vlcujf` irfikf`tfs), plhrfjls
pcg`tfgr fc skoukf`tf jlvkjkf`tl hf rftrlifsl bgstg fc `kvfc hf cg fstruiturg rltg. [ iug`hl
fstgjls f` tgc plskikù` hf DVFI, plhrfjls fvgcugr pgrg pcg`tfgr fc plstfrklr jlvkjkf`tl
tf`hf`ikgc eufrg hfc rg`ol.

Fstg fs cg hk`çjkig, `l sf trgtg hf k`vf`tgrsf `ghg sk`l skjpcfjf`tf hf kr skoukf`hl y fvgcug`hl

f` tkfjpl rfgc cg giikù` hfc prfikl y fc vlcujf` pgrg pcg`tfgr iljl jçs prldgdcf fc skoukf`tf

jlvkjkf`tl.
 

 
 

Fc plr quë fs skjpcf1 y fc rgzl`gjkf`tl cl f`il`trgjls hf `ufvl f` cg igsuêstkig prfvkgjf`tf

vkstg hf cls fsqufjgs egcckhls=

  @l sgdfjls cg k`tf`ikù` hf cls lpfrghlrfs quf fstë` gplyg`hl fc jlvkjkf`tl gitugc .

Yk sf trgtg hf lpfrghlrfs hf ilrtl pcgzl quf ifrrgrç` plskikl`fs f` cg prùxkjg zl`g hf
ckqukhfz l sk plr fc il`trgrkl tkf`f` u`g pfrspfitkvg hf jçs cgrol pcgzl y il`tk`ugrç`
gplyg`hl fc jlvkjkf`tl bgstg fc iljpcftl hfsgrrlccl hf cg fstruiturg.
  @l sgdfjls sk pufhf` k`tfrvf`kr lpfrghlrfs il` u`g jgylr igpgikhgh . F` fc
jljf`tl hf cg vfrhgh, f` fc tfst trgs rlturg quf il`ekrjgrêg cg hkrfiikl`gckhgh hf cg
fstruiturg, pufhf` gpgrfifr lpfrghlrfs gorfskvls il` u`g jgylr igpgikhgh pgrg
jlvfr fc jfrighl prfskl`g`hl f` fc sf`tkhl lpufstl yg quf f` fc jçs cgrol pcgzl
pufhf quf tf`og` u`g vkskù` hkstk`tg.
 

¼Iùjl hkstk`oukr f`trf giujucgikù` y hkstrkduikù`<

Fs cg huhg jçs rfiurrf`tf y fs tltgcjf`tf cùokig yg quf hf f`il`trgr cg rfspufstg ldmftkvg
bgdrêgjls bgccghl plr ek` cg fstrgtfokg hfek`ktkvg pgrg og`gr hk`frl eçikcjf`tf.

^frl `l, cgjf`tgdcfjf`tf `l fs gsê. F` tkfjpl rfgc `l sf pufhf sgdfr hf quë sf trgtg
rfgcjf`tf1 sk hf giujucgikù` l hkstrkduikù`. F` fc ý`kil jljf`tl f` quf plhfjls il`ekrjgr
cl quf f` fsf rg`ol bg pgsghl fs iug`hl sf prlhuif fc hfsgrrlccl tltgc hf cg fstruiturg1 iug`hl
tf`fjls cg igusg y fc fefitl tltgcjf`tf hfsgrrlccghls. Fstf fs fc igjpl hf trgdgml hf tlhls
gqufccls quf g`gckzg` orçekils g tlrl pgsghl. Gcfmëjl`ls hf fstl.

Iug`hl tlhl fstç ek`gckzghl yg `l `ls skrvf hf `ghg, fs hfjgskghl tgrhf pgrg plhfr tljgr
vf`tgmg hfc jfrighl. @fifsktgjls k`ilrplrgr`ls gc jfrighl g`tfs hf quf fc fefitl hf cg igusg
sf hfsgrrlccf plr iljpcftl.

Gc pcg`tfgr u` fsif`grkl skfjprf bgdcgjls f` tërjk`ls il`hkikl`gcfs utkckzg`hl cg pgcgdrg

–pltf`ikgc‚ yg quf `l bgy ifrtfzg hf `ghg. Fc jfrighl fs u` f`tlr`l hf tltgc k`ifrtkhujdrf y
`ufstrl elil hfdf fstgr f` g`gckzgr cgs bufccgs quf fstgjls ldsfrvg`hl bgstg fc jljf`tl
prfsf`tf hf cg jg`frg jçs ldmftkvg plskdcf il` fc prlpùsktl hf k`tf`tgr hftfrjk`gr bgikg hù`hf
sf prlhuikrç fc hfsfqukckdrkl.

Iljl bfjls fstuhkghl f` fc il`tf`khl hfc prkjfr ckdrl –Cg Jftlhlcloêg _yialee f`
^rleu`hkhgh‚, fxkstf` ikfrtgs sf÷gcfs quf `ls vg` k`elrjg`hl hurg`tf cg irfgikù` hf cg igusg
qukë` sf fstç bgikf`hl il` fc il`trlc hfc jfrighl. G il`tk`ugikù` vgjls g bgifr u`g fspfikf
hf rfsujf` hfstgig`hl cls pu`tls jçs kjplrtg`tfs g tf`fr f` iuf`tg g cg blrg hf fvgcugr fc
sf`tkjkf`tl hfc jfrighl.

7.  Xkpl hf tfst f` Egsf G

Fs fc prkjfr k`hkikl g fvgcugr hf tlhg cg fstruiturg. Cg of`frgckhgh fs skjpcf= vgjls g hkvkhkr cg

hkstg`ikg vfrtkigc hf cg fstruiturg f` hls pgrtfs y hfpf`hkf`hl hf f` quë pu`tl sf hfsgrrlccf fc
Yfil`hgry Xfst, `ls hgrç ikfrtg k`elrjgikù`
k `elrjgikù` sldrf cg il`hkikù` hfc jfrighl bgstg fsf jljf`tl.
 

  Yk fc Yfil`hgry Xfst cl hfsgrrlccg f` cg pgrtf k`efrklr hf cg fstruiturg, l k`icusl plr

hfdgml hfc fxtrfjl k`efrklr `ls fstgrç hf`ltg`hl ikfrtg hfdkckhgh hf el`hl.
  Yk fc Yfil`hgry Xfst ek`gckzg f` cg pgrtf supfrklr hf cg fstruiturg, l k`icusl plr f`ikjg
hfc fxtrfjl supfrklr hf`ltgrç elrtgcfzg hf el`hl.

G`gckzgr fc tkpl hf tfst f` Egsf G fs u`g giikù` juy tfjprg`g hfc hfsgrrlccl hf cg fstruiturg,
pfrl fs k`tfrfsg`tf kr fvgcug`hl hfshf fc k`kikl il` quë il`hkikù` pgrtf fc sudskoukf`tf
hfsgrrlccl. Yf trgtg hf kr sujg`hl k`hkikls g egvlr hf u`l u ltrl cghl (iljprghlrfs il`trg
vf`hfhlrfs).

4.  Xkpl hf tfst f` Egsf D y rfgiikù`

Fs cg sfou`hg hf cgs bufccgs il` cgs quf plhfjls fvgcugr cg gpgrf`tf elrtgcfzg l hfdkckhgh quf
tkf`f hf el`hl fc jfrighl.

Hfshf u` pu`tl hf vkstg of`frgc vgjls g sgigr hls il`icuskl`fs icgrgs=

  Xfst sldrf cg pgrtf supfrklr hf cg fstruiturg hf`ltgrêg elrtgcfzg.

  Xfst g cg pgrtf k`efrklr hf cg fstruiturg hf`ltgrêg hfdkckhgh.

Cg cùokig sldrf cg quf sudygif` fstgs il`icuskl`fs fs quf fs kjplskdcf quf fc prfikl sf hfspcgif
bgstg gcig`zgr fsf fxtrfjl hf cg fstruiturg f k`icusl prlvligr ikfrtg pf`ftrgikù` sk `l bgy
org`hfs lpfrghlrfs gplyg`hl fsf jlvkjkf`tl il` il`vkiikù`. Fstl `ls hg ikfrtg il`ekg`zg g cg
blrg hf hftfrjk`gr sk u` jlvkjkf`tl tkf`f grjl`êg f` su hfsgrrlccl.

F` tërjk`ls of`frgcfs, gc prlhuikrsf f` u`g egsf juy tfjprg`g hfc hfsgrrlccl hf cg fstruiturg,
fstf tkpl hf tfst hf`ltgrêg ikfrtg urof`ikg f` cg hkrfiikù` f` cg quf sf prlhuif. V` tfst gc
fxtrfjl supfrklr suokfrf jljf`tuj iljprghlr jkf`trgs quf u` tfst g cg pgrtf dgmg `ls
k`hkigrêg org` hfdkckhgh hfc jfrighl.
 

V`g plstfrklr fvgcugikù` hf cg giikù` hfc prfikl `ls sfrvkrç pgrg hftfrjk`gr sk fsf jlvkjkf`tl
bg sfrvkhl pgrg bgifr sgctgr cls stlps hf cls lpfrghlrfs quf fstç` plskikl`ghls f` fc cghl
lpufstl, ckdfrg`hl gsê fc jfrighl hf rfskstf`ikg1 l sk plr fc il`trgrkl sf bg gprlvfibghl fc
jlvkjkf`tl pgrg f`trgr gorfskvgjf`tf f` cg hkrfiikù` lpufstg.

Fs hfikr, u` tfst sldrf cg pgrtf gctg hf cg

c g fstruiturg quf il`skouf rljpfr gu`quf sfg cfvfjf`tf
cls jçxkjls y gcig`zg fsg zl`g hf ckqukhfz tkf`f fstgs hls cfiturgs=

^lr u` cghl, hkibl jlvkjkf`tl pufhf quf bgyg sfrvkhl pgrg gdslrdfr cgs ùrhf`fs hf stlp clss
hf gqufccls quf fstç` plskikl`ghls ilrtls. Il` fstl il`skouf` fckjk`gr fsg prfskù` dgmkstg pgrg
plstfrklrjf`tf k`kikgr fc jlvkjkf`tl gc gczg il` u` jf`lr ilstf. Fstg giikù` sf il`ekrjgrêg
plstfrklrjf`tf gc ldsfrvgr quf fc prfikl f`iuf`trg ikfrtl slplrtf skf`hl k`igpgz g sfoukr
igyf`hl.

^lr ltrl cghl, pufhf quf ltrls org`hfs lpfrghlrfs bgyg` gprlvfibghl tgc jlvkjkf`tl hf tfst
g jçxkjls pgrg f`trgr f` vf`tg . Xgc giikù` sf il`ekrjgrêg plstfrklrjf`tf il` u`g vksktg g
jê`kjls hf cg fstruiturg, rfprfsf`tgikù` of`uk`g hf hfdkckhgh.

^lr tg`tl, cl quf liurrg trgs hkibl tfst `ls sfrç hf org` utkckhgh pgrg fc g`çcksks. ^lhrêgjls fstgr
k`icusl g`tf fc fvf`tl hf tfst f` Egsf I, hf gbê cg kjplrtg`ikg hf fvgcugr cg plstfrklr rfgiikù`
hfc prfikl. V`g k`igpgikhgh g vksktgr fc fxtrfjl lpufstl `ls gcfrtgrêg hf u` egccl fstruiturgc,
bufccg quf g÷ghkrêg elrtgcfzg f` cg hkrfiikù` il`trgrkg1 yg quf sk rfgcjf`tf eufrg cg sgiuhkhg f`
I fc prfikl hfdfrêg iljl jê`kjl gcig`zgr fc fxtrfjl lpufstl igsk hf elrjg k`jfhkgtg.

Fstf tkpl hf iljplrtgjkf`tls il` tfst f` u` fxtrfjl y g il`tk`ugikù` egccl fstruiturgc f` fc

fxtrfjl lpufstl of`frgcjf`tf sl` igrgitfrêstkils hf cls fsqufjgs quf k`kikg` fc jlvkjkf`tl
tf`hf`ikgc eufrg hfc rg`ol sk` sgiuhkhg prfvkg f` cls fxtrfjls tltgcfs hfc rg`ol.

^grg fc igsl hfc fmfjpcl giujucgtkvl fc tfst plr grrkdg (VG) jçs cg k`igpgikhgh g
gcig`zgr cg pgrtf dgmg hf`ltg juibg elrtgcfzg hf el`hl y juy prldgdcfjf`tf fc
 

jfrighl of`frf cg rupturg gcikstg hfshf gcoý` pu`tl k`tfrjfhkl hf cg fstruiturg (C^Y)
sk` hfsgrrlccgr fsf Yprk`o quf skfjprf dusigjls f` cg pgrtf dgmg.

F` fc fmfjpcl hf hkstrkduikù`, fc tfst plr gdgml (YX gs YL_) sfoukhl hf cg k`igpgikhgh

hf hfsgrrlccgr u` tfst f` cg pgrtf gctg hf cg fstruiturg hf`ltg juibg hfdkckhgh y juy
plskdcfjf`tf fc jfrighl hfsgrrlccf u` C^Y[ iljl fvf`tl hf tfst f` Egsf I.

9.  Cg sgiuhkhg f` Egsf I

Cg tfrifrg y prk`ikpgc bufccg. Yf trgtg hfc fvf`tl hljk`g`tf f` `ufstrls g`çcksks y

pcg`tfgjkf`tls.

Fs fc iljplrtgjkf`tl quf jgylr il`ekg`zg `ls ltlrog g cg blrg hf lpfrgr. V`g sgiuhkhg g u`g
zl`g hf ckqukhfz jçs fc plstfrklr rfk`orfsl gc rg`ol `ls hf`ltg u` eufrtf rfibgzl hfc prfikl g
sfoukr jlvkë`hlsf f` fsg hkrfiikù` y f` fsf pu`tl fc igjk`l hf cg jf`lr rfskstf`ikg fstç bgikg
fc cghl lpufstl.

Fc ldmftkvl jê`kjl hf u`g sgiuhkhg fs cg vksktg gc fxtrfjl lpufstl hf cg

c g fstruiturg1 y sk fstgjls
g`tf fc fvf`tl hf tfst f` Egsf I, `ls hgrç lrkof` g cg rupturg fefitkvg y plstfrklr hfsgrrlccl
tf`hf`ikgc eufrg hfc rg`ol.

Cl jçs kjplrtg`tf g cg blrg hf g`gckzgr u` orçekil fs fc prfsf`tf, cl quf fstç bgikf`hl fc prfikl
gblrg jksjl f` rfcgikù` g cl quf vf`êg bgikf`hl. [ cl sfou`hl jçs kjplrtg`tf fs ccl l k`jfhkgtl
g`tfrklr gc prfsf`tf. Fs hfikr, quf sk fc jlvkjkf`tl gitugc vkf`f prfifhkhl hf u`g sgiuhkhg, fsg
sgiuhkhg fs fc fvf`tl hljk`g`tf quf jgrigrêg fc sfsol hkrfiikl`gc hf `ufstrl g`çcksks.

Iljl fc il`trlc hfc jfrighl pufhf vgrkgr hurg`tf fc hfsgrrlccl hf cg fstruiturg, `fifsktgjls
bgifr u`g fvgcugikù` il`tk`ug hf cg `ufvg k`elrjgikù` quf vg ccfog`hl gc jfrighl. F`tl`ifs,
skfjprf hgrfjls u`g jgylr rfcfvg`ikg g cg ýctkjg k`elrjgikù` hf cg quf hkspl`fjls.

¼Fstl qukfrf hfikr quf cg sgiuhkhg tkf`f jgylr kjplrtg`ikg

kj plrtg`ikg quf iugcqukfr ltrg giikù` quf bgyg
liurrkhl prfvkgjf`tf f` fc rg`ol< Gdslcutgjf`tf sê. ^lr cg prlpkg `gturgcfzg hfc jlvkjkf`tl,
cg sgiuhkhg plr sê slcg hfdfrêg sfr cl suekikf`tfjf`tf vçckhg iljl pgrg sfsogr`ls g egvlr hf su
hkrfiikù`.

¼Hfsfibgjls f`tl`ifs fc g`çcksks prfvkl< G hksirfikù` hfc lpfrghlr. Dgml jk pu`tl hf vkstg sl`
pfquf÷gs bufccgs quf sujg` gc g`çcksks f` il`mu`tl. Yf trgtg hf g`gckzgr ldmftkvgjf`tf y sujgr
 

k`hkikls g egvlr hf u`l y ltrl cghl. [ rfiufrhg quf `l skfjprf gpgrfif hkibg sgiuhkhg f` cls
fxtrfjls. Iljl dkf` gigdgjls hf vfr f` fc gpgrtghl g`tfrklr, sgdfr cffr cgs bufccgs `ls pl`f
f` gcfrtg g`tf fc hfsgrrlccl k`jk`f`tf hfc fefitl.

Yk fstgjls f` sktugikù` hf pltf`ikgc rupturg gcikstg y prfvkgjf`tf `l bfjls tf`khl u` Yprk`o g

jê`kjls hf cg fstruiturg pfrl sê tf`fjls u` tfst f` cg pgrtf gctg y plstfrklrjf`tf u` egccl
fstruiturgc plr gdgml, sgdfjls quf tgcfs iljplrtgjkf`tls sl` igrgitfrêstkils hf cls fsqufjgs
giujucgtkvls iuyl fvf`tl hf tfst f` Egsf
E gsf I fs u` skjpcf C^Y y plr tg`tl fstgrfjls kougcjf`tf
f` plskikù` hf egvlrfifr fc DVFI y il`tk`ugikù` gcikstg.

8.  Cg giikù` hfc prfikl y fc vlcujf` f` Egsf H

 

Fstg bufccg skjpcfjf`tf trgtg hf gpckigr cg Cfy hf fseufrzl y rfsuctghl f`trf cg giikù` hfc prfikl
y fc vlcujf`.

Wufrfjls vfr vfcgs quf hf`ltf` k`tf`ikl`gckhgh g egvlr hfc jlvkjkf`tl sudskoukf`tf g cg
sgiuhkhg y fstg k`tf`ikl`gckhgh sf rfprfsf`tg il` u`ls rg`ols gjpckls y u` vlcujf` gctl
(YLY/YL_ dgr).

Fc vgclr rfgc hf u`g sgiuhkhg sf vf f` sk ëstg tkf`f il`tk`ugikù` l `l. Iljl yg sf bg iljf`tghl,
tlhgs cgs giikl`fs hfdf` sfr il`ekrjghgs l rfibgzghgs plstfrklrjf`tf. ^lhrêgjls fstgr f`
plskikù` hf pltf`ikgc sgiuhkhg y trgtgr k`kikgcjf`tf fsg giikù` iljl tgc1 pfrl sk fc jlvkjkf`tl
sudskoukf`tf quf fs fc hf cg rupturg hf cg fstruiturg `l sf hfsgrrlccg, fc sf`tkjkf`tl hfc jfrighl
igjdkg.

Cg sgiuhkhg fs u`g dýsqufhg hf ckqukhfz pfrl quf ghfjçs hfdf sfr igpgz hf of`frgr
plstfrklrjf`tf u` jlvkjkf`tl il` ikfrtl jljf`tuj quf iljl jê`kjl gcig`if fc fxtrfjl
lpufstl hf cg fstruiturg y quf prfefrkdcfjf`tf prlvlquf su rupturg.

^lr fmfjpcl, sk ldsfrvgjls u` pltf`ikgc VpXbrust Getfr Hkstrkdutkl` (VXGH), khfgcjf`tf

qufrrfjls vfr quf cf skouf u` jlvkjkf`tl il` eufrtf jljf`tuj dgmkstg quf clorg cl org rljpfr cls
jê`kjls hf cg fstruiturg pgrg il`tk`ugr fc hfsgrrlccl hkstrkdutkvl. Yk hfdkhl g cg il`hkikù` hfc
jfrighl `l clorg rljpfr cg fstruiturg, gc jf`ls hfdfjls fxkokrcf quf gcig`if fsg pgrtf dgmg
hfmg`hl tgc jlvkjkf`tl iljl u` jk`lr Yko` le _fga`fss (jYL_). Hf `l sfr gsê fc jfrighl
hf`ltgrêg ikfrtg elrtgcfzg hf el`hl y pl`hrêg f` huhg sk rfgcjf`tf sf trgtgdg hf cg sgiuhkhg
of`uk`g.

Wuf fc prfikl sf jufvg il` rg`ols gjpckls, duf` hfspcgzgjkf`tl y u` gujf`tl f` fc vlcujf`
fs cg jçxkjg rfprfsf`tgikù` hf quf fsf jlvkjkf`tl fstç skf`hl gplyghl plr org`hfs
lpfrghlrfs. Fc jfrighl `l plhrêg hfsgrrlccgr tgcfs jlvkjkf`tls sk` cg k`tfrvf`ikù`
k`tfrvf`ikù` hf fstls.

F` orçekils hf jgrils tfjplrgcfs k`efrklrfs sf ldsfrvgrç tgc jlvkjkf`tl hf k`tf`ikl`gckhgh

iljl u`g suifskù` hf jçxkjls y jê`kjls hfirfikf`tfs, cg rfprfsf`tgikù` khfgc hf u`
jlvkjkf`tl tf`hf`ikgc dgmkstg sg`l.

F` cg giikù` il`irftg hf cg rupturg qufrfjls vfr cg gpgrkikù` hf u` vlcujf` gctl quf `ls suokfrg
k`tf`ikl`gckhgh y gdslrikù` hf tlhgs cgs ùrhf`fs
ùr hf`fs pgskvgs udkighgs f` fsg zl`g hf ckqukhfz. ^ufhf
quf f` ligskl`fs k`icusl gpgrfzig u`g vfcg il` gjpckl hfspcgzgjkf`tl y il` u`g jfibg f` su
 

fxtrfjl. ^lr fmfjpcl, f` igsl hf k`tf`tl hf rupturg gcikstg, fstf tkpl hf vfcg il` u`g jfibg f`
su pgrtf supfrklr k`kikgcjf`tf `ls plhrêg suofrkr cg plskdkckhgh hf sgiuhkhg yg quf tgc jfibgzl
cl quf `ls k`hkig ldmftkvgjf`tf fs cg f`trghg hf vf`tg. ^frl bgy quf rfilrhgr quf fstgjls f`
zl`g hf ckqukhfz y quf plr tg`tl cg fmfiuikù` hf fstgs ùrhf`fs f`trgrêg hf`trl hf cl fspfrghl.
Cg icgvf fstç f` cg igpgikhgh quf tf`og` cls iljprghlrfs pgrg gdslrdfr hkibg lefrtg, sfoukr
fjpumg`hl y `l hfmgr gc prfikl quf rfk`orfsf gc rg`ol.

Yk dkf` fs ikfrtl quf plhrêgjls vfr u`g rupturg of`uk`g il` u` vlcujf` dgml (hfdkhl g cg egctg
hf k`tfrës hfc cghl lpufstl), f` il`hkikl`fs `lrjgcfs u`g gusf`ikg hf vlcujf` f` hkibl
iljplrtgjkf`tl `ls pl`hrêg k`kikgcjf`tf jçs f` cg plskikù` hf trgtgr cg giikù` iljl pltf`ikgc
sgiuhkhg1 gu`quf ldvkgjf`tf bgdrêg quf fspfrgr g cg plstfrklr rfgiikù` hfc prfikl.

^lr tg`tl, cg igrgitfrêstkig

i grgitfrêstkig jçs vksugc hfc jlvkjkf`tl hf rupturg of`uk`l sfrç ldsfrvgr u`g vfcg
hf rg`ol gjpckl quf il`skouf ifrrgr ifrig hfc fxtrfjl y quf vg giljpg÷ghg plr u` vlcujf`
gctl. ^lhfjls gekrjgr f`tl`ifs quf fstg bufccg fs cg sfou`hg f` kjplrtg`ikg trgs cg sgiuhkhg.

6.  Fc vlcujf` of`frgc hurg`tf fc hfsgrrlccl hfc rg`ol

Cg tfrifrg bufccg f` kjplrtg`ikg. Iljl `lrjg of`frgc fc vlcujf` hf elrjg gkscghg hurg`tf fc
hfsgrrlccl hf cg fstruiturg tgjdkë` jufstrg ikfrtl pgtrù` khf`tkekigdcf=

  Cls prlifsls hf giujucgikù` fstgrç` giljpg÷ghls hf u` vlcujf` f` hksjk`uikù`

hurg`tf fc hfsgrrlccl hf cg fstruiturg.
  F` cls prlifsls hf hkstrkduikù` sf plhrç` khf`tkekigr vlcýjf`fs gctls l k`usugcfs
hurg`tf fc hfsgrrlccl hfc rg`ol.

Ldvkgjf`tf sf trgtg hf u`gs pgutgs of`frgcfs, cl quf qukfrf hfikr quf `l skfjprf sfrç gsê.

^grg fc fmfjpcl giujucgtkvl, u` vlcujf` hfirfikf`tf `ls suokfrf quf sf fstç prlhuikf`hl u`
prlifsl hf gdslrikù` hfc stlia hkspl`kdcf. Iljl f` u` prk`ikpkl bgy juibls lpfrghlrfs
hkspufstls g vf`hfr, sf prlhuif u` jgylr `ýjfrl hf trg`sgiikl`fs, cl quf ccfvg g jlstrgr u`ls
vlcýjf`fs jçs gctls. Yfoý` sf il`sujf tkfjpl hurg`tf fc hfsgrrlccl hfc rg`ol sf skouf`
k`tfrigjdkg`hl u`khghfs pfrl ldvkgjf`tf ighg vfz il` jf`lr k`tf`skhgh, cl quf sf rfprfsf`tg
r fprfsf`tg
 

iljl u` vlcujf` f` hksjk`uikù`. ^grg iug`hl vg g hgr lrkof` cg of`frgikù` hfc fvf`tl hf tfst
f` Egsf I prçitkigjf`tf sf bg fckjk`ghl tlhg cg lefrtg ecltg`tf.

Ilsg juy hkstk`tg liurrf f` cls prlifsls hkstrkdutkvls. V`g igrgitfrêstkig kjplrtg`tf hf fstls
fsqufjgs fs quf sf sufcf` hfsgrrlccgr hf u`g jg`frg juibl jçs rçpkhg quf cls giujucgtkvls.
[ fstf fs fc jltkvl plr fc quf sf pufhf` vfr org`hfs ecuitugikl`fs f` fc prfikl y vlcýjf`fs
gctls y il`stg`tfs. Fsg jf`lr hurgikù` ldckog g fmfiutgr cgs trg`sgiikl`fs il` ikfrtg ifcfrkhgh1
jkf`trgs quf f` cgs igjpg÷gs giujucgtkvgs sf il`sujf ikfrtl tkfjpl bgstg goltgr cgs
fxkstf`ikgs, f` cls prlifsls hf hkstrkduikù` cg urof`ikg plr vf`hfr prlvlig u` rçpkhl hfsgrrlccl
giljpg÷ghl il` u`g gctg vlcgtkckhgh.

5.  Fc g`çcksks hfc k`hkighlr _fks _gvf

Fstg bfrrgjkf`tg `l tkf`f `ghg quf vfr il` rfspfitl g cls k`hkighlrfs il`vf`ikl`gcfs plr tlhls
il`likhls.

Fc k`hkighlr hf cgs l`hgs hf _fks rfilof y g`gckzg cls hgtls hfc vlcujf` pgrg rfprfsf`tgr hf
elrjg orçekig cg giujucgikù` hf cgs trg`sgiikl`fs rfgckzghgs plr jlvkjkf`tls hfc prfikl. Fs
hfikr, sfoý` cg il`ekourgikù` quf cf gsko`fjls, cl prkjfrl quf bgif fc iùhkol fs khf`tkekigr fc
pu`tl hf k`kikl y hf ek` hf u` jlvkjkf`tl
jlvkj kf`tl hfc prfikl. V`g vfz quf fstl fstç hftfrjk`ghl, sujg

tlhl fc vlcujf` lpfrghl hurg`tf fc hfsgrrlccl hf fsf jlvkjkf`tl y cl rfprfsf`tg f` elrjg hf

l`hgs.

Iljl sf ldsfrvg f` fc orçekil, tlhgs cgs l`hgs pgrtf` hfshf u`g dgsf fstgdcfikhg f` > (kougc
quf fc vlcujf` icçskil vfrtkigc).

Fstg bfrrgjkf`tg `ls skrvf dçskigjf`tf pgrg rfgckzgr g`çcksks dgml cg Cfy hf fseufrzl y rfsuctghl.
G cg blrg hf hfsgrrlccgr hkibls g`çcksks plhrfjls f`eligrcl hf hkstk`tgs jg`frgs=

  F` fc hfsgrrlccl hf jlvkjkf`tls. Cg rfocg dçskig g cg blrg hf dusigr grjl`êg y

hkvfrof`ikg fs quf cls jlvkjkf`tls quf k`kikgcjf`tf trgtgjls hf igrçitfr kjpucskvl
hfdfrêg` kr giljpg÷ghlr plr org`hfs l`hgs, l`hgs irfikf`tfs il` rfspfitl g cgs
prfvkgs, cl quf suofrkrêg u` gujf`tl hf k`tfrës f` cg hkrfiikù`
hkrfiikù ` hf fsf jlvkjkf`tl. ^lr
 

ltrl cghl, cls jlvkjkf`tls hf igrçitfr ilrrfitkvl hfdfrêg` jlstrgrsf il` l`hgs
pfquf÷gs y hfirfikf`tfs f` tërjk`ls iljpgrgtkvls, suokrkf`hl ikfrtg egctg hf k`tfrës f`
hkibg hkrfiikù`.

  Gc gcig`zgr zl`gs lpfrgtkvgs. Hf kougc jg`frg, u` g`çcksks hf grjl`êg cl ldtf`hrêgjls



gc khf`tkekigr u`g org` l`hg gcikstg iuyl jlvkjkf`tl hfc prfikl clorg rljpfr u`g zl`g
hf rfskstf`ikg. Cg cfiturg quf bgifjls fs quf fsf jlvkjkf`tl hf igrçitfr kjpucskvl bg
clorghl cg rlturg fefitkvg. Il` rfspfitl g u` g`çcksks quf `ls suofrkrêg hkvfrof`ikg sfrêg
vksugckzgr fc jksjl jlvkjkf`tl gcikstg quf rljpf u`g rfskstf`ikg prfvkg pfrl cl bgif
il` u`g l`hg hf _fks juy pfquf÷g, hf`ltg`hl quf sf bg lpfrghl juy plil vlcujf`
y plr tg`tl suokrkf`hl quf fc org` prlefskl`gc `l fstç gplyg`hl fc jlvkjkf`tl.
 

Bgy quf sfr il`sikf`tfs hf `ufvl hf cg kjplrtg`ikg hf rfgckzgr u` g`çcksks il`tk`ul. ^ufhf quf
ldsfrvfjls u` pltf`ikgc Yprk`o gc quf cf skouf u` jlvkjkf`tl gcikstg giljpg÷ghl plr u`g org`
l`hg hf _fks quf il`skouf rljpf fc Irffa hf cg fstruiturg (bgstg gquê fc fsif`grkl khfgc). F`
fsf pu`tl fstgrfjls egvlrfikf`hl cg il`tk`ugikù` gcikstg (pltf`ikgc DVFI)1 pfrl pufhf quf
f`trf eufrtf vlcujf` quf bgog rfk`orfsgr fc prfikl hf `ufvl gc rg`ol y sf ldsfrvf u`g org`
l`hg dgmkstg, suokrkf`hl gblrg cg plskdkckhgh hf pltf`ikgc Vptbrust.

Cg khfg fs quf skjpcfjf`tf plr fc bfibl hf vfr quf cgs bufccgs fstç` g egvlr hfc pcg`tfgjkf`tl
k`kikgc ëstf `l tkf`f plr quë hfsgrrlccgrsf sê l sê. Iljl yg sf bg iljf`tghl prfvkgjf`tf, `ufvg
k`elrjgikù` fstç il`tk`ugjf`tf f`trg`hl gc jfrighl y hfdfjls fstgr pf`hkf`tfs hf fstl. F`
fc fmfjpcl grrkdg hfsirktl, f` sktugikù` hf pltf`ikgc DVFI, `fifsktgrfjls vfr l`hgs dgmkstgs quf
hf`ltf` egctg hf k`tfrës pgrg pcg`tfgr il` u`g jgylr il`ekg`zg fc fsif`grkl gcikstg.
 

¼Iùjl g`gckzgr u` orçekil hfshf ><

Fstg fs u`g hf cgs prkjfrgs dgrrfrgs quf f`iuf`trg fc trghfr prk`ikpkg`tf quf iljkf`zg plr
prkjfrg vfz g g`gckzgr orçekils hfshf fc pu`tl hf vkstg hf cg giikù` hfc prfikl y fc vlcujf`.

Cl prkjfrl quf bgdrêg quf hfmgr icgrl fs quf u` orçekil, iug`tl jçs ckjpkl, jfmlr. @l `ls skrvf
hf `ghg tf`fr ikf` jkc ldmftls hkdumghls sldrf ëc. Cl ý`kil quf il`sfoukjls il` fstl fs liuctgr
cg k`elrjgikù` quf vfrhghfrgjf`tf fs kjplrtg`tf= fc prfikl. ^lr fsl sly pgrtkhgrkl hf, f`
iug`tl u`g fstruiturg sf bg hfsgrrlccghl plr iljpcftl, fckjk`gr gdslcutgjf`tf tlhl cl
ftkquftghl. Hf fstg jg`frg hfsfibgjls cg plskdkckhgh hf quf tlhl cl orgekighl pufhg k`tfrefrkr
f` plstfrklrfs g`çcksks. Iljl juibl, hfmgr hkdumghls cls `kvfcfs hf cgs fstruiturgs pgrg
vksugcjf`tf vfr hf jg`frg rçpkhg hf hù`hf vf`kjls.

F` fstf tkpl hf g`çcksks hl`hf cl quf dusigjls fs f`tf`hfr iuçc fs fc il`tfxtl hfc jfrighl sf
bgif k`hkspf`sgdcf iljf`zgr g rfgckzgr fc g`çcksks hfshf jgrils tfjplrgcfs supfrklrfs pgrg
hfshf gbê kr dgmg`hl hf tfjplrgckhgh. ¼^frl hfshf quë jgril tfjplrgc f` il`irftl pgrtkr<
Hfshf fc quf sfg `fifsgrkl. Of`frgcjf`tf fc orçekil sfjg`gc yg jlstrgrç tlhg cg giikù` hfc
prfikl rfcfvg`tf y `l sfrç `fifsgrkl sudkr gc orçekil jf`sugc.

V`g vfz gdkfrtl fc orçekil, cl prkjfrl quf vgjls g dusigr sl` cls fvf`tls hf pgrghg hf gcoý`
jlvkjkf`tl tf`hf`ikgc y cg plstfrklr cgtfrgckzgikù` hfc prfikl. Lpfrgtkvgjf`tf cl quf `ls
k`tfrfsg fs vfr quf fc jfrighl sf f`iuf`trg il`struyf`hl cg igusg hfc sudskoukf`tf
jlvkjkf`tl1 fs hfikr, quf sf f`iuf`trg f` Egsf D.

Ldvkgjf`tf f` juibgs ligskl`fs gdrkrçs fc orçekil hf u` gitkvl y `l vfrçs gdslcutgjf`tf `ghg

icgrl, l pufhf quf gý` sf f`iuf`trf f` fc hfsgrrlccl hf u` jlvkjkf`tl tf`hf`ikgc gc quf cf bg
prfifhkhl u` rg`ol hf fqukckdrkl. F` fstls igsls `l bgy `ghg quf bgifr jçs quf fspfrgr g vfr
fsf igjdkl hf igrçitfr quf hftfrjk`g cg gpgrkikù` hf cg Egsf G.

F` ltrgs ligskl`fs khf`tkekigrçs fsls fvf`tls hf pgrghg jçs cg of`frgikù` hf ikfrtg igusg f`
Egsf D y pufhf quf fc jfrighl sf f`iuf`trf f` sktugikù` hf pltf`ikgc rupturg/sgiuhkhg. Fs fc
il`tfxtl khfgc pgrg dgmgr hf jgril tfjplrgc.

Yf trgtg hf khf`tkekigr f` fstf jgril tfjplrgc supfrklr fc il`tfxtl of`frgc pgrg hftfrjk`gr quë
fsif`grkl sfrêg jçs k`tfrfsg`tf trgdgmgr, sk pcg`tfgr f`trghg f` cgrol l f` ilrtl. F` hfek`ktkvg,
udkigr`ls hf elrjg fefitkvg sldrf fc orçekil hf jçs cgrol pcgzl `ls skrvf pgrg sfsogr cg
hkrfiikl`gckhgh hf `ufstrls euturls fsif`grkls.

Bgstg quf `l tf`ogjls icgrl iuçc fs fstf il`tfxtl hfc orçekil supfrklr, `l plhrfjls dgmgr hf
tfjplrgckhgh. Iljl il`tfxtl f`tf`hfjls cg iljdk`gikù` hf fstruiturgs y zl`gs lpfrgtkvgs=
 

Fstruiturgs

Gquê fs hl`hf f`trg cg kjplrtg`ikg hf bgdfr fstuhkghl g il`ikf`ikg tlhl fc gpgrtghl tfùrkil
hfc prkjfr ckdrl –Cg Jftlhlcloêg _yialee f` ^rleu`hkhgh‚. Cgs fstruiturgs `ls prlvff` u` 
jgpg hf rutg icgrl
icg rl quf oukgrç `ufstrls pcg`tfgjkf`tls hf fsif`grkls. ^lr fmfjpcl=

   Yk fstgjls f` Egsf D il`struyf`hl cg igusg, vgjls g fspfrgr gc prfikl f` cls fxtrfjls

hf cg fstruiturg pgrg dusigr cg giikù` hf rupturg/sgiuhkhg.

  Yk fstgjls f` plskikù` hf il`ekrjgr u`g sgiuhkhg,
sgi uhkhg, vgjls g fspfrgr quf fc prfikl gcig`if
il` ikfrtl jljf`tuj fc fxtrfjl lpufstl.
   Yk fstgjls f` plskikù` hf pltf`ikgc rupturg of`uk`g, vgjls g fspfrgr gcoý` tkpl hf tfst
g cg fstruiturg rltg pgrg il`tk`ugr fc hfsgrrlccl eufrg hfc rg`ol.

Yk `l il`lifjls rfgcjf`tf iùjl sf jufvf fc jfrighl hfshf fstf pu`tl hf vkstg hf hfsgrrlccl
hf fstruiturgs fs kjplskdcf quf plhgjls pcg`tfgr fsif`grkls mukiklsls. ^lr fsl cl prkjfrl fs
k`tfrklrkzgr iùjl sf hfsgrrlccg` of`frgcjf`tf
o f`frgcjf`tf fsls prlifsls hf giujucgikù` y hkstrkduikù`=

7. 
7.  ^grghg hf cg tf`hf`ikg prfvkg
4. 
4.  Il`struiikù` hf cg igusg
9. 
9.  Fvgcugikù` hf cg lplskikù`
8. 
8.  Jlvkjkf`tl tf`hf`ikgc hf`trl hfc rg`ol
6. 
6.  Jlvkjkf`tl tf`hf`ikgc eufrg hfc rg`ol
 

]l`gs lpfrgtkvgs

Fc ldmftkvl fs khf`tkekigr cg udkigikù` f` cg quf sf f`iuf`trg` cgs zl`gs hf `folikgikù` sfoý`

`kvfcfs hfc prfikl.

^grg fccl vgjls g dgsgr`ls f` cg bfrrgjkf`tg hf Ulcujf ^rlekcf. Gu`quf trgtgrfjls f`

prleu`hkhgh jçs ghfcg`tf fstg bfrrgjkf`tg, hf jljf`tl `ls vgjls g qufhgr il` quf `ls skrvf
pgrg khf`tkekigr zl`gs hf `folikgikù` gsê iljl `kvfcfs lpfrgtkvls dgsghls f` fc vlcujf` quf
`ls sfrç` juy ýtkcfs pgrg fc pcg`tfgjkf`tl hf fsif`grkls f`trf ltrgs ilsgs.

Iljl fc jfrighl sf jufvf hf u`g zl`g hf fqukckdrkl g ltrg, hfdfjls sgdfr hù`hf fstgjls f`
fc jljf`tl prfsf`tf y iuçcfs sl` cgs zl`gs hf `folikgikù` plr grrkdg y plr gdgml pgrg tf`frcgs
f` iuf`tg iljl plskdcfs ldmftkvls g vksktgr.

Fc Ulcujf ^rlekcf fs u`g bfrrgjkf`tg quf g÷ghf ldmftkvkhgh g `ufstrls g`çcksks, y f` il`ecuf`ikg
il` cg cfiturg hfc jfrighl quf `ls lerfif cg jftlhlcloêg _yialee `ls igpgiktg pgrg hftfrjk`gr
jfmlr qukë` prldgdcfjf`tf tkf`f fc il`trlc hfc jfrighl.
 

Dgmgr hf tfjplrgckhgh. Fstruiturgs hf jgylr g jf`lr. 

V`g vfz quf fstf il`tfxtl of`frgc fstç icgrl1 quf f` dgsf g hù`hf fstç fc prfikl sldrf fc orçekil
supfrklr hftfrjk`gjls iljl jçs k`tfrfsg`tf pcg`tfgr cgrols l ilrtls1 y quf tf`fjls
khf`tkekighgs cgs zl`gs lpfrgtkvgs tg`tl plr grrkdg iljl plr gdgml, plhrfjls dgmgr hf
tfjplrgckhgh pgrg iljf`zgr gbê u` `ufvl g`çcksks.

^lhrêgjls gdrkr f`tl`ifs fc orçekil hf 2, 8 l 4 blrgs iljl tfjplrgckhgh k`tfrjfhkg.

V`g vfz rfgckzghl fc prkjfr g`çcksks jçs of`frgc (sldrf fc orçekil jf`sugc, sfjg`gc l hkgrkl),
pufhf quf hftfrjk`fjls quf cg sktugikù` hfc jfrighl fs prlpkikg pgrg dusigr u`g
k`ilrplrgikù` f` iljprg. F` fsf pu`tl, rfsuctgrêg k`tfrfsg`tf vfr fc hfsgrrlccl hf u`g
fstruiturg jf`lr hf giujucgikù` quf gplygrg hkibg khfg. ^lr fmfjpcl=

  Yk fstgjls f` sktugikù` hf pltf`ikgc Yprk`o (Egsf I) hfc jgril tfjplrgc supfrklr,

ldsfrvgr bufccgs f` u`g fstruiturg jf`lr quf `ls suokfrg ikfrtg f`trghg hf
iljprghlrfs sfrêg cg sktugikù` khfgc. ^lr u` cghl fstgjls f` u`g sktugikù` lpfrgtkvg
k`tfrfsg`tf hf cg fstruiturg jgirl y gc jksjl tkfjpl ldsfrvgjls u`g pltf`ikgc
fstruiturg jf`lr giujucgtkvg. Fstgrêgjls g`tf u`g pltf`ikgc fstruiturg giujucgtkvg
jf`lr quf hf il`ekrjgrsf gitugrêg f` eu`ikù` hf pltf`ikgc Yprk`o hf cg fstruiturg
jgylr.
  Yk fstgjls f` sktugikù` hf pltf`ikgc DVFI (Egsf H) trgs rlturg gcikstg y fc g`çcksks hf cgs
bufccgs giljpg÷g`, f` fsg plskikù` hfdfrêgjls egvlrfifr cg il`tk`ugikù` hfc jgpg hf
rutg hfc hfsgrrlccl hf cgs fstruiturgs y dusigr plr tg`tl u`g fstruiturg jf`lr hf
rfgiujucgikù` f` eu`ikù` hf tfst g cg fstruiturg rltg pgrg prlsfoukr hfspuës il` fc
jlvkjkf`tl tf`hf`ikgc eufrg hfc rg`ol.
  Yk `ls f`il`trgjls hurg`tf f` fc hfsgrrlccl hf u` jlvkjkf`tl tf`hf`ikgc gcikstg (Egsf
F), egvlrfifrfjls fc hfsgrrlccl hf fstruiturgs jf`lrfs hf rfgiujucgikù` pgrg k`tf`tgr
k`ilrplrgr`ls fc cgrols g egvlr hfc jlvkjkf`tl. @l sgdfjls fc jljf`tuj il` fc quf

sf pufhf
ikfrtg jlvfr fc
urof`ikg. jfrighl
Fstg y fcpufhf
urof`ikg hfsfqukckdrkl
of`frgrg fc
egvlr hf hkibghf
hfsgrrlccl hkrfiikù`
rçpkhgs pufhf quf tf`og
fstruiturgs y fs
gbê hl`hf qufrfjls fstgr `lsltrls.
 

Fstf fs fc jltkvl plr fc quf dgmgr hf jgril tfjplrgc= pgrg dusigr fstruiturgs jf`lrfs quf
f`igmf` hf`trl hfc il`tfxtl hfc g`çcksks hf fstruiturgs jgylrfs. Fstg fs cg hk`çjkig quf
tf`fjls quf tf`fr prfsf`tf il` rfspfitl gc g`çcksks hfc il`tfxtl, hl`hf fstruiturgs jf`lrfs
f`igmg` hf`trl hf fstruiturgs jgylrfs.

^frl lml plrquf fc bfibl hf quf k`kikgcjf`tf fstfjls sfsoghls bgikg u`g hkrfiikù` `l hfdfrêg
prlvligr quf `l euërgjls tltgcjf`tf ldmftkvls g cg blrg hf g`gckzgr fsg fstruiturg jf`lr,
plrquf iljl yg sgdfjls, fstgrêgjls f` zl`g icgvf, zl`g hf ckqukhfz y fs susifptkdcf hf
prlvligr cg f`trghg hf org` vlcujf` gc jfrighl. Fs hfikr=

  Cg sktugikù` hf pltf`ikgc Yprk`o tgjdkë` fs gc jksjl tkfjpl sktugikù` hf pltf`ikgc

rlturg dgmkstg fefitkvg. Fc g`çcksks hf cg fstruiturg jgylr `ls pufhf suofrkr bgstg fc
jljf`tl quf fc il`trlc cl tkf`f` cls iljprghlrfs1 pfrl sk hurg`tf fc hfsgrrlccl hf fsg
fstruiturg jf`lr `l ldsfrvgjls fstls jksjl k`hkikls, y plr fc il`trgrkl vfjls cg

gpgrkikù`
giujucgtkvlhfy f`
eufrtf
cuogrvf`tg,
hf fstl`l tf`hrêg sf`tkhl
hfdfrêgjls pcg`tfgrsfoukr egvlrfikf`hl
fc fsif`grkl dgmkstg. fc fsqufjg
  Cg sktugikù` hf pltf`ikgc rupturg gcikstg tgjdkë` fs gc jksjl tkfjpl sktugikù` hf
pltf`ikgc Vptbrust. Yk ccfoghl fc jljf`tl, hl`hf hfdfrêgjls egvlrfifr fc hfsgrrlccl
hf u` fsqufjg giujucgtkvl jf`lr f` eu`ikù` hf DVFI hf cg fstruiturg jgylr fc prfikl
of`frg u`g fstruiturg jf`lr hf hkstrkduikù`, ëstg gitkvgrêg fc fsif`grkl ilrtl y hfmgrêg
tgc fstruiturg hkstrkdutkvg jf`lr f` eu`ikù` hf Vptbrust hf cg jgylr.

Hf gquê cg kjplrtg`ikg hf tf`fr u`g jf`tf gdkfrtg y `l juy rêokhg il` rfspfitl g cls sfsols
hkrfiikl`gcfs. Ghfjçs skfjprf fs `fifsgrkl tf`fr prfpgrghls tg`tl fsif`grkls f` cgrol iljl
f` ilrtl il` fc ldmftkvl hf `l huhgr ccfoghl fc jljf`tl hf cg tljg hf hfikskl`fs.

Yk sf hfsfg, sf pufhf il`tk`ugr dgmg`hl hf tfjplrgckhgh pgrg fc g`çcksks hf fstruiturgs. Fc pu`tl

icgvf fs egvlrfifr fc hfsgrrlccl hf cgs fstruiturgs jgylrfs plr f`ikjg hf cgs jçs pfquf÷gs. Il`
fstf prk`ikpkl f` jf`tf, yg fs g hksirfikù` hf ighg lpfrghlr hfikhkr bgstg quë tfjplrgckhgh
dgmgr. Xf` f` iuf`tg quf iug`tl jçs dgmfs, jgylr rukhl ldsfrvgrçs. 
 

Yudkr hf tfjplrgckhgh. Fstruiturgs hf jf`lr g jgylr. 

Ltrg huhg juy rfiurrf`tf fs quë tkpl hf fstruiturg trgdgmgr, iùjl hfikhkr pgsgr hf u`g
fstruiturg g ltrg.

Fs u`g huhg u` tg`tl jçs iljpcfmg quf hf`ltg yg ikfrtl il`likjkf`tl hf cg jftlhlcloêg. Xrgs
k`tfrklrkzgr tlhl fc il`likjkf`tl tfùrkil, fc sudil`sikf`tf iljkf`zg g rgzl`gr y pcg`tfgr fstf
tkpl hf huhgs k`tfrfsg`tfs1 y fstf bfibl fs trfjf`hgjf`tf sko`kekigtkvl iljl sf÷gc hf quf sf
fstç bgikf`hl u` duf` trgdgml.
G hkefrf`ikg hf cl quf suifhf f` fc g`çcksks hfc il`tfxtl hl`hf sf prklrkzg` fc hfsgrrlccl hf cgs
fstruiturgs jgylrfs f`igmg`hl hf`trl hf ëstgs g cgs fstruiturgs jf`lrfs1 iug`hl sf trgtg hf
cg prkjfrg khf`tkekigikù` hf u`g fstruiturg vgjls g prklrkzgr fc hfsgrrlccl hf cgs fstruiturgs hf
jgrils tfjplrgcfs k`efrklrfs pgrg plstfrklrjf`tf pgsgr g jgrils tfjplrgcfs supfrklrfs f`
igsl hf quf fc prfikl gsê `ls cl k`hkquf.

Iug`hl fc jfrighl sf f`iuf`trg hfsgrrlccg`hl fc fefitl (jlvkjkf`tl tf`hf`ikgc) hf u`g igusg

prfvkg (rg`ol giujucgtkvl/hkstrkdutkvl) vgjls g fstgr ldsfrvg`hl orçekils tfjplrgcfs
k`efrklrfs prk`ikpgcjf`tf plr hls jltkvls= pgrg khf`tkekigr fstruiturgs jf`lrfs il` cgs quf
plhfr k`ilrplrgr`ls gc jlvkjkf`tl1 y pgrg khf`tkekigr cg pgrghg hf tgc jlvkjkf`tl tf`hf`ikgc.

Fc prkjfrl hf fsls jltkvls yg sf bg iljf`tghl f` fc gpgrtghl g`tfrklr y fs u`g hf cgs

sktugikl`fs plr cgs quf dgmgr hf tfjplrgckhgh. F` fstg ligskù` sf trgtg hf g`gckzgr f` quë
jljf`tl sudkr hf tfjplrgckhgh.

F` fsf il`tfxtl hf vfclikhgh pufhf quf sf iljkf`if` g hfsgrrlccgr fstruiturgs jf`lrfs y ëstgs
plhrêg` sfr fc lrkof` hfc hfsgrrlccl hf fvf`tls jgylrfs vkskdcfs sldrf jgrils tfjplrgcfs
supfrklrfs. ^lr fmfjpcl1 sk fc jfrighl vkf`f igyf`hl y ldsfrvgjls fc hfsgrrlccl hf u` fsqufjg
rçpkhl hf giujucgikù` sldrf u` jgril tfjplrgc pfquf÷l, fc fefitl hf fstg giujucgikù` jf`lr
pufhf quf sfg cg of`frgikù` hfc fvf`tl hf Gutljgtki Tgccy vkskdcf sldrf u` jgril tfjplrgc
supfrklr.

^ufhf quf k`kikgcjf`tf pgrfzig u` plil il`eusl pfrl `l cl fs f` gdslcutl. Tfpktl fc fmfjpcl g
cg k`vfrsg= Yk fc jfrighl fstç sudkf`hl hurg`tf fc hfsgrrlccl hf cg Egsf F trgs u`g giujucgikù`,
 

pufhf quf ldsfrvfjls u` fsqufjg hkstrkdutkvl quf gitugrç iljl fvf`tl hf Duyk`o Ickjgx, y
fc fefitl hf hkibg hkstrkduikù` gitugrêg iljl fvf`tl hf Gutljgtki Tfgitkl` hf gcoý` jgril
tfjplrgc supfrklr.

Ldvkgjf`tf `l fs `fifsgrkl dgmgr hf jgril tfjplrgc pgrg cg khf`tkekigikù` hf tgcfs fvf`tls,

tlhl hfpf`hfrç hfc tkpl hf lpfrgtkvg quf hfikhgs ccfvgr g igdl. Bgy lpfrghlrfs
fxpfrkjf`tghls quf lpfrg` fstf tkpl hf fstruiturgs jf`lrfs f` il`trg tf`hf`ikg pfrl skf`hl
il`sikf`tfs hf quf hfdf trgtgrsf hf jlvkjkf`tls hf ilrtg
i lrtg hurgikù`, gilrhf g cg fstruiturg quf
sf bg hfsgrrlccghl.

Yf trgtg ý`kigjf`tf hf fmfjpckekigr dgml quë il`hkikù` fs rgzl`gdcf sudkr hf jgril tfjplrgc
pgrg tf`fr icgrl fc g`çcksks of`frgc.
 

F` fstf fmfjpcl rfgc vfjls f` il`ecuf`ikg u`g fstruiturg hf giujucgikù` egcckhg quf rltg bgikg
u`g fstruiturg giujucgtkvg jgylr.

Fc il`ifptl sf bg fxpckighl lrkok`gcjf`tf iljl u`g fstruiturg jf`lr quf sf hfsgrrlccg plr
iljpcftl y quf g su vfz elrjg pgrtf hf u`g fstruiturg jgylr. F` fstf fmfjpcl vfjls ltrg
jg`frg f` quf pufhf gpgrfifr hkibl il`ifptl sldrf fc jfrighl.

Yf ldsfrvg fc hfsgrrlccl hf tlhls cls fvf`tls hf u`g fstruiturg giujucgtkvg jf`lr y iùjl f`
fc jljf`tl hf cg vfrhgh, f` plskikù` hf pltf`ikgc DVFI, fc jfrighl hfmg u` egccl hf
il`tk`ukhgh gc gczg. Fs mustl gbê hl`hf fc lpfrghlr qukzç qukfrg pcg`tfgrsf iljl jçs cùokil cg
plskdkckhgh hf ldsfrvgr tlhg fsg giikù` hfc prfikl f` il`mu`tl iljl sk elrjgrg pgrtf hf u`g
fstruiturg jgylr. Hf fstg jg`frg, fc Gutljgtki Tgccy hfc jçs cgrol pcgzl sfrç hftfrjk`ghl
hfshf fc jê`kjl hfc YI bgstg fc jçxkjl hfc VG hf cg fstruiturg jf`lr. Gsê jksjl fc MGI sfrç
gblrg vkstl iljl u` skjpcf tfst quf hf`ltg elrtgcfzg (VG) y g pgrtkr hf gbê gpgrfif` fc rfstl hf
fvf`tls giujucgtkvls.

G hfstgigr hfshf fc prkjfr jljf`tl cg elrtgcfzg quf fxkstêg hf el`hl fvkhf`ikghl plr fsg
k`igpgikhgh hfc prfikl g vksktgr cg pgrtf dgmg hf gjdgs fstruiturgs. Ltrl hftgccf k`tfrfsg`tf fs
vfr quf fc DVFI jgylr cl hfsgrrlccg mustl sldrf fc Bkob Ulcujf @lhf quf ghfjçs ilk`ikhf il`
fc U^LI hf tlhg cg fstruiturg.
 

¼Wuë bgifr iug`hl fc il`tfxtl `l fstç icgrl<

^ufhf quf gdrgjls u` orçekil y `l vfgjls gdslcutgjf`tf `ghg icgrl. @k u` jlvkjkf`tl

tf`hf`ikgc icgrl, `k u`g cgtfrgckzgikù` prfifhkhg plr u`g egsf hf pgrghg. G`tf fstg sktugikù`
tf`fjls hls lpikl`fs=

7.  Gujf`tgr hf jgril tfjplrgc.

Iljl sgdfjls, iug`tl jf`lr fs fc jgril tfjplrgc, jgylr rukhl ldsfrvgjls. Fs juy sg`l f`
fstf tkpl hf ligskl`fs sudkr hf tfjplrgckhgh pgrg vfr cg kjgof` of`frgc hf hù`hf `ls
f`il`trgjls.

^ufhf quf cl quf tf pgrfif u` igls sldrf orçekils k`trghkgrkls cf vfgs cg cùokig f`
tfjplrgckhghfs supfrklrfs.

Yk bgs bfibl u` duf` g`çcksks hfshf ifrl tgc y iljl prlpuskjls, bgdrçs pgsghl hfshf jgrils
tfjplrgcfs supfrklrfs bgstg k`efrklrfs. F`tl`ifs, skjpcfjf`tf quëhgtf f` cg tfjplrgckhgh
sldrf cg quf vfs jçs icgrg cg giikù` hfc prfikl y `l dgmfs jçs gccç.

^lr fmfjpcl, sk bgikf`hl fc g`çcksks hfc il`tfxtl fstçs dkf` udkighl f` B7, dgmgs g J76 pfrl gbê
`l tf skf`tfs iùjlhl, sudf hf `ufvl g B7 y hfsfibg cg plskdkckhgh hf g`gckzgr orçekils k`efrklrfs.

4.  Igjdkgr hf gitkvl.

^ufhf quf `l sfgs igpgz hf udkigrtf hf elrjg sùckhg sldrf `k`oý` jgril tfjplrgc. F` fstf
pu`tl y tf`kf`hl f` iuf`tg cg ig`tkhgh hf gitkvls
gi tkvls lpfrgdcfs quf bgy bly f` hêg, ¼Wuë `fifskhgh
tf`fjls hf lpfrgr gcol quf `l vfjls rfgcjf`tf icgrl< @l tkf`f sf`tkhl.

[g sfg quf lpfrfs giikl`fs, ê`hkifs, hkvksgs, jgtfrkgs prkjgs l irkptljl`fhgs, fc `ýjfrl hf
fstls gitkvls lpfrgdcfs fs suekikf`tfjf`tf org`hf iljl pgrg `l tf`fr quf fstgr elrzg`hl cls
g`çcksks, plr cl quf sk gcol `l vfs icgrl, hkrfitgjf`tf pgsg g g`gckzgr fc skoukf`tf.

Fc il`trlcghlr

Fstg huhg tgjdkë` vkf`f juy dkf` pgrg khf`tkekigr u`l hf cls org`hfs frrlrfs quf iljftf`
gcou`ls trghfrs gc hfikhkr lpfrgr slcgjf`tf
slc gjf`tf u` gitkvl. Fstl cfs ccfvg g qufrfr il`trlcgr ighg u`l
hf cls jlvkjkf`tls hfc prfikl, cl quf pufhf ccfogr g sfr hfsgstrlsl pgrg cg iuf`tg. Fsg pgcgdrg,
il`trlc, pufhf quf sfg u`g hf cgs jçs hg÷k`gs f` fc ju`hl hfc trghk`o. Xý `l pufhfs il`trlcgr
gdslcutgjf`tf `ghg. @ufstrl elil hfdfrêg fstgr pufstl f` lpfrgr ý`kigjf`tf cgs
il`ekourgikl`fs jçs icgrgs y il` fc jfmlr rgtkl rkfsol/df`fekikl plskdcf.

V`g ilsg juy iurklsg fs quf sufcf ilk`ikhkr f` quf fc trghfr quf lpfrg ý`kigjf`tf u` gitkvl cl
bgif sldrf jgrils tfjplrgcfs pfquf÷ls. Fs cg iljdk`gikù` pfrefitg pgrg cg ruk`g. [ iljl
sfourl quf cf oustgrç cgs ftkquftgs (plr fc bfibl hf tf`fr il`trlcghl ighg jlvkjkf`tl), pufs
tf`fjls g u` trghfr quf sf fstç hfmg`hl cls lmls y cg jf`tf k`tf`tg`hl hfsikergr ighg u`l hf
cls jlvkjkf`tls y quf f`ikjg prçitkigjf`tf `l vf cl quf bgif fc prfikl yg quf tf`hrç u`
orçekil hf 7 l 4 jk`utls ccf`l hf ftkquftgs.
 

Ugjls g gcfmgr`ls hf fstl plrquf fs kjplskdcf quf gcoukf` pufhg goug`tgr gsê hurg`tf juibl
tkfjpl. Fc ogstl f`froëtkil fs drutgc y cg igpgikhgh hf il`if`trgikù` quf sf rfqukfrf pgrg
jg`tf`fr u` `kvfc ùptkjl hf mukikl fs gctêskjg. Tfgcjf`tf juy plils fstgrç` igpgiktghls pgrg
bgifr fstf tkpl hf trghk`o. Cg k`jf`sg jgylrêg fstç gdlighg g suerkr u` orgvf hkstrës.

Yudgjls hf jgril tfjplrgc y gdgrqufjls jçs gitkvls. Yk` huhg fs duf`l fspfikgckzgrsf f`
gcoý` jfrighl (yg quf ighg u`l tkf`f sus prlpkgs pfiuckgrkhghfs il` rfspfitl g jfmlrfs
blrgrkls, vlcgtkckhgh fti.), pfrl `l tf if`trfs fxicuskvgjf`tf f` u`l. Xf` u`g ckstg hf u`ls plils
(gu`quf sfg` 9 l 8) g cls quf bgifrcf sfoukjkf`tl y fspfikgcêzgtf sk qukfrfs f` fccls.

^lr ýctkjl, iljf`tgr quf ghfjçs hf tlhl fstl sfoukjls lcvkhg`hl quf org` pgrtf hf cls
jlvkjkf`tls hfc jfrighl tkf`f` u`g `gturgcfzg gcfgtlrkg1 y fstl qukfrf hfikr skjpcf y
ccg`gjf`tf quf `l tkf`f` u`g k`tf`ikl`gckhgh hkrfiikl`gc hftrçs hf fccls. Iljl yg iljf`të f`
cgs prkjfrg blmgs hf jk prkjfr ckdrl, gcou`ls hf cls rg`ols ecuitýg` bgikg grrkdg y bgikg gdgml
sk` `k`ou`g k`tf`ikl`gckhgh hftrçs, sk` il`strukr `k`oý` tkpl hf igusg. Yf trgtg hf purg
gcfgtlrkfhgh. Yl` gqufccls rg`ols f` cls quf `l sf vf gdslcutgjf`tf `k`ou`g bufccg icgrg y `l
sf pufhf bgifr u` g`çcksks mukiklsl sldrf qukë` pufhf tf`fr fc il`trlc hfc jfrighl. Bgy quf sfr
il`sikf`tfs hf fstl.