Ultrasound Features in Early Pregnancy
Ultrasound Features in Early Pregnancy
Ultrasound Features in Early Pregnancy
Title of Guideline (must include the word “Guideline” (not Guidelines on Ultrasound features in
protocol, policy, procedure etc) early pregnancy
Date on which guideline must be reviewed (this should be one to March 2016
three years)
Explicit definition of patient group to which it applies (e.g. Patients with an early pregnancy of ≤12 weeks
inclusion and exclusion criteria, diagnosis)
Target audience All the medical, nursing and admin staff involved
with emergency gynaecology
This guideline has been registered with the trust. However, clinical guidelines are guidelines only. The
interpretation and application of clinical guidelines will remain the responsibility of the individual clinician. If
in doubt contact a senior colleague or expert. Caution is advised when using guidelines after the review
date.
Emergency Gynaecology SSU_S.Deb Ultrasound features of early pregnancy Page 3
Introduction
Ultrasound diagnosis forms an integral part when managing women in early pregnancy.
It assists in making an adequate diagnosis with regards to position and viability of
pregnancy. This diagnosis is very important and further management depends on it.
It is now a minimum standard for early pregnancy units (EPAU) to have easy access to
ultrasound services with staff appropriately trained in its use. Ultrasound scan can be
required in the majority of women referred to an EPAU. Ultrasound assessment is
particularly reliable in confirming the diagnosis of complete miscarriage (positive
predictive value 98%). The sonographer should be formally trained in the use of both
transabdominal (TAS) and transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) and should ideally produce
reports using standardised documentation, as proposed by the Joint Working Party of
the Royal College of Radiologists and the Royal College of Obstetricians and
Gynaecologists.
Ultrasound practice must conform to the recommendations of the British Medical
Ultrasound Society. TAS and TVS are complementary and the appropriate modality
should be used. The RCOG Special Skills Module, Ultrasound Imaging in the
pregnancy assessment under the guidance of a preceptor.
This guideline includes the normal and abnormal features of early pregnancy on
ultrasound. It also provides guidance on management of early pregnancy problems
diagnosed on ultrasound.
measurements and the greater variation in early embryonic growth than has hitherto
Emergency Gynaecology SSU_S.Deb Ultrasound features of early pregnancy Page 4
been assumed, a more conservative approach to the diagnosis of early pregnancy loss is
warranted. An MSD cut‐off of ≥ 25 mm and a CRL cut‐off of ≥ 7 mm could be introduced
to minimize the risk of a false‐positive diagnosis of miscarriage.
Emergency Gynaecology SSU_S.Deb Ultrasound features of early pregnancy Page 5
Ultrasound Features of Early Pregnancy
Gestational Age Anatomical landmarks Comments
4 weeks 2 days Eccentrically placed May represent pseudosac
Gestational sac with 10‐20% of ectopic pregnancies have an
GSD 2‐3mm intrauterine pseudo GS
5th week DDS Results from approximation of decidua
capsularis and decidua vera. May be
present in one third ectopics.
6th week GSD 10mm Confirms IUP
Embryo 2‐3mm
Cardiac activity (CA) Confirms viability
(97% of embryos with CA have a normal
outcome)
7th week GSD 20mm GS > 20mm, if no YS – poor prognosis
Head and trunk
distinguishable
8th week GSD 25mm GS > 25mm, if no embryo – poor
Head size = YS prognosis
Limb buds
Midgut herniation
Rhombencephalon
9th week Choroid plexus, spine,
limbs
10 weeks Cardiac chambers,
Stomach, bladder,
Skeletal ossificiation
11 weeks Gut returning
Most structures identified
GSD Gestational sac diameter
DDS Double decidual sign
IUP Intrauterine pregnancy
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Algorithm for Ultrasound Scanning
TA / TV Scan or Both
(indicate as appropriate)
Mean gestational sac diameter Mean gestational sac diameter
Less than 25 mm More than or equal to 25 mm
Offer repeat scan within 7‐10 Consider second opinion to confirm
days findings of miscarriage
Emergency Gynaecology SSU_S.Deb Ultrasound features of early pregnancy Page 7
BASIC DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM FOR EARLY PREGNANCY LOSS
USS ‐ TAS / TVS
‘Pregnancy of ‘Pregnancy of
Known Location’ Unknown Location’
Intrauterine
Pregnancy
Ectopic
Pregnancy
Viable
IUP Diagnostic
Algorithm for ‘PUL’
IUP Resolved
Re‐scan in 7‐
Uncertain 10 days PUL
Viability’
Non‐viable
IUP
Glossary
USS – Ultrasound Scan, TAS – Trans Abdominal Scan, TVS – Trans Vaginal Scan
IUP – Intra Uterine Pregnancy, PUL – Pregnancy of Unknown Location
Emergency Gynaecology SSU_S.Deb Ultrasound features of early pregnancy Page 8
Guidelines on Management of Early Pregnancy Features on Ultrasound
Ultrasound Appearance Diagnosis Plan of Management
Intrauterine gestational Viable pregnancy Back to GP for referral to ANC
sac (GS), embryo and
cardiac activity (CA)
If actively bleeding Admit for reassurance
If a significant haematoma Rescan 1 week later
noted
If ≥12 weeks Check the need for Anti‐D
immunoglobulin
GS <25mm – no foetal pole Early gestational sac (EGS) Rescan 1 week later
GS ≥25mm – no foetal pole Empty sac If any doubt Rescan 1 week later
If no change on second scan discuss
management (see under
management of non‐viable
pregnancy)
Crown Rump Length Early foetal loss Rescan 1 week later if in doubt
(CRL) ≥7mm
CA not demonstrated If no change on second scan discuss
management (see under
management of non‐viable
pregnancy)
Empty uterus Pregnancy of unknown
No adnexal abnormality location (PUL)
Serum hCG negative (<5) No follow‐up
complete miscarriage or
never pregnant
Repeat serum hCG 48 hours later.
Serum hCG positive Rescan if necessary
possible early pregnancy (see guidelines for PUL)
possible ectopic pregnancy Warn of the possibility of ectopic
possible complete pregnancy. Give contact number to
miscarriage report if any pain
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Empty uterus
Adnexal mass Admit for assessment:
Fluid in Pouch of Douglas Ruptured ectopic pregnancy Observation
(POD) Laparoscopy / Laparotomy
Pain (refer to guidelines on ectopic
pregnancy)
Empty uterus Unruptured ectopic Conservative / medical management
Adnexal mass <3cm pregnancy / Laparoscopy
(refer to guidelines on ectopic
pregnancy)
Endometrium/tissue Complete miscarriage Advice follow‐up 2 weeks later if
diameter ≤15mm bleeding persists
References
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Jauniaux E, Johns J, Burton GJ. The role of ultrasound imaging in diagnosing and
investigating early pregnancy failure. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol2005;25:613–24.
Royal college of Obstetrician and Gynaecologist. The management of early pregnancy
loss. Guideline No. 25, London: RCOG; 2004.
Royal College of Radiologists, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.
Guidance on Ultrasound Procedures in Early Pregnancy. London: RCR/RCOG; 1995.
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