Drainahe System

1.
Drainage System
A stormwater drainage system must be designed to collect and transmit the runoff
generated within a river basin during and after rainfall events, for a safe discharge into a
receiving water course or into the sea.
The storm drainage system must be sized according to the rainfall intensities, slope, and
roof areas of the building. Provision shall be made for the future installation of rainwater
collection system in compliance with R.A. No. 6716 ‘An Act Providing for the Construction of
Water Wells, Rainwater Collectors, Development of Springs and Rehabilitation of Existing
Water Wells in all Barangays in the Philippines’. (DGCS 2015 Volume 6) In the project site,
surface drainage is used and connected to drainage structure of the roadway.
a. Rainfall Intensity
Rainfall intensity is the amount of precipitation that falls off over time in a certain
catchment. When the water stays on the catchment, water layers will be formed, and the
depth can be measured and treated as the precipitation intensity on that catchment. It is
derived from the maximum rainfall for the design storm frequency and the time of
concentration.
b. Rational Method
The Rational Method is widely used to estimate the peak surface runoff rate for
design of a drainage structure. The method states that if a rainfall of intensity begins
instantaneously and continues indefinitely, the rate of runoff will increase until the time of
concentration, when the entire watershed is contributing to flow at the outlet. The product of
rainfall intensity and watershed area is the inflow rate of the system, and the ratio of this rate
to the rate of peak discharge is termed the runoff coefficient.
c. Design Discharge
The value of discharge will be used in the Manning’s Equation for the
computation of the channel section. Design discharge calculation will be made by using
rational formula:
Q p=Ci A e
Where:
Q p- design discharge in cu. meter per second (m3/s)
C – runoff coefficient
I – rainfall intensity in m/s.
A – catchment area in square meters
According to Design Guidelines, Criteria & Standards Volume 3 (2015), Runoff coefficient
C is the least precise variable of the Rational Formula implying the fixed ratio of peak runoff rate
to rainfall rate for the catchment area. Table 8 provides the values of runoff coefficient for each
land use.
Table 8
Value of “C”for Use in Rational Formula

Land Use Values
Residential Area – Densely Built 0.50 – 0.75

Residential Area – Not densely built 0.30 – 0.55
City Business District 0.70 – 0.95
Light Industrial Areas 0.50 – 0.80
Heavy Industrial Areas 0.60- 0.90
Parks, Playgrounds, Cemeteries, unpaved 0.20 – 0.30
open spaces and vacant lots
Concrete or Asphalt Pavement 0.90 – 1.00
Gravel Surfaced Road and Shoulder 0.30 – 0.60
Rocky Surface 0.70 – 0.90
Bare Clay (faces of slips, etc.) 0.70 – 0.90
Forested Land (sandy to clay) 0.30 -0.50
Flattish Cultivated Areas (not flooded) / 0.30 – 0.50
Farmland
Steep or Rolling Grassed Areas / Steep 0.50 – 0.70
gullies not heavily timbered
Flooded or Wet Paddies 0.70- 0.80
Source: DPWH Design Guidelines Criteria and Standards Vol.III

The Table 8 shows the possible values of runoff coefficient for specific land use. The
classification of land use of public market and parking facilities in Sto. Tomas City, Batangas is
city business district. The value will be use range from 0.70 to 0.95 for the computation of
discharge in the area.
In getting the required section for the open canal to be used, the equation is:
1
V = R 2/ 3 S1 /2
n
Where:
V- Velocity of flow in m/s
n – Manning’s frictional factor
S – Slope of the canal
R – hydraulic radius
Ac
R=
P
Ac – Area of the cross-section
P – Wetted perimeter
The Table 9 provides the values of the roughness coefficient (n) depending on the
material that will be used in designing the drainage.
Table 9
Manning’s Roughness Coefficient
*For man-made channels and ditches Roughness Coefficient
Earth, straight & uniform 0.020 – 0.025

Earth bottom, rubble sides / riprap 0.30 – 0.035
Grass covered 0.035 – 0.050
Continuation of Table 9…
Dredged 0.028 – 0.033
Stone lined & rock cuts, smooth & 0030 – 0.035
uniform
Stone lines & rock cuts, rough & 0.040 – 0.045
irregular
Lined – smooth concrete 0.014 – 0.018

Lined – grouted riprap 0.020 – 0.030
Winding sluggish canas 0.025 – 0.030
Canals with rough stony beds, weeds on 0.030 – 0.040
earth banks
Source: DPWH Design Guidelines Criteria and Standards Vol.III

Table 9 shows the roughness coefficient of the materials for drainage. For the
Manning’s Roughness coefficient, the proponents use the value of 0.015 for the concrete
culvert.
Where velocity (v):
Q
V=
A
Where:
2 2
Q = the area of the room (m ) times the maximum intensity (m/s ) divided by
the number of vertical pipes connected in the roof gutter
A = area of vertical pipes
To get the Value of v, use the equation;

Q = Av ; A=bh
Where:
Q = discharge
A = Assumed area of the opened channel
v = Velocity flow of storm water on open channel
Drainage design
Q p- Discharge
C – 0.70
I –22.75 mm/hr
A –1.29 hectares
CIA 0.70( 22.75) ( 1.29)
Qp = =
360 360
Qp =0.05706 m 3 /s
Calculating the velocity of flow:

Qc = A c V ; Ac = bd
0.05706
V=
bd
In getting the required section for the open canal to be used, the equation is:
2 1
1
V = R 3 S2
n
For roughness coefficient (n), use 0.012 for concrete cement finish, and the slope
S=1/120
bd 2d 2 d
R= = =
b+2d 4d 2
0.05706 1 d 32 1 12
= ( ) ( )
2d2 0.012 2 120
d=0.14640 m
d=146.4 mm say 150 mm
b=300 mm
Figure 20. Drainage Cross Section
Design of Septic Tank
The main function of a septic tank is to liquefy and precipitate solid waste purifying
odorous materials. The proponents determined the size of the septic tank based on Plumbing
Design and Estimate by Max B. Fajardo. To determine the size of septic tank the computations
were presented as follows:
Computation of Size of Septic Tank
For commercial and industrial establishments to serve larger number of people, allocate
0.057 to 0.086 cubic meter of liquid per person.
Three-Storey Market Building
Maximum No. of persons to be served by the structure: 500 persons
V= 500 persons’ x 0.086m³/person = 43 m³
V= L x W x H
43 m3 = 2W x W x 2.5m
W= 2.93 m say 3.0 m
L = 2 (2.83m) = 5.86 m say 6.0 m
Chamber Sizing
By design, the length of the chamber is as follows:
Length of Digestion Chamber = 100% of 6.0 m = 6.00 m
Length of 1st Leaching Chamber = 50% of 6.0 m = 3.00 m
Length of 2nd Leaching Chamber = 50% of 6.0 m = 3.00 m
Total length of septic tank = 12.00 m
Specify Dimensions:12.00 m x 3.0m x 2.50m

Figure 21. Section and Details of Septic Tank of Three Storey Market Building
Shown in Figure 21 is the section and details of septic tank of the three-storey market
building. The digestive chamber has a calculated length of 12.0 m and a width of 3.0 m. Both
leaching chamber has a width of 3.0 m and a length of 3.0 m. The wall is reinforced with 10 mm
diameter vertical and horizontal rebars spaced at 600 mm on 5 inches’ thick concrete hollow
blocks with interior and exterior plaster. The floor slab has a thickness of 100 mm with 10 mm
diameter rebars spaced at 300 mm.
Three-Storey Parking Building

Maximum No. of persons to be served by the structure: 300 persons
V= 100 persons’ x 0.086m³/person = 25.8 m³
V= L x W x H
25.8 m3 = 2W x W x 2m
W= 2.27 m say 2.3 m
L = 2 (2.27m) = 4.54 m say m
Chamber Sizing
By design, the length of the chamber is as follows:
Length of Digestion Chamber = 100% of 5.0 m = 5.00 m
Length of 1st Leaching Chamber = 50% of 5.0 m = 2.50 m
Length of 2nd Leaching Chamber = 50% of 5.0 m = 2.50 m
Total length of septic tank = 10.0 m
Specify Dimensions: 10.0 m x 2.5 x 1.50
Figure 22. Section and Details of Septic Tank of Three Storey Apartment Building 3, 4 and
5
Shown in Figure 22 is the section and details of septic tank of the three-storey apartment
building 3,4 and 5, The digestive chamber has a calculated length of 10.0 m and a width of 2.5
m. Both leaching chamber has a width of 2.5 m and a length of 2.5 m. The wall is reinforced
with 10 mm diameter vertical and horizontal rebars spaced at 600 mm on 5 inches’ thick
concrete hollow blocks with interior and exterior plaster. The floor slab has a thickness of 100
mm with 10 mm diameter rebars spaced at 300 mm.

Drainahe System

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Drainahe System

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Drainahe System

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1.

receiving water course or into the sea.

Water Wells, Rainwater Collectors, Development of Springs and Rehabilitation of Existing

surface drainage is used and connected to drainage structure of the roadway.

to the rate of peak discharge is termed the runoff coefficient.

Value of “C”for Use in Rational Formula

Residential Area – Densely Built 0.50 – 0.75

Flooded or Wet Paddies 0.70- 0.80

Source: DPWH Design Guidelines Criteria and Standards Vol.III

discharge in the area.

Ac – Area of the cross-section

material that will be used in designing the drainage.

Manning’s Roughness Coefficient

*For man-made channels and ditches Roughness Coefficient

Earth, straight & uniform 0.020 – 0.025

Stone lined & rock cuts, smooth & 0030 – 0.035

Stone lines & rock cuts, rough & 0.040 – 0.045

Lined – smooth concrete 0.014 – 0.018

Winding sluggish canas 0.025 – 0.030

Canals with rough stony beds, weeds on 0.030 – 0.040

Source: DPWH Design Guidelines Criteria and Standards Vol.III

Where velocity (v):

the number of vertical pipes connected in the roof gutter

A = area of vertical pipes

To get the Value of v, use the equation;

Calculating the velocity of flow:

Design of Septic Tank

were presented as follows:

Computation of Size of Septic Tank

0.057 to 0.086 cubic meter of liquid per person.

Three-Storey Market Building

Maximum No. of persons to be served by the structure: 500 persons

V= 500 persons’ x 0.086m³/person = 43 m³

L = 2 (2.83m) = 5.86 m say 6.0 m

By design, the length of the chamber is as follows:

Length of Digestion Chamber = 100% of 6.0 m = 6.00 m

Length of 1st Leaching Chamber = 50% of 6.0 m = 3.00 m

Length of 2nd Leaching Chamber = 50% of 6.0 m = 3.00 m

Total length of septic tank = 12.00 m

Specify Dimensions:12.00 m x 3.0m x 2.50m

diameter rebars spaced at 300 mm.

Three-Storey Parking Building

mm with 10 mm diameter rebars spaced at 300 mm.

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.