Problem 1.

Solve
dy
= 2 + sin (y 2x)
dx
with:
a) y (0) = 2
b) y (0) =

Solution: In order to solve the di¤erential equation we will apply the change

y 2x = z
y = z + 2x
y0 = z0 + 2

then

z 0 + 2 = 2 + sin (z)
z 0 = sin (z)
1
dz = 1dx
sin (z)
Z Z
1
dz = dx
sin (z)
We can solve integral Z
1
dz
sin (z)
by two di¤erent methods:
On one hand
Z Z Z 1
1 1 cos2 ( z2 )
dz = z z dz = dz =
sin (z) 2 sin cos 2 sin( z2 ) cos( z2 )
2 2
cos2 ( z
2 )
Z 1 Z 1
cos2 ( z2 ) cos2 ( z2 ) 1 z
= dz = z dz = ln tan +C
2 sin( z2 ) tan 2 2
2
cos( z2 )

On the other hand

2 3
Z cos (x)p= t Z
1 4 sin (x) = 1 t2 5 = 1 1
dz = p p dt =
sin (z) dx = p1 1t2 dt 1 t 2 1 t2
Z Z Z
1 1 1
= dt = dt = dt =
1 t2 t2 1 (t 1) (t + 1)
Z 1 Z 1
2 2 1 1
= dt dt = ln (t 1) ln (t + 1) + C =
t 1 t+1 2 2
1 t 1 1 cos (x) 1
= ln + C = ln +C
2 t+1 2 cos (x) + 1

Therefore
z
ln tan =x+C
2
Undoing the change
y 2x
ln tan =x+C
2

1
 a) If
y (0) =
2
then
2 2 0
ln tan = 0+C
2
ln tan = C
4
C = 0
b) If
y (0) =
then the same technique is not useful. Consider the original di¤erential equation
dy
= 2 + sin (y 2x)
dx
It is easy to see that
y = 2x +
veri…es the equation
y 0 = 2 = 2 + sin ( )
and the initial condition
y (0) =

Problem 2.
Calculate isogonal trajectories intersecting the family of curves y = Cex under an angle of 4 radians.

Solution:
y = Cex
y0 = Cex
Then the di¤erential equation associated to the family is
y0 = y
y 0 tan( 4 )
Now we change y 0 by 1+y 0 tan( 4 )
and we obtain

y0 1
=y
1 + y0
Solving
y0 1
= y
1 + y0
y0 1 = y (1 + y 0 )
y0 1 = y + yy 0
0
y yy 0 = y+1
y 0 (1 y) = y+1
y+1
y0 =
1 y
y 1
dy = dx
y+1
Z
y+1 1
dy = x+C
y+1
y ln (y + 1) = x+C

2
 The family of isogonal trajectories we were looking for is

y ln (y + 1) = x+C

Problem 3.
Given the di¤erential equation

x2 y 00 xy 0 3y = 5x4
x > 0

obtain A and B such that y0 = A x + Bx is a particular solution of the homogeneous associated equation.
Using the solution y0 and the order reduction method to solve the ODE.

Solution: Let us consider the associated homogeneous equation

x2 y 00 xy 0 3y = 0

The function to test is

A
y0 = + Bx
x
A
y00 = +B
x2
2A
y000 =
x3
and substituting in the homogeneous di¤erential equation

xy00 3y0 x2 y000 = 0

2A A A
x2 x +B 3 + Bx = 0
x3 x2 x
2A A A
+ Bx 3 3Bx = 0
x x x
4Bx = 0
B = 0

and for any value of A. Since we only need one particular solution we will take A = 1. Therefore the
particular solution we were looking for is
1
y0 =
x
Now we will apply the reduction order method, doing the change
1
y = z
x
1 1
y0 = z0 z
x x2
1 1 1
y 00 = z 00 2z 0 + 2z 3
x x2 x
the equation becomes
1 1 1 1 1 1
x2 z 00 2z 0 + 2z 3 x z0 z 3z = 5x4
x x2 x x x2 x
2 1 1
xz 00 2z 0 + z z 0 + z 3z = 5x4
x x x
xz 00 3z 0 = 5x4

3
 Now, calling p = z 0 we obtain a linear di¤erential equation of …rst order

xp0 3p = 5x4
3
p0 p = 5x3
x
which solution is
R
Z R
Z
3 3
p = e x dx C+ e x dx 5x3 dx = e3 ln(x) C + e 3 ln(x) 5x3 dx =
Z Z
1 3
= x3 C + 5x dx = x3 C + 5dx = x3 (C + 5x) = Cx3 + 5x4
x3
Therefore

z0 = Cx3 + 5x4
x4
z = C + x5 + D
4
and undoing the change y = z x1 we …nally obtain the solution of the di¤erential equation

x4
yx = C + x5 + D
4
x3 D
y = C + x4 +
4 x
3 4 C2
y = C1 x + x +
x

Problem 4.
d
Being D = dt solve the following system by applying the elimination method

(D 1) y Dx = 0
D3 1 y + x = t

Solution: The determinant of the system is

D 1 D
= = D4 1
D3 1 1

We have that
D 1 D D 1 0
y =
D3 1 1 D3 1 t
D4 1 y = (D 1) t
4
D 1 y = 1 t

The characteristic equation is

r4 1=0
from we obtain four solutions

r = 1
r = 1
r = i
r = i

4
 Then
yh = C1 et + C2 e t
+ C3 cos (t) + C4 sin (t)
For the particular solution we will test

yp = At + B
yp0 = A
yp00 = yp000 = yp(iv) = 0

and substituting in the complete equation

D4 1 y = 1 t
0 (At + B) = 1 t
At B = 1 t
A = 1
B = 1

and the particular solution is

yp = t 1
Then the solution for y is

y = yh + yp = C1 et + C2 e t
+ C3 cos (t) + C4 sin (t) + t 1

Now, from the second equation of the system we have

D3 1 y+x = t
x = t D3 1 y

and since

y = C1 et + C2 e t
+ C3 cos (t) + C4 sin (t) + t 1
y0 = C1 et C2 e t
C3 sin (t) + C4 cos (t) + 1
y 00 = C1 et + C2 e t
C3 cos (t) C4 sin (t)
y 000 = C1 et C2 e t
+ C3 sin (t) C4 cos (t)

then

x = t C1 et C2 e t + C3 sin (t) C4 cos (t) + C1 et + C2 e t

+ C3 cos (t) + C4 sin (t) + t 1=
= 2t 1 + 2C2 e t + (C4 + C3 ) cos (t) + (C4 C3 ) sin (t)

Finally the solution is

x = 2t 1 + 2C2 e t + (C4 + C3 ) cos (t) + (C4 C3 ) sin (t)

y = C1 et + C2 e t + C3 cos (t) + C4 sin (t) + t 1