PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna university, Chennai

A Christian Minority Institution
(JAISAKTHI EDUCATIONAL TRUST)
Approved by All India Council of Technical Education
Bangalore Trunk Road, Varadharajapuram,Poonamallee, Chennai – 600 123.

Department of Humanities and Science

Academic Year :2023-2024 Year / Semester : I/II
Name of the Subject: Complex Variables and Laplace
Subject Code : 23MA1201
Transforms
(Common to CSE, IT, EEE, ECE)
QUESTION BANK WITH ANSWERS
UNIT I ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
PART A
𝟐
1. Find the particular integral of (𝑫 − 𝟏) 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒙.
Solution:
𝑒 2𝑥 −𝑒 −2𝑥
Given: (𝐷 − 1)2 𝑦 = 2
1 𝑒 2𝑥 1 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
P.I1 = . = . =
(𝐷−1)2 2 (2−1)2 2 2
1 −𝑒 −2𝑥 1 −𝑒 −2𝑥 −𝑒−2𝑥
P.I2 = . = . =
(𝐷−1)2 2 (−2−1)2 2 18
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒−2𝑥
P.I = P.I1+P.I2 = - .
2 18

2. Obtain the particular integral of (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝒙.

Solution:
Given: (𝐷2 − 1)𝑦 = 𝑥
1 −1
P.I = 𝑥 = 𝑥 = −1(1 − 𝐷2 )−1 𝑥
(𝐷 2 −1) (1−𝐷 2 )
2 4
= −1[1 + 𝐷 + 𝐷 +. . . ]x
= −1[x + 𝐷2 x + 𝐷 4 x+. . . ]
= −x

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
3. Reduce 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝒙 into differential equation with constant coefficient.
Solution:
Given: (𝑥 2 𝐷2 − 𝑥𝐷 + 3)𝑦 = 𝑥 ... (1)
Put x = ez , log x = z, xD = D′ , 𝑥 2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1)
From (1), (D′2 − 4D′ + 3)y = ez .

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
4. Transform the equation (𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − (𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒 into a linear differential
equation with constant coefficient.
Solution:
Given: ((𝑥 + 2)2 𝐷2 − (𝑥 + 2)𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 4 ... (1)
 Put x + 2 = ez , log (x + 2) = z, (x + 2)D = D′ , (𝑥 + 2)2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1)
From (1), (D′2 − 42 + 1)y = 3ez − 2.

5. Solve (𝐃𝟐 − 𝟑𝐃 + 𝟐)𝐲 = 𝐞𝐱 − 𝐞𝟐𝐱 .

Solution:
The auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 − 3𝑚 + 2 = 0
C.F = Aex + Be2x
1 1 1 1
P.I1= D2−3D+2 ex = 1−3+2 ex = x. 2D−3 ex = 2−3 ex = −xex
1 −1 1
P.I2 = D2−3D+2 − e2x = 4−6+2 e2x = −x. 2D−3 e2x = −xe2x
Hence, y = C.F + P.I1+ P.I2.

6. Solve: (𝐃𝟐 + 𝟏)𝐲 = 𝐞𝐱

Solution:
The auxiliary equation is 𝑚2 + 1 = 0
C.F = Acosx + Bsinx
1 𝑒𝑥
P.I = 𝐷2+1 𝑒 𝑥 = 2
𝑒𝑥
y = Acosx + Bsinx + 2
7. Find the complementary function of (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟒)𝟐 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
Solution:
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
P.I = (𝐷2+4)2 cos x = .
9

8. Write the general solution for the method of variation of parameters for second order
differential equation.
Solution:

Complementary function = 𝑐1 𝑓1 +𝑐2 𝑓2

P.I = P𝑓1 +Q𝑓2
f2 x f1 x
P = −∫f ′ ′ dx , Q = ∫ f ′ ′ dx
1 f2 −f2 f1 1 f2 −f2 f1

Y = 𝑐1 𝑓1 +𝑐2 𝑓2 +P𝑓1 +Q𝑓2 .

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
9. Transform the equation (𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐 − (𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟒 into a linear differential
equation with constant coefficient.
Solution:
Given: ((𝑥 + 2)2 𝐷2 − (𝑥 + 2)𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 3𝑦 + 4 ... (1)
Put x + 2 = ez , log (x + 2) = z, (x + 2)D = D′ , (𝑥 + 2)2 𝐷2 = 𝐷′ (𝐷′ − 1)
From (1), (D′2 − 2D′ )y = 3ez − 6.

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛
10. Eliminate Y and Z from the system = 𝟐𝒚, = 𝟐𝒛, = 𝟐𝒙.
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Solution:
Given: Dx = 2y …(1), Dy = 2z …(1), Dz = 2x …(1)
From (1), Dx = 2y
𝐷2 𝑥 = 4𝑧
 𝐷8 𝑥 = 8𝑥
(𝐷3 − 8)𝑥 = 0.

PART B
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
11. Solve the simultaneous differential equation + 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒕 , 𝒙 − 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒕.
𝒅𝒕
Solution:
1
C.F = Acos t + Bsin t, P.T = 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 1
1 1
x =-Asin t + Bcos t + 2 𝑒 𝑡 + 1, y= Acos t + Bsint t + 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 1.

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
12. Solve the simultaneous differential equation − 𝒚 = 𝒕; + 𝒙 = 𝒕𝟐 .
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Given x(0) = y(0)=2.
Solution:
C.F = Acos t + Bsin t, P.T = 𝑡 2 − 1
x =-3sin t + 2cos t + 𝑡 2 − 1, y= 3cos t + 2sint t + t.

13. Use by method of variation of parameters 𝐃𝟐 + 𝟏)𝐲 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐱.

Solution:
C.F = 𝐶1 cos x + 𝐶2 sin x, P.T = cos x log(cos x)+x sin x
Y= 𝐶1 cos x + 𝐶2 sin x + cos x log(cos x)+x sin x.

𝒅𝟐 𝒚
14. Solve 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟒𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝒙 using method of variation of parameters.
Solution:
C.F = 𝐶1 cos 2x + 𝐶2 sin 2x, P.T = -cos 2x log(sec 2x+tan 2x)
Y= 𝐶1 cos 2x + 𝐶2 sin 2x -cos 2x log(sec 2x+tan 2x).

𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 𝟐
15. Solve: (𝒙𝟐 𝑫𝟐 − 𝒙𝑫 + 𝟏)y = ( ) .
𝒙
Solution:
1
C.F = (Alog x+B), P.I = 27𝑥 2 [3(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)2 + 4𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 2]
1
Y = (Alog x+B) + 27𝑥 2 [3(𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)2 + 4𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 2].

16. Solve: 𝒙𝟐 𝒚′′ − 𝟒𝒙𝒚′ + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙.

Solution:
1 5
C.F = A𝑥 2 + B𝑥 3 , P.T = −x 2 log x + 6 [log x + 6]
1 5
Y = A𝑥 2 + B𝑥 3 − x 2 log x + 6 [log x + 6].

17. Solve: ((𝐱 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝐃𝟐 + (𝐱 + 𝟏)𝐃 + 𝟏)𝐲 = 𝟒𝐜𝐨𝐬 [𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐱 + 𝟏)].

Solution:
C.F = Acos [log(x + 1)]+Bsin [log(x + 1)]
P.I = 2log(x + 1)sin [log(x + 1)]
 Y= Acos [log(x + 1)]+Bsin [log(x + 1)] +2log(x + 1)sin [log(x + 1)].

18. Solve: (𝑫𝟐 +2D+2)y = 𝒆−𝟐𝒙 +cos2x.

Solution:
𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
C.F = 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝐴cos x + 𝐵sin x) , P.T = − +
2 10 5
𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
Y= 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝐴cos x + 𝐵sin x) + − + .
2 10 5

19. Solve: (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟏)y = x sin x.

Solution:
𝑥2 𝑥
C.F = 𝐴cos x + 𝐵sin x , P.T = - cos x + 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
4
𝑥2 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝐴cos x + 𝐵sin x - cos x + 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥.
4

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
20. Solve: 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙.
Solution:
1
C.F = A𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 , P.T = - 130 (7sin3x+ 9cos 3x)
1
𝑦 = A𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −2𝑥 - 130 (7sin3x+ 9cos 3x).

UNIT- II VECTOR CALCULUS

PART A

1. If  = 3 x 2 y − y 3 z 2 , find grad φ at (1, -1, 2)

Solution:
  
= 6 xy = 3x 2 − 3 y 2 z 2 = −2 y 3 z
x y z
( )
grad  = 6 xy i + 3 x 2 − 3 y 2 z 2 j + −2 y 3 z k
(grad  )(1, −1, 2 ) = −6 i − 9 j + 4 k
2. Find  if  = 2 xz 4 − x 2 y at (2, -2, -1).
Solution:
  
 = i + j +k
x y z
( ) ( ) (
= i 2 z 4 − 2 xy + j − x 2 + k 8 xz 3 )
( )(2, −2, −1) = 10 i − 4 j − 16 k   = 100 + 16 + 256 = 372
  
3. Find the directional derivative of  = 3x2+2y-3z at (1, 1, 1) in the direction 2 i + 2 j −k.
Solution:
  
      2i + 2 j − k  
  n = (6 xi + 2 j − 3k )   

= 19 .
  3  (1,1,1) 3
4. Find the unit normal vector to the surface x2 + xy + z2 = 4 at the point (1, -1, 2).
Solution:
 
     
 = x2 + xy + z2,  (1, −1, 2) = (2 x + y )i + xj + 2 zk (1, −1, 2 ) =i + j + 4k
  
 i + j + 4k
 nˆ = = .
 18
5. In what direction from (-1, 1, 2) is the directional derivative of = xy2z3 a maximum. Find
also the magnitude of this maximum.

Solution:
Given = xy2z3
     
 = ( y 2 z 3 )i + (2 xyz 3 ) j + (3xy 2 z 2 )k and  at (1,1,2) = 8i − 16 j − 12k
 The maximum directional derivative occurs in the direction of
  
 = 8i − 16 j − 12k
The magnitude of this max. directional derivative =  = 464
6. Prove that  r ( ) = nr
n n−2 
r.
Solution:

( )  r n  n−1 x  n−2   n−2 
=  i nr x = nr ( xi + yj + zk ) = nr r .
n−2
 r = i =  i nr
n
x r
    
7. If F = x i + y j + z k , find div curl F
3 3 3

Solution:
  
i j k
   
curlF =   F =
x y z
x3 y3 z3

( )
 
div (curl F ) =     F = 0

  
8. Find ‘a’, such that (3x-2y +z) i + (4 x + ay − z ) j + ( x − y + 2 z )k is solenoidal.
Solution:
   
Div F = (3x-2y +z) i + (4 x + ay − z ) j + ( x − y + 2 z )k = 3 + a + 2 = 5 + a

Div F = 0  a = –5.

   
9. If A and B are irrotational vectors prove that A  B is solenoidal.
Solution:
   
A is irrotational  curl A = 0 and B is irrotational  curl B =0
       
  ( A  B) = B  (curl A ) - A  ( curl B ) = B  0 - A  0 = 0.
  
 A  B is solenoidal.

( ) (

) (

10. Show that the vector F = 6 xy + z 3 i + 3 x 2 − z j + 3xz 2 − y k is irrotational. )
Solution:
  
i j k
   
curlF =   F =
x y z
6 xy + z 3 3 x − z 3 xz 2 − y
2

= i (−1 + 1) − j (3 z 2 − 3 z 2 ) + k (6 x − 6 x) = 0
 F is irrotational.
    
11. If F = x i + xy j , evaluate the line integral   dr from (0,0) to (1,1) along the path y=x.
2 2
F
Solution:
  1
7
c F  dr = c x dx + xy dy =  (x + x 3 ) dx =
2 2 2
.
0 12

    
12. If F = (4 xy − 3x 2 z 2 )i + 2 x 2 j − 2 x 3 z k .Check whether the integral  F  dr is
C

independent of the path c.

Solution:
This integral is independent of the path of integration if
 
F =  =   F = 0
  
i j k
    . Hence the line integral is independent of path.
 F = =0
x y z
4 xy − 3 x 2 z 2 2x2 − 2x3 z

13. State Green’s Theorem

Solution:
If u(x ,y) and v(x ,y) are continuous function with continuous partial derivatives in a region R of
 v u 
the xy plane bounded by a simple closed curve C, then  udx + vdy =   x − y dxdy
C R
where C is the

curve described in positive direction

14. State Gauss Divergence Theorem

Solution:

If V is the volume bounded by a closed surface S and if a vector function F is continuous partial
derivative in V and on S, then  F . nˆ ds =  divF dv
S V

15. State Stroke’s theorem.

Solution:

If S is an open surface bounded by a simple closed curve C and if a vector function F is
   
continuous and has continuous partial derivatives in S and on C, then 
s
curlF  ˆ
n ds =   dr
F
c

where n̂ is the unit vector normal to the surface.

PART B

1. Verify Green’s theorem for  (3x − 8 y )dx + (4 y − 6 xy)dy , where C is the boundary of the region
2

given by x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 1 .
5
Hints: 𝑢𝑦 = −16𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑥 = −6𝑦 Answer: 3

2. Verify Green’s theorem for  ( xy + y )dx + x 2 dy , where C is the closed region bounded by y = x ,
2

y=x 2

−1
Hints: 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑥 = 2𝑥 Answer: 20

3. Verify Green’s theorem for  (3x 2 − 8 y 2 )dx + (4 y − 6 xy)dy , where C is the boundary of the region
C

given by y = x and y = x .
2 2

3
Hints: 𝑢𝑦 = −16𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑥 = −6𝑦 Answer: 2
⃗⃗ over the cube bounded by x = 0,
4. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for 𝐹⃗ = 4𝑥𝑧 𝑖⃗ − 𝑦 2 𝑗⃗ + 𝑦𝑧𝑘
x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1 .
3
Hints:   F = 4 z − y Answer: 2
⃗⃗ taken over the
5. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖⃗ + (𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥)𝑗⃗ + (𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘
rectangular parallelepiped bounded by x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b, z = 0, z = c .

Hints:   F = 2 x + 2 y + 2 z Answer: 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)

6. Verify Stoke’s theorem, 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖⃗ − 2𝑥𝑦𝑗⃗, taken around the rectangular region bounded by
the lines x =  a, y = 0, y = b .

Hints:   F = −4 yk Answer:−4𝑎𝑏 2
→ → →
7. Verify Stokes theorem for a vector field defined by F = (x 2 − y 2 ) i + 2xy j in the rectangular
region in the XOY plane bounded by the lines x=0, x=a, y=0 and y=b.
Hints:   F = 4 yk Answer:2𝑎𝑏 2
⃗⃗ where Sis the surface bounded by the
8. Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝐹⃗ = (𝑦 − 𝑧)𝑖⃗ + (𝑦𝑧)𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑧𝑘
planes x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1 not included in the xoy plane(above XOY Plane).

Hints:   F = − yi + ( z − 1) j − k Answer:−1
→ → → →
9. Verify Stokes theorem for F = (y − z + 2) i + (yz + 4) j − xz k over the open surface of the
cube x=0, x=2, y=0, y=2, z=0, z=2 not included in the xoy plane.
 Hints:   F = − yi + ( z − 1) j − k Answer:−4
⃗⃗ is irrotational vector and find the
10. Prove that 𝐹⃗ = (6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖⃗ + (3𝑥 2 − 𝑧)𝑗⃗ + (3𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦)𝑘
scalar potential such that 𝐹⃗ = ∇𝜑
Hints:   F = 0 Answer:𝜑 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 3 − 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐
11. ⃗⃗ is irrotational and find its scalar
Prove that 𝐹⃗ = (𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑧 3 )𝑖⃗ + (2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 4)𝑗⃗ + (3𝑥𝑧 2 )𝑘
potential.
Hints:   F = 0 Answer:𝜑 = 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧 3 − 4𝑦 + 𝑐
12. Find the angle between the surfaces z = x 2 + y 2 − 3 and x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 at (2, −1,2)

 8 
Hints: (  1) (2,-1,2) = 4i − 2 j − k and (  2)(2,-1,2) = 4i − 2 j + 4k Answer :  = Cos −1  
 3 21 
13. Find the angle between the surfaces x logz = y2 – 1 and x2y = 2 –z at the point (1, 1, 1).
    
Hints : (  1) (1,1,1) = 2 j − k and (  2)(1,1,1) = 2i + j + k Answer :  = Cos −1  1 
 30 
14. Find the values of a and b so that surfaces ax 3 − by 2 z = (a + 3)x 2 and 4x 2 y − z 3 = 11 may cur
orthogonally at (2, −1, −3).
Hints: ∇𝜑1 . ∇𝜑1 =0. (cut orthogonally) Answer: a= -7/3 and b= 64/9.

UNIT- III ANALYTIC FUNCTION

PART A
1. Find the image of the circle z = 1 under the transformation w = z + (5 + 2i ).
Solution:
Given |𝑧| = 1 ⇒ |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦| = 1
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 12 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(1)
This is a circle with centre origin and radius 1 in the 𝑧 plane.
Given transformation is 𝑤 = 𝑧 + (5 + 2𝑖) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 5 + 2𝑖 = (𝑥 + 5) + (𝑦 + 2)𝑖
⇒ 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = (𝑥 + 5) + (𝑦 + 2)𝑖
⇒ 𝑢 = (𝑥 + 5); 𝑣 = (𝑦 + 2)
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 5; 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 2
2 2 2
(1) ⇒ (𝑢 − 5) + (𝑣 − 2) = 1
This is a circle with centre is (5,2) and radius 1 in the 𝑤 plane.

2. Construct the image of the circle |𝒛| = 𝟐 under the transformation 𝒘 = 𝟑𝒛.
Solution:
Given |𝑧| = 2 ⇒ |𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦| = 2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 22 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(1)
This is a circle with centre origin and radius 2 in the z plane.
Given transformation is 𝑤 = 3𝑧
⇒ 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 3(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 3𝑥 + 𝑖3𝑦
⇒ 𝑢 = 3𝑥; 𝑣 = 3𝑦
𝑢 2 𝑣 2
(1) ⇒ (3 ) + (3) = 22 ⇒ 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 22
 This is a circle with centre origin and radius 2 in the w plane.

2
3. Show that f (z) = z is differentiable at z=0 but not analytic.
Solution:
Let, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ⇒ 𝑧̅ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
|𝑧|2 = 𝑧𝑧̅ = (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑓(𝑧) = |𝑧|2 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑖0
⇒ 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑖0
⇒ 𝑢 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ); 𝑣 = 0
𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑥 ; 𝑢𝑦 = 2𝑦
𝑣𝑥 = 0; 𝑣𝑦 = 0
Clearly, 𝑢𝑥 ≠ 𝑣𝑦 . Hence C-R equations are not satisfied everywhere except at 𝑧 = 0.
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) is differentiable at z=0 but not analytic.

4. State the necessary and sufficient conditions for f (z) to be analytic.

Solution:
The necessary condition for a complex function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) to be analytic in a
region R are
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = − 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑖𝑒. , 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑥 = −𝑢𝑦 .
The sufficient condition for a complex function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) to be analytic in a
region R are
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
(i) , , , are continuous and
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
(ii) 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑥 = −𝑢𝑦

5. Verify whether𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒛 is analytic function or not.

Solution:
Given that 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧̅
Since, 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ⇒ 𝑧̅ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
∴ 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
where 𝑢 = 𝑥; 𝑣 = −𝑦
⇒ 𝑢𝑥 = 1, 𝑢𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑣𝑥 = 0, 𝑣𝑦 = −1
Clearly, 𝑢𝑥 ≠ 𝑣𝑦 . Hence C-R equations are not satisfied.
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧̅ is not analytic.
6. Show that an analytic function with constant imaginary part is constant.
Solution:
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 be an analytic function. Then by C-R equations
𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑥 = −𝑢𝑦 .
To prove 𝑓(𝑧) is constant.
Given 𝑣 = constant
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
ie., 𝑣 = 𝑐 ⇒ = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
− 𝜕𝑥 = 0 ⟹ = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =0 ⟹ =0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝜕𝑥 + i 𝜕𝑥 = 0 ∴ 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑐.
Thus 𝑓(𝑧) is constant.

7. Show that 𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒚)is harmonic.

Solution:
Given that 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝑢𝑥 = 2 − 2𝑦; 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 0
𝑢𝑦 = −2𝑥; 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0 + 0 = 0. Hence u is harmonic.

8. Give an example such that 𝒖 and 𝒗 are harmonic but 𝒖 + 𝒊𝒗 is not analytic.
Solution:
Let, 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
⇒ 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
⇒ 𝑢 = 𝑥; 𝑣 = −𝑦
𝑢𝑥 = 1 ; 𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 0
𝑢𝑦 = 0; 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝑣𝑥 = 0; 𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 0
𝑣𝑦 = −1; 𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 0
Clearly, 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0 and 𝑣𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 0, which implies that 𝑢 and 𝑣 are harmonic.
Also, 𝑢𝑥 ≠ 𝑣𝑦 . Hence C-R equations are not satisfied.
∴ 𝑓(𝑧) is not analytic.
z 3 + 7z
9. Find the invariant points of the transformation w =
7 − 6 zi
Solution:
To find the invariant point put w = z,
z 3 + 7 z 𝑧(𝑧 2+7)
ie., 𝑧 = = 7−6𝑧𝑖
7 − 6 zi
𝑧2 + 7
⇒1=
7 − 6𝑧𝑖
⇒ 7 − 6𝑧𝑖 = 𝑧 2 + 7
⇒ 𝑧 2 + 6𝑧𝑖 = 0
⇒ 𝑧(𝑧 + 6𝑖) = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = −6𝑖
The invariant points are 𝑧 = 0, 𝑧 = −6𝑖.
10. Determine the critical points of the transformation 𝒘𝟐 = (𝒛 − 𝜶)(𝒛 − 𝜷).

Solution:
The critical points are given by
𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑧
= 0& =0
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑤
Given that,
𝑤 2 = (𝑧 − 𝛼)(𝑧 − 𝛽) = z 2 − zβ − zα + αβ
Differentiate with respect to 𝑧, we get
𝑑𝑤
2𝑤 = 2𝑧 − 𝛽 − 𝛼
𝑑𝑧
 𝑑𝑤 2𝑧 − 𝛽 − 𝛼
= ⇒
𝑑𝑧 2𝑤
𝑑𝑤 2𝑧 − 𝛽 − 𝛼
=0⇒ = 0 ⇒ 2𝑧 − 𝛽 − 𝛼 = 0
𝑑𝑧 2𝑤

𝛼+𝛽
⇒𝑧=
2
𝑑𝑧 2𝑤
=0 ⇒ = 0 ⇒ 𝑤 = 0 ⇒ 𝑤2 = 0
𝑑𝑤 2𝑧 − 𝛽 − 𝛼
⇒ (𝑧 − 𝛼)(𝑧 − 𝛽) = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝛼, 𝑧 = 𝛽.
𝛼+𝛽
The critical points are 𝑧 = , 𝑧 = 𝛼, 𝑧 = 𝛽.
2

PART B
𝝏𝟐 𝝏𝟐 𝟐
1. If f (z) is a regular function of z, prove that (𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 𝝏𝒚𝟐 ) |𝒇(𝒛)|𝟐 = 𝟒|𝒇′ (𝒛)| .
Ans: Hint: C-R- equations 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥

𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
LHS= (𝜕𝑥 2 + ) |𝑓(𝑧)|2 = (𝜕𝑥 2 + )( u2 + v2 )
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕 2 𝑢2 𝜕 2 𝑢2
= +
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕 2 𝑢2 𝜕 2 𝑢2 𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑢 2
= 2 [𝑢 ( 2 + )+ ( ) + ( ) ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

= 2|𝑓 ′ (𝑧)|2 + 2|𝑓 ′ (𝑧)|2

= 4 |𝑓 ′ (𝑧)|2 =RHS

2. Show that the function 𝐯 = 𝐞−𝐱 (𝐱𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐲 + 𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐲) is harmonic and hence find the
corresponding analytic function 𝐟(𝐳) = 𝐮 + 𝐢𝐯.
Ans: 𝑣𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 0; 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑖 𝑧 𝑒 −𝑧 .

𝟏
3. Show that 𝐮 = 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠( 𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 ) is harmonic and determine its conjugate harmonic.
𝑦
Ans: Hint: 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0; 𝑣 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑧 ).

4. If f(z) is an analytic function of z , prove that it is independent of z .

𝜕𝑤
Ans: = 0, by C-R- equation as 𝑤 is analytic.
𝜕𝑧
5. Construct an analytic function 𝐟(𝐳) = 𝐮 + 𝐢𝐯
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝐱
given 𝐮 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡(𝟐𝐲)+𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝐱

Ans: By Milne’s Thomson method

𝜕𝑢 (cosh 2𝑦 − cos 2𝑥)(2 cos 2𝑥) − sin 2𝑥(2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
𝜑1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = =
𝜕𝑥 (cosh 2𝑦 − cos 2𝑥)2

(1 − cos 2𝑧)(2 cos 2𝑧) − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑧

𝜑1 (𝑧, 0) =
(1 − cos 2𝑧)2

𝜕𝑢 (cosh 2𝑦 − cos 2𝑥)(0) − sin 2𝑥 (2 sinh 2𝑦) −2 sin 2𝑥 sinh 2𝑦

𝜑2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = = 2
=
𝜕𝑦 (cosh 2𝑦 − cos 2𝑥) (cosh 2𝑦 − cos 2𝑥)2

𝜑2 (𝑧, 0) = 0

𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝜙1 (𝑧, 0)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑖 𝜙2 (𝑧, 0) = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑧 + 𝐶

𝟏
6. Obtain the graph of the strip 𝟏 < 𝒙 < 𝟐 under the transformation 𝒘 = 𝒛 .
1 1
Ans: 𝑥 = 1; Centre is (2 , 0) and radius is 2
1 1
𝑥 = 2; Centre is (4 , 0) and radius is 4

7. Create the bilinear transformation that maps the points z =0,-1,i into the points w=0,i, 
respectively and find the image of the unit circle|𝒛| = 𝟏.
𝑧+1
Ans: 𝑤 = ; 𝑣 = 𝑢.
𝑧−𝑖
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
8. Under the transformation 𝐰 = 𝐳 , find the image of 𝟒 ≤ 𝐱 ≤ 𝟐 and 𝐲 > 0
1
Ans: 𝑥 = 4 ; Centre is (2,0) and radius is 2.
1
𝑥 = 2 ; Centre is (1,0) and radius is 1.

9. Derive the bilinear transformation that maps the points z = 0,-1,1 onto the points w = 0,-1,
 . Also find the image of the unit circle of the z-plane.
2𝑧
Ans: 𝑤 = − 𝑧−1.

10. Find the bilinear transformation which maps 𝒛 = 𝟏, 𝒊, −𝟏 respectively onto 𝒘 = 𝒊, 𝟎, −𝟏.
Hence find fixed points.
𝑖𝑧+1
Ans: 𝑤 = −𝑖𝑧+1.
 UNIT- IV COMPLEX INTEGRATION
PART A
𝑧+1
1. Calculate the residue of 𝒇(𝒛) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)
at z=2

Solution:
𝑧+1
Given 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)

Here, z=2 is a simple pole

(𝑧+1)
Residue of f(z) at z=2 = lim (𝑧 − 2). (𝑧−1)(𝑧−2)
𝑧→2
(𝑧+1)
= lim =3
𝑧→2 (𝑧−1)

2. State Cauchy’s Integral theorem

If a function f(z) is analytic and its derivative f” (z) is continuous at all points inside and on a
simple closed curve C, then ∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 0.
𝒛
3. Calculate the residue of 𝒇(𝒛) = (𝒛−𝟏)𝟑
at its pole

Solution:
𝑧
Given 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−1)3

Here, z=1 is a pole of order 3.

1 𝑑𝑚−1
Residue of f(z) [𝑧 = 𝑧0 ] = lim [(𝑧 − 𝑧0 )𝑚 𝑓(𝑧)]
𝑧→0 (𝑚−1)! 𝑑𝑧 𝑚−1
1 𝑑2 𝑧
Residue of f(z) [𝑧 = 1] = lim [(𝑧 − 1)3 (𝑧−1)3]
𝑧→1 2! 𝑑𝑧 2
1 𝑑2
= lim [𝑧] = 0
𝑧→1 2 𝑑𝑧 2
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒛
4. Identity and classify the singularity of 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒛
sin 𝑧
Solution: Given 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧
sin 𝑧 1 𝑧3
= 𝑧 [𝑧 − + ⋯]
𝑧 3!
𝑧2
=1− +⋯
3!
There are no negative powers of Z, so z=0 is a removable singularity of f(z).
sin 𝑧
lim 𝑓(𝑧) = lim = 1 (𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒)
𝑧→0 𝑧→0 𝑧

Therefore, z=0 is a removable singularity.

5. State Cauchy’s Residue theorem

If f(z) be analytic at all points inside and on a simple closed curve C, except for a finite number
of isolated singularities 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , … … 𝑧𝑛 inside C, then
∮ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑧)𝑎𝑡 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , … … 𝑧𝑛 )

𝟑𝒛𝟐 +𝟕𝒛+𝟏 𝟏
6. Evaluate ∮ 𝒅𝒛 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑪 𝒊𝒔 |𝒛| = 𝟐
𝒛+𝟏
 Solution:
𝟑𝒛𝟐 +𝟕𝒛+𝟏
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝒛+𝟏
Here, z = -1 lies outside C. Therefore, f(z) is analytic inside and on C.
f’(z) is continuous inside C.
Hence, by Cauchy’s integral theorem
∮ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 0

𝒆𝒛 𝒅𝒛
7. Evaluate ∮ 𝒛−𝟐 , where C is the unit circle with center as origin
Solution:
𝒆𝒛 𝒅𝒛
Given ∮ 𝒛−𝟐
Here, C is the unit circle with center as origin.
𝒆𝒛
Let 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝒛−𝟐 , z=2 lies outside C.
Therefore, f(z) is analytic inside and on C, f’(z) is continuous inside C.
Hence, by Cauchy’s integral theorem ∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 0.

8. Expand 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒆𝒛 at z=0 in a Taylors series.

Solution:
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧 , 𝑓(0) = 1
𝑓′(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧 , 𝑓′(0) = 1
𝑓′′(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧 , 𝑓′′(0) = 1
𝑓′′′(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧 , 𝑓′′′(0) = 1

The Taylor’s series about z=0 is,

𝑓′(0) 𝑓′′(0)
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑓(0) + + +⋯
1! 2!
𝑧 𝑧2
𝑓(𝑧) = 1 + + +⋯
1! 2!

𝝅
9. Expand 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒛 𝒂𝒕 𝒛 = in a Taylor’s series.
𝟑
Solution:
𝝅 𝝅 1
𝑓(𝑧) = cos 𝑧 , 𝑓 ( 𝟑 ) = cos 𝟑 = 2
𝝅
𝝅 √3
𝑓 ′(𝑧) = − sin 𝑧 , 𝑓 ′(𝟑 ) = − sin =
𝟑 2
𝝅
𝝅 1
𝑓 ′′(𝑧) = − cos 𝑧, 𝑓 ′′(𝟑 ) = − cos 𝟑 = − 2
𝝅
√3
𝑓 ′′′(𝑧) = sin 𝑧 , 𝑓 ′′′(𝟑 ) = sin 𝑪 = 2
 The Taylor’s series about z=a is,
𝑓 ′ (𝑎) 𝑓′′(𝑎)
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑓(𝑎) + (𝑧 − 𝑎) + + (𝑧 − 𝑎)2 …
1! 2!
𝟏 √3 𝝅 𝟏 𝝅 𝟐
=𝟐− (𝑧 − 𝟑) − (𝒛 − 𝟑 ) … ..
2 𝟒

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒛−𝒛
10. Identity and classify the singularity of 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒂𝒕 𝒛 = 𝟎
𝒛𝟑
Solution:
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒛−𝒛
Given 𝑓(𝒛) = 𝒛𝟑
The function f(z) is not defined at z=0.
sin 𝑧−𝑧 −1
lim =
𝑧→0 𝑧3 6

Since, the limit exists and is finite the singularity at z=0 is a removable singularity.

PART B
𝒛+𝟏
1. Evaluate ∮ 𝟐 𝒅𝒛 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑪 𝒊𝒔 |𝒛 + 𝟏 + 𝒊| = 𝟐 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒄𝒉𝒚′ 𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂.
(𝒛𝟐 +𝟐𝒛+𝟒)

Solution:
𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 4=0
𝑧 = −1 ± √3𝑖
Here, 𝑎 = −1 + √3𝑖 lies outside C and 𝑏 = −1 ± √3𝑖 lies inside C.
𝑧+1
𝑧+1 (𝑧−𝑎)2
Let 𝐼 = ∮ [(𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏)]2 𝑑𝑧 = ∮ (𝑧−𝑏)2
𝑑𝑧
𝑧+1
Here, 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧−𝑎)2 is analytic inside C.

Hence, by Cauchy’s integral formula,

f(z) 2πi
∮ (z−b)2 dz = 1!
f′(b)
z+1
∮ (z2+2z+4)2 dz = 0

𝟏
2. Obtain the Laurent’s expansion of f(z)=(𝒛𝟐 +𝟒𝒛+𝟑) 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒐𝒏 |𝒛| < 𝟏, 𝟏 <
|𝒛 + 𝟏| < 𝟐.

Solution:
1 1 1/2 1/2
f(z)=(𝑧 2+4𝑧+3) = (𝑧+1)(𝑧+3) = (𝑧+1) − (𝑧+3)
𝒛
Given |𝒛| < 𝟏 = |𝟐| < 𝟏
1 1 1 𝑧 𝑧2
= 2 (1 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 3 + ⋯ ) − 6 (1 − 3 + − ⋯.)
(𝑧+1)(𝑧+3) 9
 put |𝒛 + 𝟏| = |𝒖|
𝑢
0 < |𝑢| < 2 we have 0 < |𝑢| 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |2| < 1
1 1 1 1
= 2(𝑧+1) − 4 + 8 (𝑧 + 1) − ⋯.
(𝑧+1)(𝑧+3)

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝅𝒛𝟐 +𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝅𝒛𝟐

3. Evaluate by using Cauchy’s residue theorem ∮ (𝒛−𝟏)(𝒛−𝟐)
𝒅𝒛 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑪 𝒊𝒔 |𝒛| = 𝟑.

Solution:

By Using Cauchy’s Residue theorem

∮ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑧)) = 4𝜋𝑖

𝟐𝝅 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝜽
4. Using Contour Integration, evaluate ∫𝟎 𝒅𝜽
𝟓−𝟒𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
Solution:

2𝜋 𝐶𝑜𝑠 3𝜃 𝜋
∫0 𝑑𝜃 = 12
5−4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝟒𝒛+𝟑
5. Represent the function 𝒇(𝒛) = 𝒛(𝒛−𝟑)(𝒛+𝟐) 𝒊𝒏 𝑳𝒂𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔. (𝒂) 𝟎 < |𝒛| < 𝟏 (𝒃) 𝟏 <
|𝒛| < 𝟐 (𝐜) |𝒛| > 𝟐.

Solution:
4𝑧+3 −1/2 1 1
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧(𝑧−3)(𝑧+2) = + 𝑧−3 − 2(𝑧+2)
𝑧

4𝑧+3 −1 1 3 3 2 1 2 2 2
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧(𝑧−3)(𝑧+2) = + 𝑧 (1 + 𝑧 + (𝑧) + ⋯ ) − 2𝑧 (1 − 𝑧 + (𝑧) + ⋯ . )
2𝑧

∞ 𝒅𝒙 𝝅
6. Prove that ∫𝟎 =𝟐𝒂𝒃(𝒂+𝒃) , 𝒂 > 𝟎, 𝒃 > 𝟎 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )(𝒙𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 )

Solution:
1 1
𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑧 2+𝑎2)(𝑧 2+𝑏2) = (𝑧+𝑎𝑖)(𝑧−𝑎𝑖)(𝑧+𝑏𝑖)(𝑧−𝑏𝑖)

Residue of f(z) at z=ai

−1
= 2𝑎𝑖(𝑎2 −𝑏2)

Residue of f(z) at z=bi

1
= 2𝑏𝑖(𝑎2 −𝑏2)
∞ 𝑑𝑥 𝜋
∫0 = 2𝑎𝑏(𝑎+𝑏)
(𝑥 2 +𝑎2 )(𝑥 2 +𝑏2 )

Hence the proof.

 𝟐𝝅 𝒅𝜽
7. Evaluate ∫𝟎 Using contour integration 𝒂 > 𝟎, 𝒃 > 𝟎.
𝟏𝟑+𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

1
Solution: 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ; 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝜃 ; 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑖𝑧 𝑑𝑧
1 1 1 𝑧2 + 1 1 1 1 𝑧2 − 1
cos 𝜃 = [𝑧 + ] = [ ]; sin 𝜃 = [𝑧 − ] = [ ]
2 𝑧 2 𝑧 2𝑖 𝑧 2𝑖 𝑧
2𝜋
𝑑𝜃 1 1
∫ =∮ 1 𝑧 2 −1 𝑑𝑧
0 13 + 5 sin 𝜃 13 + 5 2𝑖 [ 𝑧 ] 𝑖𝑧

2 1
= ∮ 𝑑𝑧
5 𝑧 2 + 26 𝑖𝑧 − 1
5

26
𝑧2 + 𝑖𝑧 − 1 = 0
5
26 26 2
26 24
− 𝑖 ± √( 5 𝑖) + 4 − 𝑖± 𝑖 13 12 𝑖
5 5 5
𝑧= = =− 𝑖± 𝑖 = −5𝑖, −
2 2 5 5 5

Let 𝛼 = −5𝑖 is a simple pole which lies outside c.

𝑖
𝛽 = − 5 is a simple pole which lies inside c.

2𝜋
𝑑𝜃 2 𝑑𝑧
∫ = ∮
0 13 + 5 sin 𝜃 5 (𝑧 − 𝛼)(𝑧 − 𝛽)

1 1
𝑅𝑒𝑠[𝑓(𝑧), 𝛽] = lim (𝑧 − 𝛽) 𝑓(𝑧) = lim (𝑧 − 𝛽) =
𝑧→𝛽 𝑧→𝛽 (𝑧 − 𝛼)(𝑧 − 𝛽) 𝛽 − 𝛼

1 5 5
= −𝑖 = =
− (−5𝑖) −𝑖 + 25𝑖 24𝑖
5
Hence by Cauchy’s residue theorem

𝑑𝑧 5 5
∮ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = = 2𝜋𝑖[𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠] = 2𝜋𝑖 [ ] = 𝜋
(𝑧 − 𝛼)(𝑧 − 𝛽) 24𝑖 12

2𝜋
𝑑𝜃 2 5 𝜋
∫ = 𝜋=
0 13 + 5 sin 𝜃 5 12 6
(𝒛+𝟏)
8. Using Cauchy’s Integral formula, evaluate ∮ 𝒛𝟐 +𝟐𝒛+𝟒 𝒅𝒛 where C is the circle
|𝒛 + 𝟏 + 𝒊| = 𝟐

Ans:
Hence, By Cauchy’s integral formula,
 (𝑧+1)
∮ 𝑧 2+2𝑧+4 𝑑𝑧 =𝜋𝑖

∞ 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒙
9. Evaluate ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙 , 𝒂 > 𝟎, 𝒎 > 𝟎 𝒃𝒚 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.
𝒙𝟐 +𝒂𝟐
Ans:

∞ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑥 𝜋𝑒 −𝑚𝑎
∫0 𝑑𝑥 = , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑚 > 0.
𝑥 2 +𝑎2 2

𝒛𝟐
10. Evaluate ∮ (𝒛−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒛+𝟐) 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑪 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 |𝒛| = 𝟑 using Cauchy’s residue theorem
Ans:

𝑧2
∮ (𝑧−1)2(𝑧+2) = 2𝜋𝑖 (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒𝑠)
5 4
= 2𝜋𝑖 (9 + 9) = 2𝜋𝑖

UNIT IV LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

PART A
1. State the conditions under which Laplace transform of f(t) exists.
Solution:
The Laplace transform of f(t) exists if
(i) f(t) is piecewise continuous in the closed interval(a,b) where a >0 .
(ii) f(t) is of exponential order.

2. Find the Laplace transform of 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕

Solution: -

1
−2t
3. Find the Laplace transform of e t 2.
Solution:
  1  
L e −2t t 2  = L t 2 
1 1
=    + 1  = .
    s→s +2   2  3
s→s +2 2( s + 2) 2

 cos at 
4. Does L  exist?
 t 
Solution:
f (t ) cos at 1
lt = lt = = .
t →0 t t →0 t 0
  cos at 
 L  does not exist.
 t
1 − cos t 
5. Is the linearity property applicable to L   ?
 t
Solution:
1 − cos t  1   cos t 
By linearity property, L   = L −L
 t  t   t 
1  1
L   does not exist. Since lim 𝑡 = ∞
t  𝑡→0

 cos t  𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
L  does not exist. Since lim 𝑡 = ∞
 t  𝑡→0

Therefore Linearity property does not exist.

6. Find 𝑳[𝒕𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕]

Solution:

𝒕
7. Find the Laplace transform of ∫𝟎 𝒕𝒆−𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Solution:

−1  s 
8. Find L  .
3
 ( s + 2) 
 Solution:
 s   s + 2 − 2
L−1  
3
−1
= L  
3 
 (s + 2)   ( s + 2) 
−1  1  −1  1 
= L  
2 
- 2 L 
 ( s + 2) 3 
 ( s + 2)   
− 2t −1  1 2
=e L  2  – e −2t L−1  3  = e −2t t (1 − t )
s  s 
−1  −1  1  
9. Find L  tan   .
  s 
Solution:

−1  −1  1  
Let F(s) = L  tan   
  s 
1  − 1 −1
F(s) =   =  L−1 (F ' ( s ) ) = − sin t ;
1 + (1/ s) 2  s 2  s2 + 1

L−1 (F ( s) ) =
− 1 −1 '
t

L F (s ) 
  1   sin t
 L−1  tan −1    = .
  s  t
𝒔+𝒂
10. Find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝒔+𝒃)
Solution:

PART B
t , 0  t  a
1. Find the Laplace transform of periodic function f(t) =  and f(t+2a) = f(t) for all t.
2a − t , a  t  2a
Answer:
 𝜋
2𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑡 < 𝜔
2. Find the Laplace transform of the function 𝑓(𝑡) with period for 𝑓(𝑡) = { 𝜋 2𝜋
𝜔
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜔 < 𝑡 < 𝜔
Answer:
 k , 0  t  a
3. Find the Laplace transform of f(t) =  and f(t+2a) = f(t) for all t.
− k , a  t  2 a
Answer:

4. Verify Initial and Final value theorem for f(t) = 1 + e−t (sin t + cos t)
Answer:

5. Find Laplace transform of 𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

 Hints:

 cosat − cos bt 
6. Find L  
 t 
Answer:

 e− at − e−bt 
7. Find L  
 t 
Answer:
 

8. Evaluate  t 2e−t sin tdt using Laplace transform

0
Hints:

9. Using Laplace transform solve y ′′ − 3y ′ + 2y = e−t , y(0) = 1, y ′ (0) = 0

Hints

implies
 
10. Solve by using Laplace transform (𝐷2 + 9 )𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 given that y (0) = 1, y   = −1
2
Hints:
11. Using Laplace transform solve y ′′ + y ′ = 𝑡 2 + 2t , y(0) = 4, y ′ (0) = −2

Hints:

s2
12. Using convolution theorem, find 𝐿−1 [ ]
(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )(𝑠2 +𝑏 2 )
Answer:
 s
13. Using convolution theorem, find 𝐿−1 [ ]
(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )(𝑠2 +𝑏 2 )
Hints:

s
14. Using convolution theorem, find 𝐿−1 [ ]
(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )2
Answer:
 2
15. Using convolution theorem, find L−1 [(s+1)(s2 +4)]
Answer:

******