Chapter 11

Practice Exercises

 14.7 psi 
11.1 psi = 730 mm Hg   = 14.1 psi
 760 mm Hg 
 29.921 in. Hg 
in. Hg = 730 mm Hg   = 28.7 in. Hg
 760 mm Hg 

 1 bar   1 atm  101,325 Pascal 

11.2 Pascals = 888 mbar     = 88,800 Pascal
 1000 mbar   1.013 bar  1 atm 
 1 bar   1 atm  760 torr 
torr = 888 mbar     = 666 torr
 1000 mbar   1.013 bar  1 atm 

 10 mm Hg 
11.3 mm Hg = 25 cm Hg   = 250 mm Hg
 1 cm Hg 
 760 mm Hg 
mm Hg = 770 torr   = 770 mm Hg
 760 torr 
The maximum pressure = 770 mm Hg + [(250 mm Hg) × 2] = 1270 mm Hg
The minimum pressure = 770 mm Hg – [(250 mm Hg) × 2] = 270 mmHg

11.4 The pressure of the gas in the manometer is the pressure of the atmosphere less the pressure of the mercury,
11.7 cm Hg.
Using the pressure in the atmosphere from the previous example:
 10 mm Hg 
mm Hg = 11.7 cm Hg   = 117 mm Hg
 1 cm Hg 
770 mm Hg – 117 mm Hg = 653 mm Hg

P1V1 P2 V2
11.5 =
T1 T2
V2 = 3V1 and T2 = 2T1
P1V1 P2 3V1
=
T1 2T1
P2 = 2/3 P1
The pressure must change by 2/3.

11.6 Since volume is to decrease, pressure must increase, and we multiply the starting pressure by a volume
ratio that is larger than one. Also, since P1V1 = P2V2, we can solve for P2:

PV
P2 = 1 1 =
( 740 torr )(880 mL ) = 750 torr
V2 ( 870 mL )
P1V1 PV
11.7 In general the combined gas law equation is: = 2 2 , and in particular, for this problem, we have:
T1 T2

PVT ( 745 torr ) ( 950 m3 ) ( 333.2 K )

P2 = 1 1 2 = = 688 torr
T1V2
(1150 m ) ( 298.2 K )
3

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 Chapter 11

11.8 When gases are held at the same temperature and pressure, and dispensed in this fashion during chemical
reactions, then they react in a ratio of volumes that is equal to the ratio of the coefficients (moles) in the
balanced chemical equation for the given reaction. We can, therefore, directly use the stoichiometry of the
balanced chemical equation to determine the combining ratio of the gas volumes:
 2 volume O2 
L O2 = (4.50 L CH4)   = 9.00 L O2
 1 volume CH 4 

 2 volume O2 
11.9 L O2 = (6.75 L CH4)   = 13.50 L O2
 1 volume CH 4 
13.50 L O2
20.9% O2 = ×100%
x L air
 100% 
L air = (13.50 L O2)   = 64.6 L air
 20.9% 

11.10 1 mL O2
2 mL V(NO)
 1 volume O 2 
VO 2 =   x 184 mL NO = 92 mL O2
 2 volume NO 

V2 =
( 723 torr )( 92.0 mL )( 295 K ) = 81.7 mL O2
( 755 torr )( 318 K )
11.11 First determine the number of moles of CO2 in the tank:
PV
n=
RT
 1 atm 
P = 2000 psig   = 140 atm
 14.696 psig 
 ( 30.48 cm )3   1 mL 
 1L 
3 
V = 6.0 ft  3  3   1000 mL  = 170 L
1 cm   
 (1 ft ) 
L ⋅ atm
R = 0.0821
mol ⋅ K
T = 22 °C + 273 = 295 K
(140 atm )(170 L )
mol CO2 in the tank = = 980 mol CO2
( 0.0821 mol ⋅ K )(
L ⋅ atm 295 K
)
Then find the total number of grams of CO2 in the tank, MW CO2 = 44.01 g/mol
 44.01 g CO 2 
g CO2 in the tank = 980 mol CO2   = 43,000 g CO2
 1 mol CO 2 
Amount of solid CO2 = 43,000 g CO2 × 0.35 = 15,000 g solid CO2

PV ( 57.8 atm )(12.0 L )

11.12 n= = = 28.3 moles gas
RT ( 0.0821 mol K )(
L atm 298 K
)
28.3 mol Ar (39.95 g Ar/mol) = 1,130 g Ar

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 Chapter 11

11.13 Find the number of moles of argon

PV (1.0000 atm )( 0.54423 L )
n= = = 0.024281 mol argon
RT (
0.082057 mol K ( )
L atm 273.15 K
)
 39.948 g arg on 
Mass of the argon = (0.024281 mol argon)   = 0.96998 g argon
 1 mol arg on 
The mass of the flask = 735.6898 g – 0.96998 g air = 734.7198 g
Mass of the organic compound = 736.13106 g – 734.7198 g = 1.4113 g
The number of moles of the organic compound equals the number of moles of air:
1.4113 g organic compound
MW = = 58.12 g/mol
0.024281 mole organic compound
The unknown could be butane, MW = 58.1 g/mol

11.14 Since PV = nRT, then n = PV/RT

 1 atm 
( 685 torr )   ( 0.300 L )
n =
PV
=  760 torr  = 0.0110 moles gas
RT ( )
0.0821 L atm ( 300.2 K )
mol K
1.45 g
molar mass = = 132 g mol−1
0.0110 mol
The gas must be xenon.

 28.8 g air   1 mol air 

11.15 Density of air = 1 mol air    = 1.29 g/L
 1 mol air   22.4 L 
 222.0 g Rn   1 mol Rn 
Density of radon at STP = 1 mol Rn    = 9.91 g/L
 1 mol Rn   22.4 L 
Since radon is almost eight times denser than air, the sensor should be in the lowest point in the house: the
basement.

11.16 d = m/V

Taking 1.00 mol SO2:

m = 64.1 g
nRT (1.00 mol ) ( 0.0821 L atm
mol K ) ( 268.2 K )
V= = = 23.1 L = 23,100 mL
P  1 atm 
 96.5 kPa 101.325 kPa 
 
64.1 g
density = = 2.77 g/L
23.1 L

11.17 In general PV = nRT, where n = mass × formula mass. Thus

mass
PV = RT
formula mass

We can rearrange this equation to get;

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 Chapter 11

(mass/V)RT dRT
formula mass =
P P

formula mass =
(5.60 g L ) ( 0.0821
−1 L atm
mol K ) ( 296.2 K )
= 138 g mol–1
( 750 torr )  
1 atm

 760 torr 
The empirical mass is 69 g mol–1. The ratio of the molecular mass to the empirical mass is
138 g mol-1
=2
69 g mol-1
Therefore, the molecular formula is 2 times the empirical formula, i.e., P2F4.

(mass/V)RT dRT
11.18 formula mass =
P P

formula mass =
(5.55 g L ) ( 0.0821
−1 L atm
mol K ) ( 313.2 K ) = 114 g mol–1

(1.25 atm )
Since the compound contains C and H it could be an alkane, CnH2n+2, an alkene, CVnH2n, or an alkyne,
CnH2n-2.

9 C and 6 H
8 C and 18 H
7 C and 30 H
6 C and 42 H
5 C and 54 H
4 C and 66 H
3 C and 78 H
2 C and 90 H
1 C and 102 H
The most probable compound is C8H18 also known as octane.

11.19 CS2(g) + 3O2(g)
2SO2(g) + CO2(g)

 1 mol CS2 
mol of CS2 = 11.0 g CS2   = 0.1445 mol CS2
 76.131 g CS2 
 1 mol CO 2 
mol CO2 = 0.1445 mol CS2   = 0.1445 mol CO2
 1 mol CS2 
 2 mol SO 2 
mol SO2 = 0.1445 mol CS2   = 0.2890 mol SO2
 1 mol CS2 
( 0.1445 mol CO2 ) ( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) (
L⋅atm 301 K
)
L CO2 = = 3.07 L CO2
  1 atm  
 883 torr  
  760 torr  
( 0.2890 mol SO2 ) ( 0.0821 mol ⋅K ) (
L⋅atm 301 K
)
L SO2 = = 6.14 L SO2
  1 atm  
 883 torr  
  760 torr  
The total number of liters is = 9.21 L.

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 Chapter 11

11.20 CaCO3(s)
CaO(s) + CO2(s)

( 738 torr ) 
1 atm 
 ( 0.257 L )
mol CO2 = PV =  760 torr  = 0.01027 mol CO2
RT ( L atm 296 K
0.0821 mol K ( ) )
 1 mol CaCO3 
mol CaCO3 = 0.01027 mol CO2   = 0.01027 mol CaCO3
 1 mol CO 2 
g CaCO3 = 0.01027 mol CaCO3 
100.09 g CaCO3 
 = 1.03 g CaCO3
 1 mol CaCO3 

 1 mol Ar 
11.21 mol Ar = 11.0 g Ar   = 0.275 mol Ar
 39.95 g Ar 
( 0.275 mol Ar ) ( 0.0821 L ⋅atm
mol⋅K ) (301 K )
PAr = = 6.80 atm
1.00 L
 1 mol N 2 
mol N2 = 10.6 g N2   = 0.378 mol N2
 28.02 g N 2 
( 0.378 mol N 2 ) ( 0.0821 L ⋅atm
mol⋅K ) ( 301 K )
P N2 = = 9.34 atm
1.00 L
 1 mol O 2 
mol O2 = 14.3 O2   = 0.447 mol O2
 32.00 g O 2 
( 0.447 mol O 2 ) ( 0.0821 L ⋅atm
mol⋅ K ) ( 301 K )
P O2 = = 11.04 atm
1.00 L
Ptotal = PAr + PN2 + PO2 = 6.80 atm + 9.34 atm + 11.04 atm = 27.18 atm

11.22 We can determine the pressure due to the oxygen since Ptotal = PN2 + PO2.
PO2 = Ptotal – PN2 = 237.0 atm – 115.0 atm = 122.0 atm. We can now use the ideal gas law to determine the
number of moles of O2:

PV (122.0 atm)(17.00 L)
n= = = 84.8 mol O2
RT  L atm 
 0.0821 mol K  (298 K)
 
 32.0 g O 2 
g O2 = (84.8 mol O2)   = 2713 g O2
 1 mol O 2 

11.23 The total pressure is the pressure of the methane and the pressure of the water. We can determine the
pressure of the methane by subtracting the pressure of the water from the total pressure.
The pressure of the water is determined by the temperature of the sample. At 28 °C, the partial pressure of
water is 31.82 torr.
PCH4 = Ttotal – Pwater = 775 torr – 28.3 torr = 747 torr
The pressure in the flask is 743.18 torr.

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 Chapter 11

 1 atm 
(747 torr)   (2.50 L)
mol CH4 =
PV
=  760 torr  = 0.0994 mol CH4
RT  L atm 
 0.0821 (301 K)
 mol K 
11.24 First we find the partial pressure of nitrogen, using the vapor pressure of water at 15 °C:
PN2 = Ptotal – Pwater = 745 torr – 12.79 torr = 732 torr.

To calculate the volume of the nitrogen we can use the combined gas law
P1V1 PV
= 2 2
T1 T2
For this problem,

P1V1T2 (732.2 torr)(0.317 L)(273 K)

V2 = = = 289 mL
P2 T1 (760 torr)(288 K)

11.25 Since the stoichiometric ratio of the SO2 and SO3 are the same, the pressure in the flask after the reaction
when the only substance in the flask is SO3 will be the same as the pressure in flask when there is just SO2,
0.750 atm. After the reaction additional oxygen gas is added to the flask.

 1 atm O 2 
P(O2) added to flask after reaction = 0.750 atm SO2 x   = 0.375 atm
 2 atm SO 2 
The total pressure of SO2 and O2 = 0.750 atm + 0.375 atm = 1.125 atm

11.26 Find the number of moles of both the H2 and NO then find the mol fractions.
 1 mol H 2 
mol H2 = (2.15 g H2)   = 1.07 mol H2
 2.016 g H 2 
 1 mol NO 
mol NO = (34.0 g NO)   = 1.13 mol NO
 30.01 g NO 
1.07 mol H 2
χH2 = = 0.486
1.13 mol NO + 1.07 mol H 2
1.13 mol NO
χNO = = 0.514
1.13 mol NO + 1.07 mol H 2
PH2 = (Ptotal)(χH2) = (2.05 atm)(0.486) = 0.996 atm
PNO = (Ptotal)(χNO) = (2.05 atm)(0.514) = 1.05 atm

11.27 The mole fraction is defined in Equation 11.5:

PO 2 116 torr
XO2 = = = 0.147 or 14.7%
Ptotal 788 torr

effusion rate (Br − 81) M Br −79 78.9

11.28 = = = 0.988
effusion rate (Br − 79) M Br −81 80.9

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 Chapter 11

11.29 Use Equation 11.7;

effusion rate (HX) M HCl

=
effusion rate (HCl) M HX
2
 effusion rate (HX) 
M HX = M HCl ×   = 36.46 g mol−1 × (1.88)2 = 128.9 g mol−1
 effusion rate (HCl) 

The unknown gas must be HI.

Review Questions

11.1 The reason it hurts more to be jabbed by a point of a pencil rather than the eraser, even though the force is
the same, is because the area of the point is smaller than the area of the eraser, and therefore, the pressure is
higher.

1 atm 101.325 kPa

11.2 (a) and
101.325 kPa 1 atm
1 torr 1 mm Hg
(b) and
1 mm Hg 1 torr
1.013 bar 101,325 Pa
(c) and
101,325 Pa 1.013 bar
760 torr 1 atm
(d) and
1 atm 760 torr
760 torr 101,325 Pa
(e) and
101,325 Pa 760 torr
1 bar 0.9868 atm
(f) and
0.9868 atm 1 bar

11.3 Since the density of water is approximately 13 times smaller than that of mercury, a barometer constructed
with water as the moveable liquid would have to be some 13 times longer than one constructed using
mercury. Also, the vapor pressure of water is large enough that the closed end of the barometer may fill
with sufficient water vapor so as to affect atmospheric pressure readings. In fact, the measurement of
atmospheric pressure at normal temperatures would be about 18 torr too low, due to the presence of water
vapor in the closed end of the barometer.

11.4 A closed–end manometer reads pressure without the need to correct for atmospheric pressure.

11.5 (a) Temperature–Volume Law: The volume of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to the
Kelvin temperature, provided the pressure is held constant:
V ∝ T or V1/T1 = V2/T2, at constant P. This is Charles' Law.
(b) Temperature–Pressure Law: The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin
temperature, provided the volume is held constant:
P ∝ T or P1/T1 = P2/T2, at constant V. This is Gay-Lussac’s Law.
(c) Pressure–Volume Law: The volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to the
pressure, provided the temperature is held constant:
V ∝ 1/P or P1V1 = P2V2, at constant T. This is Boyle's Law.
(d) Combined Gas Law: The pressure and volume of a gas are directly proportional to the Kelvin
temperature, provided the number of particles is held constant.
PV ∝ T or P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2, at constant n.

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 Chapter 11

11.6 (a) number of moles and temperature

(b) number of moles and pressure
(c) number of moles and volume
(d) number of moles

11.7 An ideal gas obeys the gas laws over all pressures and temperatures. A real gas behaves most like an ideal
gas at low pressures and high temperatures.

11.8 PV = nRT

(a) Plot temperature in Kelvin versus Volume.

(b) Plot temperature in Kelvin versus Pressure.
(c) Plot Pressure versus the inverse Volume.

11.9 Ptotal = Pa + Pb + Pc + ···

11.10 Mole fraction is the ratio of the number of moles of one component of a mixture to the total number of
moles of all components.

11.11 Middle drawing

Left drawing: A: 0.500 atm B: 0.500 atm

Middle drawing: A: 0.600 atm B: 0.400 atm
Right drawing A: 0.667 atm B: 0.333 atm

11.12 Diffusion is the spontaneous intermingling of one substance with another while effusion is the movement
of a gas through a very tiny opening into a region of lower pressure.
effusion rate (A) dB MB
= =
effusion rate (B) dA MA

11.13 A gas consists of hard, super small or volumeless particles in random motion, and the particles neither
attract nor repel one another.

11.14 The temperature and pressure will decrease.

11.15 The increase in temperature requires an increase in kinetic energy. This can happen only if the gas
velocities increase. Higher velocities cause the gas particles to strike the walls of the container with more
force, and this in turn causes the container to expand if a constant pressure is to be maintained.

11.16 The increase in temperature causes an increase in the force with which the gas particles strike the container
walls. If the container cannot expand, an increase in pressure must result.

11.17 The minimum temperature corresponds to zero kinetic energy, which is accomplished only when velocity is
zero. In other words, the molecules have ceased all movement.

11.18 The answer (c) NH3 will have the largest ν rms since it has the lowest molecular mass.

11.19 (a) As the pressure of a gas increases, the rate of effusion should increase since the molecules will hit
the walls of the container more frequently and with greater force. If the molecules hit more frequently,
they are more likely to go through the small openings in the walls of the container.
(b) As the temperature of the gas increases, the rate of effusion will increase since temperature is
proportional to kinetic energy which is dependent on the velocity of the particles. The faster the particles
move, the more likely they are to hit the walls and pass through the small openings.

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 Chapter 11

11.20 It is not true that the gas particles occupy no volume themselves, apart from the volume between the gas
particles. Also, it is not true that the gas particles exert no force on one another. In other words, real
molecules occupy space and attract or repel one another. Because of short-range interactions, it is also not
true that particles travel always in straight paths.

11.21 A small value for the constant a suggests that the gas molecules have weak forces of attraction among
themselves.

11.22 (b) has a larger value of the van der Waals constant b, since it is a larger molecule.

11.23 Under the same conditions of T and V, the pressure of a real gas is less than the pressure of an ideal gas
because real gases do not have perfectly elastic collisions and may clump together and stick to the walls of
the container, thus decreasing the number of collisions the gas makes. The volume of a real gas is greater
than the volume of an ideal gas because the atoms and molecules take up space.

11.24 The helium atoms are moving faster than the argon atoms because they have less mass.

Review Problems

 760 torr 
11.25 (a) torr = (1.26 atm)   = 958 torr
 1 atm 
 1 atm 
(b) atm = (740 torr)   = 0.974 atm
 760 torr 
 760 torr 
(c) mm Hg = 738 torr   = 738 mm Hg
 760 mm Hg 
 760 torr 
(d) torr = (1.45 × 103 Pa)   = 10.9 torr
5
 1.01325 × 10 Pa 

 760 torr 
11.26 (a) torr = (0.835 atm)   = 635 torr
 1 atm 
 1 atm 
(b) atm = (950 torr)   = 1.3 atm
 760 torr 
 760 torr 
(c) torr = 75 mm Hg   = 75 torr
 760 mm Hg 
 1.013 bar 
(d) bar = 1.36 kPa   = 0.0136 bar
 101.32 kPa 

 760 torr 
11.27 (a) torr = (0.329 atm)   = 250 torr
 1 atm 
 760 torr 
(b) torr = (0.460 atm)   = 350 torr
 1 atm 

 1 atm 
11.28 (a) atm = (595 torr)   = 0.783 atm
 760 torr 
 1 atm 
(b) atm = (160 torr)   = 0.211 atm
 760 torr 

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 Chapter 11

 1 atm  –4
(c) atm = (0.300 torr)   = 3.95 × 10 atm
 760 torr 

 760 mm Hg 
11.29 765 torr – 720 torr = 45 torr 45 torr   = 45 mm Hg
 760 torr 
 1 cm 
cm Hg = (45 mm Hg)   = 4.5 cm Hg
 10 mm 

gas

4.5 cm

 760 mm Hg 
11.30 820 torr – 750 torr = 70 torr 70 torr   = 70 mm Hg
 760 torr 
 1 cm 
cm Hg = (70 mm Hg)   = 7.0 cm Hg
 10 mm 

gas

7.0 cm

 760 torr 
11.31 72 mm Hg   = 72 torr 745 torr + 72 torr = 817 torr
 760 mm Hg 

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 Chapter 11

 760 torr 
11.32 76 mm Hg   = 76 torr 749 torr – 76 torr = 673 torr
 760 mm Hg 

11.33 In a closed-end manometer the difference in height of the mercury levels in the two arms corresponds to the
pressure of the gas. Therefore, the pressure of the gas is 125 mm Hg.
 760 torr 
125 mm Hg   = 125 torr
 760 mm Hg 

11.34 The closed-end manometer data indicates that the pressure inside the flask is 236 mm Hg. The open-end
manometer data indicate that Patm = 512 mm Hg + 236 mm Hg = 748 mm Hg.

11.35 Use Boyle’s Law to solve for the second volume:

P1V1 ( 255 mL )( 755 torr )

V2 = = = 527 mL
P2 365 torr

11.36 P 1V 1 = P 2V 2
PV
V2 = 1 1 since the pump has a fixed diameter, the length of the tube is proportional to its volume
P2
P 1
1 = P 2
2
P
1 atm(75.0 cm)

2 = 1 1 = = 13.6 cm
P2 5.50 atm

11.37 Use Charles’s Law to solve the second volume:

VT 3.25 L (369 K)
V2 = 1 2 = = 3.77 L
T1 318 K

11.38 Use Charles’s Law to solve for the second volume:

VT 2.75 L (258 K)
V2 = 1 2 = = 2.39 L
T1 297 K

11.39 Compare pressure change to temperature to solve for temperature change:

P2 T1 (1708 torr) (538 K)
T2 = = = 1076 K 1076 K – 273 K = 803°C
P1 854 torr

PV PV
11.40 In general the combined gas law equation is: 1 1 = 2 2 , and in particular, for this problem since the
T1 T2
volume does not change, we have:

P2 =
P1T2
=
( 45 lb in ) (316 K)
−2
= 50 lb in −2
T1 285.2 K

PV PV
11.41 In general the combined gas law equation is: 1 1 = 2 2 , and in particular, for this problem, we have:
T1 T2

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 Chapter 11

P1V1T2 (765 torr)(2.58 L)(345.2 K)

P2 = = = 816 torr
T1V2 (297.2 K)(2.81 L)

PV PV
11.42 In general the combined gas law equation is: 1 1 = 2 2 , and in particular, for this problem, we have:
T1 T2
PVT (0.985 atm)(643 mL)(336.2 K)
P2 = 1 1 2 = = 1.05 atm
T1V2 (289.2 K)(698 mL)

PV PV
11.43 In general the combined gas law equation is 1 1 = 2 2 , and in particular, for this problem, we have:
T1 T2
PVT (745 torr)(2.68 L)(648.2 K)
V2 = 1 1 2 = = 5.69 L
T1P2 (297.2 K)(765 torr)

PV PV
11.44 In general the combined gas law equation is: 1 1 = 2 2 , and in particular, for this problem, we have:
T1 T2
PVT (741 torr)(319 mL)(306.2 K)
V2 = 1 1 2 = = 324 mL
T1P2 (291.2 K)(765 torr)

PV PV
11.45 In general the combined gas law equation is: 1 1 = 2 2 , and in particular, for this problem, we have:
T1 T2
PVT (373 torr)(9.45 L)(293.2 K)
T2 = 2 2 1 = = 219.8 K = − 53 C
P1V1 (761 torr)(6.18 L)

PV PV
11.46 In general the combined gas law equation is: 1 1 = 2 2 , and in particular, for this problem, we have:
T1 T2
P2 V2 T1 (2.00 atm)(222 mL)(298.2 K)
T2 = = = 193 K = − 80.2  C
P1V1 (1.51 atm)(455 mL)

 L atm  1000 mL  760 torr  mL torr

11.47 R =  0.0821    = 6.24 × 104
 mol K  1 L  1 atm  mol K

11.48 If PV = nRT, then R = PV/nT.

Let P = 1 atm = 101,325 Pa, T = 273 K, and n = 1.

Next, express the volume of the standard mole using the units m3, instead of L, remembering that 22.4 L =
22,400 cm3:
3
 1m 
m3 = 22, 400 cm3 ×   = 0.0224 m3
 100 cm 
 (101,325 Pa ) 0.0224 m3
R = 
( )  3 −1 −1
(1 mole )( 273 K )  = 8.31 m Pa mol K
 
 
  1 mol    L atm 
 0.287 g     0.0821  (293.2 K)
nRT   32.0 g    mol K 
11.49 V = = = 0.228 L
P   1 atm  
 748 torr   
  760 torr  

228
 Chapter 11

  1 mol    L atm 
 2.46 g     0.0821  (295.2 K)
nRT   28.0 g  mol K
11.50 V = = = 2.14 L
P   1 atm  
 756 torr   
  760 torr  

  1 mol    L atm 
12.8 g     0.0821  (300.2 K)
nRT   32.0 g    mol K   760 torr 
11.51 V = = = 3.28 atm   = 2490 torr
P (3.00 L)  1 atm 

  1 mol    L atm 
12.0 g     0.0821 ( 381 K )
nRT   18.0 g    mol K 
11.52 P = = = 5.80 atm
V ( 3.60 L )
( 735 torr ) 
atm 
 ( 0.0265 L )
PV  760 torr   44.0 g 
11.53 n =
RT
=
 L atm 
(
= 1.07 × 10−3 mol 
 1 mol 
)
= 0.0471 g
 0.0821 mol K  ( 293.2 K )
 

11.54

n =
PV
=
(( 758 torr ) ( 1 atm
760 torr ) ) ( 0.255 L ) = 1.03 x 10−2 mol
RT  L atm 
 0.0821 mol K  ( 300.2 K )
 

 16.0 g 
(
grams of methane = 1.03 × 10−2 mol  )
 = 0.165 g
 1 mol CH 4 

 30.1 g C2 H 6   1 mol  –1
11.55 (a) density C2H6 =    = 1.34 g L
 1 mol C2 H 6   22.4 L 
 28.0 g N 2   1 mol  –1
(b) density N2 =    = 1.25 g L
 1 mol N 2   22.4 L 
 70.9 g Cl2   1 mol  –1
(c) density Cl2 =    = 3.17 g L
 1 mol Cl 2  22.4 L 
 39.9 g Ar  1 mol  –1
(d) density Ar =   22.4 L  = 1.78 g L
 1 mol Ar  

 20.2 g Ne  1 mol  –1
11.56 (a) density Ne =    = 0.902 g L
 1 mol Ne  22.4 L 
 32.0 g O 2   1 mol  –1
(b) density O2 =    = 1.43 g L
 1 mol O 2   22.4 L 

229
 Chapter 11

 16.0 g CH 4   1 mol  –1
(c) density CH4 =    = 0.714 g L
 1 mol CH 4  22.4 L 
 88.0 g CF4   1 mol  –1
(d) density CF4 =    = 3.93 g L
 1 mol CF 4  22.4 L 

11.57 In general PV = nRT, where n = mass ÷ formula mass. Thus

mass
PV = RT
(formula mass)
and we arrive at the formula for the density (mass divided by volume) of a gas:

P × (formula mass)
d=
RT

d=
(742 torr)( 7601 atmtorr ) (32.0 g/mol)
( 0.0821 mol K)
L atm (301.2 K)

d = 1.26 g/L for O 2

11.58 In general PV = nRT, where n = mass ÷ formula mass. Thus

mass
PV = RT
(formula mass)
and we arrive at the formula for the density (mass divided by volume) of a gas:

P × (formula mass)
d=
RT

d=
(748.0 torr)( 7601 atmtorr ) (39.95 g/mol)
( 0.0821 mol K)
L atm (293.80 K)

d = 1.63 g/L for Ar

11.59 First determine the number of moles from the ideal gas law:

n=
PV
=
1 atm
(10.0 torr) 760 (
torr ( ) 1L
255 mL ) 1000 mL ( ) = 1.37 × 10−4 mol
RT 0.0821( L atm
)
(298.2 K)
mol K
Now calculate the molecular mass:
(12.1 mg ) ( 1000 mg )
1g
mass
molecular mass = = = 88.2 g/mol
# of moles 1.37 × 10−4 mol

(1.13 g/L )  0.0821

L atm 
( 295 K )
dRT mass RT  mol K 
11.60 molecular mass = = = = 27.6 g/mol
P PV (755 torr) ( 7601 atmtorr )
11.61 The balanced equation is
2C4H10 + 13O2
8CO2 + 10H2O
 13 mL O 2  3
mL O2 = (225 mL C4 H10 )   = 1.46 × 10 mL O 2
 2 mL C H
4 10 

230
 Chapter 11

11.62 The balanced equation is

2C6H14 + 19O2
12CO2 + 14H2O
 19 mL O2  3
mL O2 = (855 mL CO 2 )   = 1.35 × 10 mL O2
 12 mL CO 2 

 1 mol C3 H 6 
11.63 mol C3H6 = (22.5 g C3H6)   = 0.535 mol C3H6
 42.08 g C3 H 6 
 1 mol H 2 
mol H2 = (0.535 mol C3H6)   = 0.535 mol H2
 1 mol C3 H 6 

V=
nRT
=
(
L atm (297.2 K)
(0.535 mol H 2 ) 0.0821 mol K )
= 13.4 L H2
P (740 torr) 1 atm
( 760 torr )
 1 mole HNO3 
11.64 mol HNO3 = (12.0 g HNO3)   = 0.190 mol HNO3
 63.01 g HNO3 
 3 moles NO 2 
mol NO2 = (0.190 mol HNO3)   = 0.286 mol NO2
 2 moles HNO3 
 L atm 
( 0.286 moles NO 2 )  0.0821 ( 298 K )
nRT  mol K 
V= = = 7.07 L or 7.07 × 103 mL
P  1 atm 
( 752 torr )  
 760 torr 

11.65 CH4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2H2O

( 725 torr ) 
1 atm 
PV
( −3
 22.4 × 10 L
 760 torr 
)
n CH 4 = = = 8.45 × 10–4 mol CH4
RT  L atm 
 0.0821 mol K  ( 308.2 K )
 
 2 mol O 2 
mol O2 = (8.45 × 10–4 mol CH4)  –3
 = 1.69 × 10 mol O2
 1 mol CH 4
 L atm 
nRT
( 
)
1.69 × 10−3 moles  0.0821
mol K 
( 300.2 K )
VO 2 = = = 4.83 × 10−2 L = 36.3 mL O2
P  1 atm 
( 654 torr )  
 760 torr 

( 825 torr ) 
1 atm 
PV  760 torr 
( −3
 33.6 × 10 L )
11.66 n NH3 = = = 1.11 × 10–3 mol NH3
RT  L atm 
 0.0821 mol K  ( 400 K )
 
 6 mol H 2 O 
mol H2O = 1.11 x 10-3 mol NH3  –3
 = 1.67 × 10 mol H2O
 4 mol NH 3
 L atm 
nRT
(
1.67 × 10−3 moles  0.0821

) mol K 
( 591 K )
VH 2O = = = 8.36 × 10−2 L = 83.6 mL
P  1 atm 
( 735 torr )  
 760 torr 

231
 Chapter 11

11.67 2CO + O2
2CO2

( 683 torr ) 
1 atm 
 ( 0.300 L )
moles CO =  760 torr  = 1.10 × 10−2 moles
 L atm 
 0.0821 mol K  ( 298.2 K )
 

( 715 torr )  
1 atm
( 0.155 L )
 760 torr 
moles O 2 = = 4.46 × 10−3 moles
 L atm 
 0.0821 mol K  ( 398.2 K )
 
∴ O2 is the limiting reactant
 2 mol CO 2 
moles CO 2 = (4.46 × 10−3 moles O2 )  −3
 = 8.92 × 10 moles CO2
 1 mol O 2 
 L atm 
(8.92 × 10 −3
)
mol  0.0821
 mol K 
( 300.2 K )
V = = 2.24 × 10−1 L ⇒ 224 mL
 1 atm 
( 745 torr )  
 760 torr 

11.68 moles NH3 =

( 0.750 atm ) ( 0.300 L )
= 9.10 × 10−3 moles
 L atm 
 0.0821 mol K  ( 301 K )
 

moles O 2 =
( 0.780 atm )( 0.220 L)
= 6.47 × 10−3 moles
 L atm 
 0.0821 mol K  ( 323 K )
 
Assume NH3 is the limiting reagent.
 2 mol N 2 
moles N 2 = (9.10 × 10−3 moles NH3 )  −3
 = 4.55 × 10 moles N 2
 4 moles NH 3
Assume O2 is the limiting reagent:
 2 mol N 2 
moles N 2 = (6.47 × 10−3 moles O 2 )  −3
 = 4.31 × 10 mol N 2 ∴ O2 is limiting reactant
 3 mol O2 
 L atm   1000 mL 
( )
4.31 × 10−3 mol  0.0821
 mol K  ( 373 K )  1 L 
   = 178 mL
mL N 2 =
0.740 atm

11.69 PTot = PN2 + PO2 + PHe

PTot = (20 cm)(10 mm/cm)(1 torr/mm) + 155 torr + (0.450 atm)(760 torr/atm)

PTot = 200 torr + 155 torr + 342 torr = 697 torr

11.70 PTot = PN2 + PO2 + PCO2

PCO2 = PTot – PN2 –PO2
 10 mm Hg   1 torr 
PCO2 = 740 torr – (12.0 cm Hg )    
 1 cm Hg   1 mm Hg 
  100 mm Hg   1 torr  
–  4.25 dm Hg     = 195 torr
  1 dm Hg   1 mm Hg  

232
 Chapter 11

11.71 Assume all gases behave ideally and recall that 1 mole of an ideal gas at 0 °C and 1 atm occupies a volume
of 22.4 L. Therefore, the moles of gas equals the pressure of gas in atm: (RT/V = 1.000 atm mol-1 )
PN2 = 0.30 atm

PO2 = 0.20 atm

PHe = 0.40 atm

PCO2 = 0.10 atm

 760 torr 
PN2 = 0.30 atm   = 228 torr
 1 atm 
 760 torr 
PO2 = 0.20 atm   = 152 torr
 1 atm 
 760 torr 
PHe = 0.40 atm   = 304 torr
 1 atm 
 760 torr 
PCO2 = 0.10 atm   = 76 torr
 1 atm 

 1 bar 
PN2 = 0.30 atm   = 0.304 bar
 0.9868 atm 
 1 bar 
PO2 = 0.20 atm   = 0.203 bar
 0.9868 atm 
 1 bar 
PHe = 0.40 atm   = 0.405 bar
 0.9868 atm 
 1 bar 
PCO2 = 0.10 atm   = 0.101 bar
 0.9868 atm 

11.72 PCO2 = 845 torr – 322 torr = 523 torr

 523 torr 
n CO 2 = (0.200 mol)   = 0.124 moles
 845 torr 

11.73 Ptotal = (PCO + PH2O)

PH2O = 19.8 torr at 22 °C, from Table 11.2.
PCO = 754 – 19.8 torr = 734 torr
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 , and

P1V1T2 (734.2 torr)(0.297 L)(298.2 K)

V2 = = = 0.290 L ⇒ 290. mL
T1P2 (295.2 K)(760 torr)

11.74 Ptotal = PH2 + PH2O

PH2O = 23.76 torr at 25 °C, from Table 11.2.
PH2 = Ptotal – PH2O = 742 – 23.76 = 718 torr
The temperature stays constant so, P1V1 = P2V2, and
PV (718 torr)(262 mL)
V2 = 1 1 = = 248 mL
P2 (760 torr)

233
 Chapter 11

11.75 From Table 11.2, the vapor pressure of water at 20 °C is 17.54 torr. Thus only (742 – 17.54) = 724 torr is
due to "dry" methane. In other words, the fraction of the wet methane sample that is pure methane is
724/742 = 0.976. The question can now be phrased: What volume of wet methane, when multiplied by
0.976, equals 244 mL?

Volume "wet" methane × 0.976 = 244 mL

Volume "wet" methane = 244 mL/0.976 = 250 mL

In other words, one must collect 250 total mL of "wet methane" gas in order to have collected the
equivalent of 244 mL of pure methane.

11.76 First convert the needed amount of oxygen at 760 torr to the volume that would correspond to the
laboratory conditions of 746 torr: P1V1 = P2V2 or V2 = P1V1/P2
V2 = 275 mL × 760 torr/746 torr = 280 mL of dry oxygen gas

The wet sample of oxygen gas will also be collected at atmospheric pressure in the lab of 746 torr. The
vapor pressure of water at 15 °C is equal to 12.8 torr (from Table 11.2), and the wet sample will have the
following partial pressure of oxygen, once it is collected:
PO2 = Ptotal – PH2O = 746 – 12.8 = 733 torr of oxygen in the wet sample. Thus the wet sample of oxygen is
composed of the following % oxygen:

% oxygen in the wet sample = 733/746 × 100 = 98.3 %

The question now becomes what amount of a wet sample of oxygen will contain the equivalent of 280 mL
of pure oxygen, if the wet sample is only 98.3 % oxygen (and 1.7 % water). 0.983 × Vwet = 280 mL, hence
Vwet = 285 mL. This means that 285 mL of a wet sample of oxygen must be collected in order to obtain as
much oxygen as would be present in 280 mL of a pure sample of oxygen.

11.77 Effusion rates for gases are inversely proportional to the square root of the gas density, and the gas with the
lower density ought to effuse more rapidly. Nitrogen in this problem has the higher effusion rate because it
has the lower density:

rate(N 2 ) 1.96 g L−1

= = 1.25
rate(CO 2 ) 1.25 g L−1

11.78 Ethylene, C2H4, the lightest of these three, diffuses the most rapidly, and Cl2, the heaviest, will diffuse the
slowest.
Cl2 < SO2 < C2H4

11.79 The relative rates are inversely proportional to the square roots of their molecular masses:

rate( 235 UF6 ) molar mass ( 238 UF6 ) 352 g mol−1

= = = 1.0043
rate( 238 UF6 ) molar mass ( 235 UF6 ) 349 g mol−1

Meaning that the rate of effusion of the 235UF6 is only 1.0043 times faster than the 238UF6 isotope.

234
 Chapter 11

11.80 Use equation 11.7

effusion rate x M C3 H 8
=
effusion rate C3 H8 Mx
2
 effusion rate C3 H8 
M x = M C3 H 8  
 effusion rate x 
2
 1 
= 44.1 g/mol   = 16.2 g/mol
 1.65 

Additional Exercises

11.81 We found that 1 atm = 33.9 ft of water. This is equivalent to 33.9 ft × 12 in./ft = 407 in. of water, which in
this problem is equal to the height of a water column that is uniformly 1.00 in.2 in diameter. Next, we
convert the given density of water from the units g/mL to the units lb/in.3:

3
lb  1.00 g   1 lb   1 mL   2.54 cm  lb
3
=    454 g   3   1 in. 
= 0.0361
in.  1.00 mL    1 cm    in.3
The area of the total column of water is now calculated: 1.00 in.2 × 407 in. = 407 in.3, along with the mass
of the total column of water: 407 in.3 × 0.0361 lb/in.3 = 14.7 lb. Finally, we can determine the pressure
(force/unit area) that corresponds to one atm: 1 atm = 14.7 lb ÷ 1.00 in.2 = 14.7 lb/in.2

 6.0 in × 3.2 in  2
11.82 Total footprint = (4 tires)   = 76.8 in
 tire 
3500 lb
Total pressure = = 45.6 lb/in 2
2
76.8 in
Gauge pressure = 45.6 lb/in 2 - 14.7 lb/in 2 = 30.9 lb/in 2

 2000 lb  5
11.83 Total weight = (45.6 tons + 8.3 tons)   = 1.08 × 10 lbs
 1 ton 
Total pressure = 85 psi + 14.7 psi = 99.7 psi/tire
1.08 × 105 lbs
number of tires = = 10.8 tires
(99.7 lbs in −2 /tire)(100 in 2 )
The minimum number of wheels is 12 since tires are mounted in multiples of 2.

11.84 Assume a 1 sq in. cylinder of water

3
 12 in.   2.54 cm   1 mL 
V = (12,468 ft) 
 1 ft 
 (
1 in.2 ) = (149616 in.3 )   
 1 in.   1 cm 3
6
 = 2.4518 × 10 mL

 1.025 g   1 lb 
Mass = (2.4518 × 106 mL)   = (2.51306 × 106 g)  3
 = 5.54026 × 10 lb
 1 mL   453.6 g 
 1 atm 
Pressure = (5.54026 × 103 lb in −2 )  = 376.89 atm
−2 
 14.7 lb in 

11.85 From the data we know that the pressure in flask 1 is greater than atmospheric pressure, and greater than
the pressure in flask 2. The pressure in flask 1 can be determined from the manometer data. The pressure in
flask 1 is:

235
 Chapter 11

 760 mm Hg   1 cm 
P = (0.827 atm)    10 mm  + 11.40 cm = 74.25 cm Hg
 1 atm  
The pressure in flask 2 is lower than flask 1
 0.826 g mL−1 
P = 74.25 cm Hg – (15.85 cm oil)   = 73.29 cm Hg = 732.9 torr
 13.6 g mL−1 
 

11.86 To calculate the pressure at 100 ft assume a cylinder of water 100 ft long and 1 in2.
3
 12 in  2.54 cm   1 mL   1.025 g   1 lb 
mass = (100 ft)   (1 in )2       = 44.4 lb
 1 ft   1 in   1 cm3   1 mL   453.6 g 
 1 atm 
P = (44.4 lb in −2 )  = 3.02 atm
−2 
 14.7 lb in 
Since the pressure decreases by a factor of 3, the volume must increase by a factor of 3. Divers exhale to
decrease the amount of gas in their lungs, so it does not expand to a volume larger than the divers lungs.

11.87 First calculate the initial volume (V1) and the final volume (V2) of the cylinder, using the given geometrical
data, noting that the radius is half the diameter (10.7/2 = 5.35 cm):
V1 = π × (5.35 cm)2 × 13.4 cm = 1.20 × 103 cm3
V2 = π × (5.35 cm)2 × (13.4 cm – 12.7 cm) = 62.9 cm3

PV PV
In general the combined gas law equation is: 1 1 = 2 2 , and in particular, for this problem, we have:
T1 T2
PVT (34.0 atm)(62.9 cm3 )(364 K)
T2 = 2 2 1 = = 649 K = 376  C
P1V1 3 3
(1.00 atm)(1.20 × 10 cm )

11.88 First convert the temperature data to the Kelvin scale: 273 + 5/9(58.0 – 32.0) = 287 K and 273 + 5/9(102 –
32) = 312 K. Next, calculate the final pressure at the gauge, taking into account the temperature change
only:

PT (64.7 lb in.−2 )(312 K)

P2 = 1 2 = = 70.3 lb in.−2
T1 (287 K)

This represents the actual pressure inside the tire. The pressure gauge measures only the difference
between the pressure inside the tire and the pressure outside the tire (atmospheric pressure). Hence the
gauge reading is equal to the internal pressure of the tire less atmospheric pressure: (70.3 – 14.7) lb/in2 =
55.6 lb/in2

11.89 The temperatures must first be converted to Kelvin:

 5 5
C= × (  F − 32) = × ( − 50 − 32) = − 46  C or 227 K
9 9
 5  5
C= × ( F − 32) = × (120 − 32) = 49  C or 322 K
9 9
Next, the pressure calculation is done using the following equation:
PT (32 lb in.−2 )(322 K)
P2 = 1 2 = = 45 lb in.−2
T1 (227 K)

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 Chapter 11

11.90 Using the ideal gas law, determine the number of moles of H2 and O2 gas initially present:
For hydrogen:

n=
PV
=
(1250 torr ) ( 7601 atmtorr ) ( 0.400 L ) = 2.52 × 10−2 mol H
2
RT (
0.0821 mol K ) (
L atm 318 K )
for oxygen:

n=
PV
=
( 740 torr ) ( 7601 atmtorr ) ( 0.300 L ) = 1.19 × 10−2 mol O
2
RT (
0.0821 mol K ) (
L atm 298 K )

This problem is an example of a limiting reactant problem in that we know the amounts of H2 and O2
initially present. Since 1 mol of O2 reacts completely with 2 mol of H2, we can see, by inspection, that
there is excess H2 present. Using the amounts calculated above, we can make 2.38 × 10–2 mol of H2O and
have an excess of 1.4 × 10–3 mol of H2. Thus, the total amount of gas present after complete reaction is
2.52 × 10–2 mol. Using this value for n, we can calculate the final pressure in the reaction vessel:

P=
nRT
=
(
2.52 × 10−2 mol 0.0821 molL atm
K )( ) ( 395 K ) = 1.63 atm = 1.24 × 103 torr
V ( 0.500 L )
11.91 We first need to determine the pressure inside the apparatus. Since the water level is 8.5 cm higher inside
than outside, the pressure inside the container is lower than the pressure outside. To determine the inside
pressure, we first need to convert 8.5 cm of water to an equivalent dimension for mercury. This is done
using the density of mercury: PHg = 85 mm/13.6 = 6.25 mm (where the density of mercury, 13.6 g/mL, has
been used.) Pinside = Poutside – PHg = 746 torr – 6 torr = 740 torr. In order to determine the PH2, we need to
subtract the vapor pressure of water at 24 °C. This value may be found in Table 11.2 and Appendix C.5
and is equal to 22.4 torr. The PH2 = Pinside – PH2O = 740 torr – 22.4 torr = 717 torr. Now, we can use the
ideal gas law in order to determine the number of moles of H2 present;

n=
PV
=
(
1 atm
( 717 torr ) 760 torr ( ) 1L
16.35 mL ) 1000 mL ( )
= 6.33 × 10−4 mol H 2
RT (
0.0821 L atm
( 297 K )
mol K )
The balanced equation described in this problem is:

Zn(s) +2HCl(aq)
ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

By inspection we can see that 1 mole of Zn(s) reacts to form 1mole of H2(g) and we must have reacted
6.33 × 10–4 mol Zn in this reaction.

 65.39 g Zn 
(
g Zn = 6.33 × 10−4 mol Zn  )
 1 mol Zn 
−2
 = 4.14 × 10 g Zn

11.92 2H2 + O2
2H2O

 1 mol H 2 
mol H2 = (14.8 g H2)   = 7.33 mol H2
 2.02 g H 2 
 1 mol O 2 
mol O2 = (92.3 g O2)   = 2.88 mol O2
 32.0 g O 2 
∴O2 is the limiting reactant
 2 mol H 2 O 
mol H2O = (2.88 mol O2)   = 5.76 mol H2
 1 mol O 2 

237
 Chapter 11

 2 mol H 2 
mol H2 needed = (2.88 mol O2   = 5.76 mol H2
 1 mol O2 
Remaining mol H2 = 7.33 mol H2 – 5.76 mol H2 = 1.57 mol H2

( 5.76 mol )  0.0821

L atm 
( 435 K )
 mol K 
PH 2O = = 15.8 atm
13.0 L

(1.57 mol )  0.0821

L atm 
( 435 K )
 mol K 
PH 2 = = 4.31 atm
13.0 L
PTot = 15.8 atm + 4.31 atm = 20.1 atm

11.93 Note: 0.08747 mg/mL = 0.08747 g/L

( 0.08747 g/L )  0.0821

L atm 
( 290.2 K )
dRT  mol K 
molecular mass = = = 2.08 g/mol
P  1 atm 
( 760 torr)  
 760 torr 
This gas must be H2.

11.94 (a) The equation can be rearranged to give:

V(P − PH 2O )
0.04489 × = %N × W
273 + t °C

This means that the left side of the above equation should be obtainable simply from the ideal gas
law, applied to the nitrogen case. If PV = nRT, then for nitrogen: PV = (mass nitrogen)/(28.01
g/mol) × RT, and the mass of nitrogen that is collected is given by: (mass nitrogen) =
PV(28.01)/RT, where R = 82.1 mL atm/K mol × 760 torr/atm = 6.24 × 104 mL torr/K mol. Using
this value for R in the above equation, we have the following result for the mass of nitrogen,
remembering that the pressure of nitrogen is less than the total pressure, by an amount equal to the
vapor pressure of water:

28.01 × V × (Ptotal − PH 2O )
(mass nitrogen) =
( 6.24 × 10 4 mL torr
mol K )( 273 + C)


Finally, it is only necessary to realize that the value

28.01
× 100 = 0.04489
6.24 × 104

is exactly the value given in the problem.

(18.90 mL)(746 torr − 22.1 torr)

(b) % N = 0.04489 × = 8.639 %
( 0.2394 g )( 273.15 + 23.80 )
Multi-Concept Problems

11.95 (a) Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)
H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)

Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen:

238
 Chapter 11

n=
PV
=
( 1 atm
( 765 torr ) 760 )
torr (
12.0 L )
= 0.502 mol H 2
RT (
0.0821 mol K )
L atm 293.2 K
( )

and the number of moles of zinc:

 1 mol Zn 
mol Zn = ( 0.502 mol H 2 )   = 0.502 mol Zn
 1 mol H 2 

The number of grams of zinc needed is, therefore:

 65.39 g Zn 
g Zn = (0.502 mol Zn)   = 32.8 g Zn
 1 mol Zn 

 2 mol HCl 
(b) mol HCl = (0.502 mol Zn)   = 1.004 mol HCl
 1 mol Zn 
 1000 mL HCl 
mL HCl = (1.004 mol HCl)   = 126 mL HCl
 8.00 mol HCl 

11.96 First determine the % by mass S and O in the sample:

% S = 1.448 g/3.620 g × 100 = 40.00 % S
% O = 2.172 g/3.620 g × 100 = 60.00 % O

Before we determine the molecular formula of the compound we need to find the empirical
formula.

Determine the number of moles of S and O in a sample of the material weighing 100 g exactly, in
order to make the conversion from % by mass to grams straightforward: In 100 g of the material,
there are 40.00 g S and 60.00 g O:
40.00 g S ÷ 32.07 g/mol = 1.247 mol S
60.00 g O ÷ 16.00 g/mol = 3.750 mol O
Dividing each of these mole amounts by the smaller of the two gives the relative mole amounts of
S and O in the material: for S, 1.247 mol ÷ 1.247 mol = 1.000 relative moles, for O, 3.750 mol ÷
1.247 mol= 3.007 relative moles, and the empirical formula is, therefore, SO3.

We determine the formula mass of the material by use of the ideal gas law:

n=
PV
=
( 1 atm
( 750 torr ) 760 )
torr (
1.120 L )
= 0.0451 mol
RT (
0.0821 mol K )
L atm 298.2 K
( )

The formula mass is given by the mass in grams (given in the problem) divided by the moles
determined here: formula mass = 3.620 g ÷ 0.0451 mol = 80.2 g mol–1. Since this is equal to the
formula mass of the empirical unit determined in step (b) above, namely SO3, then the molecular
formula is also SO3.

11.97 (a) Ptotal = 746.0 torr = PH2O + PN2

PN2 = 746.0 torr – 22.1 torr = 723.9 torr
Now, use the ideal gas equation to determine the moles of N2 that have been collected:

239
 Chapter 11

n=
PV
=
( 1 atm
( 723.9 torr ) 760 )
torr ( ( 1L
18.90 mL ) 1000 mL )
= 7.384 × 10−4 mol N 2
RT ( L atm
)
0.0821 mol K ( 296.95 K )

Then the mass of nitrogen that has been collected is determined: 7.384 × 10–4 mol N2 × 28.0
g/mol = 2.068 × 10–2 g N2. Next, the % by mass nitrogen in the material is calculated: % N =
(0.02068 g)/(0.2394 g) × 100 = 8.638 % N

(b) mass of C in the sample:

 1 mole CO2  1 mol C   12.01 g C 
g C = (17.57 × 10−3 g CO2 )    
 44.01 g CO 2  1 mol CO 2   1 mol C 
= 4.795 × 10−3 g C

mass of H in the sample:

 1 mole H 2 O   2 mol Η   1.008 g H 
g H = (4.319 × 10−3 g H 2 O)    
 18.02 g H 2 O   1 mol H 2 O   1 mol H 
= 4.832 × 10−4 g H

mass of N in the sample:

 8.638 g N 
g N = (6.478 × 10−3 g sample)  −4
 = 5.596 × 10 g N
 100 g sample 

mass of O in the sample = total mass – (mass C + H + N)

mg O = 6.478 mg sample − ( 4.795 mg C + 0.4832 mg H + 0.5596 mg N )
= 0.640 mg O

Next we convert each of these mass amounts into the corresponding mole values:
for C, 4.795 × 10–3 g ÷ 12.01 g/mol = 3.993 × 10–4 mol C
for H, 4.832 × 10–4 g ÷ 1.008 g/mol = 4.794 × 10–4 mol H
for N, 5.596 × 10–4 g ÷ 14.01 g/mol = 3.994 × 10–5 mol N
for O, 6.40 × 10–4 g ÷ 16.00 g/mol = 4.00 × 10–5 mol O
Last, we convert these mole amounts into relative mole amounts by dividing each by the smallest
of the four:
for C, 3.993 × 10–4 mol/ 3.994 × 10–5 mol = 9.998
for H, 4.794 × 10–4 mol/ 3.994 × 10–5 mol = 12.00
for N, 3.994 × 10–5 mol/ 3.994 × 10–5 mol = 1.000
for O, 4.00 × 10–5 mol/ 3.994 × 10–5 mol = 1.00
The empirical formula is therefore C10H12NO

% C = (4.795 x 10-3 g C/6.478 x 10-3 g sample) x 100 = 74.02 %

% H = (4.832 x 10-4g H/6.478 x 10-3 g sample) x 100 = 7.46 %

The formula mass of the empirical unit is 162. Since this is half the value of the known molecular
mass, the molecular formula must be twice the empirical formula, C20H24N2O2.

11.98 (a) We begin by converting the dimensions of the room into cm: 42 ft × 30.48 cm/ft = 1.3 × 103 cm,
24 ft × 30.48 cm/ft = 7.3× 102 cm, 8.6 ft × 30.48 cm/ft = 2.6 × 102 cm. Next, the volume of the
room is determined: V = (1.3 × 103 cm)(7.3 × 102 cm)(2.6 × 102 cm) = 2.4 × 108 cm3. Since there
are 1000 cm3 in a liter, volume is: V = 2.4 × 105 L

240
 Chapter 11

The calculation of the amount of H2S goes as follows:

 0.15 L H 2S 
(
L H 2S = 2.4 × 105 L space 

)  = 3.6 × 10−5 L H 2S
 1 × 109 L space 


(b) Convert volume (in liters) to moles at STP:

 1 mol H 2S 
(
mol H 2S = 3.6 × 10−5 L H 2S 
 22.4 L H
)S
2 
−6
 = 1.6 × 10 mol H 2S

Since the stoichiometry is 1:1, we require the same number of moles of Na2S:

 1000 mL Na 2S 
(
mL Na 2S = 1.6 × 10−6 mol Na 2S  ) 
 0.100 mol Na 2S 
= 1.6 × 10−2 mL Na 2S

11.99 Cl2 + SO32– + H2O
2Cl– + SO42– + 2H+

 0.200 moles Na 2SO3   1 mole SO32−  1 mole Cl2 
moles Cl2 = ( 50.0 mL Na 2SO3 )    
 1000 mL Na 2SO3   1 mole Na 2SO3  
2−
 1 mole SO3 
= 1.00 × 10−2 moles Cl2
 L atm 
(1.00 × 10 −2
)
moles  0.0821
 mol K 
( 298 K )
VCl2 = = 0.253 L = 253 mL
 1 atm 
( 734 torr )  
 760 torr 

11.100 Ptotal = 740 torr = PH2 + Pwater

The vapor pressure of water at 25 °C is available in Table 11.2: 23.76 torr. Hence:
PH2 = (740 – 24) torr = 716 torr
Next, we calculate the number of moles of hydrogen gas that this represents:

n=
PV
=
1 atm
( 716 torr ) 760 (
torr ( )
0.335 L )
= 0.0129 mol H 2
RT (
0.0821 molL atm 298.2 K
K ( ) )

The balanced chemical equation is: Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)
H2(g) + ZnCl2(aq)

and the quantities of the reagents that are needed are:

 1 mol Zn   65.39 g Zn 
g Zn = (0.0129 mol H 2 )    = 0.844 g Zn
 1 mol H 2   1 mol Zn 
 2 mol HCl   1000 mL HCl 
mL HCl = (0.0129 mol H 2 )    = 4.30 mL HCl
 1 mol H 2   6.00 mol HCl 

11.101 This is a limiting reactant problem. First we need to calculate the moles of dry CO2 that can be produced
from the given quantities of CaCO3 and HCl:

241
 Chapter 11

 1 mol CaCO3 
mol CaCO3 = (12.3 g CaCO3 )   = 0.123 mol CaCO3
 100.09 g CaCO3 
 0.250 mol HCl 
mol HCl = (185 mL HCl)   = 0.0463 mol HCl
 1000 mL HCl 
Thus, HCl is limiting and we use this to determine the moles of CO2 that can be produced:
 1 mol CO 2 
mol CO 2 = (0.0463 mol HCl)   = 0.0231 mol CO 2
 2 mol HCl 
The pressure of the dry CO2 is 745 torr. Finally, the volume of this “dry” CO2 is calculated using the ideal
gas equation:

V=
nRT
=
( L atm
( 0.0231 mol ) 0.0821 mol K ) ( 293.2 K ) = 0.567 L CO or 567 mL
2
P ( 745 torr ) 1 atm
( 760 torr )
dRT (mass)RT
11.102 formula mass = =
P PV

formula mass =
(
(6.3 × 10−3 g) 0.0821 mol )
L atm (298.2 K)
K
1
(atm
)
(11 torr) 760 torr (385 mL) 1000(
1L
mL )
–1
formula mass = 28 g mol

The formula weights of the boron hydrides are:

BH3, 13.8
B2H6, 27.7
B4H10, 53.3
And we conclude that the sample must have been B2H6.

242