BPLN-0613

Introduction of Detailed Project Report

Lecture – 2: Specifications

By

Gaurav Vaidya
Asst. Professor,
Dptt. of Planning, SPA Bhopal
Introduction

 Specification

 Estimation & Costing

 Valuation

 Why above are necessary for Planning Professionals?

Specification

 Information regarding the quality of specific materials

and workmanship
Objectives of Specifications:
 To define quality of materials and workmanships
 To guide & instruct the contractor, needs of design
 To protect the owner from damage due to low-quality materials or
workmanship
 To provide maximum freedom to contractor to perform the work
 To provide legal strength under contract documents
Types of Specification

 Brief Specification

- To prepare the estimate of the work.

 Detailed Specification

1. General provisions

2. Technical provisions

3. Standard provisions
Classifications of Specification

1. Open Specifications
 Basic materials
 True Competition
2. Restricted Specifications
 Requirements of design
 Quality products
3. Closed Specifications
 Directives with drawings
 Choice of owner/ client
Aspects to design of a specification

 Clearness of requirements

 Cooperation between engineer & contractor

 Cost (increase/ decrease)

 Competent designer

 Opportunity to Change or improve

 Flexibility of selection

 Product control
Sources of Specification

 Contract drawings

 Previous specifications

 Requirement of owner/ client

 Site investigations reports

 Standard specifications

 Trade catalogues
Estimation

 Probable cost of work based on mathematical calculations on plans,

drawings and current rates

 Objective:

1. To compute and calculate the quantities required and expenditure

likely to be incurred for proposed construction

2. To enable owner/ client the probable cost of work before

undertaking the actual construction
Methods of Cost Estimation

There are three methods of cost estimation:

1. Centerline method
2. Crossings method
3. Out-to-out & In-to-in method

 Components of Estimation
1. Measurement (for calculation of quantity)
2. Abstract (for calculation of cost of work)
Costing

Estimation is aimed to calculate the probable cost of the product

before the manufacturing starts, and while Costing is the
determination of actual cost of the product by adding
various elements of expenses incurred.

Types of Costs
 Fixed Costs (FC) The costs which don't vary with changing output.
 Variable Costs (VC) Costs which depend on the output produced.
 Total Costs (TC) = Fixed + Variable Costs.
 Marginal Costs – Marginal cost is the cost of producing an extra
unit.
 Semi-Variable Cost- It refers to costs which are partly fixed and
partly variable.
Valuation

 Technique of estimating or determining the fair price or present

value of a property

Valuation of property is depends on:

1. Structure
2. Life
3. Maintenance
4. Location
5. Bank interest
6. Legal control
7. Market demand & supply
Rates & Sources of Rates

 Rates of materials are usually taken as the rates delivered at the site
of work and which includes material cost, cost of road transport &
railway freight including applicable taxes.

 Schedule of Rates (SOR)

1. Central Govt. Construction organization (CPWD)

2. Technical Support Agencies (CPHEEO, BMTPC)

3. State-level Implementation Agencies (Sate PWD, R&B, GWSSB)

Cost Index

 As per Construction Industry Development Council, India (CIDCI),

“Cost Index is an indicator of the average cost movement overtime
of a fixed basket of representative goods and services related to
construction industry”.

 Cost Index=(Pc/Pb) x Wt
Pc= Current cost at time of index computation
Pb= Base year cost of same material
Wt= Weightage for same material in the works
Need to Study by Planners

 It is coming under the primary study, to derive or calculate the

proposed projects under any Planning exercise for implementation
of any type Plan

 Very important to understand project planning process

 One should know the probable cost estimates before preparing any
plan

 Well define specifications are base of most appropriate cost

estimation and valuation
General or Brief Specifications

 This gives information regarding:

1. Whole idea of nature & class of the work and materials in
general terms,
2. To be used for various parts of the work, from foundation to
the superstructure.
 It is a short description of different parts of the work, specifying
materials, proportions, qualities etc.
 It is useful in preparing the base estimates of whole work or
separate components of work
Types of Buildings

First Class Second Third Class Fourth

Building Class Building Class
Building Building
In this type In this type In this type In this type
High Medium Low standard Local
standard standard materials available
materials materials used for materials
used for used for construction, used for
construction, construction, generally for construction,
generally for generally for LIG generally for
HIG & MIG EWS
UMIG
Conventional Foundation and Plinth

First Class Second Third Class Fourth

Building Class Building Class
Building Building
I-class brick I-class brick II-class brick Foundation
work with in work with work with shall be sun-
lime mortar lime mortar lime mortar dried or
or 1:6 cement or cement over lime katcha bricks
mortar over mortar over concrete on in mud
lime concrete lime concrete stone based mortar on
or 1:4:8 on RCC or foundation. stone based
cement stone based foundation.
concrete. foundation.
Damp Proof Course (DPC)

First Class Second Class Third Class Fourth Class

Building Building Building Building
DPC shall be of DPC shall be of DPC shall be of No DPC work in
2.5 cm thick 2 cm thick 2 cm thick practice.
cement concrete cement concrete cement concrete
1:1.5:3, mixed 1:2 mixed with 1:2 mixed with
with 1kg of 1kg of impermo some standard
impermo per per bag of water proofing
bag of cement or cement or other materials.
other standard standard water
water proofing proofing
materials as materials.
specified and
painted with
two coats of
bitumen.
Superstructure

First Class Second Class Third Class Fourth Class

Building Building Building Building
This shall be I- This shall be II- This shall be II- This shall be
class brick work class brick work class brick work sun-dried or
with lime with lime with lime katcha brick
mortar or 1:6 mortar. Lintels mortar. Doors work with mud
cement mortar. over doors and and windows mortar. Doors
Lintels over windows shall opening shall be and windows
doors and be of RCC or provided with opening shall be
windows shall Stone. arches of II- provided with
be of RCC. bricks work in arches of katcha
lime mortar or bricks work in
with wooden lime mortar or
plank. with wooden
plank.
Roofing

First Class Second Class Third Class Fourth Class

Building Building Building Building
This shall be of This shall be of This shall be of This shall be of
RCC slab with RCC slab with mud over tiles mud over tiles
an insulation 7.5 mt. lime or bricks or over bamboo or
layer and lime concrete planks over wooden
concrete terracing above, wooden beams supports.
terracing above, or flat terraced or of tiles or GI
supported over roof supported sheets or AC
RCC joints or over wooden sheets sloping
RCC beams. battens and roofs.
Height of rooms beams or Jack
shall not be less Arch Roof.
than 3.7 mt.
Flooring

First Class Second Class Third Class Fourth Class

Building Building Building Building
Drawing & Dining Floors shall be Floors shall be Floors shall be
Room floors shall be of 2.5 cm of brick on edge of katcha or
of mosaic (terrazo)/ cement concrete floor over well earthen floor
Tiles. For bedrooms over 7.5cm lime rammed earth. finished with
and other floor concrete. Gobar lepping
areas, it shall be Verandah floor (cowdung
color & polished of shall be of brick washing).
2.5 cm cement tiles or flag
concrete over 7.5cm stone over lime
lime concrete. concrete with
Bathroom & WC finished cement
floors & dado shall painted.
be of mosaic/ tiles.
Finishing

First Class Second Class Third Class Fourth

Building Building Building Class
Building
Inside & outside Inside & outside Inside & Inside &
walls shall be of walls shall be of outside walls outside walls
12mm cement lime 12mm cement shall be shall be water
1:6 plastered. mortar plastered plastered proof mud
Drawing, dining & 1:6. Ceiling shall with lime plastered.
bedrooms- inside be cement mortar and
shall be distempered plastered 1:3. white washed
and other inside Inside shall be 3 coats.
white washed 3 white washed 3
coats. Outside shall coats, colour
be colored snowcem washed 2 coats
washed 2 coats over over 1 coat of
1 coat of white wash. white wash.
Doors & Windows

I-Class Building II- Class III- Class IV- Class

Building Building Building
Frames shall be Frames shall be Frames shall Doors and
seasons teak wood. of RCC or well be of sal wood. windows
Shutters shall be teak seasons sal wood. Doors and shall be
wood 4.3 cm thick Shutters shall be windows shall mango, chir
panel glazed with wire shisham wood of be mango or or other
gauge shutters. All 4 cm thick panel other country country
fitting shall be of brass. glazed. All fitting wood. Doors & wood.
Doors & windows shall shall be of iron. windows shall
be varnished or Doors & windows be painted 2
painted 2 coats with shall be painted 2 coats with
high class enamal coats with some ordinary paint
painted over 1 coat of good paint and over 1 coat of
priming. Windows then 1 coat of priming.
shall be of with iron priming over it.
gratings or grills.
Stairs & Elevators

First Class Second Class Third Class Fourth

Building Building Building Class
Building
RCC 1:1.5:3 for RCC 1:2:4 or Local stone Generally
stairs case with II-class brick (tough) or II- separate
cover of marble or work for stairs class brick bamboo
kota stone. Hand case with cover work for stairs made stairs
railings shall be of of mosaic or case. Hand are used to
mild steel or sal kota stone. railings shall provide
wood. Modern Hand railings be of cast iron access on
automatic Lift shall be of cast or brick roof.
systems iron or brick works.
(elevators) with works.
all safety features.
Miscellaneous

I-Class Building II- Class Building III- Class

Building
Rain water pipes shall be Rain water pipes shall There is no such
provided of cast iron or be provided of plastic specifications
asbestos cement with or asbestos cement given in this
finished painted. Building with finished painted. category.
shall be provided with I- Building shall be
class sanitary & water provided with
fittings and electrical standard sanitary &
installations. 1mt. wide water fittings and
and 7.5cm thick cement electrical
concrete. 1:3 :6 apron installations.
shall be provided all
around the building.
Specification for Excavation

 Stages: starting of work – workmanship – excavated

materials – protection to existing services – measurement –
rate included for costing.
 The excavation for foundation trenches shall be carried out in
all sorts of soils as per plan and lining approved at site.
 The sides of foundation trenches shall be truly vertical and
bottom shall be uniformly leveled.
 The excavated material shall be stacked away from the
sides of the trenches of the excavation by atleast 2 mt.
 The excavated material shall be filled in the plinth in layers
of 30 cm and well watered.
 The surplus excavated materials shall be spread out
uniformly.
Specification for Excavation…

 All existing services shall be carefully supported and

protected, which are met within foundation trenches.
 The excavation shall be measured as per exact length and
width of the lowest step of the footing according to drawing.
 The depth of trenches shall be measured vertically from
the average ground level taken at site before starting work.
 The rate of excavation includes all timbering and other
supports which are necessary for securing the sides of the
trenches with taking all safety measures.
 No extra amount shall be paid to the contractor for the
excavation of the working space.
 The material and valuable found during excavation shall be
the property of owner.
Specification for Water removal from
Foundation

 Stages: Pumps – Sumps – safety of adjoining structure.

 Contractor shall provide necessary standard pumps and other
requirement to keep the foundation trenches clear of water.
 All the water getting admission to the trenches shall be pumped
out so as to keep the trenches dry.
 No consideration shall be given to the source of water from
where it is coming.
 The sump should be placed in the positions which is
arranged such a way that the water clear of sand is pumped
out and also as per approved by engineer.
 The operation of removal of water shall be so conducted by the
contractor that there is no danger to foundations or
stability of adjoining structure.
Specification for Brickbat lime concrete
for Foundation

 Stages: Proportion(1:2:4) – Lime mortar – Brickbats –

mixing – placing – ramming - measurement.
 The proportion of brickbats lime concrete shall be 1
part of lime mortar (1:2) and 2 parts of brickbats by volume.
 The lime mortar shall be prepared form 1 part of slacked
lime and 2 part of sand by volume.
 The lime to be used shall not give a residue of more than
10% by weight when tested with hydrochloric acid.
 The sand to be used shall be clean & coarse and shall not
contain any organic impurities.
 The lime and sand shall be thoroughly mixed in best
available manual or electric mixer at site of work.
 The lime mortar which has become stale shall not be used.
Specification for Brickbat lime concrete
for Foundation…

 The brickbats shall be obtained from thoroughly burnt new

bricks and shall be broken in size of 40 mm to 50 mm.
 The brickbats shall be free from the dirt, dust or such other
impurities.
 The mixing shall be done on a water tight platform.
 The materials shall be turned over twice dry and twice again
with water, added in required quantities, so that whole
surface of broken brickbats gets coated with mortar.
 The placing of concrete shall start after the bottom of
foundations is well-dressed, watered and rammed by
means of rammers.
 The concrete shall be laid in layers of 20 cm thickness
and each layer shall be well rammed and well watered
when next layer is laid.
Specification for Brickbat lime concrete
for Foundation…

 The concrete shall not be allowed to be thrown from top but

shall be gently lowered in the trenches.
 The ramming shall be done till concrete becomes solid
and compact.
 The watering on concrete surface shall be done atleast
for one week.
 If desired, the engineer shall test the consolidation of
the concrete by performing water test.
 The measurement shall be taken for the exact
dimensions as per drawings or as per instructions of
the engineer for the consolidation concrete.
Thank You