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    Part 3: Metrology & Pharmaceutical Calculations: References

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    Rajasekhar
    Here are the steps I would take using the aliquot method: 1. Determine the minimum volume that can be accurately measured using the 5 mL graduate, which is 0.5 mL. 2. Calculate the amount of diluent needed to make a total volume of 0.5 mL. Since the required amount of olive oil is 0.2 mL, the amount of alcohol needed is 0.5 mL - 0.2 mL = 0.3 mL 3. Measure 0.3 mL of alcohol into the graduate and add 0.2 mL of olive oil. 4. Transfer the total 0.5 mL volume to the final container. This ensures the required 0.2 mL amount of olive oil is obtained within

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    Part 3: Metrology & Pharmaceutical Calculations: References

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    Rajasekhar
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    Here are the steps I would take using the aliquot method: 1. Determine the minimum volume that can be accurately measured using the 5 mL graduate, which is 0.5 mL. 2. Calculate the amount of diluent needed to make a total volume of 0.5 mL. Since the required amount of olive oil is 0.2 mL, the amount of alcohol needed is 0.5 mL - 0.2 mL = 0.3 mL 3. Measure 0.3 mL of alcohol into the graduate and add 0.2 mL of olive oil. 4. Transfer the total 0.5 mL volume to the final container. This ensures the required 0.2 mL amount of olive oil is obtained within

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    Here are the steps I would take using the aliquot method: 1. Determine the minimum volume that can be accurately measured using the 5 mL graduate, which is 0.5 mL. 2. Calculate the amount of diluent needed to make a total volume of 0.5 mL. Since the required amount of olive oil is 0.2 mL, the amount of alcohol needed is 0.5 mL - 0.2 mL = 0.3 mL 3. Measure 0.3 mL of alcohol into the graduate and add 0.2 mL of olive oil. 4. Transfer the total 0.5 mL volume to the final container. This ensures the required 0.2 mL amount of olive oil is obtained within

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    127 views55 pages

    Part 3: Metrology & Pharmaceutical Calculations: References

    Uploaded by

    Rajasekhar
    Here are the steps I would take using the aliquot method: 1. Determine the minimum volume that can be accurately measured using the 5 mL graduate, which is 0.5 mL. 2. Calculate the amount of diluent needed to make a total volume of 0.5 mL. Since the required amount of olive oil is 0.2 mL, the amount of alcohol needed is 0.5 mL - 0.2 mL = 0.3 mL 3. Measure 0.3 mL of alcohol into the graduate and add 0.2 mL of olive oil. 4. Transfer the total 0.5 mL volume to the final container. This ensures the required 0.2 mL amount of olive oil is obtained within

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    At a glance
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    The text discusses various systems of weights and measures including avoirdupois, apothecary, and metric systems. It also discusses different types of balances and volume measurement techniques.

    The avoirdupois, apothecary, and metric systems of weights and measures are discussed. The avoirdupois system uses units like grains, ounces, and pounds. The apothecary system is used for pharmaceutical weights and volumes. The metric system is also presented.

    Single-beam equal arm balances, unequal arm balances, and electronic balances are mentioned. Equal arm balances are used for general weighing. Unequal arm balances are preferred for larger amounts in laboratories. Electronic balances are more sensitive but also more expensive.

    Part 3: Metrology &

    Pharmaceutical Calculations
    References:

    1- Remington 2006, Chapter 11, Meterology & Pharmaceutical


    Calculations.

    2- Ansel H.C., Mitchell J.S., 11th Edt., Pharmaceutical


    Calculations, 2001
    Roman numbers
    ss = 1/2
    I or i = 1 II or ii = 2
    V or v = 5 X or x = 10
    L or l = 50 C or c = 100
    D or d = 500 M or m = 1000

    LX = 60 XL = 40
    2- Avoirdupois system

    The basic unit of weight in the


    avoirdupois system is the grain
    (gr). The larger units are the
    ounce (oz) and the pound (lb).
    WEIGHT: AVOIRDUPOIS SYSTEM
    a. You must know the following relationships
    between the avoirdupois units:

    1 lb = 16 oz =7000 gr
    b. To convert from the avoirdupois system to the
    metric system, you must know these conversion
    factors:
    1 kg = 2.2 lb
    1 lb = 454 g
    3- Apothecary system
    Apothecary weight units
    1 pound (lb) = 12 oz
    1 pound (lb) = 5760 grain = 373 g
    1 oz Apot = 31.1 g

    The units of volume in the apothecary


    system are Minim, fluid dram (fζ), fluid
    ounce (fξ), pint (pt), quart (qt), and gallon
    (gal).
    VOLUME: APOTHECARY SYSTEM
    Know the following relationships between apothecary units:
    1 gal = 4 qt
    1 qt = 2 pt
    1 pt = 128 fζ (fl dram)
    1 fl dram = 60 minim
    To convert from the apothecary system to the metric system, you
    must know the following factors:
    1 gal = 3785 ml
    Length Uinits
    Inch
    Foot
    1ft = 12 inch =30 cm
    1ft = 0.30480m
    1 inch=2.51 cm
    Length units

    1 meter 39.37 inch


    1 inch 2.54 cm
    1 foot 0.305 m
    Different Kinds of Balances
    Single-beam equal arm balance
    Unequal arm balances
    Preferred in laboratory works when large amounts are to be
    weighed
    Electronic Balances
    Single pan balances, much more sensitive than the traditional
    ones, easier & quicker to use, but usually more expensive.
    Single-beam equal arm balance
    Different Kinds of Balances
    Single-beam equal arm balance
    Unequal arm balances
    Preferred in laboratory works when large amounts are to be
    weighed
    Electronic Balances
    Single pan balances, much more sensitive than the traditional
    ones, easier & quicker to use, but usually more expensive.
    Unequal arm balances
    Prescription Balance
    Electronic Balances
    NIST (National Institute of Standards and
    Technology)
    Weight & Measure Division:
    Discuss about the specifications and standards
    used primarily in weights and measures and
    commercial applications.
    Sensitivity (readability) of a balance:
    Minimum weight that causes the indicator of
    balance change one unit.
    If addition of 6mg weight to balance causes one unit
    movement of indicator , sensitivity of balance is 6mg.
    Class 3 balances:
    Minimum sensitivity 6mg up to 60g.
    Electronic divices have usually a sensitivity less than
    10mg.
    Accuracy of a balance
    if a known calibration standard weight of
    100.000 grams was placed on a balance and
    the display shows 100.002 grams we could say
    the accuracy of the balance is 0.002 grams or 2
    milligrams.
    Accuracy tells how close a balance gets to the
    real value.
    Different terms related to balances
    Capacity (maximum weight can be weight by
    balance)
    Readability minimum weight can be weight by
    the balance
    Repeatability ( variation in different
    measurements of one object)
    Are usually mentioned by the manufacturer for
    electronic devices.
    E.g. Capacity 60g, readability 6mg, repeatability ±1mg
    Protection & Maintenance of a Balance

    Position chosen for balance should be flat.


    Should be far from dampness, dust & corrosive
    vapor
    Analytical balances are kept in glass cases.
    Some balances can be locked & protect from
    vibration when they are not in use.
    Should be cleaned just by a clean clothe.
    Should be checked & calibrated periodically.
    Protection & Maintenance of a Balance

    For compounding, accurate sets of weights


    from 10mg to 10g should be kept precisely in a
    closed box.
    For analytical purposes, weights from 1mg to
    100g should be available.
    The weight should not be handled by finger.
    Torsion Prescription
    Balance
    Checking a balance periodically
    Calibration:
    Weighing a standard mass on balance to see
    how much it is different from the real weight.
    It tells us accuracy (how much the balance
    work accurate).
    Periodically checking of a prescription
    balance
    Sensitivity requirement
    Arm Ratio test
    Shift test
    Minimum Weighable Quantity (MWQ)
    The USP allows a maximum error of 5% in a single
    weighing operation
    The percent of the error depend on the amount of
    drug weighed & sensitivity of balance according to
    the formula below:

    The percent of error will increase as the amount of


    drug decreases
    Examples
    Percent of Error
    Aliquot Method for weighing &
    measuring
    A torsion prescription method has a sensitivity
    requirement of 6 milligram. Explain how you
    would weight 4 milligrams of atropine sulfate
    with an accuracy of ± 5%, using lactose as the
    diluent?
    Measuring (for liquids)

    In pharmacy, measuring
    usually refers to the exact
    determination of a definite
    volume of liquid.
    Reading should be made at
    the bottom of this meniscus.
    Measuring (for liquids)
    Glassware are preferred.
    Metal devices some times are used but should be preferably stainless steel
    or copper not iron.
    If there are materials susceptible to oxidation in the formulation. Copper
    should not be used.
    There are two types of Graduated glassware for measuring:
    Conical (less accurate)
    Cylindrical (more accurate)
    For volumes less than 1.5 mL, a graduated pipette, burette or
    dropper should be used.
    Volume of drop can be differ by many factors, density,
    temperature, viscosity, surface tension, size & shape of orifice.

    When drugs are potent, a calibrated dropper should be used.


    Unmarked portion of graduated
    glassware
    To improve accuracy, the lower portion of
    graduates should not be used.
    Alligation Alternate
    Method
    Potency of a Drug
    The Potency of some antibiotics, hormones, vitamins
    & Biologics (Vaccines) is based on their activity &
    expressed in terms of Units or Micrograms per
    milliliters (µg/mL).
    Insulin & Penicillin antibiotics
    These preparation should obey USP standard
    reference,
    Penicillin G 1590 Units/mg are USP reference
    standard
    1500 U/mg < Penicillin G <1750 U/mg is acceptable
    (Normogram method)
    (Normogram method)

    The nomogram method is the best method:


    because it is formulated on the patient's size.
    It takes into consideration the person's body
    surface area in meters square.

    1.73 M2 is the surface area of the


    average adult (150-154 lbs.).
    (Normogram method)

    Child's surface area in m2


    ----------------------------------- × Adult dose = Child's dose
    1.73 m2
    ‫فرمول محاسبه مساحت سطح بدن‬
    BSA

    BSA= W0.425 x H0.725 x 71.84

    W; kg
    H; cm
    BSA; Square Centimeter
    Fried's Rule

    Child's age in months × Adult dose


    Child's dose = -------------------------------------------------
    150
    c. Young's Rule:
    Child's age in years × Adult dose
    Child's dose = ---------------------------------------------
    (Child's age in years + 12)

    d. Clark's Rule:
    Child's weight in lbs × Adult dose
    Child's dose = ------------------------------------------
    150
    Examples
    Answers
    Aliquot Method for weighing &
    measuring
    A torsion prescription method has a sensitivity
    requirement of 6 milligram. Explain how you
    would weight 4 milligrams of atropine sulfate
    with an accuracy of ± 5%, using lactose as the
    diluent?
    Aliquot Method for weighing &
    measuring
    A prescription calls for 0.2 mL of olive oil,
    using a 5 mL graduate calibrated in units of 0.5
    mL, how would you obtain the required
    amount of olive oil using the aliquot method
    & alcohol, as the diluent?

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