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Energy Loss in Pipe and Fitting 1.0 Objective

This document outlines procedures to determine energy losses in pipes and fittings. It describes measuring losses due to friction in horizontal pipes using Darcy's equation and Bernoulli's equation. It also describes measuring losses from sudden expansions and contractions using Bernoulli's equation and the continuity equation. The procedures involve using a test apparatus with adjustable measurement systems to record pressure and flow measurements in pipes of different diameters and lengths while varying the pressure drop to calculate friction factors and loss coefficients.

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57 views

Energy Loss in Pipe and Fitting 1.0 Objective

This document outlines procedures to determine energy losses in pipes and fittings. It describes measuring losses due to friction in horizontal pipes using Darcy's equation and Bernoulli's equation. It also describes measuring losses from sudden expansions and contractions using Bernoulli's equation and the continuity equation. The procedures involve using a test apparatus with adjustable measurement systems to record pressure and flow measurements in pipes of different diameters and lengths while varying the pressure drop to calculate friction factors and loss coefficients.

Uploaded by

faku lolipop
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENERGY LOSS IN PIPE AND FITTING

1.0 Objective:

1. To determine the loss of head due to friction in incompressible


flow in a horizontal pipe
2. To determine the friction factor of a pipe
3. To determine the loss of head in sudden expansion and sudden
contraction of pipe
4. To determine the loss coefficient in sudden expansion and
sudden contraction of pipe
5. To determine the losses of energy (head losses) in different
configuration of pipes

2.0 Apparatus/Equipments:

1. Tubular steel frame with auction pads 6. Adjustable measurement system

2. Back wall 7. Measurement objects-flow measurement

3. Ball cocks for shuttling off part sections 8. Measurement objects-shut off devices

4. Annular chambers with pressure tapping nipple 9. Inlet (concealed)

5. Double pressure gauge 10. Drain


① to ⑥ measurement systems
3.0 Theory:
3.1 Losses due to friction

Bernoulli’s Equation:

constant diameter pipe

pressure head at 1

pressure head at 2
horizontal pipe

(1)

FRICTION LOSS (DARCY’S EQUATION)


(2), (3)

Where,
f = friction factor,
L = pipe length,
D = pipe diameter,
v = flow velocity,
g = gravitational acceleration.
3.2 Losses in sudden expansion and sudden contraction of pipe

Bernoulli’s Equation:

pressure head at 1

pressure head at 2

horizontal pipe

(4)

Continuity equation:

Energy Loss in Pipe and Fittings


Where
A1 is the cross-sectional area of the pipe at section 1, and
A2 is the cross-sectional area of the pipe at section 2
Loss coefficient:
4.0 Procedures

Pipe Specifications:

1. PVC 20 x 1.5 pipe:


• Pipe inside diameter, d = 17mm
• Wall roughness, k = 0.001 mm
2. PVC 32 x 1.8 pipe:
• Pipe inside diameter, d = 28.4mm
• Wall roughness, k = 0.001 mm
3. Measurement length of the pipe for part A, L = 800 mm

Part A: Loss of Head Due to Friction in PVC 20 x 1.5 pipes


1. The temperature of the room was recorded.
2. The length and inside diameter of the pipe were recorded.
3. All valves except those that will let the water flows from the tank
to section pipe 2 (see figure 1) was closed and return back to the tank.
The direction of the flow in the pipe was verified.
4. The manometer hoses were connected to the pressure tapping
points of the pipe.
5. The pump was switched on. The air bubbles were removed from
the apparatus.
6. The valve on the left side of the pipe was adjusted in order to
have the difference of manometer level (hf = h1 - h2) of 10mm. The
value of h1 and h2 were recorded.
7. The volume flow rate (Q) was measured and recorded.
8. Steps 6 and 7 were repeated with the difference of manometer
level of 20mm, 40mm, 80mm, 120mm, 160mm, 240mm.

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