Power System 2

EEPB383
Chapter 9
Balanced Fault Analysis
INTRODUCTION
This chapter will be covered in 4 lecture hours. In this
chapter, you will learn the following

• Introduction on Fault Analysis

Lecture 1 • Balanced Three Phase Fault
• Fault Analysis using Thevenin’s Theorem

• Fault Analysis using Thevenin’s Theorem

Lecture 2 • Short Circuit Capacity

Lecture 3 • Fault Analysis using Bus Impedance Matrix

Lecture 4 • Fault Analysis using Bus Impedance Matrix

INTRODUCTION to Fault Analysis
What is Fault Analysis?
To know what is the bus voltages and line current
under various fault cond.
If there is no fault, in normal condition, to find the
bus voltage and line current is called load flow.
Faults on power system are divided into:
Three Phase Balanced Fault (Chapter 9)
Unbalanced Fault (Chapter 10)
Line to line
Line to ground
Double line to ground
INTRODUCTION to Fault Analysis
Why do we need to study fault analysis:
To set the relay
For relay coordination
Rating of circuit breaker
The magnitude of the fault current depends on the
internal impedance of the generators and the
impedance of the intervening circuit.
As seen from Chp 8, the generator reactances are
not constant under short circuit condition.
The value of reactance of generator varies during
fault.
Balance Three Phase Fault
What is fault?
Represents a structural network change equivalent
caused by the addition of an impedance at the place of
fault.
Bolted or solid fault, is referred to fault with zero
impedance.
Three phase fault is the simultaneous short circuit across
all three phases.
The most severe type of fault.
The network is balanced where the magnitude of
currents are the same for ALL three phases but has a
phase shift.
Therefore, can be solved based on per phase.
Balance Three Phase Fault
Recall that, the reactance of the synchronous generator
under short circuit condition is a time varying quantity:
"
- first few cycles of the short circuit current
Used for determining the interrupting capacity of the CB
- next ~ 30 cycles of the short circuit current
For relay setting and coordination
For transient studies
- synchronous reactance
Fault Analysis can be done using:
Network Reduction (Thevenin Equivalent)
Bus impedance matrix
Balance Three Phase Fault
Network Reduction (Thevenin Equivalent)
1. Obtain the pre fault bus voltages
2. Loads are converted to constant admittance
using the prefault bus voltages
3. Reduce the network into Thevenin’s equivalent
4. Obtain the fault current and the current at all
generators.
5. Obtain the changes in the bus voltages
6. Obtain bus voltages during fault by
superposition of the prefault voltage and the
changes in the bus voltages.
7. Obtain the line currents from the bus voltages
Example 9.1
Referring to the figure below of ex 9.1, each generator is represented by an
emf behind the transient reactance. All impedances are expressed in per unit
on a common 100MVA base, neglecting the resistances. Assume:
i)Shunt capacitances are neglected and the system is considered on no-load.
ii)All generators are running at their rated voltage and rated frequency with
their emfs in phase.
Determine the fault current, the bus
voltages, and the line currents during
the fault when a balanced 3-phase
fault with a fault impedance Zf=
0.16pu occurs on:
a) Bus 3
b) Bus 2
Impedance diagram
c) Bus 1
 Example 9.1 (cont)
The fault is simulated by switching on an impedance Zf at bus 3 as shown in the
figure below.

Thevenin’s
equivalent states
that, the changes
in the network
voltage caused by
the added branch
(the fault
impedance), is
equivalent to
those caused by
the added
voltage V3(0) with
all other sources
short circuited.
Impedance network for fault at bus 3 Thevenin’s equivalent network
Example 9.1 (cont)
Example 9.1 (cont)
Example 9.1 (cont)
Network Reduction (Thevenin Equivalent)
1. Obtain the pre fault bus voltages
= 0 =1
2. Loads are converted to constant admittance using the prefault bus
voltages
3. Reduce the network into Thevenin’s equivalent, then calculate =
= 0.34
4. Obtain the fault current and the current at all generators.
( )
= = . .
= − 2.0

Fault current at generator is calculated using current division

.
# = . .
( ) = − 1.2
.
#$ = . .
( ) = − 0.8
Example 9.1 (cont)
Network Reduction (Thevenin Equivalent)
5. Obtain the changes in the bus voltages
∆ =0− 0.2 − 1.2 = −0.24 '(
∆ $ =0− 0.4 − 0.8 = −0.32 '(
∆ = 0.16 − 2 − 1.0 = −0.68 '(
6. Obtain bus voltages during fault by superposition of the prefault voltage and
the changes in the bus voltages.
= 0 +∆ = 1 − 0.24 = 0.76 '(

$ = $ 0 +∆ $ = 1 − 0.32 = 0.68 '(

= 0 +∆ = 1 − 0.68 = 0.32 '(
7. Obtain the line currents from the bus voltages
, - .( ) .0 - . 1
$ = /,.
= .1
= − 0.1 '(

, - ( ) .0 - . $
= = = − 1.1 '(
/, .
. - ( ) . 1- . $
$ = = = − 0.9 '(
/. .
Problem 9.4
The one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system is shown the figure.
Each generator is represented by an emf behind the subtransient reactance.
All impedances are expressed in per unit on a common MVA based. All
resistances and shunt capacitances are neglected. The generators are
operating on no load at their rated voltage with their emfs in phase. A three-
phase fault occurs at bus 3 through a fault impedance of Zf= j0.19pu.

a) Using Thevenin’s theorem obtain

the impedance to the point of
fault and the fault current in per
unit.
b) Determine the bus voltages and
line currents during fault.
 Problem 9.5
The one-line diagram of a simple four-bus
power system is shown the figure. Each
generator is represented by an emf behind the
transient reactance. All impedances are
expressed in per unit on a common MVA
based. All resistances and shunt capacitances
are neglected. The generators are operating on
no load at their rated voltage with their emfs in
phase. A bolted three-phase fault occurs at bus
4.
a) Using Thevenin’s theorem obtain the
impedance to the point of fault and the fault
current in per unit.
b) Determine the bus voltages and line currents
during fault.
Fault Analysis using Bus Impedance Matrix

The network reduction method is not

efficient and applicable to large
networks, therefore, a more general
fault circuit analysis using nodal
method is obtained.
This is done by utilizing the bus
impedance matrix.
The fault current and the bus voltages
during fault are easily calculated.
Fault Analysis using Bus Impedance Matrix
Step 1 : Obtain the Thevenin’s equivalent network
and draw the admittance network.
Step 2 : Obtain the YBUS matrix:
Diagonal elements, just add the admittance
connected to the bus.
Off diagonal elements, negate (minus) the
admittance between busses.
Step 3 : Obtain the ZBUS matrix by calculating the
inverse of YBUS.
Step 4 : Calculate the fault current, Ik(F), the bus
voltages during fault and short circuit line currents
using the following equations.
Fault Analysis using Bus Impedance Matrix

Fault current at bus k:

3 (0)
3( )=
33 + 4

Bus voltage i, during fault :

5 = 5 0 − 53 3 ( )

Short Circuit Current in the line i to j :

− ( ) REMEMBER!!!
5
5 ( )=
65
This is the IMPEDANCE BETWEEN
BUS i and j
NOT the Zij component in the
Bus Matrix
 Example 9.2
Referring to the figure below of ex 9.1, each generator is
represented by an emf behind the transient reactance. All
impedances are expressed in per unit on a common 100MVA
base, neglecting the resistances. Assume:
i)Shunt capacitances are neglected and the system is
considered on no-load.
ii)All generators are running at their rated voltage and rated
frequency with their emfs in phase.
Determine the fault current, the bus voltages, and the line
currents during the fault when a balanced 3-phase fault
with a fault impedance Zf= 0.16pu occurs on:
a) Bus 3
b) Bus 2 Thevenin’s Network
c) Bus 1
Short Circuit Capacity (SCC)
The short circuit capacity (SCC) at a bus is a common
measure of the strength of a bus. Also known as short
circuit MVA.
SCC is defined as the product of the magnitude of the
rated bus voltage and the fault current.
SCC = 3 93 3 :10- ; <
where
93 is the Line to line voltage in kV
3 is the fault current in A
After some manipulation, the SCC can be simplified to
=>
SCC = ; <
?@@
Where the impedance at the bus can be determined
 Problem 9.1
The system shown in Figure
9.18 is initially on load with
generators operating at
their rated voltage with their
emfs in phase. The rating of
the generators and the
transformers and their
respective percent
reactance are marked on
the diagram.
All resistances are neglected. The line impedance is j160Ω. A 3-phase
balanced fault occurs at the receiving end of the transmission line.
Determine the short-circuit current and the short-circuit MVA
Solution
Step 1 : Obtain the Thevenin’s equivalent network and draw the admittance network.
NOTE : Change all values in PU and on
common based. Choose 100MVA Base
Base impedance for line:
$
( A) (400)$
A9 = = = 1600Ω
BA 100
The reactances on a common 100 MVA base:
Solution
Problem 9.3
Solution
Solution
 Problem 9.2
The figure shows an existing plant consisting of a generator of 100 MVA, 30 kV, with 20
percent subtransient reactance and a generator of 50 MVA, 30 kV with 15 percent
subtransient reactance, connected in parallel to a 30-kV bus bar. The 30-kV bus bar
feeds a transmission line via the circuit breaker C which is rated at 1250 MVA. A grid
supply is connected to the station bus bar through a 500-MVA, 400/30-kV transformer
with 20 percent reactance. Determine the reactance of a current limiting reactor in
ohm to be connected between the grid system and the existing bus bar such that the
short-circuit MVA of the breaker C does not exceed.
Solution
 Problem 9.2
The figure shows an existing plant consisting of a generator of 100 MVA, 30 kV, with 20
percent subtransient reactance and a generator of 50 MVA, 30 kV with 15 percent
subtransient reactance, connected in parallel to a 30-kV bus bar. The 30-kV bus bar
feeds a transmission line via the circuit breaker C which is rated at 1250 MVA. A grid
supply is connected to the station bus bar through a 500-MVA, 400/30-kV transformer
with 20 percent reactance. Determine the reactance of a current limiting reactor in
ohm to be connected between the grid system and the existing bus bar such that the
short-circuit MVA of the breaker C does not exceed.
EXERCISE
END LECTURE 4