Electromagnetic Waves In Guided Media

Made by:

Cristian Villegas.

Group:

203058_38.

Teacher:

Omar Leonardo Leyton.

School:

Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia (UNAD).

Course:

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas.

Date:

08 – 05 – 2020.

Santa Marta D.T.C.H.

(Magdalena).
Introduction

The present work deals with basic and fundamental concepts for the development of the
course electromagnetic theory and waves in addition to associating the importance of the
topics of the course according to the training of each student either electronic engineering
or telecommunications.

In this unit, we will approach the concepts of physics and electromagnetism, to determine
the behavior of electromagnetic wave when propagated in bounded guided media, using
mathematical methods to solve application exercises.
Activities to Develop

For the development of this activity, explore in the Knowledge Environment, in Unit 3, the
bibliographical reference of Chen, W. (2005), on pages 525-551, Joines, W., Bernhard, J.,
& Palmer, W. (2012), on pages 23-45 and supplement with the aids generated by the tutor
within the forum, to solve the following consultation and application exercises:

a) What do you understand by transmission line? Mention some types.

It is any system of conductors, semiconductors, or the combination of both, that

can be used to transmit information, in the form of electrical or electromagnetic
energy between two points. Transmission lines can be classified into:

Balanced Transmission Lines:

 In

balanced two-wire lines both conductors carry current, one carries the signal and
the other is the return. This type of transmission is called differential or balanced
signal transmission.

Unbalanced Transmission Lines:

 In unbalanced transmission lines, one wire is at ground potential, while the other is
at signal potential. This type of transmission is called an unbalanced or asymmetric
signal transmission.

b) What is a bounded transmission line?

Transmission lines confine electromagnetic energy to a region of space limited by

the physical medium that constitutes the line itself, unlike waves that propagate in
the air, with no other barrier than the obstacles they encounter on their way. The
line is made up of electrical conductors with a determined geometric arrangement
that conditions the characteristics of the electromagnetic waves in it.

In communication systems, transmission lines find numerous applications not only

in the transport of signals between a source and a load, but also as resonant
circuits, filters, and impedance couplers. Some of the most common applications
include the transport of telephone, data and television signals, as well as the
connection between transmitters and antennas and between these and receivers.

c) Define the following electrical parameters of transmission lines:

 Input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛.

The input impedance is the Thévenin equivalent circuit of an electrical network,

modeled by a combination of RL (resistance-inductance) or RC (resistance-
capacitance), with equivalent values that would result in the same response as
that of the network.

 Stationary wave ratio 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.

It specifically refers to the behavior of the voltage (minimum and maximum) in a

standing wave phenomenon between a transmission line and its load at the
end. This parameter is used in low frequency power transmission lines and is
 very common in radio frequency. The term Return Loss is used in many other
cases to mean the same phenomenon, although quantitatively it is different.

 Physical length 𝐿 and electrical length 𝓁.

Physical length Serves as a frame of reference for distances, and from it come
the length or dimensional length of objects, real or imaginary.

Electric length is a unit of measurement used in the study of electric power

transmission lines. This quantity is normally designated with the letter θ.

d) What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of

waves?

Special polar diagram containing resistance circles, constant reactance circles,

constant standing wave ratio circles, and radial curves representing the offset
geometric places on a constant value line; used in troubleshooting waveguides and
transmission lines. The Smith chart is a graphical tool used to relate a complex
reflection coefficient to a complex impedance. Smith Chart can be used for a
variety of purposes including determining impedance, matching impedance,
optimizing noise, stability etc. Smith's letter is an ingenious graphical technique that
virtually avoids all the tedious operations with complex numbers. For example, the
input impedance to a transmission line can be determined by giving its electrical
length and its load impedance.

Application Exercise:

For the development of the following exercises, note that ¿=38 corresponds to the group
number and CCC=108 to the first 3 digits of the identification number.

1) A coaxial line has the following characteristics:

Geometric Parameters:

a=0.2 mm
b=20 mm
t=( 38+10 ) μm
8
Conductor Properties: (Conductivity) σ C =4.3∗10 Sm/m

Properties of the Insulator:

σ d=1∗10−13 Sm/m
ϵ r=2.1
μr=1

Applied Signal Frequency:

f =108 Khz
f =108∗103 Khz

a) Calculate the Electrical Parameters R L C G

Propagation Wave Propagation Depth:

G
tanδ=
ωC

1
δ p=
√ πf σ C μ0
1
δ p= 3 8
√ π∗( 108∗10 )∗( 4.3∗10 )∗( 1.257∗10 −6
)
δ p=0.00007384 m

δ p=7.384∗10−5 m

δ p=73.84 μm

We have to:
a=200 μmδ p=73.84 μmt=48 μm

We have a Medium Frequency Penetration Range

We use the following formula to find Resistance:

1
R=
1
π σC ( a2
∗R AC

RDC
+
1
2bt )
Before that, we must find the value of

R AC
R DC

We use the following formula:

R AC a2
=
R DC a
−a

2δp 2
( δp
−1+ e δ p

)
2
R AC ( 2∗10−4 )
=
R DC −2∗10−4
2∗10−4
2 ( 7.384∗10 ) −5 2

7.384∗10−5 (
−1+e 7.384∗10
−5

)
R AC
=2.066
R DC
Now we use the formula to find the Resistance:

R=
1
π σC ( a2
∗R AC

RDC
+
1
2bt )
 1 1 1
R= 8
(
−4 2
π∗( 4.3∗10 ) ( 2∗10 )
∗2.066+
2∗( 2∗10 )∗( 4∗10−5 )
−2
)
R=3.86∗10−2 Ohm /m

Now we find Inductance

μ0 b
L=
4π [ ( )]
1+2 ln
a

L=
1.257∗10−6
4π
1+ 2 ln
[ (
2∗10−2
2∗10
−4 )]
L=1.02∗10−6 H /m

Now we find Capacitance

2 πε
C=
b
ln()a

2 π ϵ0 ϵr
C=
ln ( ba )
2 π∗( 8.854∗10−12 )∗2.1
C=
2∗10−2
ln
( 2∗10−4 )
C=2.536∗10−11 F /m
 Now we find Conductance

2π σd
G=
ln ( ba )
2 π∗1∗10−13
G=
2∗10−2
ln (
2∗10−4 )
G=1.364∗10−13 Sm/m

b) Using the Distributed Model, Calculate the Propagation Parameters α , β , γ

and Z 0

We have the following formula:

γ =± √ (R+ jωL)(G+ jωC )=α + jβ

γ =± √ (R+ j2 π∗f ∗L)(G+ j2 π∗f∗C )=α + jβ

γ =± √ ( 3.86 x 10−2+ j2 π∗108 x 10−3∗1.02 x 10−6 ) ¿ ¿

γ =0.0001+ 0.00345i

So we have to

α =0.0001 Np/m
β=0.00345 Rad /m

Now we find Z 0
 dV R+ jωL
Z 0=
dI
=
√
G+ jωC

( 3.86∗10−2 ) + j2 π∗( 108∗10−3 )∗( 1.02∗10−6 )

Z 0=
dV
dI
=
√
( 1.364∗10−13) + j2 π∗( 108∗10−3 )∗( 2.536∗1 0−11 )

Z 0=200.69543−5.58933 i

c) Calculate the Propagation Velocity V p, the Wavelength λ and the

Attenuation α dB / Km.

Figure 1: Geometrical
parameters in coaxial line.

Propagation Velocity V p

ω
V p=
β

2 πf
V p=
β

2 π∗( 108∗10−3 )
V p=
0.00345

V p=1.96∗108 m/s
Wavelength λ

2π
λ=
β

2π
λ=
0.00345

λ=1821.2131
λ=1.821∗103

Attenuation α dB / Km.

α dB / Km=−8.68∗α

α dB / Km=−8.68∗0.0001

α dB / Km=−0.000868 dn/m
2) A Z 0=75 Ω lossless
transmission line has a
Z L =35− j75 Ω. If it is
¿=38 m long and the
wavelength is
CCC=108 mm, calculate:
a) Input impedance Z¿

2π
Z =Z
( λ )
Z L + jZ 0 tan
L
¿ 0
2π
Z + jZ tan (
λ )
0 L L

2π
Z =75
¿
(
( 35− j75 ) + j 75 tan
0.108
∗38 )

2π
75+ j ( 35− j 75 ) tan ( ∗38 )
0.108

Z¿ =( 192.171+161.060 ) Ω

b) Reflection Coefficient Γ

Z L −Z 0
Γ=
Z L +Z 0

(35− j75)−75
Γ=
(35− j 75)+75

Γ =0.06−0.63 j
Γ =0.63< [ −83.78 ° ]

c) VSWR

1+|Γ|
V SWR=
1−|Γ |
V SWR=1+¿ 0.63∨ ¿ ¿
1−¿ 0.63∨¿ ¿

V SWR=4.5
Conclusions

In this activity, one could glimpse each of the concepts that will be learned in the course of
electromagnetic and wave theory, such as the behavior of electromagnetic waves when
propagated in limited guided media. The theoretical and practical concepts that we learned
in this course are of vital importance for the development of professional practice, either in
the area of electronics or telecommunications, since both require the analysis of signals
and their applications.
Bibliographic References

 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic

Press. (pp. 525-537). Recovered from
https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site

 Joines, W., Bernhard, J., & Palmer, W. (2012). Microwave Transmission Line
Circuits. Boston: Artech House, (pp. 23-45). Recovered from
https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=753581&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site

 Boglione, L., & Webster, R. (2011). Unifying interpretation of reflection

coefficient and Smith chart definitions. IET Microwaves, Antennas &
Propagation, 5(12), 1479-1487. Recovered from:
https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aci&AN=525504787&lang=es&site=eds-live&scope=site

 Wayne Tomasi, “Sistemas de Comunicaciones Electrónicas”, Cap. 8, 4ta Ed,

2003.

 Longitud - Concepto, distintos significados y ejemplos. Recuperado de:

https://concepto.de/longitud/

 Ondas Electromagnéticas Guiadas: Carta de Smith (2015). Recuperado de:

http://dago60.blogspot.com/2015/05/carta-de-smith.html

 Unit 3: Paz, A. (2013). Electrodinámica y ondas. Electromagnetismo para

ingeniería electrónica. Capítulo 8. Pp.311-400