STABILITY PERFORMANCE OF NEW STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM

WITH BOOST-BUCK CONVERTER

Chan-Ki Kim, Hong-Woo Rhew and Yoon Ho Kim
Korea Electric Power Research Institute (KEPRI)
103-12 Munji-Dong, Yusung-Gu, Daejon, KOREA.

Abstract - This paper deals with the design P, = Turbine power(pu),

and evaluation of a new static-excitation system P, = Electric power (Pu),
for generator excitation systems to improve the
steady-state and transient stabilities. It increases KA = Excitation system gain,
or maintains the generator field current by
Efd = Output of excitation system,
boosting the field voltage in the case of an input
AC line voltage drop during and immediately after Ifd = Excitation current,
a fault. The validity of the proposed excitation
system is verified with computer simulation. The Kc = Rectifier regulation constant,
simulation results of the stability analysis on the
generator with the proposed excitation system is
TR = Transducer time constant.
better than that of a conventional static excitation
system and a conventional AC excitation system. I . INTRODUCTION
Also, this proposed excitation system can be
simply implemented and controlled by modem The basic function of an excitation system is to
power electronics technology. provide direct current to the synchronous machine
field winding. Also, the excitation system performs
Keywords- Static excitation system, Boost-Buck control and protective functions essential to the
Converter, Critical Angle, Critical Reactance. satisfactory performance of the power system by
controlling the field voltage and thereby the fidld
NOMENCLATURE current. Since the 1960’s, static excitation systems
based thyristor rectifiers have been widely used,
P = ddt, which can produce almost instantaneous response
H = Generator inertia constant, and high ceiling voltages. The high speed and
KD = Damping coefficient, large gain in these excitation systems improve the
XT = Ruivalent line impedance] system transient stability considerably. And this
system has a very small inherent time constant.
dw,= Generator speed derivation(pu),
In addition, it is inexpensive and easily
0 0 = Electrical frequency( 2 7r f 1, maintainable. However, because a excitation
E, = Generator terminal voltage, system input voltage is dependent on the terminal
I
voltage of the generator, during system-fault
AS = Generator rotor angle(pu),
conditions causing depressed generator terminal
EB = Infinite bus voltage,
voltage, the available excitation system ceiling

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voltage is reduced. In the viewpoint of transient A. Conventional A C Excitation Eystem
stability, a AC-excitation system in which the
excitation system input power comes from the
shaft of the generator is more stable than a static
excitation system[21.
To solve this problem for static excitation
systems the compound source excitation
system(GENERREX) are proposed and used, but
the compound source excitation system is not Fig. 1. Conventional AC excitation system.
normally justified due to reactor capacity. Also, a
self-dual excited synchronous machine has been Fig. 1 shows an AC excitation system that
proposed in order to enhance the generator consists of a PMG(Permanent Magnet Generator)
stability. A self-dual excited synchronous machine with controlled rectifier and exciter generator with
consists of a generator and two field windings. non-controlled rectifier. In this system, the exciter
One of the two field windings is fed from the is on the same shaft as the turbine generator. The
machine terminals through a thyristor bridge while ac output of exciter is rectified by either a
the other is fed from a constant external DC controlled or non-controlled rectifier to produce the
source. But the machine has two different field direct current needed for the generator field. The
windings that makes it complex[]. In this paper, a rectifiers may be stationary or rotating. In the
new excitation system to improve the stability of view point of stability, this system is more stable
the generator is presented. This system has a few than a static excitation system because excitation
extra components compared to the static excitation power is not supplied from the generator
system. Under normal operating conditions, the terminals.
thyristor rectifier of this system controls the
generator terminal voltage. Under the fault B. Conventional Static Excitation System
condition with the reduced input line voltage the
field voltage can be stepped up to maintain or to
increase the field current by the boost-buck
converter. The effectiveness of a proposed system
is verified by the simulation and the experimental
results using 50KVA generator coupled with the
DC motor. The simulation results of the step
response tests on the proposed excitation system
are the same as those of the static excitation
system under normal operating input voltage, and (a) Schematic diagram of static excitation
it is shown that a proposed system is better than system.
the static excitation system in terms of the (b) Static excitation system modelling
generator stability enhancement. Fig. 2. Conventional static excitation system.

II . PROPOSED STATIC EXCITATION Figure 2 is a classical static excitation system.

SYSTEM WITH BOOST-BUCK This excitation system consists of a synchronous
CONVERTER generator and controller and converter. In this

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 This excitation system is similar to a static
excitation system. But a boost-buck converter is
added to a static excitation system, in order to
VP
PI.
lhl. increase the input voltage of a excitation system.
The function of boost converter is to increase
0
1LU
the input voltage of a excitation system, when a
system, excitation power is supplied through a
terminal voltage of a generator is faulted or
transformer from the generator terminals. This
decreased. In Figure 3 (a), "&converter operates
system has a very small inherent time constant
in steady state, but decreasing input power of
and is inexpensive and easily maintainable.
converter due to generator faults, "Bconverter
However, the maximum excitation system output
operates in transient state and soft-starting. Then,
voltage is dependent on the input AC voltage.
a boosting converter is same as the
Then during system-fault conditions which causes
PMG(Permanent Magnet Generator) of an AC
a depressed generator terminal voltage, the
excitation system. Figure 3 shows a proposed
available excitation system ceiling voltage is
static excitation system. Advantage of a proposed
reduced.
static excitation system is following as :

C. Static Excitation System with Boost-Buck

1) In the view point of stability, this system is
Converter more stable than a conventional static excitation
system. Then a proposed excitation system have
~1 I more slow clearing time and more low critical
reactance.

2) A proposed system is robust for a fault of

the system, because a proposed system is dual
channel system.

3) The lowest limit value of a voltage control

range for a conventional static excitation system
a) Schematic diagram of a proposed
is 30%-40% of the rated voltage. But The lowest
static excitation system.
limit value of a voltage control range for the
proposed system is 10% of the rated voltage.

IU. MODELLING AND EVALUATION OF A

vr PROPOSED STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM
m
14sD

Iu The generator with amortisseurs is modeled as 6th

(b) Proposed static excitation system modelling. order non-linear differential equations[ll:

Figure 3. Proposed static excitation system.

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 Table 1 shows a1 relation between type of fault
P( 6 ) = wad0, (2)
and excitation system output for a conventional
static excitation system.
+
P p fd = @o[Efd ( p ad - p fd)Rfd/Lfdl (3)
Table 1. Conventional Static Excitation
ppld= @ o ( V ~ pId)Rid/L~d
- (4)
System.

PV l q = K aq - p 1q)R 1q/LIq (5)

Impedance
Type of Fault Excitation System Output
PP2q = @a( aq - p 2q)R2q/Lzq (6) Static excitation system
Fault! Yes ~ output reduced by % AC
qad=(-idf Ffd/Lfd+pld/LId)Lad (7)
Reduced field forcing
paq = (- i q+ iS/Liq+ 2q/L2q)Laq (8)
3 Phase Fault No excitation system
at Generator output
The voltage transducer and a conventional static
excitation system can be expressed as:
Table 2 shows a relation between type of fault
~ (Et -vI)/TR
PV= (9) and excitation systein output for a proposed static
excitation system.
E f d = K A ( V ,-
~ vi) (10)
Table 2. Proposed Static Excitation System.
The output limiter of a conventional static
excitation system is Impedance
Type of Fault Excitation System Output
(EtVRIElX-KCIFD) 2 Efd 2 EtVRIllh (11)
The output limiter of the proposed static excitation
system is a equation (12) in steady-state and a
equation (13) in transient state.
(EtvRma.X-Kc1~~)2 E f d 2 EtVRmin (12)
Single Phase
Fault 1 1 Ncl
Normal excitation system
output
(Using boost converter)
Excitation system output
1
3 Phase Fault is determined by a
VRmZiX 2 Efd 2 VRmh (13) at Generator capacitor capability of
boost converter.
where, v1 is output of the voltage transducer,
v,,f is generator voltage reference, N. SIMULATION
VRmax is positive ceiling voltage,
In this paper, in order to compare a conventional
VRmin is negative ceiling voltage, static excitation system with a proposed static
excitation system, let’s consider the transient
The equation of electrical power output may be
stability of a thermal generation station consisting
written as
of 555MVA, 24KV, 60Hz unit supplying power to
P, = -
EzEB
XT
(14) an infinite bus through two transmission circuits

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as shown in Figure 4. The initial system- static excitation system and a proposed
operating condition of this system is a s shown as excitation system. (fault-clearing time : O.OS(sec.))
follows;
Figure 6 shows a rotor angle response of a
E, = 1.1626L41.77', EB = 0.90081L0°, conventional static excitation system according to
H = 3.5 MW * s/MVA, P, = 0.9, different values of fault-clearing time. Figure 8
shows a rotor angle response of a proposed static
Q = 0.436, E, = 1.0L28.34*.
excitation system with a boost-buck converter for
different values of fault-clearing time. It can be
seen that a proposed excitation system has a
longer clearing time margin than a conventional
static excitation system.
€?ZS EB= 0 . m a~

A : clearing time = 0.05

200 B : clearing time = 0.07

4
I

C : clearing time = 0.083

Figure 4. Equivalent
generating station.
circuit of a thermal g
a
a
U

4
a,
'61160

120
D )n D : clearing time = 0.084

In Figure 4, the transmission line experiences a

U
solid three-phase fault at point F, and the fault is 0 0

cleared by isolating the faulted circuit. In order to

evaluate a propose system, let us determine the
critical fault-clearing time and critical fault-
clearing angle by using numerical integration along Figure 6. Rotor angle response of a conventional
the time response. static excitation system for different values of
fault- clearing time.
Figure 5 shows a rotor angle response of a
conventional static excitation system and a
proposed excitation system when the fault-clearing A : clearing time = 0.05
2oo 1
B : clearing time = 0.07
time of the system shown in Figure 4 is C : clearing time = 0.086
O.OS(sec.). In Figure 5, 'A' is a static excitation D : clearing time = 0.087

system and 'B' is a proposed excitation system.

A : Static Exciter
B : Proposed Exciter I I I I I I
0
&I
' Time ('sec')
-a
(U
rl
Figure 7. Rotor angle response of a proposed
static excitation system with boost-buck converter
0 for different values of fault-clearing time.
2 0

T i m e (sec')
0

Figure 8 shows a critical transmission line

Figure 5. Rotor angle response of a conventional reactance of a proposed static excitation system

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and a conventional excitation system. It can be Figure 11 and 12 show a field current of a
seen that a proposed excitation system has better conventional excitation system and a proposed
critical reactance margin than a conventional static excitation system when 30% voltage of rated
excitation system. voltage is applied into the excitation system of the
generator system. It is shown that a conventional
excitation system did not generate a rated field
current, but a proposed exaction system generated
a rated field current in Figure 11 and Figure 12.

Figure 8. Critical transmission line reactance of'

a proposed static excitation system and a
conventional excitation system.
Figure 10. Response to a 10% field current step up
Since the time constant of the generator used in test at 100% field current.
this paper is large, then only a small time (555MVA,Proposed excitation system)
difference for the clearing time between a
..........................................................................................
proposed system and a conventional system ,>,_il
Iwlj J,,. ,-. .id..&

appears. If the time constant of the generator is

small, then a time difference for the clearing time .............................
..................... .............................
between a proposed system and a conventional
system will be large. Figure 9 and Figure 10
show the simulation results of the 10% step-up
response of a proposed excitation system and a
conventional static excitation system.
Figure 11 Field current at a 30% of a rated excitation
input voltage.(555MVA, Static excitation system)

Figure 9. Response to a 10% field current step up test

at 100% field current.
(555MVA, Static excitation system) Figure 12. Field current at a 30% of a rated excitation
input voltage.(555MVAL,Proposed excitation system)

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 V . EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The configuration of the experimental system is

shown in Figure 11. The DSP TMS32OC31, which
operates at 33.33MHz clock and is capable of 32
bit floating-point operation, is used as main
controller. In order to evaluate the performance of Figure 15. Response to a 10% voltage step up test

a exciter, a 1/10000 scaled system is used. Figure at 100% load(Prop0sed excitation system).

13 and Figure 14 show the response to the

step-up test at 100% load. Figure 15 and Figure
16 show the response to the step-up test at
no-load.

Figure 16. Response to a 10% voltage step up test

at no load(Static excitation system).
Gating

Figure 13. Experimental setup.

Figure 17. Response to a 10% voltage step up test

at no load (Proposed excitation system).

VI. CONCLUSION
Figure 14. Response to a 10% voltage step up test
In order to improve the generator stability under
at 100% load(Static excitation system). fault conditions, the new generator excitation
system is proposed. The proposed excitation
system has better stability than a conventional

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static excitation system. Under the normal input diode rectifiers”, I E E E Trans. on P.E., ~01.6,no.1,
voltage the operating characteristics of the 1991, pp.83-pp.92.
proposed excitation system is just same as the
static excition ststem. But under fault conditions
the proposed excitation system can boost the input
voltage to maintain constant DC link voltage to be
constant by the use of a boost-buck converter.
The performance of the proposed excitation system
has been verified through computer simulation and
experiment.
Consequently, it has been verified that a proposed
excitation system has better stability
characteristics for the generator compared to that
of a conventional static excitation system.

W. REFERENCE

[11 S,E. Abo-shady,etc, ”Analysis of self-dual

excited synchronous machine”, IEEE Trans.
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[2l P. Kundur, Power System Stability and
Control, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 1993,
pp. 315-340.
[31 ANSVIEEE Std. 421.1 1986, An American
National StandardhEEE Standard Definitions
for Excitation Systems for Synchronous
Machines. Approved June 13,1985.
[41 JIEE Report, Specification and Characteristics
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(Japan) Technical Report No.536, 2. 1995.
[51 Brown Bouvier Review, NO. 9/10,1974, Series
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factor correction technique for the three phase

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