Lesson Measures of Central Tendency

3 and Position (Ungrouped Data)

Objectives:
In this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Calculate the mean, median, and mode of ungrouped data.
2. Calculate the quartile, decile, and percentile of ungrouped data.
3. Interpret the various measures of position.

What is It
.

Ungrouped Data or Raw Data

Are those data which are not yet organized or arranged into frequency
distribution.

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (Ungrouped Data)

Mean
It is considered the most popular and most widely used. It is, in fact the
measure which many people have in mind whenever they talk about averages.

The mean for ungrouped data is computed by simply adding all the values and
dividing the sum by the number of values.

X́ =
∑X
n

Example 1.

The following are the family sizes of a sample of 10 households in a slum

area: 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 7, 7. Find the average family size for these
data.

Solution:
2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 7, 7, n=10
∑ X = 2+2+3+3+3+4+4+5+7+7
Example 2.
= 40
n = 10

X́ =
∑ X = 40 =4
n 10
 The following are the scores obtained by 12 applicants in the Entrance
Examination for 1st year college at St. Dominic College in MM: 75, 85,
95, 98, 90, 90, 60, 80, 75, 90, 85, 87. Find the average score for these
data.

Solution:
75, 85, 95, 98, 90, 90, 60, 80, 75, 90, 85, 87, n=12
∑ X = 75+85+95+98+90+90+60+80+75+90+85+87
= 1010
n = 12

X́ =
∑ X = 1010 =84.17
n 12

Median

It is defined as the score-point which divides a ranked distribution into two

equal parts.

Mdn= ( n+12 )th score

The median of ungrouped data requires the values to be arranged in order of
magnitude, either ascending or descending order.

For the data involving odd number of scores, the median is simply the middle
value.

For example, if n=9, the median is the fifth score from either the lowest or the
highest.

For the data involving even number of scores, there would be two middle values.
The median in this case is the average of these two middle values.

Example 1.

Find the median of the following data: 23, 15, 6, 18, 42, 8, 24.

Solution:
Arranging the values in ascending order, we obtain: 6, 8, 15, 18, 23, 24, 42.
Since n=7,

Mdn= ( 7+12 ) th score

¿ 4 th score
¿ 18
 Example 2.

Find the median of the following data: 121, 108, 120, 98, 132, 100, 92,
140, 102, 98.

Solution:
Arranging the values in ascending order, we obtain: 92, 98, 98, 100, 102, 108, 120,
121, 132, 140.
Since n=10,

Mdn= ( 10+1
2 )
th score

¿ 5.5 th score
The median for this set of values is the number halfway between the fifth and the sixth
scores. Referring to the array, we find that X 5 =102 and X 6 =108. Therefore,
102+108
Mdn= =105
2
Mode

We focus our attention to the score, which occurs most of the times or the most
frequent value in the data.

The mode is obtained by mere inspection.

Types of Mode:

No Mode – each score appears only once.

Unimodal – set of values with one mode.

Bimodal – set of values with two modes.

Multimodal – set of values with many modes.

Example 1.

Find the mode of the following values:

4, 5, 8, 8, 8, 9, 12, 12, 15, 19, 20.

Solution:
The value 8 occurs more frequently than any value; hence, mo=8.
What type of mode?
Unimodal.
 Example 2.

Find the mode of the following values:

0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4

Solution:
The value 1 and 2 occurs more frequently than any value; hence, mo=1 and mo=2.
What type of mode?
Bimodal.

Example 3.

Find the mode of the following values:

3, 8, 10, 12, 5, 7, 11, 15, 9

Solution:
Set of values have no mode because each score appears only once.
What type of mode?
No Mode.

Example 4.

Find the mode of the following values:

18, 11, 16, 11, 17, 18, 16, 20, 14

Solution:
The value 11, 16 and 18 occurs more frequently than any value; hence, mo=11,
mo=16 and mo=18.
What type of mode?
Multimodal.
 Answer and solve the following.
Write your solution in the box provided.

1. The following are the average number of minutes required to do an assembly job by
the 15 workers of a manufacturing plant:
77, 85, 63, 54, 62, 78, 80, 48, 63, 79, 69, 55, 63, 78, 71
a. Find the mean.
b. Find the median.
c. Find the mode and its type.

2. Twelve business establishments reported the following number of days their

operations were stopped because of strikes.
10, 5, 5, 21, 7, 25, 90, 14, 18, 20, 10, 12
a. Find the mean.
b. Find the median.
c. Find the mode and its type.

3. A cigarette vendor records the number of packs he sells daily from Monday to
Saturday and obtains the following figures:
23, 18, 27, 30, 43, 78
a. Find the mean.
b. Find the median.
c. Find the mode and its type.
 MEASURES OF POSITION (Ungrouped Data)
Quartiles
The three score points which divide a distribution into four equal parts.

1st Quartile = 25% of distribution (lower quartile)

2nd Quartile = 50% of distribution (median)

3rd Quartile = 75% of distribution (upper quartile)

Calculating the position of quartiles:

To calculate the position of quartiles, use the formula:

Mendenhall and Sincich Method

k
Position of Q k = (n+1)
4
Deciles
The nine score points which divide a distribution into ten equal parts.

1st Decile = 10% of distribution

2nd Decile = 20% of distribution

3rd Decile = 30% of distribution (and so on…)

Calculating the position of deciles:

To calculate the position of deciles, use the formula:

Mendenhall and Sincich Method

k
Position of D k = (n+1)
10
Percentiles
The ninety-nine score points which divide a distribution into one hundred equal
parts.

1st Percentile = 1% of distribution

 2nd Percentile= 2% of distribution

3rd Percentile = 3% of distribution (and so on…)

Calculating the position of percentiles:

To calculate the position of percentiles, use the formula:

Mendenhall and Sincich Method

k
Position of Pk = (n+1)
100
CALCULATING THE POSITION USING:
Mendenhall and Sincich Method

A method of finding the value.

1st Quartile --- round up.

3rd Quartile --- round down.

Decile and Percentile --- round off.

CALCULATING THE VALUE USING:

Linear Interpolation

Higher value – lower value (decimal part) + lower value

[ ( B− A ) DP ]+ A
STEPS IN SOLVING THE PROBLEM:
1. Arrange the data in ascending order.

2. Solve for the position using the formula.

3. Find the value.

4. Interpret.

Example 1.

Using Mendenhall and Sincich Method

16, 7, 1, 21, 31, 7, 3, 30, 27, find the Q 1, and Q 3.

Solution for Q 1:
Arrange the data from lowest to highest (ascending order).
1, 3, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 30, 31, n=9
1 1 10
Q 1= ( 9+1 ) = ( 10 )= =2.5
4 4 4
round up: 3rd position
∴ 25 % of the data has a value ≤ 7
Solution for Q 3:
Arrange the data from lowest to highest (ascending order).
1, 3, 7, 7, 16, 21, 27, 30, 31, n=9
3 3 30
Q 3= ( 9+ 1 )= ( 10 )= =7.5
4 4 4
round down: 7th position
∴ 75 % of the data has a value ≤ 27
Example 2.

Using Mendenhall and Sincich Method

10, 5, 5, 21, 7, 25, 30, 14, 18, 20, 10, 12, find the D 3, D 7, P45 and P88.

Solution for D 3:
Arrange the data from lowest to highest (ascending order).
5, 5, 7, 10, 10, 12, 14, 18, 20, 21, 25, 30, n=12
3 3 39
D 3= ( 12+1 )= (13 )= =3.9
10 10 10
round off: 4th position
∴ 30 % of the data has a value ≤ 10

Solution for D 7:
Arrange the data from lowest to highest (ascending order).
5, 5, 7, 10, 10, 12, 14, 18, 20, 21, 25, 30, n=12
7 7 91
D 7= ( 12+1 ) = (13 )= =9.1
10 10 10
round off: 9th position
∴ 70 % of the data has a value ≤ 20

Solution for P45 :

Arrange the data from lowest to highest (ascending order).
5, 5, 7, 10, 10, 12, 14, 18, 20, 21, 25, 30, n=12
45 45 585
P45= ( 12+1 )= ( 13 )= =5.85
100 100 100
round off: 6th position
∴ 45 % of the data has a value ≤ 12

Solution for P88:

Arrange the data from lowest to highest (ascending order).
5, 5, 7, 10, 10, 12, 14, 18, 20, 21, 25, 30, n=12
88 88 1144
P88= ( 12+1 )= ( 13 ) = =11.44
100 100 100
round off: 11th position
∴ 88 % of the data has a value ≤ 25
 Example 3.

Using Mendenhall and Sincich Method and Linear Interpolation

81, 87, 81, 90, 84, 92, 90, 85, 88, 87, find the Q 1, D 4 , and P77.

Solution for Q 1:
Arrange the data from lowest to highest (ascending order).
81, 81, 84, 85, 87, 87, 88, 90, 90, 92, n=10
1 1 11
Q 1= ( 10+1 )= ( 11 )= =2.75
4 4 4
Q 1 is between the values 81 and 84
Higher value – lower value (decimal part) + lower value
[ ( B− A ) DP ]+ A
[ ( 84−81 ) 0.75 ] +81
[ ( 3 ) 0.75 ] +81
2.25+81
83.25

Solution for D 4 :
Arrange the data from lowest to highest (ascending order).
81, 81, 84, 85, 87, 87, 88, 90, 90, 92, n=10
4 4 44
D4 = ( 10+1 )= ( 11 )= =4.4
10 10 10
D4 is between the values 85 and 87
Higher value – lower value (decimal part) + lower value
[ ( B− A ) DP ]+ A
[ ( 87−85 ) 0.40 ] +85
[ ( 2 ) 0.40 ] +85
0.80+85
85.80

Solution for P77:

Arrange the data from lowest to highest (ascending order).
81, 81, 84, 85, 87, 87, 88, 90, 90, 92, n=10
77 77 847
P77= ( 10+1 ) = (11 )= =8.47
100 100 100
P77 is between the values 90 and 90
Higher value – lower value (decimal part) + lower value
[ ( B− A ) DP ]+ A
[ ( 90−90 ) 0.47 ] +90
[ ( 0 ) 0.47 ]+90
0+ 90
90
 Answer and solve the following.
Write your solution in the box provided.

1. The average family income (in thousand pesos) in 1985 for each of the 13 regions in
the Philippines was:

58, 31, 27, 38, 29, 20, 24, 21, 18, 23, 27, 28, 24
Arrange: 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 24, 27, 27, 28, 29, 31, 38, 58
a. Find the Q 3, D2, and P66 using Mendenhall and Sincich Method.

b. Find the Q 1, D8, and P87 using Linear Interpolation.

 What I Have Learned

CONCLUSION

 Mean – averages, considered the most popular and most widely used.
 Median – middle, it divides a ranked distribution into two equal parts.
 Mode – most frequent, it is obtained by mere inspection.
 Types: No mode, unimodal, bimodal, and multimodal
 Quartiles – the distribution is divided into 4 equal parts.
 Deciles – the distribution is divided into 10 equal parts.
 Percentiles – the distribution is divided into 100 equal parts.

WEEKLY PROBLEM SET 3.

Encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. The front row in a movie theatre has 23 seats. If you were asked to sit in the
seat that occupied the median position, in which seat would you have to sit?
a. 1
b. 11
c. 23
d. 12
2. Ervin bowled 7 games last weekend. His scores are: 155, 165, 138, 172, 127,
193, 142. What is the mean of Ervin's scores?
a. 155
b. 156
c. 165
d. 166
3. The scores awarded to 25 students for an assignment were as follows: 4, 7, 5, 9,
8, 6, 7, 7, 8, 5, 6, 9, 8, 5, 8, 7, 4, 7, 3, 6, 8, 9, 7, 6, and 9. What is the mode?
a. 9
b. 8
c. 7
d. 6
4. The number of miles that Zoe cycled each week for a 7-week period is shown:
36, 42, 28, 52, 48, 36, 31, and 54. What is the median number of miles Zoe
cycled?
a. 36
b. 39
c. 42
d. 4
 5. TRUE or FALSE: To find the mean, the data must be sorted from least to
greatest first.
a. True
b. False

For numbers 6-9. The average family income (in thousand pesos) in 1985 for each of
the 13 regions in the Philippines was: 58, 31, 27, 38, 29, 20, 24, 21, 18, 23, 27, 28,
24.
6. What is the position of the 3rd quartile?
a. 9.5
b. 29
c. 10.5
d. 30
7. What is the value of the 5th decile?
a. 28
b. 27
c. 25.5
d. 24
8. What is the value of the 23rd percentile using linear interpolation?
a. 23
b. 21
c. 21.22
d. 21.44
9. What is the value of the 23rd percentile using the Mendenhall and Sincich
method?
a. 23
b. 21
c. 21.22
d. 21.44
10.TRUE or FALSE: 50th percentile = 5th decile = 2nd quartile.
a. True
b. False
 What I Can Do

NAME: _______________________________ DATE ___________________ SCORE: _____/50

SECTION: ___________________________ TEACHER: __________________________________
ACTIVITY 3.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY AND POSITION (UNGROUPED DATA)
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: SHOW your complete solution and BOX your final
answer. Attach another paper at the last part of this lesson for your complete solution.
I. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (UNGROUPED DATA)
A. Define the following. (5 pts.)
__________1. What measure of central tendency is calculated by adding all the values
and dividing the sum by the number of values?
__________2. What is the term used to describe the distribution of a data set with one
mode?
__________3. It occurs the most of the times or the most frequent value in the data.
__________4. What is the term used to describe the distribution of a data set with many
modes?
__________5. It is defined as the score-point which divides a ranked distribution into
two equal parts.
B. Arrange the data then find the mean, median, and mode with its type of the
following. (25 pts.)
6. The following data represent the number of pop-up advertisements received by 10
families during the past month: 43, 37, 35, 30, 41, 23, 33, 31, 16, 21.

7. A group of customer service surveys were sent out at random. The scores were 90,
50, 70, 80, 70, 60, 20, 30, 80, 90, and 20.

8. The temperature in ℉ on 20 days during the month of June was as follows: 70 ℉ ,

76 ℉ , 76 ℉ , 74 ℉ , 70 ℉ , 70 ℉ , 72 ℉ , 74 ℉ , 78 ℉ , 80 ℉ , 74 ℉ , 74 ℉ , 78 ℉ ,76 ℉ , 78 ℉ ,
76 ℉ , 74 ℉ , 78 ℉ ,80 ℉ , 76 ℉ .

9. A student recorded her scores on weekly math quizzes that were marked out of a
possible 10 points. Her scores were as follows: 8, 5, 8, 5, 7, 6, 7, 7, 5, 7, 5, 5, 6, 6, 9,
8, 9, 7, 9, 9, 6, 8, 6, 6, 7.

10. The number of service upgrades sold by each of 30 employees is as follows: 32, 6,
21, 10, 8, 11, 12, 36, 17, 16, 15, 18, 40, 24, 21, 23, 24, 24, 29, 16, 32, 31, 10, 30, 35,
32, 18, 39, 12, 20.
II. MEASURES OF POSITION (UNGROUPED DATA)
C. Define the following. (3pts.)
__________11. The distribution has nine score points that is divided into ten equal
parts.
__________12. The distribution has ninety-nine score points that is divided into one
hundred equal parts.
__________13. The distribution has three score points that is divided into four equal
parts.
D. Solve for the position and value of the following then interpret. (18 pts.)
14. A fisherman’s daily catch of fish (in kilos) for the past ten days are: 80, 120, 100,
90, 150, 130, 110, 140, 130, and 70. Find the Q 1, D7, and P62 using Mendenhall and
Sincich Method.

15. The IQ scores of a sample of 15 freshmen student applicants are: 95, 131, 138,
127, 90, 118, 112, 98, 125, 114, 138, 122, 115, 135, and 132. Find the Q 3, D 4 , and
P89 using Linear Interpolation.
BONUS (2pts): The mean of four numbers is 71.5. If three of the numbers are 58, 76,
and 88, what is the value of the fourth number?

An economist is an expert who will know tomorrow why

the things he predicted yesterday didn’t happen.
- Earl Wilson