NAME: _______________________________________ SUBJECT: ___________________________

YEAR AND SECTION: ___________________________ QUARTER AND MODULE: ______________

DATE: ________________________________________ WEEK NO: ______ NO. OF HOURS: ______

ACTIVITY SHEET TITLE: BIODIVERSITY

Fossils can be classified as to impression or compression. Impression is also known as imprint which are the shallow external molds left by animal with little or no organic materials
present. Compression is a fossil preserved in sedimentary rock that has undergone physical compression and with more organic material. Classify the following fossils as to impression
and compression.

Paleontologist uses several methods in determining the age of the fossil. These includes the relative dating. and carbon-14 dating. Relative dating is a method used to determine the age
of the rocks by comparing them with the rocks in the other layer. Fossils found at the bottom layer are assumed to be the older than those on the upper layer. Crbon-14 dating is a method
used to determine the age of rocks using the decay or radioactive isotope present in rocks. Scientists were able to develop the Geologic Time Scale out of the examination of layers of
rocks and dating fossils. Geologic time scale shows the major events in the Earth history and the appearance of various kinds of or in particular period of time. It is divided into four,
namely Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. Era is the largest division and it is further divided into Period.

1. Which among the representative life assumed to be the oldest organism? Why?
2. In what era did the extinction of dinosaurs happened?
3. In what era can you possibly find the most recent fossil? Why?
4. In what era do you think the present day humans first appeared on earth?
5. How do organisms arranged in the table?
_______________________________________________________________

LESSON
Does body structure have anything to do with evolutionary concept?
Another sources of evidence for evolution are the comparative anatomy and genetic information. Comparative anatomy is the study of the similarities and differences in the anatomy of
different species. Scientists use bones to determine similarities and differences in comparative anatomy. There are two types of structure used in comparative anatomy. Structures from
different species which have similar internal framework and position are considered to be homologous. Homologous structure may perform different functions but it may have same origin.
The example of homologous structure are the forelimbs of human, dog, cat, bat, frog, bird, lizard, and whale which are structurally the same but functionally different.
LESSON

There have been several hypotheses to explain the mechanism of evolution, but the most important are the theory postulated by Lamarck and Darwin. Both Lamarck and Darwin believed
that, over time, living things like animals and plants change to become more suited to their environments. Although Lamarck and Darwin agreed on the basic ideas about evolution, they
disagreed about the specific mechanisms that allowed living things to change. And that is what we will study in this lesson. In the early nineteenth century Jean Baptiste de Lamarck was
one of the first to believe that organisms change over time. He has developed three theories about evolution. The first is the theory of need. According to him organisms change in
response to their environment. The ability of organisms to survive has helped them to adapt to the environment in which they live. Next is the Theory of Use and Disuse. According to him,
the organs or parts of the body that are not used will be lost and the organs that are always used will be developed. Lamarck believed that giraffes used to have short necks but because
of what they ate in the tall trees and they needed to survive they stretched their necks to reach the food and that is said to be the reason why the giraffe's necks are long. The last is the
theory of Acquired Characteristics which according to Lamarck, the offspring inherited the acquired characteristics of having a long neck of giraffes and it is propagated to the next
generation of giraffes. Another scientist who has made a significant contribution to the field of evolution is Charles Darwin. Like Lamarck, Darwin believed that organisms change over
time, however, his ideas about how this process were very different from Lamarck's. According to Darwin, within any population of organisms, there were always individuals with different
traits. Like in the giraffe species, originally had different neck lengths but due to natural selection, only giraffes with long necks survived because they could only reach tall trees for food.
Meanwhile, giraffes with short necks have disappeared due to lack of accessible food supply. In view of this, Charles Darwin developed the Theory of Natural Selection. Natural selection
is a process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. Individuals in a population are naturally variable, meaning that they are all different means that some
individuals have traits better suited to the environment than others. This is also known as “survival of the fittest” which states that organisms best adjusted to their environment are most
successful in surviving and reproducing

ACTIVITY 1 Lamarck’s and Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

PART A. LAMARCK’S THOUGHT ABOUT EVOLUTION
Lamarck believed that giraffes used to have short necks, but because they ate on tall trees, they always stretched them to reach food until their necks became long. This trait was later
inherited by offsprings and propagated by the next generations of giraffes. And Lamarck called it Theory of Acquired Characteristics.
Guide questions
1. Do you believe in Lamarck's theory of Theory of Acquired Characteristics? ___________________________________________________________________________
2. If you are naturally born curly and you have straightened it artificially in the parlor. Do you think being straight hair will inherit your child? Why?______________________

ACTIVITY 2 COMPARISON OF LAMARCK AND DARWIN THEORIES

Direction: Complete the table below by identifying whose idea the following statements are. Write Lamarck, Darwin or Both.
WHO THOUGHT THIS? LAMARCK, DARWIN or BOTH
1. Theory of Use and Disuse
2. Theory of Natural Selection
3. Theory of Acquired Characteristics
4. Theory of Need
5. Organisms have changed over time
6. Certain traits helped organisms survive and reproduce better than other organisms
without those traits
7. Organisms changed because they wanted to survive
8. There was variation in a population
9. Organisms can never become extinct
10. The environment had something to do with why organisms changed
11. Parents are only able to pass on traits that they were born with
12. Organisms could decide to change something about their body and pass on that
change to their offspring
13. The organs or parts of the body that are not used will be lost and the organs that are
always used will be developed
14. The offspring inherited the acquired characteristics of having a long neck of giraffes
and it is propagated to the next generation of giraffes
15. Survival of the fittest

LESSON
Adaptation and Survival in Changing Environment
All organisms are dependent to one another and to the environment where it belongs to survive. The process of who will be eaten and
who will eat established the balance and flow of energy in an ecosystem. The one that being eaten gives energy to those dependent on
them and eventually the one receives the energy will bring back the energy to the ecosystem the time it decomposes.
Water, temperature, Light, Atmospheric pressure, and chemical components are the abiotic factors that influence the survival of the
organism. Any changes that may happen to all these abiotic factors may have a drastic effect on the organism that dependent on them. The amount of water in an
ecosystem, if there will be an extreme addition of water to an ecosystem, some animal like rats may not be able to survive to that sudden change in water level. There are also plants that
may not be able to survive on that kind of situation like cactus. The temperature may also affect the survival of an organism that’s why some organisms hibernate during winter. Like in
the case of bear and bats, they sleep for a long-time during winter for them to be able to conserve their energy during the time where foods are not abundant.
Most of the plants are also dependent to the amount of light in producing their own food in a process of photosynthesis. Thus, sunlight is the most important factor in producing energy
that will flow in an ecosystem through different organisms. Atmospheric pressure may affect the amount of O2 in a certain area, like for example the high-altitude area has a low
atmospheric pressure resulting to difficulty in perspiration for those who lives in that area. The same with those organisms who lives in depth with high atmospheric pressure, just a few
animals can only live on that kind of ecosystem like monkfish and other rare organisms. Another essential factor for an organism to live are the chemical components like carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen which are present in plants and from other food sources.
Adaptation for Survival
Organisms tend to be adaptive to a certain change on its environment when a sudden mutation happens to its genetic materials. These adaptations are the key for them to survive and
continue its species. However, if an organism does not mutate, they will become less adaptive and most likely to have less chance of survival. Most of the organisms has a structural
adaptation or meaning, there are certain parts of their body that they use just to survive and catch its food.
Structural adaptation
• The longer the beak of a bird, the higher the chance it will get more food. Beaks also tells what type of food birds eats.
• The leaves of a maple three ripen and fell out during winter just to conserve the water inside of its body.
• Long tongue of snake and frog, long neck of giraffe due to high competition for food.
• Colorful flowers of plants to attract bees and butterflies for a high chance of pollination.
• Penguins has a thick fat that keeps their body warm when in cold sea.
• The number of fingers helps the animals to feed themselves.
Another type of adaptation is behavioral adaptation, this adaptation is what an organism do just to survive in a particular change on its environment.
Behavioral adaptation
• Mimosa pudica (makahiya) folds its leaves when being touched by other organisms and raindrops for protecting the plant from physical damage.
• Hibernation of bear and bats during cold weather to conserve energy during the time where foods are less.
• Migration of birds in Candaba Pampanga from other country due to cold weather and availability of food.
• Nocturnality of owl, bats, and other nocturnal animals that is allowing them to become more active at night than daytime, this adaptation allowing them to hunt food easily.
Adaptation is a key factor for an organism to survive on its environment and this will happen if an organism accidentally mutates. Thus, this characteristic of organisms helps the flow of
energy in an ecosystem by ensuring that there will be enough source of food and how do organism can survive whenever there are changes in the environment where they live.

Activity no. 1 (Conceptual) Flow of Energy

Instructions: Given the illustration below, explain the flow of energy in an ecosystem by completing the missing word/words on the context below.
 Energy usually enters ecosystems as 1. _________ and is captured in chemical form by photosynthesizer like 2. ________ and algae. The energy is then passed through the
ecosystem, changing forms as organisms metabolize, the plant will be eaten by 3. ___________ then will be eaten by 4. __________, and eventually die and will be back to the soil as
nutrients by 5 ____________. Each time energy changes forms, some of it is converted to 6. _________. Heat still counts as energy—and thus no energy has been destroyed—but it
generally cannot be used as an energy source by living organisms. Ultimately, energy that entered the ecosystem as sunlight is dissipated as heat and radiated back into space.

Activity no. 3 (Reflective) Fact or Bluff

Instruction: Write FACT if the given statement is correct and if NOT, write BLUFF.
1. If an organism does not mutate over time, the chance of their survival will increase.
2. Adaptation is when an organism evolutionary change to adapt to its surroundings just to survive and reproduce.
3. The higher the competition for food in an ecosystem, the higher the chance of the organism to find ways to survive and to adapt to changes.
4. A camel can last for 3 months without water due to its special structure; a hump from its back where fats is being stored that can be metabolize as energy, this adaptation is an
example of structural adaptation.
5. Foods are the main source of energy in an ecosystem, organisms depend on other organisms just to survive and tend to adapt to a sudden change on its environment.
Closure: How does changes can affect the lives of different organism?

LESSON
An ecosystem must contain both biotic (living things) and abiotic (non-living) factor to sustain its stability or mode of
balance where different organisms has a shelter and enough source of food to ensure the survival every species.
Biodiversity and Stability
Biodiversity refers to a variety of different organism interact with one another. An ecosystem compose of different organisms that plays a diverse role such as the one utilizes the sunlight
to create a chemical energy, they are also responsible in maintaining the flow of that chemical energy, and even responsible in circulating the essential biogeochemical (abiotic factor)
such as air, minerals, carbon, nitrogen, etc. that ecosystem needs for it to be suitable for living.
The variation of these organisms become valuable to human economically and ecologically. It serves as source of food, medicine, clothing, shelter, and energy.
Types of Biodiversity
• Species diversity – refers to the variety of species who lives in a community. Ex. Human, dogs, fish, cats
• Genetic diversity- the variation of genetic materials within a specific species. Ex. Different varieties of plants, fungi, rice.
• Ecosystem diversity – variation in biomes or types of ecosystem. Ex. Marine, Tropical rainforest, Grassland, Desert.

Stability is a state of balance in an ecosystem where it maintains the flow of nutrients (abiotic factor) and the flow of energy in a form of food. Any factor that maintains this balance gone;
the system may collapse.
Relationship between Biodiversity and Stability
High Biodiversity = High Stability Low Biodiversity = Low stability
Since the ecosystem has a high biodiversity, when the grass suddenly gone, organism’s dependent to plant has other option for survival. It will take the lettuce as it’s other source of food.
The ecosystem has a higher chance of survival and it will not collapse as easy as the ecosystem with lower biodiversity.
Types of ecosystem Stability
Resistance is the ability of the ecosystem to remain steady and stable during the time of disturbance.
Resilience is the ability of an ecosystem to recover from disturbance or damage or its ability to go back to its steady state.
The higher the biodiversity the higher the resistance and resilience of the ecosystem.
As a steward of this planet, we are liable to protect and conserve the stability of the ecosystem where we are living. The resources we are getting from it, whether it is renewable or
nonrenewable must be taken in moderation so that the future generation can still have it and enjoy the benefits of this highly diverse ecosystem where we are living.