Chapter 3: Limit State Design of Beams for 12/30/2020

Shear

3.1. Introduction

Chapter 3
Walls and Wall Loadings
ACI Code Section 2.2 defines a wall as follows:
“Wall—Member, usually vertical, used to enclose or separate
Reinforced Concrete Walls spaces.”
This definition fails to consider the structural actions of walls.
ACI Section 2.1 also defines the term “structural walls”:
“Structural wall—Wall proportioned to resist combinations of
shears, moments, and axial forces. A shear wall is a structural
wall.”

December 2020 1 2

Major factors that affect the design of structural

walls include the following:
(a) The structural function of the wall relative to the
rest of the structure.
The way the wall is supported and braced by the rest
of the structure.
The way the wall supports and braces the rest of the
structure.
(b) The types of loads the wall resists.
(c) The location and amount of reinforcement.

3 4

3.2 Types of Walls

Concrete shear walls or structural walls are often (a) Bearing walls : walls that are laterally supported and
used in multistory buildings to resist lateral loads braced by the rest of the structure that resist primarily in-
such as wind, seismic and blast loads. Such walls are plane vertical loads acting downward on the top of the
used when the frame system alone is insufficient or wall (see Fig. 18-1a). The vertical load may act eccentrically
uneconomical to withstand all the lateral loads or with respect to the wall thickness, causing weak-axis
when partition walls can be made load bearing, bending. Bearing walls can be Designed as columns.
replacing columns and beams.
(b) Shear walls: walls that primarily resist lateral loads due to
Two frequent characteristics of walls are their wind or earthquakes acting on the building are called shear
slenderness, height to thickness ratio, which is walls or structural walls. These walls often provide lateral
generally higher than for columns, and the bracing for the rest of the structure. (See Fig. 18-1b.) They
reinforcement ratios, generally about a fifth to a resist gravity loads transferred to the wall by the parts of the
tenth of those in columns structure tributary to the wall, plus lateral-loads (lateral
shears) and moments about the strong axis of the wall.
5 6

1
Chapter 3: Limit State Design of Beams for 12/30/2020
Shear

(c) Nonbearing walls: walls that do not support gravity

in-plane loads other than their own weight. These walls
may resist shears and moments due to pressures or
loads acting on one or both sides of the wall. Examples
are basement walls and retaining walls used to resist
lateral soil pressures. (See Fig. 18-1c and d.)
(d) Tilt-up walls: are very slender walls that are cast in a
horizontal position adjacent to the structure. They are
then tilted into their intended vertical position and
fastened to the foundation, to the roof or floor
diaphragm, and to the adjacent panels. They are
designed to resist vertical and lateral loads.
(e) Although they are not walls as such, plates that resist
in-plane compression, such as the compression flanges
or the decks of box girder bridges, display some of the
characteristics of walls. (See Fig. 18-1e.)
7 8

9 10

3.3 Design of Reinforced Concrete Walls Short Column: local second order effect ignored (e2=0)
(EBCS-8: 1995) Slender column: local second order effect Considered
(e2>0)
6.2.1 (1) A reinforced concrete wall is a vertical load-
bearing member whose greatest lateral dimension is
more than four times its least lateral dimension Braced or Unbraced Walls: A wall may be considered as
(𝑖. 𝑒. 𝒍 > 𝟒𝒃), and in which the reinforcement is taken braced if, at right angles to the plane of the wall, lateral
into account when considering its strength. For walls stability to the structure as a whole is provided by walls
subjected predominantly to out-of-plane bending, the or other suitable bracing designed to resist all lateral
rules for slabs apply. forces in that direction. It shall otherwise be considered
𝐿 ≥ 4𝑏: Wall
𝐿 < 4𝑏: Column
as unbraced.
(3) A reinforced wall shall be considered as either short (4) The overall stability of a multi-story building shall not,
or slender and as either braced or unbraced as follows: in any direction, depend on unbraced walls alone.

𝐻𝑒 𝐻𝑒
≤ 7: 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 & > 7: 𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑏 𝑏 11 12

2
Chapter 3: Limit State Design of Beams for 12/30/2020
Shear

3.3.1 Design of Reinforced Concrete Wails for (3) Effective Height: The effective height He of reinforced
concrete walls in the non-sway mode shall be determined
Flexure and Axial Loads from Eq. 6.1.
𝐻𝑒 = 𝛽𝐻 … … … … … … . . (6.1)
(1) Walls subject to combined flexure and axial load
shall be designed under the provisions of Chapter 4, Where;
unless designed in accordance with Section 6.2.2. H - is the story height of the wall
β - is the coefficient defined in Eqs. 6.2 to 6.5
(2) The length of the wall to be considered effective for The following values shall be adopted for the coefficient
β:
each concentrated load shall not exceed the center-to-
center distance between loads, nor shall it exceed the (1) Walls with two edges restrained
width of the bearing plus four times the wall thickness. 𝛽 = 1.00 … … … . (6.2)
(2) Walls with three edges restrained
𝑐 − 𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠 1
𝐿𝑒 ≤ ቊ 𝛽= ≥ 0.3 … … . (6.3)
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 4𝑏 𝐻 2
1+
13 3𝑙 14

(3) Walls with four edges restrained

1
3.3.2 Shear Resistance of Reinforced Walls
𝛽= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐻 ≤ 𝑙 … … … . . (6.4)
𝐻 2 (1) Design for horizontal shear forces in the plane of the
1+
𝑙 wall shall be in accordance with provisions for beam in
1
𝛽= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐻 > 𝑙 … … … . . (6.5) EBCS 2-1995 Section 4.5.3, with the following
𝐻
2 modifications:
𝑙
where 𝑙 is the width of the wall measured center-to- (a) The effective depth d shall be taken as 0.8b
center of the bracing walls, or width measured from the (b) Sections located closer to the base than a distance
center of a bracing wall to the free edge. l/2 or H/2, whichever is less, be designed for the shear at
l/2 or H/2.
(c) When the applied shear Vsd is less than Vc/2, the
minimum shear reinforcement required by the
provisions of Chapter 7 shall be provided.
15 16

17 18

3
Chapter 3: Limit State Design of Beams for 12/30/2020
Shear

Clause 4.5.3.1 (1), The shear force Vc carried by the

MacGregor Page 1008 concrete in members without significant axial forces shall
be taken as:
𝑽𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒅 𝒌𝟏 𝒌𝟐 𝒃𝒘 𝒅
Clause 4.5.3.1 (2), For members subjected to axial
compression, the following equation may be used to
compute the additional shear force Vcn carried by the
concrete.
𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝑽𝒄𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 𝑵
𝑨𝒄 𝒔𝒅
Where Nsd is the design axial force
(2) Design for shear forces perpendicular to the face of
the wall shall be in accordance with provisions for slabs
in EBCS 2-1995 Section 4.5.3.

19 20

3.4. Design of Plain Concrete Walls 3.4.1 Design of Plain Concrete Walls for Flexure and
Axial Loads
(1) A plain concrete wall is a vertical load bearing concrete
member whose greatest lateral dimension is more than (1) The simplified design -procedure given below may be
four times its least lateral dimension and which is used for plain concrete walls with eccentricities of load in
assumed to be without reinforcement - when considering the plane of the wall of up to one-third the length of the
its strength, irrespective of whether it is actually wall and at right angles to the wall of up to half the
reinforced or not. The definitions for a short or slender, or thickness of the wall.
braced or unbraced wall given in Section 6.2.1 for a (2) The slenderness ratio λ shall not exceed 100.
reinforced concrete wall shall apply also to a plain (3) Effective Height: The effective height of plain concrete
concrete wall. 𝐿 ≥ 4𝑏: Wall walls shall be determined from Eq. (6.1) as for reinforced
𝐻𝑒
≤ 7: 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙 concrete walls.
𝑏
𝐻𝑒 = 𝛽𝐻
𝐻𝑒
> 7: 𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑏
21 22

For slender braced walls, the axial load resistance is

(4) Axial Load Capacity: Design axial load strength of plain given by Eq.6.6 with the eccentricity ‘e’ redefined and
concrete wall shall be computed from:
calculated as given below:
(a) Braced Walls: for short braced walls, the axial load
resistance 𝑁𝑅𝐷 is given by: 𝑒 = 0.6𝑒𝑜 + 𝑒2 … … … … … (6.7)
2𝑒 Where;
𝑁𝑅𝐷 = 1 − 𝐴𝐶 𝑓𝑐𝑑 … … … … … (6.6)
𝑏 eo - is the resultant eccentricity of load at right angles to
where; the plane of the wall (minimum value of 0.05h).
e - is the resultant eccentricity of load at right angles to e2 - is the second order eccentricity is given by
the plane of the wall (minimum value of 0.05h) 0.4b(Le/10b)2
b - is the thickness of the wall
Ac - is the cross-sectional area of the wall.

23 24

4
Chapter 3: Limit State Design of Beams for 12/30/2020
Shear

b) Unbraced Walls: The axial load resistance NRd is 3.4.2 Shear Resistance of Plain Walls
calculated at the top and at the bottom of the wall using
Eq. 6.7 but with e redefined and calculated as given Design for shear resistance of plain walls shall be in
below: accordance with the provisions for reinforced walls given
at the top: in Section 6.2.1.2.
𝑒 = 𝑒𝑜1 … … … … … (6.8)
at the bottom: 𝑒 = 𝑒𝑜2 + 𝑒2 … … … … … (6.9)
where;
eo1 the first order eccentricity at the top of the wall
e02 the first order eccentricity at the bottom of the wall
e2 is the second order eccentricity given by
0.4b(L./10b)2

25 26

3.5 Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Walls

3.5.2 Vertical Reinforcements
(EBCS8-1995)
(1) The area of vertical reinforcement shall not be less
than 0.004Ac, nor more than 0.04Ac. The upper limit
3.5.1 Sizes shall be observed even where bars overlap.
(1) The thickness of load bearing walls shall not be less (2) For walls with a larger cross-section than required by
than 1/25 of the unsupported height or width, considerations of loading, a reduced effective area not
whichever is shorter, nor less than 150 mm. less than one-half the total area may be used to
(2) The overall thickness of panel and partition walls determine minimum reinforcement and design strength.
shall not be less than 1/30 of the distance between (3) The diameter of vertical bars shall not be less than 8
supporting or enclosing members, nor less than 100 mm.
mm. (4) The spacing of vertical bars shall not exceed twice the
wall thickness nor 300 mm.
27 28

3.5.3 Horizontal Reinforcements 3.5.4 Transverse Reinforcements

(1) The area of horizontal reinforcement shall not be less (1) The mats at the two faces of the wall shall be
than one-half of that of the vertical reinforcement. connected to each other by at least 4 transverse S-ties
𝐴ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 ≤ 0.5𝐴𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 per m2, when the diameter of the vertical reinforcement
is 16 mm or greater.
(2) The spacing of horizontal bars shall not exceed 300 (2) If the area of required reinforcement exceeds 0.02Ac,
then ties as required for columns (see
mm. The diameter of horizontal bars shall not be less
Section 7.2.4.3) shall be provided.
than one quarter of that of the vertical bars.
(3) Horizontal reinforcement shall; enclose the vertical
reinforcement. The horizontal bars shall be tied to the
vertical bars so as to form a rigid mat.
29 30

5
Chapter 3: Limit State Design of Beams for 12/30/2020
Shear

Example 3.1: Reinforced Concrete Wall (Equivalent

Static Lateral Loading)
A Bar belled shear wall of length 5 m and thickness b =
300 mm is considered and subjected to the following Section A-A
forces (table 1 below). The overall height of the shear wall
A H=4m A
is, H = 4m. Deign the shear wall using C-25/30 and S-415
materials & Class I Workmanship. b

Table 3.1: Forces considered for design of shear wall L

Loading Axial Load, P (kN) Moment, M (KNm) Shear Force, V (KN)

1.3DL+1.6LL 2500 1000 80
EQ 400 6000 900 L=5m

31
Figure 3.3: Bar belled reinforced concrete wall 32

Solution: For S-415 Reinforcing Steel:

Step 1: Material Properties γs = 1.15 for Class − I workmanship
For C-25/30 Concrete: EBCS − 2 , Table 3. , Page − 22
γc = 1.5 for Class − I workmanship
EBCS − 2 , Table 3.1, Page − 22 𝑁
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 415
𝑁 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25
𝑚𝑚2

0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 ∗ 25 𝑁 𝑓𝑦𝑘 415 𝑁

𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 14.17 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 360.87
𝛾𝑐 1.5 𝑚𝑚2 𝛾𝑠 1.15 𝑚𝑚2
2 2
0.21 𝑓𝑐𝑘 3 0.21 25 3 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = = 1.197
𝛾𝑐 1.5 𝑚𝑚2
1 1
𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 9.5 𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 8 3 = 9.5 25 + 8 3 = 29 𝐺𝑝𝑎
33 34

Step 2: Design Load Calculation Table 2: Calculation of Axial load, Moment and shear force
using load combinations
The load combinations that are used for the design
Load Combination Axial Load (KN) Moment (kNm) Shear Force (KN)
according to EBCS:2-1995:
Combination 1 2500 1000 80
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 = 1.3𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿
Combination 2 2275 6750 960
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2 = 0.75 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 + 𝐸𝑄𝑋 Combination 3 1475 -5250 -840
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3 = 0.75 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 − 𝐸𝑄𝑋 Combination 4 2275 6750 960
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4 = 0.75 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 + 𝐸𝑄𝑌 Combination 5 1475 -5250 -840
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 5 = 0.75 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 − 𝐸𝑄𝑌
From the five load combinations the maximum values obtained are:
The calculated axial load, moment and shear force to be 𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 2500 𝑘𝑁
considered for the design by using the above
𝑀𝑑 = 6750 𝑘𝑁
combinations are shown in the following table:
35
𝑉𝑑 = 960 𝑘𝑁 36

6
Chapter 3: Limit State Design of Beams for 12/30/2020
Shear

Step 3: Determination of design eccentricity in both Step 4: Determination of design eccentricity in L direction:
directions:
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒0 + 𝑒2 First order eccentricity:
𝑀𝑑 6750
Accidental (additional) eccentricity due to various 𝑒0 = = = 2.7 𝑚 = 2700 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 2500
imperfections: Second order eccentricity:
𝐻𝑒 Checking the slenderness of the wall: A wall may be
𝑒𝑎 = ≥ 20 𝑚𝑚, 𝐸𝐵𝐶𝑆 2 − 1995 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4.4.3
300 considered as short walls when the ratio of its effective height
to its thickness does not exceed 7. Otherwise it shall be
Where; He = is the effective buckling length of the wall. considered slender.
Assuming the top end of the shear wall to be simply 𝐻𝑒
supported, 𝐻𝑒 = 0.7𝐻; where H = height of wall ≤ 7 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑏
𝐻𝑒 = 0.7𝐻 = 0.7 ∗ 4 = 2.8 𝑚
𝐻𝑒
2800 > 7 𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑒𝑎 = = 9.33 𝑚𝑚 < 20 𝑚𝑚 𝑏
300
Where He = is the effective height of the wall.
∴ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑎 = 20 𝑚𝑚
37 38

The effective height of reinforced concrete walls in non-sway mode Where: b is the width of the wall measured center-to-
is given by: 𝑯𝒆 = 𝜷𝑯 center of the bracing walls, or width measured from the
Effective height of the wall: center of a bracing wall to the free edge.
Where: H = is the story height of the wall In our case the wall is bar belled type i.e. the wall is
β = is the coefficient which is determined from the following restrained in with two edges with walls on each edge and
equation. hence 𝜷 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎.
𝐻𝑒 = 𝛽𝐻 = 1 4 = 𝟒 𝒎
𝛽 𝐻𝑒 4000
1.00 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = = 13.33 > 7, ∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟.
1 𝑏 300
≥ 0.3, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 Since the wall is slender, second order effect should be
𝑙
1+ 2 taken into account.
3𝑙
= 1
ℎ
,ℎ > 𝑙 𝐿𝑒 2
2𝑙 𝑒2 = 0.4𝑏 ,
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = 10𝑏
1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙.
1 + 𝑙/ 3𝑙 2,ℎ ≤𝑙
39 40

In our case, the thickness of the wall is b = 300 mm Step 5: Determination of design eccentricity in B-direction:
First order eccentricity: no moment is carried in this direction as
𝐿𝑒 2 2800
2 it is carried by the perpendicular walls, Md = 0
𝑒2 = 0.4𝑏 = 0.4 300 = 104.53 𝑚𝑚 First order eccentricity:
10𝑏 10 ∗ 300 𝑀𝑑
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒0 + 𝑒2 = 20 𝑚𝑚 + 2700 𝑚𝑚 + 104.53 𝑚𝑚 𝑒0 = =0
𝑁𝑠𝑑
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 2824.53 𝑚𝑚 Second order eccentricity:
Relative eccentricity: 2 2
𝐿𝑒 2800
The relative eccentricity, for a given direction, is the ratio of 𝑒2 = 0.4𝑏 = 0.4 300 = 104.53 𝑚𝑚
the total eccentricity, allowing for initial eccentricity and 10𝑏 10 ∗ 300
second-order effects in that direction, to the wall width in 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒0 + 𝑒2 = 20 𝑚𝑚 + 0 + 104.53 𝑚𝑚
the same direction.
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 2824.53 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 124.86 𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑙 = = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔
𝐿 5000

41 42

7
Chapter 3: Limit State Design of Beams for 12/30/2020
Shear

Relative eccentricity:
𝑁𝑠𝑑
The relative eccentricity, for a given direction, is the ratio of 𝑣=
the total eccentricity, allowing for initial eccentricity and 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝐴𝑐
second-order effects in that direction, to the column width in
the same direction. Table 3.2: Function of the Relative normal force
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 124.86 𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑙 = = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟓
𝑏 300 𝑚𝑚 v 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 ≥1.0
Equivalent eccentricity: eeq
𝑒𝑒𝑞 = 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 (1 + 𝑘𝛼) α 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5
Where;
𝑒𝑒𝑞 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 Relative eccentricity ratio: The eccentricity ratio, for a given
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 direction, is the ratio of the total eccentricity, allowing for initial
𝑘 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜.
eccentricity and second-order effects in that direction, to the
𝛼 = is obtained from table 4.1 of EBCS: 2-/1995(which is given
below) as a function of the relative normal Force (𝒗), column width in the same direction.
43 44

𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑦 0.415 Design moment calculation:

𝑘= = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝟒
𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑦 0.565 Design moment,𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑒𝑒𝑞 ∗ 𝑁𝑠𝑑
2500 𝑘𝑁 𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 4.31226 𝑚 2500 𝑘𝑁 = 10780.65 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑣= = 0.1176 ≤ 1
14.17 ∗ 10 2 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 (0.3 ∗ 0.5)
Therefore, v = 0.1176
𝑒𝑒𝑞 = 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 1 + 𝑘𝛼
Where;
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = is total eccentricity in the direction of the larger
relative eccentricity; 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 2824.53 𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑒𝑞 = 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 1 + 𝑘𝛼 = 2824.53 1 + 0.734 0.7176
𝑒𝑒𝑞 = 4312.26 𝑚𝑚
45 46

Step 7: Designing vertical reinforcements

𝑀𝑠𝑑
For vertical reinforcement, 0.004Ac ≤ 𝑨𝑺 ≤0.04Ac. 𝜇= 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝐶 ℎ
The upper limit shall be observed even where bars
overlap. 𝑀𝑠𝑑 10780.65𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝜇= = = 0.1014
The diameter of vertical bars shall not be less than 8 mm. 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝐶 ℎ 𝑘𝑁
14.17 ∗ 103 2 0.3𝑚 5𝑚 5𝑚
𝑚
2𝑏 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝜈 = 1.176 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 = 0.1014 ,
Spacing, 𝑆𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 ≤ ቊ
300 𝑚𝑚
Area of reinforcement 𝑑
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 0.05
𝜔𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝐴𝐶 ℎ
𝐴𝑆 =
𝑓𝑦𝑑 From uni-axial chart number-6 the value of lies under the
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜔 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝜈 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 curve with, so provide minimum reinforcement.

47 48

8
Chapter 3: Limit State Design of Beams for 12/30/2020
Shear

Check for the limiting values: Using two layer of bars.

For vertical reinforcement the code provides the following
limiting values, as discussed in the previous section. 𝐴𝑆,𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 6000 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑆 = = = 3000 𝑚𝑚2
Amin = 0.004 Ac = 0.004(300mm) (5000mm) =6000mm2 2 2
Amax = 0.04Ac = 0.04(300mm) (5000mm) = 60,000mm2 𝐿𝑎𝑆 5000 𝑚𝑚 ∗ 153.93 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 6000 𝑚𝑚2 𝑆= = = 256.56 ≈ 250 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑆 3000 𝑚𝑚2
Assume Ø14mm vertical reinforcements are going to be
used:
2𝑏 = 2 ∗ 300 = 600 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ ቊ ∴ 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 300 𝑚𝑚
𝜋𝐷 2 𝜋(14)2 300 𝑚𝑚
𝑎𝑆 = = = 153.93 𝑚𝑚2
4 4
Therfore, provide ∅14𝑚𝑚 vertical bars @ c/c 250 mm.
𝐿𝑎𝑆
𝑆=
𝐴𝑆
49 50

Step 8: Designing of shear reinforcements Check the section capacity, VC:

Check for the diagonal compression failure of concrete, For members subjected to significant axial
VRD:
Section resistance; compression: EBCS-2/1995 Section 4.5.3.2
𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.25 ∗ 14.17 ∗ 300 ∗ 4750 𝑉𝐶 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 + 𝑉𝑐𝑛
𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 5048.06 𝑘𝑁
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 5048.06 ≥ 𝑉𝑑 = 960 𝑂𝐾! 𝑉𝑐𝑛 = 0.10 𝑁
𝐴𝐶 𝑠𝑑
Note here that if VRD is less than Vd (i.e, VRD < Vd) the
possible measures are: 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = 1.197 𝑀𝑝𝑎
Increase the grade of concrete:
𝑘1 = 1.6 − 𝑑 ≥ 1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑚
Increase the cross-section (as it is barbell type shear
wall i.e. fixed in the two edges it means increasing the 𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑑′
thickness of the wall).
51 52

𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑑′ 𝑉𝐶 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 + 0.10 𝑁
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 0.05, 𝐴𝐶 𝑠𝑑
ℎ 𝑉𝐶
𝑑 ′ = 0.05ℎ = 0.05 ∗ 5000 = 250 𝑚𝑚 = 0.25 ∗ 1.197 ∗ 1 ∗ 1.21 ∗ 300 𝑚𝑚 ∗ 4750 𝑚𝑚 ∗ 10−3
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑑 ′ = 5000 𝑚𝑚 − 250 𝑚𝑚 = 4750 𝑚𝑚 300𝑚𝑚 ∗ 4750𝑚𝑚
+ 0.10 ∗ 2500 𝑘𝑁
300𝑚𝑚 ∗ 5000𝑚𝑚
𝑘1 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.6 − 4.57 = −2.97 ≥ 1 ∴ 𝒌𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟎
𝑉𝐶 = 753.42 𝑘𝑁 < 𝑉𝑑 = 960 𝑘𝑁
𝑘2 = 1 + 50𝜌 ≤ 2.0
So, design for shear reinforcement EBCS provision for
𝐴𝑠 6000 𝑚𝑚2 area of shear reinforcement (horizontal reinforcement),
𝜌= = = 0.0042 According to section 6.2.1.2 of EBCS-2
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (300 𝑚𝑚)(4750 𝑚𝑚)
Design for horizontal shear forces in the plane of the wall
𝑘2 = 1 + 50𝜌 = 1 + 50 0.0042 = 1.21 ≤ 2.0 ∴ 𝒌𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏
shall be in accordance with provisions for beams give on
53 EBCS 2/1995 section 4.5.3 54

9
Chapter 3: Limit State Design of Beams for 12/30/2020
Shear

Sections located closer to the base than a distance H/2 or b/2 𝑉𝑑 = 960 𝑘𝑁
whichever is less, be designed for the shear at H/2 or b/2 𝑏 300 𝐿 5000
whichever is less. = = 150 𝑚𝑚 < = = 2500 𝑚𝑚
2 2 2 2
The area of horizontal reinforcement shall not be less
than one-half of the vertical reinforcement
Spacing of shear reinforcement: Position of Vc = 515.98 kN, using similarity of triangles will be;
𝐴ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 ≤ 0.5𝐴𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝐴𝑉 𝑑𝑓𝑦𝑑 4Øℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 ≥ Ø𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 515.98 𝑘𝑁 960 𝑘𝑁
𝑆= , = ∴ 𝑥 = 2149.92 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑆 𝑥 4000 𝑚𝑚
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑐 … . 𝐸𝐵𝐶𝑆2 − 1995 − 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 4.5.4(4) At the critical point (@ 150 mm from the base), the design shear using
2𝑏 similarity of triangles will be:
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ ቊ
300𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑑 960 𝑘𝑁
The horizontal reinforcement shall enclose the vertical =
(4000 𝑚𝑚 − 150 𝑚𝑚) 4000 𝑚𝑚
reinforcement. The horizontal bars shall enclose and be
tied to the vertical bars so as to form rigid mat. ∴ 𝑉𝑑 = 924 𝑘𝑁
55 56

Fig 3.4: SFD of the Shear wall Fig 3.5: Critical Section and SFD of the
Shear Wall

57 58

Remember here that the critical section for beam is at d 𝑁

𝐴𝑉 𝑑𝑓𝑦𝑑 50.26 𝑚𝑚2 4750 𝑚𝑚 360.87
distance from the face of the column or support. Similarly, the 𝑆= = 𝑚𝑚2
𝑉𝑆 170.58 ∗ 103 𝑁
distribution of shear reinforcements in this wall is as follows.
𝑆 = 505.06 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 300 𝑚𝑚
For region between x = 0 and x = 150mm, design for shear at x ∴ 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆 ∅𝟖𝒎𝒎 𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 @𝒄/𝒄 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎.
= 150 mm, (Vd = 924 kN). Assume Ø8mm shear reinforcements
For region between x=150mm to x= (4000mm – 2149.92 mm) =
are going to be used: 1850. 08 mm Vd = 924 KN
𝜋𝐷2 𝜋(8)2 Similarly using Ø8mm shear reinforcements: 𝑎𝑆 = 50.26 𝑚𝑚2
𝑎𝑆 = = = 50.26 𝑚𝑚2
4 4
2𝑏 = 2 ∗ 300 = 600 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ ቊ ∴ 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 300 𝑚𝑚
2𝑏 = 2 ∗ 300 = 600 𝑚𝑚 300𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ቊ
300𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑐 = 924 𝑘𝑁 − 753.42 𝑘𝑁 = 170.58 𝑘𝑁
∴ 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 300 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑐 = 924 𝑘𝑁 − 753.42 𝑘𝑁 = 170.58 𝑘𝑁 59 60

10
Chapter 3: Limit State Design of Beams for 12/30/2020
Shear

Step 10: Reinforcement Detailing

𝑁
𝐴𝑉 𝑑𝑓𝑦𝑑 50.26 𝑚𝑚2 4750 𝑚𝑚 360.87
𝑆= = 𝑚𝑚2
𝑉𝑆 170.58 ∗ 103 𝑁
𝑆 = 505.06 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 300 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 ∅8𝑚𝑚 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 @𝑐/𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 300 𝑚𝑚.

For region between x = 2149.92mm to x = 4000mm, provide

minimum shear reinforcement as Vd ≤ Vc.

2𝑏 = 2 ∗ 300 = 600 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ ቊ ∴ 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 300 𝑚𝑚
300𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 ∅8𝑚𝑚 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 @𝑐/ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 300 𝑚𝑚.

Fig 3.6: Reinforcement detailing of the reinforced concrete shear wall

61 62

Thank You!

?
63

11