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Electrical Machines ( )

Introduction to AC Machines

Year / Semester : 3 / 2
Lecture Notes (2)

Oct. 2019

Dr. Izzeldin Idris Abdalla 1

Introduction to AC Machines
Classification of AC Rotating Machines:
 Synchronous Machines:
 Synchronous Generators: A primary source of
electrical energy.
 Synchronous Motors: Used as motors as well as power
factor compensators (synchronous condensers).
 Asynchronous (Induction) Machines:
 Induction Motors: Most widely used electrical motors
in both domestic and industrial applications.
 Induction Generators: Due to lack of a separate field
excitation, these machines are rarely used as
generators.
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Energy Conversion
 Generators convert mechanical energy to electric
energy.
 Motors convert electric energy to mechanical energy.
 The construction of motors and generators are
similar.
 Every generator can operate as a motor and vice
versa.
 The energy or power balance is:
 Generator: Mechanical power = electric power + losses.
 Motor: Electric Power = Mechanical Power + losses.

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Energy Conversion
Motor
Electrical Mechanical
Energy Energy
Generator
A generator can be used to generate voltage to turn a motor.
Example: Energy conversion from mechanical to electrical energy and then
back to mechanical energy.
Mechanical energy
AC voltage applied to output
motor coil through slip
rings
Mechanical energy input is
converted into electrical AC voltage output through Motor
energy slip rings and brushes

Back emf generated

by turning of motor

Generator Voltage
applied to
motor
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Review of Electromagnetic Fields

Electrical machines are based on the electromagnetic principles that
produce force or induce voltages and currents.
Electromagnetic fields provide the link between mechanical systems and
electrical systems.
Consider the following:
Current flowing in a conductor will produce a magnetic field around the
conductor.
Transformer Action:
If the magnetic flux passing through a coil changes, there will be a
voltage induced in the coil.
Motor Action:
If current flows in a conductor subject to an external magnetic field, a
force will be exerted on the conductor.
Generator Action:
If a conductor is moved through a magnetic field a voltage will be induced
in the conductor.

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Review of Electromagnetic Fields

 Grasp a long current-carrying The direction of the magnetic
wire with your right hand, field in current-carrying wire
 Hold the thumb extended in the
direction of the current, then
your fingers would curl round the
wire in the direction of the
magnetic field.

The force on a current-carrying

When a current-carrying conductor is conductor in a magnetic field
placed in a magnetic field, there is an
interaction between the magnetic field
produced by the current and the
permanent field, which leads to a
force being experienced by the
conductor:

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Fleming’s Right Hand Generator Rule:

Fleming's Left Hand Motor Rule:
 Left forefinger in the direction
of the magnetic field, The Right Hand Rule is for the
 Second finger in the direction generator effect (it tells you in what
of the current flow, direction a current is induced in a
 Then thumb will point naturally
in the direction of the resulting conductor moved through a
force! magnetic field).
Forefinger- Field
Second finger- Current
Thumb- Motion

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Requirements of a Balanced 3-Phase Set

Following are the requirements that must be satisfied in order for
a set of 3 sinusoidal variables to be a "balanced 3-phase set"
 All 3 variables have the same amplitude.
 All 3 variables have the same frequency.
 All 3 variables are 120o in phase.

The balanced 3-phase voltages have the general form of.

Balanced 3-phase variables

in time domain

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In terms of phasors, we write the same balanced set as

follows:

Va = Vrms 0 Vb = Vrms -120o Vc = Vrms - 240o = Vrms +120o

Thus, Vb = Va (1 -120o) , and Vc = Va (1 +120o)

Figure: Balanced 3-phase phasors

Phase sequence a-b-c

Illustration of a balanced 3-phase circuit

Figure: A Balanced
3-phase circuit

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Star (Wye) connection

In balanced "Y" circuits,
3-phase, 4-wire
“Y” connection
Delta Connection:
In balanced Δ circuits,
Δ-connected three-phase voltage sources give greater reliability in the event of winding failure
than Y-connected sources. However, Y-connected sources can deliver the same amount of
power with less line current than Δ-connected sources.

3-phase, 4-wire
“∆” connection

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Three-phase Power

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AC Winding Design
The windings used in rotating electrical machines can be classified as
 Concentrated Windings
 All the winding turns are wound together in series to form one multi-turn coil.
 All the turns have the same magnetic axis.
 Examples of concentrated winding are
 Field windings for salient-pole synchronous machines.
 DC machines.
 Primary and secondary windings of a transformer.
 Distributed Windings
 All the winding turns are arranged in several full-pitch or fractional-pitch
coils.
 These coils are then housed in the slots.
 Examples of distributed winding are
 Stator and rotor of induction machines.
 The armatures of both synchronous and DC machines.
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AC Winding Design
Armature windings, in general, are classified
under two main heads, namely,
 Closed Windings
 Used only for DC machines and AC commutator
machines.

 Open Windings
 Open windings terminate at suitable number of slip-
rings or terminals
 Used only for AC machines, like synchronous
machines, induction machines, etc.

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Some Terms Common to Armature Windings

 Conductor: A length of wire which takes active part in
the energy conversion process.
 Turn: One turn consists of two conductors.
 Coil: One coil may consist of any number of turns.
 Coil-side: One coil with any number of turns has two
coil-sides.
 Single-layer and double layer windings.
 Pole-pitch.
 Coil-span or coil-pitch.
 Chorded-coil
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Coil–side. One coil with any number of turns

has two coil-sides
The number of conductors (C) in any coil-side is equal to
the number of turns (N) in that coil.

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Single-layer and Double Layer Windings

 Single- layer winding
 One coil-side occupies the total
slot area
 Used only in small AC machines
 Double- layer winding
 Slot contains even number (may be 2,4,6 etc.) of
coil-sides in two layers.
 Double-layer winding is more common for above
5 kW machines.

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Advantages of Double-layer Winding

over Single Layer Winding:

 Easier to manufacture and lower cost of the

coils.
 Fractional-slot winding can be used.
 Lower-leakage reactance and therefore, better
performance of the machine.
 Better emf waveform in case of generators.

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 Pole-pitch: A pole pitch is defined as the peripheral

distance between identical points on two adjacent poles. Pole
pitch is always equal to 180o
 Coil-span or coil-pitch: The distance between the two
coil-sides of a coil is called coil-span or coil-pitch. It is
usually measured in terms of teeth, slots or electrical degrees.
 Chorded-coil:
 If the coil-span (or coil-pitch) is equal to the pole-pitch,
then the coil is termed a full-pitch coil.
 In case the coil-pitch is less than pole-pitch, then it is called
chorded, short-pitch or fractional-pitch coil

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 Phase spread where field winding on the rotor to

produce 2 poles and the stator carries 12 conductors
housed in 12 slots.

Time phase angle is

120o between EA,
EB and EC

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Transformer
A transformer efficiently raises or lowers AC voltages. It of
course cannot increase power so that if the voltage is raised, the
current is proportionally lowered and vice versa.
For the ideal transformer, the From Faraday’s Law .
voltage ratio is equal to the
turns ratio, and Power in From conservation of energy
equals Power out

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Representing the induced voltage as maximum for the turns

Where: Tph – Turns per phase

Similarly the voltages induced in the other phase coils are
also sinusoidal, but phase-displaced from each other by 120
electrical degrees. Therefore

The rms value of the induced voltage in terms of frequency is

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In a three-phase machine
Description of Stators
Back Iron
Slots

Slot
opening

Teeth

The coils are distributed in slots. Let a phase contain m full-pitch coils a, b, c,
……, m.
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In a Three-Phase Machine

Two-pole, three-phase, double-layer full-pitch winding (S = Start of phase

winding; E = end)
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Synchronous Machine Construction

 A synchronous machine has two mechanical parts:
A rotor and a stator.
 There are also two electrical parts to the machine:
A field source and an armature winding.

 The field source of a synchronous machine is on the rotor, the

armature winding of a synchronous machine is on the stator.
 The field source creates a magnetic field, the armature winding
has a voltage induced in it by the field.
 The field can be produced using either a field winding or by
using permanent magnets. PM (permanent magnet) machines
are common in small sizes.
 Large machines are usually made with field windings.
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Terminology
 The field winding is on the rotor, The armature winding is on the
stator
 The external driving force (e.g. steam or hydro turbine, diesel
generator, jet engine) is called the prime mover.
 Rotor construction: Two general types
 Salient-pole construction
Used for generators and motors of all ranges of output - low and
medium speeds.
Salient pole machines can be constructed in pieces and then
assembled later. Each pole of the machine has its own field winding
which is bolted on to the rotor shaft.
Hydro-generators, Diesel Engine driven generators
 Non-salient pole construction
Used for medium and large sized generators- high speeds ( 2 or 4 poles)
Turbo-generators used at Thermal power and nuclear power stations
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Salient-pole Rotor Non-salient-pole Rotor

Four-pole salient pole Major components of a round rotor

generator two-pole generator
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Stator of a large salient pole hydro generator; inset shows the

insulated conductors and spacers
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Large hydro generator rotor with view of the vertical poles

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Turbo-Generator rotor with conductors placed in the slots

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Large Turbo-generator rotor completely assembled

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Synchronous Machine Armature Winding

The armature winding of a real three-phase machine is a distributed

winding made up of many coils.
In large hydro-generators there may be as many a 500 coils arranged to
produce in excess of 90 poles grouped into three phases.

Details of a generator stator

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Basic Gas Turbine

Brayton Cycle: Working fluid is

always a gas

Most common fuel is natural gas

Typical efficiency is around 30 to 35%
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