The Implementation of Modular Distance Learning in

the Philippine Secondary Public Schools

1
Ysthr Rave Pe Dangle, 2Johnine Danganan Sumaoang
1
Montessori Class Directress, British International School of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
2
College Instructor, University of the Cordilleras, Baguio City, Philippines

Abstract
Face to face learning engagement of students and teachers within the school has been suspended
due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This pandemic has paved the way to the implementation of
Modular Distance Learning as an urgent response to ensure continuity of education. The
Philippines is in the process of adapting to the new normal form of education at present, and
continuous innovations of educators and active involvement of other stakeholders are the driving
force for its success. The key purpose of this research is to find out the challenges encountered,
opinions, and recommendations of teachers, parents, and students in the implementation of
Modular Distance Learning in Balbalayang National High School (BNHS) and Baguio City
National High School (BCNHS) during the School Year 2020-2021. These challenges, opinions
and recommendations were identified through a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach by
conducting surveys to the 37 participants in the selected schools through quota and purposive
sampling. Deductive thematic analysis was used in the interpretation and coding of data. The main
challenges that emerged were lack of school funding in the production and delivery of modules;
students struggle with self- studying, and parents' lack of knowledge to academically guide their
child/children. In conclusion, the study was able to determine the prevailing challenges of the
participants in terms of resources, preparedness, and communication. The result of this study may
serve as a springboard for the future improvements of the schools' existing programs and
guidelines on the implementation of modular distance learning.

Keywords: Distance learning modalities, modular approach in learning, modular distance

learning, Education in COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction
The outbreak of the new coronavirus infection known as COVID-19 has first occurred at Huanan
Seafood Market in Wuhan city of China in December 2019 (Wikipedia, 2020), and within a
couple of months it has turned out to be a global health emergency. It has rapidly affected
thousands of people, who are sick or being killed due to the spread of this disease. The COVID-19
pandemic also resulted in a widespread disruption such as travel restrictions, closure of schools
and global economic recession.
Most countries around the world have temporarily closed educational institutions to contain the
spread of the virus and reduce infections (Tria, 2020). Face to face engagement of students and

1
teachers within the school has also been suspended. The Philippines is in the process of adapting
to the new normal form of education at present, and continuous innovations of educators and
active involvement of other stakeholders are the driving force for its success. For the continuity of
education and for every school to still attain its mission and vision which is to provide quality
education to every Filipino learner, the Department of Education implemented the Modular
Distance Learning.
Distance Learning refers to a learning delivery modality, where learning takes place between the
teacher and the learners who are geographically remote from each other during instruction. This
modality has three types: Modular Distance Learning (MDL), Online Distance Learning (ODL),
and TV/Radio-Based Instruction. (Quinones, 2020)

Modular learning is the most popular type of Distance Learning. In the Philippines, this learning
modality is currently used by all public schools because according to a survey conducted by the
Department of Education (DepEd), learning through printed and digital modules emerged as the
most preferred distance learning method of parents with children who are enrolled this academic
year (Bernardo, J). This is also in consideration of the learners in rural areas where internet is not
accessible for online learning.

The teacher takes the responsibility of monitoring the progress of the learners. The learners may
ask assistance from the teacher via e-mail, telephone, text message/instant messaging among
others. Where possible, the teacher shall do home visits to learners needing remediation or
assistance (Llego, n.d.). Printed Modules will be delivered to students, parents or guardians by the
teachers or through the Local Government Officials.

Since education is no longer held within the school, parents serve as partners of teachers in
education. Parents play a vital role as home facilitators. Their primary role in modular learning is
to establish a connection and guide the child. (FlipScience, 2020).

According to the Department of Education (DepEd), parents and guardians' perform the various
roles in Modular Learning such as Module-ator, Bundy-clock, and as Home Innovator. As a
Module-ator, they are the ones to get and submit the printed Self-Learning Modules (SLMs) from
and to schools or barangay halls at the beginning and end of the week, depending on the
agreement between the parents and the school. As a Bundy-clock, they must check their child's
schedule or workweek plan. Because of the number of subjects or activities to be done, they must
see that it is being followed accordingly to avoid cramming or delays in submission, which may
affect the child's performance. Lastly, as a Home Innovator, they must provide their child with a
productive learning environment to help them focus more on Learning. It must be a well-lighted
and well-ventilated space in the house, with little or no distraction.

The use of modules encourages independent study. One of the benefits of using modules for
instruction is the acquisition of better self-study or learning skills among students. Students
engage themselves in learning the concepts presented in the module. They develop a sense of
responsibility in accomplishing the tasks provided in the module. With little or no assistance from
others, the learners progress on their own. They are learning how to learn; they are empowered
(Nardo, M.T.B, 2017). Other advantages of modular instruction include more choice and self-
pacing for students; more variety and flexibility for teachers and staff; and increased adaptability
of instructional materials.

2
The disadvantages include greater self-discipline and self-motivation required for students,
increased preparation time and lack of concrete rewards for teachers and staff, and greater
administrative resources needed to track students and operate multiple modules.

The key purpose of this research is to find out the challenges encountered by the teachers, parents,
and students in the implementation of Modular Distance Learning in the Philippine public
secondary schools. Also, this study aims to ascertain the methods, interventions or solutions of
every educational institutions as well as the government in providing assistance to students,
parents and teachers who are having difficulty in this new learning modality.

Methodology
This study utilized the survey design in determining the challenges on the usage of Modular
Distance Learning Modality (MDLM) and descriptive design in identifying the different solutions
to these challenges. The opinions and recommendations of students, parents, and teachers were
gathered through a survey, particularly by using questionnaires with open-ended questions. The
researchers conducted the study in Balbalayang National High School which is located in a rural
area of San Gabriel, La Union and Baguio City National High School which is located in an urban
area of Baguio City, Benguet. Fifteen (15) students, twelve (12) parents, and ten (10) school
personnel in each of the selected school were chosen as key informants through purposive and
quota sampling. Emails, Google forms, and social media were used in the distribution of
questionnaires and retrieval of data. The questions used in the questionnaires were localized,
which was validated by the researchers’ research advisor. Deductive Thematic Analysis was used
in the interpretation and coding of data.

Results and Discussion

From the survey, various challenges were encountered by parents, students, and teachers in the
implementation of Modular Distance Learning.

Tab.1: Students Group

Age 12 y/o 13 y/o 14 y/o 15 y/o 17-18 y/o 17-20 y/o
Year Level Grade 7 Grade 8 Grade 9 Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12
No. of students 9 4 1 2 6 8
T-n of respondents 30

Table 1 shows the total number of students who participated in this study. Most of the participants
are grade 7 which are 9, followed by 8-12th graders, 6-11th graders, 4-8th graders, 2-10th graders
and the least is only 1-9th grader.

3
Fig.1: Student’s Group

Students Group Yes

10090 90 93
83
73 No
80

60 50
Sometimes
40 33
27
20 10 13 10 7 10 No answer
3 7
0
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6

Q1: Are you having difficulty with Modular Distance Learning? , Q2: Do you have enough time to answer all your
modules?, Q3: Are you having difficulty in answering your modules?, Q4: Can you answer all your modules on your
own? , Q5: Are your teachers approachable?, Q6: Do you have gadget/s to help you answer your modules?

Fig.2: Q7: Do you have a reliable internet connection?

BCNHS BNHS
27% 33%
YES
67% YES
73% NO
NO

From Fig. 1, it could be seen that most of the learners are having difficulty in this new learning
modality. 90% of the participants had a hard time answering their modules. Half of them do not
have enough time to accomplish all their modules within a week. They often receive at least 8
modules in all subjects and each module has 3-5 activities. The subject that they are having
greatest difficulty with are Mathematics, followed by History, Entrepreneurship, and Applied
Economics. In Mathematics, some students said that most of the Math problems are difficult to
solve and no detailed explanation is provided. Problem Solving does not only include and require
computation but there is a need to understand and analyze the problem, it is important that
students comprehend the problems (Salma & Rodrigues, 2012). In History, some learners said
that this subject has lengthy readings and many of the students cannot understand some of the
terms used. The questions are hard as well and there are not enough examples provided. Students
have difficulty in understanding the lessons and history books are lengthy (Tok, B. R 2016).
Lastly, some students have difficulty in Entrepreneurship and Practical Research because they
lack knowledge about business. Furthermore, most of the students cannot answer all their modules
independently; that is why they badly need the assistance of others. The family members, relatives
and friends of the learners play a vital role in education today. Siblings are at the top of the list
helping the learners in answering the modules followed by friends and classmates. Although 83%
of the students said that the teachers were approachable, some said that the teachers do not
immediately respond to the queries regarding the lessons. Majority (93%) of the learners have
gadgets that could be useful in learning.

From Fig. 2, 67% of students in a mountainous area of the Balbalayang National High School
(BNHS) do not have a reliable internet connection. On the contrary, 73% of learners in Baguio
City

4
National High School stated that they have a reliable internet connection. Nevertheless, most of
the students from both schools still prefer Modular Learning over Online Learning. Hence, from a
total of thirty respondents, twenty-seven of them have chosen Modular Distance Learning. The
main challenges that the students have encountered are self-studying, poor internet connection,
lack of sleep and time to answer all the modules due to the great number of activities, distractions,
and lack of focus.

On the part of the parents, the succeeding tables and figures below show the data gathered from
the survey. From Table 2, 21 out of 24 parents have a child enrolled in Grade 7. Likewise, 3 out
of 24 parents have a child enrolled in Grade 11.

Tab.2: Parents Group

Child’s Age 11-14 y/o 13 y/o 14 y/o 15 y/o 16-18 y/o 17-20 y/o
Child’s Yr. Level Grade 7 Grade 8 Grade 9 Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12
Parents’ Age
32-54 21 3
T-n of parents 24
Fig.3:

Yes
Parents Group
92 No
100
79
67
54 46
50
25 21
8 44
0
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

Q1: Are you a working parent? , Q2: Do you have enough time to help your child with his/her modules?, Q3: Are
you having difficulty with the set schedule of the retrieval and submission of your child's modules? , Q4: Are the
teachers of your child approachable?
Figs.4: Q5: Do you have a reliable internet connection?
BCNHS
(Parents) BNHS
40% (Parents)
60% 100% YES NO
YES
NO

From Fig. 3, 54% of the parents are working and 46% are non-working. However, most of them
responded that they have enough time to academically assist their child/children in answering
their modules. Moreover, 79% of the parents do not have difficulties with the set schedule of the
retrieval and submission of their child's/children’s modules. Text, call, and social media
particularly on Messenger are the platforms that are being used by the parents to communicate
with the teachers of their child/children. Most of them responded that the teachers of their
child/children are

5
approachable. However, some parents said that some teachers do not respond immediately to their
queries and sometimes, they cannot be reached because of low internet connection.

As shown in Fig. 4 above, 60% of parents in BCNHS have a reliable internet connection whilst
100% of parents in BNHS do not have a strong internet accessibility. Most of the parents still
prefer Modular Distance Learning over Online or Blended Learning because they think that this
modular approach is safer for their child/children. This approach is also in consideration for
learners living in areas where internet is not accessible. Apart from that, some parents do not have
enough gadgets to be used by their child/children for online classes. Some parents have difficulty
understanding and answering the modules of their child/children. Some said that they do not have
enough time to guide their kids due to work and other responsibilities. Some modules do not have
clear instructions and explanations so students have a hard time answering them. The pictures in
the modules are not clear and the provided answer lines are too short. The modules have a lot of
exercises, and the students lack motivation and focus.

Correspondingly, the following tables and figures show the data gathered from the teachers. A
total of 20 teachers participated as key respondents. 10 of them ages 31-40, 6 teachers are 20-30
years old, 2 teachers are 41-50 years old, and 2 teachers ages 51-60.
Tab.3: Teacher’s Group
Teacher’s Age 20-30 31-40 41-50 51-60
Frequency 6 10 2 2
T-n of teachers 20
Fig.5:

Teacher's Group
95
100 80
80 75 75 70
65 Yes No
60
40 No answer
35 30
20 25 25
15
0 5 5

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6

FIGURE 5: Teacher’s Group

Q1: Does DepEd provide all the modules you give to your students?, Q2: Do you see any errors in the modules
provided by DepEd?, Q3: Do you have difficulty communicating with parents?, Q4: Do you have difficulty
communicating with students?, Q5: Are there enough funds given by the government for Modular Distance
Learning?, Q6: Can your students easily follow the instructions in answering the modules?,
Q7: Does your school have a reliable internet connection? Q8: Do you have a reliable internet connection?
Figs. 6: Figs. 7:

BNHS BCNHS
40% YES
100% YES 60%
NO
NO
 BCNHS BNHS
20%
YES 40%
60% YES
80% NO
No

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From Fig. 5, 75% of teachers responded that the Department of Education (DepEd) provides
modules for them. However, some of them said that the modules they gave were usually
incomplete. 95% of teachers stated that they noticed errors in the modules and they were
permitted to revise the modules with mistakes. Some teachers in some field responded that the
central office does not provide modules for their respective subjects which include MAPEH and
Journalism-Filipino. Thus, they are the ones making their own modules. 65% were having
difficulty in communicating with parents because some parents do not have cell phones and some
cannot afford to buy load all the time. Also, some parents do not reply, some do not respond
immediately, and others cannot be contacted. Same as with the students, 75% of teachers said that
it is hard to contact other students because some have numerous social media accounts, some are
shy, and some do not have cell phones or gadgets.

From Fig. 6 & Fig. 7, 60% of teachers in BCNHS responded that their school has a strong internet
connection while all teachers in BNHS said that they do not have a stable internet connection.
80% of the teachers in BCNHS have their own internet while 20% said that they do not have. 40%
of teachers in BNHS said that they have their personal Wi-Fi while 60% of them responded that
they do not have their own. Most of the teachers still opt to use Modular Distance Learning over
other learning approaches because of poor internet connection as the main reason. In addition, it is
accessible and feasible for everyone especially for students in remote areas.

Thus it could be seen from the data that several challenges were encountered by teachers in
Modular Distance Learning. Most students cannot study independently. 70% of them cannot
easily follow instructions in the modules. Thus, modules were often submitted late, and most of
the answer sheets are blank. Teachers lack resources for reproduction and delivery of modules.
Sometimes, the printer is not functioning well. In worst case, sometimes there's no electricity.
Therefore, they experience difficulty in printing and mass production of modules. Some learners
cannot finish their modules on time because they mostly spend their study time teaching their
siblings with their modules and helping their parents in the field. The teachers think that students'
answers in their modules have no validity, and most probably, mastery of the lessons is
impossible to attain. Parents lack knowledge to assist their child/children. According to some
teachers, some parents didn't finish their studies. Some teachers have a weak cellphone signal.
Lastly, teachers have a lot of paper works; papers to check and record.

Recommendation
From the survey conducted, several recommendations were gathered. The methods and strategies
suggested by the students to school to further improve the Modular Distance Learning are
reduction of activities from the modules, more examples for each subject, home visitation once a
week, limited face-to-face class or Blended Learning, provision of coloured printed modules,
immediate information given by teachers on what to answer in the modules, online consultation
with students, responsiveness of teachers through the use of social media platform, and leniency
of teachers in the submission of students’ outputs.

The proposed solutions of parents to the identified challenges in Modular Distance Learning are
reduce/lessen activities in the modules, take out the unnecessary exercises, Online Learning (a
Zoom meeting with the whole class with the teacher going through the modules with the students,

7
answering questions and learning the topics together), simplify the modules, implement blended
Learning, consistent instructions in the modules and as much as possible, limit group activities,
give each student ample time to complete all the modules, and give more examples and
explanations to each of the given activity.

Accordingly, the teachers said that donations, solicitations, and assistance of PTA and other
stakeholders were some of the ways to augment the financial needs of the school; the government
must make the modules as textbooks, and the DepEd must allocate additional funds for modules.
The appropriate interventions to be provided for struggling learners according to teachers are
consistent consultation through text, call, and through other social media platforms, organization
of Community Learning Facilitators (CLF), home visitation for direct tutorials, simplification of
modules, and immediate note/feedback made by teachers which are written in vernacular
language. For parents, teachers can give them assistance through text and call, community
facilitating, consultation and posting updates on social media, and by giving them words of
encouragement.

Conclusion
The great number of activities in each module is one of the main problems that emerged in the
implementation of Modular Distance Learning. The Department of Education should consider this
problem, reduce the activities, and take out the unnecessary topics so that mastery will be attained
as much as possible. As what some of the parents said, the lesser the better. One of the concerns
of the students is that they do not have enough time to answer all the modules within a week.
Therefore, if DepEd cannot extend the duration of accomplishing the modules, they must lessen
the activities. We all know that mistakes cannot be avoided at times. Thus, teachers should re-
evaluate the modules, and they must make sure that all the lessons or activities are appropriate to
the needs of the learners. The parents, as well as the students, are right; the instructions in every
exercise must be clear enough for the learners to understand. The topics must be simplified, and
teachers must give more examples. Moreover, all the printed pictures in the modules should be
clear. The cases of COVID-19 in the Philippines are still in great number, so face to face learning
is not yet possible. However, the researchers think that Blended Learning is also possible for
places that are not infected by the virus. This can be applied to some schools located in rural areas
like BNHS. Online Learning approach could be implemented in urban areas like BCNHS since
most of the learners have an internet connection. For the students who still cannot access the
internet, they will be given special consideration by home visitation as an example. Aside from
text and call, social media particularly on messenger is one of the most used modes of
communication between teachers, parents, and students. Therefore, teachers are recommended to
be active online most of the time. They must be able to address the sentiments of some parents
and students, which is to be patient enough in attending to the needs and to respond to the queries
immediately with regards to learning. The Department of Education and the government must
collaborate together towards the success of Philippine Educational System despite the COVID-19
pandemic. It is imperative that every school must be provided with support and enough funds. The
Department of Education should give autonomy and freedom to teachers in every school to do
their own modules. However, the modules must be validated for the quality assurance and the
progress will be monitored.

8
Acknowledgment
This paper is an output of the researchers in Methods of Research for the Degree of Masters of
Arts in Education at the University of the Cordilleras, Baguio City, Philippines.

First of all, we would like to thank our advisors, Dr.Thelma Palaoag and Dr. Ramir Austria for the
assistance to complete this journal successfully.

We also would like to express our appreciation to Ms. Jenifer Ammugauan, Sir Fernando Oringo,
and Sir Israel Sung-ag for providing insights and suggestions.

Likewise, thank you Ma’am Carmelita Dangle and Sir Jeramy Ballesteros of Balbalayang
National High School and Ma’am Joy Altiyen of Baguio City National High School for the
support in the distribution of questionnaires to the participants.

To all the key informants who took part in this study, we appreciate all your help!

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