AMHARA BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE

TRAINING MANUAL ON

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

Prepared by: Bishaw Balew

October, 2016
Debre Tabor
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1

2. QUANTITY SURVEYING ............................................................................ 1

2.1. Measurement of Civil Works................................................................................................................ 2
2.1.1. Specification Worksheet (bill of quantity form) ....................................................................................... 2
2.2. Excavation and earth fill work measurement ........................................................................... 8
2.2. 1. General methods for computation of earth work volume for embankment fill or
excavations ........................................................................................................................................................................ 9
2.3. Measurement of area and volume for different shape of structures ................................. 13
2.4. Measurement of Pointing .................................................................................................................. 17
2.5. Measurement of Reinforcement Bars and Black Wire ............................................................. 17
2.6. Measurement of Nails ......................................................................................................................... 18
2.7. Measurement of Corrugated Iron Sheets .................................................................................... 19
2.8. Concrete Volume and Materials Requirement Calculation ................................................... 20
2.9. Masonry Volume and Material Calculations ............................................................................... 20
2.9.1 Dressed stone masonry ................................................................................................................................... 21
2.9.2 Rubble stone masonry (rough stones) ....................................................................................... 21

3. COST ESTIMATE .........................................................................................27

3.1. Unit Rate Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 30
3.1.1. Site clearing up to a depth of 20 cm depth ........................................................................................... 30
3.1.2. Excavation of soil up to the average depth of 1m ............................................................................... 31
3.1.3. Back fill .................................................................................................................................................................. 31
3.1.4. Back fill & Compaction of selected material .......................................................................................... 32
3.1.5. Cart away up-to a distance of 50 m .......................................................................................................... 32
3.1.6. Stone masonry ................................................................................................................................................... 33
3.1.7. Concrete work .................................................................................................................................................... 34
3.1.8. Plastering with mix proportion of 1:2 which was mixed by labor .................................................. 35

4. CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION ...............................................................36

4.1. Introduction of Contract Administration Process ..................................................................... 36
4.2. Tender Document ................................................................................................................................. 36
4.3. Types of Contracts ................................................................................................................................ 46
 4.3.1. Measurement contract ................................................................................................................................... 46
4.3.2. Fixed fee or lump sum contract .................................................................................................................. 47
4.3.3. Cost reimbursable contract........................................................................................................................... 47
4.3.4. All-in-all contract .............................................................................................................................................. 47
4.4. Contents of Tender Document ........................................................................................................ 47

5. CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND PROCEDURES ..................................55

5.1. Planning of Construction Activities ................................................................................................ 55
5.2. Construction Procedures .................................................................................................................... 57
5.2.1. Irrigation canal construction procedures ................................................................................................ 57
5.2.2. Diversion weir construction procedures .................................................................................................. 58

6. MONITORING AND SUPERVISION ...........................................................59

6.1. Minimum Professional Requirements of a Supervising Engineer ....................................... 60
6.2. Minimum Guiding Statements for Construction Field Supervision and Quality
Inspection ........................................................................................................................................................ 61
6.3. Monitoring .............................................................................................................................................. 62
6.4.Common Mistakes of Contractors With Regard to Monitoring and Supervision .......... 62
6.5. Common Mistakes Committed by Construction Supervision Engineers During
Supervision ...................................................................................................................................................... 65
6.6. Outstanding Points to be Checked Before Handingover the Constructed Structures 66
6.7. Amhara Region Bureau of Water Resources Development Construction Quality
Control Directions on Contractor’s Side ............................................................................................... 66

7. PROPERTIES OF BASIC CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ............................67

8. ANNEXES ....................................................................................................79
 1. INTRODUCTION

Construction management is a process that starts from the very beginning of design
evaluation for approval for construction and then biding the contract , bid evaluation,

agreement signing , temporary site handovering, follow up of the implementation,

measuring the executed activities and approval of payment certificate, reporting , and

temporary handovering the constructed scheme, then it continuous for one year for defect
liability period, finally the site should be handed over to end users for projects that had

been constructed by out sourcing, but for self own force construction the process starts
evaluation of the designed document and approval for construction by the top

management body and continuous for planning, mobilization of the resources then
constructing the structures according to plan and handovering the finished products to

users. Monitoring and Periodic evaluation of the construction process is one important
tool to control the designed quality of standard and cost of the project for both

outsourced and own force managed constructions. In the process of construction

management, the design is pre-hand prepared by the consultant/ engineer/ , then the

working drawings and specifications are to be given for quantity surveyor( contract
administration team), then the contract document is prepared with clear measured bill of

quantities, preliminary cost estimate ( engineering estimate), bidding , award of the bid
and agreement signing , planning ,then follow up of the construction process by

monitoring and supervision, measurement of actual work constructed and reporting are
the main stepped wise activities in construction management.

2. QUANTITY SURVEYING

It is a term or process used in the construction industry to take measurements of civil

works, prepare specifications, and estimate the cost of works ,for each piece of work and

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then for the whole project. It also includes the preparation of payment certificate after the
execution of the activity.
The following tasks are covered in quantity surveying:
 Preparation of specification
 Taking measurements of civil works (Taking off quantities and preparing bill of

quantities)
 Preparation of approximate (preliminary) cost estimate at the very early stage of the

project
 Preparation of detail cost estimate at different stages (taking as built measurements

and preparing payment certificates or approval of payment certificates prepared by

taking measurements)

 Determination of values of works (executed works) and preparation of payment

certificates

2.1. Measurement of Civil Works

Measurement of civil works includes the billing of each trade of work either from drawings or

from the building itself for defining the extent of works under each trade.

2.1.1. Specification Worksheet (bill of quantity form)

It is the format which is used in a bill of quantity to list (include) a short description of the

specification along with its measuring unit, quantity and unit prices to determine the total
cost for each trade of items.

There are four clearly defined steps in preparation of bill of quantities:

• Taking off

• Squaring
• Abstracting

• Writing the final bill of quantity

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2.1.1.1. Taking off

This is the process of preparing (defining) a detailed list of all labor and materials necessary

for the work and entering the items on properly dimensioned paper. The standard form used
for entering the dimensions taken or scaled from drawings to determine the accurate

quantity in each trade of work, except reinforcement steel, is called take off sheet or
dimension paper. The dimension paper used for taking off is usually double ruled (see Table 1

below).
Table 1: Takeoff sheet form
Project name: _________________ Page: --------------
Location: _____________________ Bill No. -------------

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
3/ 3 27 1.Concrete beam
2 with mix of 1:2:3
1.5

V= 3*2*1.5=9 m3

In the above table 1, an example to takeoff concrete beam is shown. The beam has a length of 3
m, width of 2 m and thickness of 1.5 m. The beams are three with similar dimensions. The volume
of concrete for each beam is 9 m3 but when we add the three blocks the volume is 27 m3. The
final result recorded at column 3, should be linked with the bill of quantity format on the column
of quantity.

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Table 2: Takeoff sheet form (alternative form of takeoff)
SNO Item of work Unit Quantity Tim sing Dimensions(6) Sketch and
(1) (2) (3) (4) column calculations
(5) (7)
Length Width Depth
(m) (m) (m)

Basic principles in taking off

 Drawings should be fully understood and clearly detailed.

 During discrepancies in detailing, dimensioning or if missing items exist obtain

Clarification from the designer.

 The BoQ should be accurately represent the works to be executed.

 Works, which cannot be measured accurately, shall be expressed as provisional

quantity (PQ) and will result in provisional sum (PS) and lump sum (LS)

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  It shall be prepared in such a way that discrepancies or mistakes in taking off will not

result in excessive variation in the project cost which directly will affect the budget
allocation for the project.

 There should be the understanding that measurements are taken to the nearest two
digits.

 Built items shall be generally include all possible entrants like labor, materials
(including storing, loading, unloading and handling), fixing, use of plant and

equipment, wastage of materials, equipment; which will result in a better process for
establishing prices and profit.

 There shall be understanding that there is a standard paper format to carry out
measurements of civil works, namely takeoff sheet or dimension paper, bending

schedule and specification worksheet.

Finally, the bill of quantity form is prepared by interlinking it with the takeoff sheet as shown
in table 3 below.

Table 3: Bill of quantity form (BOQ Form)

Project name:_____________________

SNO Item description Unit Quantity( linked from Unit price Total
takeoff sheet column 3 ( birr/ unit) Amount
from table 1, or 4 in table in Birr
2)
1 Irrigation Canal
construction
1.1 Excavation of soil m3 X Y X*Y

1.2 Masonry for 1:3 mix m3 N M N*M

proportion
1.3 Plastering with 1:3 m2 z B Z*B
mix and 2 cm
thickness
Sub total R

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 2 Crossing flume
2.1 Excavation

2.2 Concrete

2.3 Masonry

Sub total k

Total R+K

Prepared by: _________ Checked by: ___________ Approved by: __________

(Contractor) (Supervising engineer) (Officer)

2.1.1.2. Payment certificate form

After preparing the takeoff sheet and bill of quantities, the format that is used to pay the
contractor, the so called payment certificate form should be prepared, signed and approved

to effect payment. An example of payment certificate form is shown below in Table 4 for the
project name of Mesno Wuha in Estie Woreda.

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 Table 4. Final payment Certificate form
Project: Mesno wuha diversion weir
construction Contract value Amount
Location: Estie woreda, south Gondar zone Main agreement 596344.90
Supplemental
Client: GIZ , GCCA project agreement 0.00
Contractor: Abere Ayichile General contractor Variation order NO1 0.00
Contract number: 83172104-cc-2014 Variation order NO2 0.00
Project processing number : 14.20006.6-004.00 Sub Total 596344.90
VAT( 15%) 89451.74
Total 685796.64
According to the measurement taken by the supervisor(s), of the works as second payment certificate of measurement
dated20/01/2015 the value of the works executed up to date is shown below
Advance payment ( if
any) Executed
Service
Birr 200 000 sum 659917.69
Previous payment Less rebate 0.00
Payment Service Net service
NO sum VAT sum 659917.69
Add
material on
st
1 170255.295 28375.88 198631.18 site 0.00
nd
2 220653.00 36775.50 257428.50 A= Total 659917.69
rd
3 0.00 0.00 0 Deductions
th
4 0.00 0.00 0 1. previous payment 390908.295
Total 390908.30 65151.39 456059.68 2. Total retention 5% 32995.884
3. Advance Repayment 200000.000
4. Penalty 0.000
B= Total deduction 623904.179
C= Net pay=( A-B) 36013.506
D= VAT(15%) 98987.653
E= Previous paid VAT 65151.386
F= This VAT(D-E) 33836.267
Net pay to
contractor(C+F) 69849.77
I Certify that the contractor is entitled to Sum of
Birr 69849.77

( Sixty nine thousands eight hundred forty nine birr & 77/100 cents

Prepared by: Bishaw Balew Checked by:_________ Approved by: _______

Signature__________ Signature:____________ Signature__________

Date :30/01/2015 Date: 30/01/2015 Date: 30/01/2015

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 2.2.Excavation and earth fill work measurement

The quantities for excavation shall be understood to be the bulk volume after excavation.

Existing voids shall be deducted unless measured separately.

Site preparation

Site clearance, which shall include removing vegetation, undergrowth, bushes, hedges, trees
under 80mm diameter and the likes shall be measured by area. The unit for site clearing is m2

Excavation
Unless otherwise stated, excavation shall be measured in successive stages of 1.50 meters by

volume as the void formed by excavation & in consideration of the working spaces as given
here below:

Working space
The area for over site excavation shall be that occupied by the permanent structure, paving

and the like. Unless otherwise indicated the area for excavation to reduce levels shall be those
covered by the permanent structure and including working spaces allowed for the permanent

structure construction). Working space allowance shall be as described under each item of
excavation and earthwork (0.3m to 0.5m working space should be provider at the back side of

rectangular section of irrigation canals and retaining walls but no working space given for
trapezoidal canal sections). Other excavations shall be measured by adding 30cm on each

side for the 1.50m below reduced or stripped level and by adding 50 cm additional to each
side for excavating for each successive 1.50 meters.
Excavation shall be described stating the starting level classified as follows
 Over site excavation- to remove top soil stating the average depth and measured by
area
 Excavation in cuttings
 Trench excavation to receive continuous foundations and beams
 Pit excavation to receive foundation bases and pile caps
 Pit excavation for tanks, manholes etc

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Disposal
Disposal of material from excavation shall be measured by volume as equal to the volume of
excavation, and adding the bulking volume (compacted volume multiplied by bulking factor)

gives the volume of excavated material to be disposed. (1.25 to 1.3 bulking factors can be
used) to calculate the bulk volume of earth work.

Filling

Filling material (borrowed material not arising from excavated material) shall be measured by
volume as equal to the Volume of the void before filling and shall be classified as follows

 Fill into excavation

 Fill to make up levels

 Fill over site to make up levels

2.2. 1. General methods for computation of earth work volume for embankment fill or

excavations
The methods for computation of earthwork may be classified accordingly as the form of the

solid is defined by;

(a). Cross sections,

(b). Spot levels

(c). Contour lines

Measurement from cross sections is universally applicable method. Measurement from spot
level is sometimes applicable to large excavations, and rough estimation of volume may be
made by treatment of contour lines and is not much used in practice except in the
determination of the capacity of reservoirs.

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2.2.1.1. Determination of volume of earthwork when cross sectional area having no
transverse slope
D*S B D*S
B+2(S*D)

1: S1
S: D 1: S1
S:
d

Figure 1. Earthwork in cutting

From the above figure 1, S: 1 is the same as H: V and its meaning is the slope of the side.
Where S, represents the value of the horizontal. D is the total depth of the canal in cut, B is

the bottom width, and d is the depth of water in the canal.

To estimate the earthwork, longitudinal levels along the centre line of cut or fill section is to

be taken with surveying equipment at a certain distance interval. The distance for points that
the survey data to be taken depends on the topography of the ground surface. It can be 20 m

to 50 m interval for the plain topography and 10 m to 20 m for hilly topography or less
intervals depending on the terrain (topography of the canal alignment). Of course, the
accuracy of the volume increases as the interval decreases (when taking many points’ survey
data, the accuracy increases).

When the ground is leveled and the formation level has no gradient, the volume of earthwork
can be calculated as; for trapezoidal cross sections referring Figure 1 above.

A= B*D +SD2

V=A*L= (B*D+SD2)* L
Where;
V = volume of earth work (m3)
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 A= cross sectional area (m2)
L = length of cut or fill (m)
S= side slope of the cut or fill (H:V), S is the value of H
D = depth of cut or fill (m)
B = bottom width of cut or fill (m)

When the ground has longitudinal slope or the formation level has a uniform gradient for a
length “L” the quantity of earth work can be calculated by any of the following methods

(i). Formula of mid sectional method

Where;
Dm = mean depth (m)
d1= depth of fill or cut at the beginning point (m)
d2 = depth of fill or cut at the end point or next point (m)
Then, the mean sectional area is calculated for the given geometry of the earth cut or fill (A m),
after Am is determined the volume can be calculated as;

V = Am*L
Where;
V = volume of earthwork in cut or fill (m3)
Am = sectional area from the given geometry (m2)
L = length between two consecutive sections (m)
Exercise 1.
Estimate the quantity of earth work for an embankment of 120 m long, 8 m wide at crest and

whose side slopes is 2 : 1( H:V). The height from 0 to at every 30 m intervals are 0.6m, 1.2m,

1.6m, 2m, and 1.3m by the method of mid sectional formula.

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(ii). Formula of trapezoidal also known as average end area or mean sectional area
method

This method is based on the assumption that the mid area of a prism is half the average area
of the ends and the end sections are in parallel planes. If A 1 and A2 are areas of the ends and

L is the length between two sections the volume of the prismatic shape is given by;

Where;

A1= area at height 1 ( m2)

A2= area at height 2 ( m2 )

L= distance between sections (m)

V= volume ( m3)

Exercise 2.

Calculate the volume of earth work for the same values of exercise 1 by the method of mean

sectional area
(iii) Formula of prizmoidal method according to Simpson’s one- third rule

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Note that the number of sections must be odd to apply the prismodial (Simpson’s one- third
rule) formula. In case of even number of sections the end strip must be treated separately and

the volume of the last strip may be calculated either by mid section or average end area
formula.

Exercise 3
Calculate the volume of earthwork for the same values of exercise 1 by the method of

Simpson’s one- third rule.

2.3. Measurement of area and volume for different shape of structures

Measurement of regular areas & volumes may be carried out by using the standard formula

(considering the geometric shapes of the structure).

Irregular areas & volumes can be estimated by one of the following methods:

 By dividing the area and volume into a number of regular areas and volumes

 By Simpson’s rule or trapezoidal rule for area measurement

 By End-areas method or Simpson’s rule for volume measurement

 By planimeter
Some of the formula used for measuring area and volume of regular and irregular section are

(a). Cylindrical shape

Base area of cylinder A= 𝜋𝑟2

Volume of cylinder V= 𝜋𝑟2ℎ, for solid cylindrical shape

But for hollow cylinder 𝑉= 𝜋 (𝑅2−𝑟2) ℎ

Where;
R = outside radius

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r = inside radius

h = height of cylinder e.g. concrete rings, pipes

Fig 2. Solid in the left and hollow in the right side cylindrical shapes

(b). Irregular shapes

Fig3. Irregular shapes

Simpson’ one third s rule

𝑉= (A1+4A2+2A3+4A4+A5)
Where;
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L = the distance between the sections;

A1, A2, A3, A4 & A5 = their areas

Note that an odd number of sections are required for application of this rule

Fig4. Irregular shape

Method of end areas

) +A +A }
𝑉= L { 2 3

Where;
L = the distance between the sections
A1, A2, A3 & A4 = their areas

Fig 5. Rectangular solid

𝑉=𝑎×𝑏×𝑐 = volume of a cubic shape

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Fig 6. Irregular areas

 Trapezoidal rule

y1+y2+....++ Yn-1}
 Simpson’s rule

A= {(yo+yn) + 4(y1+y3+...++yn-1) +2(y2+y4+....yn-2)}

Fig 7.Hollow circle

𝐴= 𝜋

𝐴= 𝜋 (𝑅2−𝑟2)
Where;
D = 0utside diameter R = outside radius d = inside diameter r = inside radius

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Fig8. Segment of circle

A =

𝑆 =

Where;
S = length of the segment

2.4. Measurement of Pointing

Stone wall pointed with cement mortar 1:3 with 15% wastage per square meter
 Mortar = 0.00513 m3/m2

 Cement = 1/4 x 0.00513 m3/m2 x 1400 kg/m3 x 1.3 shrinkage x 1.05 wastage

= 2.451 kg = 0.02451 qt/m2 ≈ 0.025 qt/m2

 Sand = 3/4 x 0.00513 m3 x 1.3 shrinkage x 1.05 wastage

= 0.00531 m3/m2 ≈ 0.05 m3/m2

2.5. Measurement of Reinforcement Bars and Black Wire

Deformed bars with wastage of 5-15% for each kg of bar should be calculated, Unit weight of
deformed bar is 7850 kg/m3, for calculation of the weight of deformed bars we can use the
area of bar multiplied by the unit weight,

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Weight/meter length= (𝜋 d2)/4 *7850= kg/m with this methodology the weight per unit

length of bar for different diameters can be calculated, or approximately it can also be
calculated by simple formula as weight/ meter= 0.00618*D2 , where D is in mm.

 Hook length of deformed bar is 13*D, and lap length is 68*D

 Minimum cover to reinforcement, for longitudinal reinforcement bars in beams not less

than 25 mm or D, for tensile compression shear reinforcements in slab not less than 15
mm or D, for columns cover of concrete is not less than 40 mm or less than D, for

concrete immersed in water the cover is 40 mm.

Black wire for tying the reinforcement should be considered 1% for each kg of deformed bars,

or 1 kg of black wire can tie one quintal of deformed bar (100 kg), thefore after calculating
the deformed bars in kg divide it by 100 in order to get the weight of black wire

Table 5. Deformed bars diameter and their weight per length and per Pcs

Bar 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 30 32
diameter,

(mm)

Weight/m(k 0.222 0.395 0.167 0.888 1.208 1.578 1.998 2.466 3.551 5.549 6.313

g/m)

Weight/Pcs 2.66 4.735 7.398 10.654 14.501 18.94 23.971 29.594 42.615 66.586 75.76

2.6. Measurement of Nails

Nails are used in construction to connect wooden structures such as formworks and

scaffoldings. The nails have different sizes.

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Table 6.Standard nail size and No of nails per kg

Nail pcs kg
1cm 950 1
2cm 815 1
4 546 1
6 275 1
7 180 1
8 127 1
10 63 1
12 44 1
15 29 1
Roofing nails 105 1
 One packet of roof nails = 3kg = 315 pcs

 Plastic washer 1 packet =300 pcs

 Roof nails= 14 Pcs/ C.I.S

 Plastic washer= 14 Pcs/C.I.S

 Purlin= 8cm nails (8 Pcs/ purlin)

 Truss = 10-12 cm nails (20-35 Pcs/truss)

 Roofing sheet= 1.25 m2/m (1.38m2/C.IS)

2.7. Measurement of Corrugated Iron Sheets

The sheet metal iron materials which are used in construction can be used for different
purposes such as roof cover and for transporting mortar are standardized with 1m width and

2 m length. CIS when used in roof cover should have 1.44 m2 areas per pieces after
overlapping with nails

Table 7. Corrugated Iron sheet

gauge thickness weight

G-28 0.376 mm 6.65kg/pcs

G-30 0.316 mm 5.4kg/pcs

G-32 0.274 mm 4.41kg/pcs

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2.8. Concrete Volume and Materials Requirement Calculation

Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, and aggregate (such as gravel or crushed stone) in

various proportions. For works which require more integrity, desirability and less

maintenance, concrete works are advisable. For structures subjected to tension, reinforced
concrete works are appropriate. For parts of structures like floors, subjected to high uplifts

and bridge floors these works are commonly used.

Example: Concrete mix ratio = 1: 2: 4 (C-15)

Let volume of concrete = y m3

Take the assumption that:

Density of cement 1400kg/m3

Shrinkage 30% for cement and sand, and 10% for aggregate

Wastage of cement 5%, Wastage of Sand and aggregate is 15%

2.9. Masonry Volume and Material Calculations

Masonry is defined as the structural works which cover bricks, cement blocks, and rough or

dressed stones. For the case of this manual rubble stones or dressed stones are considered.

These are quite popular in the country for structures which are subjected to mainly
compressive forces. They are cost effective for most works in small scale irrigation and
competitive even for larger scales. Stones for masonry shall be of hard durable rock from an
approved source and shall be free from faults and cleavages. Because the masonry structures
20
are required to be as water proof as possible against the hydrostatic pressure of the water

inside, particular attention must be paid to the workmanship of the masons. It must be made
clear to them that a masonry wall built the same as walls for their houses is not adequate, and

that the masonry of structures must be carefully laid down according to directions.
2.9.1 Dressed stone masonry

In this type of masonry, the stones are carefully cut to rectangular dimensions, making "stone
bricks". Stones for dressed masonry shall be dressed to produce flat surfaces so that the faces

of the completed masonry work are plumb and true. Such masonry requires skilled masons,
and much time and labor. The masonry is approximately 30% mortar and 70% stone.

2.9.2 Rubble stone masonry (rough stones)

This is the most common type of masonry used in irrigation projects. Random rubble
masonry shall consist of stones o f random size roughly hammer dressed so that they will fit

closely together. The stones are roughly shaped by the masons. The stones should be lightly
tapped down into the mortar, and then securely fixed using mortar and pieces of crushed

gravel. No stone should span completely from the inside to the outside of the wall. The
maximum size of stone shall be 300 mm and the minimum size 100 mm, measured on any

axis. With this type of masonry, it is very easy to leave air voids between the stones, so care
must be taken to ensure that this does not happen.

For estimate purposes, this type of masonry is approximately 35% mortar and 65% stone.
For one meter cube masonry

Sub structure (foundation) = 1m3 of stone is used for 1m3 of masonry

Superstructure (semi-dressed) =1.25 to 1.3 m3 of stone is used for 1m3 of masonry

Superstructure (dressed) = 1.5 m3 of stone is used for 1m3 masonry

Cement mortar mix ration 1:4

Let volume of mortar = w m3

Then, calculate the materials required
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a). Cement = *w m3 *1400kg/m3 * 1.3 shrinkage*1.05 wastage= 382.2 kg

b). Sand = * w m3 *1.3 shrinkage *1.15 wastage= 1.196 wm3

Table 8. Amount of material required to produce 1m3 of mortar for different mixes

Mix ration Cement (kg) Sand (m3)

1:2 637 0.997
1:3 478 1.121
1:4 382.2 1.196

Table 9. Unit weight of materials

Material Unit
weight(kg/m3)
Plain concrete 2300
water 1000
Reinforced 2400
concrete
cement 1400
sand 1350
River sand 1840
gravel 1300
Stone gravel 2400
Cement mortar 2300
steel 7850
Basaltic stone 2700
Stone masonry 2100

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Table 10. Classes of concrete grades
Class of Water/Ce Total Average Cement Concrete strength Purpose
Concrete ment ratio Water per Cement : sand : requirements
by weight 50kg of Content per gravel Characteristic Strength
cement m3 of finished ratio by kN/mm2
(liters) concrete (kg) volume
28-Days 7-Days

C-5 5 Used for

foundation
mass
concrete
C-10 0.55 28 210 1:3:6 10 8 Foundation
and mass
concrete
C-15 0.55 27.5 265 1:2:4 15 11 Reinforced
concrete
C-20 0.5 25 272 1:2:3 20 15 Water
retaining
structures,
weir, walls
C-25 0.5 25 295 1:2:2.5 25 19 Long span
arches, high
weirs
C-30 0.5 25 350 1:1:2 30 22 Prestressed
cement

Exercise 4
With reference of (Figure 9) and (Fig 10) below for the weir plan and section, and retaining

wall, and by considering the following assumptions and given data;

Density of cement 1400kg/m3

Shrinkage 30% for cement and sand and 10% for aggregate ingredient
Wastage of cement 5%
Wastage of Sand and aggregate 15%

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length of retaining wall is 100 m for one side , mix of mortar for masonry is 1:4, and for c-20

concrete 1:2:3, plastering mix 1:3 with plastering thickness of 2cm can be used for the
retaining wall where as 3cm plastering thickness for the weir body

Calculate;
 Volume of each item of work and materials required to construct the structure

Figure 9. Diversion weir plan and cross section

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Figure 10. Wing wall cross section at both sides of the diversion weir

Exercise 5.
Considering weir cross section( section A-A) above and in addition to that, If the weir section
has an apron length 15 m downstream and 1m in the upstream and with concrete thickness

of 0.35m for both u/s and d/s aprons, and reinforcement bar of 14 mm diameter for the d/s
apron used at spacing of 150 mm center to center in two directions, then calculate the
concrete volume, reinforcement bars used, and also black wire required to tie the bars.

25
Exercise 6

For an irrigation canal of length 500 m and bed slope of 1:1000, calculate the volume of each
item of work by assuming that the canal has uniform cross sections and leveled ground

surface. Consider two cases

(a). Rectangular section shown in figure 11 below

(b). Trapezoidal section figure 11 below

Fig. 11. Lined irrigation canal cross sections

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 3. COST ESTIMATE

The cost of each item of work is to be worked out, and then adding all the cost items will give
the total cost of the project.

The basic parameters considered during cost estimate for each item of work are;
 Material cost

 Labor cost
 Machinery and vehicles rental or depreciation cost

 Cost of construction equipments

 Overhead costs

 Profits
These should be analyzed before fixing the unit rate of each item of work. Then multiplying

the quantity with the unit rates will give us the cost of each item of work. Adding up the cost
of each item of work will give the total cost. For contractors cost estimation, they should

consider the taxes (VAT of 15 % to add up on the total cost). For planning purpose, experts
should also considered the taxes (VAT 15%) if the construction is to be done by contracting

out.
Daily output of each activity should be taken in to consideration before proceeding to rate

analysis, in addition to crew arrangement. Table 11 below shows that the out puts and crew
required for the Amhara Region Water Works Construction Enterprise

Table 10. Outputs used by Amhara Water Works construction Enterprise

SNO ITEM OF WORK OUT PUT

1 Excavation work
1.1 Site clearing up to 20 cm depth 10 m2/person/day
Foundation excavation ordinary soil up to 1 m
1.2 depth 1.44 m3/p/day
Foundation excavation black cotton soil
1.3 moistened up to 1 m depth 1.23 m3/p/day
Foundation excavation ordinary soil 1- 1.5 m
1.4 depth 0.936 m3/p/day
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 Foundation excavation black cotton soil
1.5 moistened 1- 1.5 m depth 0.7995 m3/p/day
1.6 Foundation excavation above 1.5 m ordinary soil 0.72 m3/p/day
Foundation excavation above 1.5 m black cotton
1.7 soil moistened 0.615 m3/p/day
Pipe line trench excavation in ordinary soil up to
1.8 0.8 m depth 1.368 m3/p/day
Pipe line trench excavation in black cotton soil
1.9 moistened up to 0.8 m depth 1.169 m3/p/day
Diversion weir cut-off trench excavation in
1.10 ordinary soil up to 1 m 1.224 m3/p/day
Diversion weir cut-off trench excavation ordinary
1.11 soil from 1 -2 m depth 0.702 m3/p/day
Diversion weir cut-off trench excavation ordinary
1.12 soil above 2 m depth 0.468 m3/p/day
Diversion weir cut-off trench excavation clay soil
1.13 moistened up to 1 m depth 1.08 m3/p/day
Diversion weir cut-off trench excavation clay soil
1.14 moistened 1- 2 m depth 0.599 m3/p/day
Diversion weir cut-off trench excavation clay soil
1.15 moistened above 2 m depth 0.399 m3/p/day
1.16 weathered rock excavation 0.51 m3/p/day
1.17 medium weathered rock excavation 0.32 m3/p/day
1.18 Hard rock excavation 0.16 m3/p/day
2 Back fill
2.1 Back fill in pipe line work freshly excavated soil 12 m3/p/day
Back fill in pipe line work lately stayed excavated
2.2 soil 10.8 m3/p/day
2.3 Back fill and compaction in irrigation canals 1.5 m3/p/day
3 Cart away
3.1 cart away up to 50 m distance 2.5 m3/p/day
3.2 cart away up to 100 m distance 1.5 m3/p/day
4 Hard coring 1.1 m2 /p/day
5 Concrete
5.1 concrete up to 10 cm thick mixed by hand 25 m2/8 Dl/mason
5.2 concrete up to 10 cm thick mixed by mixer 46.25 m2/10 Dl/mason
Reinforced concrete column and wall mixed by
5.3 mixer 2.765 m3/10 Dl/mason
Reinforced concrete column and wall up to 3 m
5.4 ht mixed by hand 1.5 m3/8 Dl/mason
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 Reinforced concrete column and wall above 3 m
5.5 ht mixed by mixer 2.07 m3/10 Dl/mason
Reinforced concrete column and wall above 3 m
5.6 ht mixed by hand 1.125 m3/8 Dl/mason
Reinforced concrete beam on ground mixed by
5.7 mixer 3.245 m3/10 Dl/mason
Reinforced concrete beam on ground mixed by
5.8 hand 1.754 m3/8 Dl/mason
Reinforced concrete beam mixed by mixer above
5.9 3m 2.433 m3/10 Dl/mason
Reinforced concrete beam mixed by hand above
5.10 3m 1.22 m3/8 Dl/mason
Reinforced concrete slab on ground level mixed
by mixer use wheel barrow for transportation of
5.11 mix 4.42 m3/10 Dl/mason
Reinforced concrete slab on ground level mixed
by mixer when no use of wheel barrow for
5.12 transportation 3.367 m3/10 Dl/mason
Reinforced concrete slab on ground level mixed
by hand use wheel barrow for transportation of
5.13 mix 2.366 m3/8 Dl/mason
Reinforced concrete slab on ground level mixed
by hand when no use of wheel barrow for
5.14 transportation 1.82 m3/10 Dl/mason
Reinforced concrete slab above 3 m from ground
5.15 level mixed by mixer 2.525 m3/10 Dl/mason
Reinforced concrete slab above 3 m from ground
5.16 level mixed by hand 1.22 m3/8 Dl/mason
5.76 Cyclopean concrete including form work 2 m3/8 Dl/mason
6 Masonry work
Rubble masonry not dressed on both faces below
6.1 ground 4 m3/4 Dl/mason
Rubble masonry dressed on one face below
6.2 ground 1.2 m3/4 Dl/mason
Masonry work above ground dressed in one side
6.3 up to 3 m ht 1.3 m3/4 Dl/mason
Masonry work above ground dressed in one side
6.4 above to 3 m ht 0.975 m3/4 Dl/mason
Masonry work for farm work structures dressed in
6.5 one side 0.85 m3/4 Dl/mason

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 Masonry dressed on both sides for water tanker &
6.6 buildings up to 3 m 1.1 m3/4 Dl/mason
Masonry dressed on both sides for water tanker &
6.7 buildings above 3 m ht 0.825 m3/4 Dl/mason
6.8 Dry masonry 3.6m3/2Dl/mason
6.9 Dry masonry dressed 2 m3/4 Dl/mason
6.10 Gabion work one side dressed stone 4 m3/4 Dl/mason
7 pointing for masonry work 16m2/2 Dl/ 2plastereres
8 Cement screed 14m2/2 Dl/ plasterers
9 Rendering 24m2/2 Dl/ plasterers
10 Roof truss work 8-12 m length truss 3 pcs / 2 DL/carpenter
Roof truss work 8-12 m length truss placing and
11 binding 16pcs / 8 DL/carpenter
12 Corrugated iron sheet installing with nail 69.12 m2 /2 DL/ carpenter
13 Flashboard 42.16 m /2 DL/ carpenter
14 Chip wood ceiling 8 m2/2Dl/ Carpenter
15 Abujedi ceiling 8.5 m2/2Dl/ Carpenter

3.1. Unit Rate Analysis

3.1.1. Site clearing up to a depth of 20 cm depth

Labor cost (LC)

Let hourly working rate = 1.25m2 per hour for one daily labor
Daily working time = 8 hour per day
Daily output = 10 m2, which is the work norm for clearing
Let the Labor payment = 30 birr per day

Equipment cost (EC) = 5 % of labor cost = 0.15 birr per m2

Direct cost (DC) = labor cost + equipment cost = 3.15 birr per m2
Indirect cast (IC) = 35% of direct cost = 1.1 birr per m2 which accounts overhead cost and

profits
Total unit cost = direct cost + indirect cost = 3.15 + 1.1025 = 4.25 birr per m2,

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This is the unit rate of site clearing up to 0.2 m depth.

3.1.2. Excavation of soil up to the average depth of 1m

Labor cost for 1 m3 of soil excavation

Let hourly working rate (output) = 0.18 m3 per hour

Daily working time = 8 hours

Daily output of one labor = 1.44 m3

Let the Labor payment = 30 birr per day

Equipment cost (EC) = 5 % of labor cost = 1.042 birr per m3

Direct cost (DC) = labor cost + equipment cost = 21.87 birr per m3
Indirect cost (IC) = 35% of direct cost = 7.655 birr per m3, which accounts overhead cost and

profit
Total unit cost = direct cost + indirect cost = 29.53 birr per m3, which is the unit rate of

excavation above 1 m depth.

3.1.3. Back fill

Labor cost
Let hourly working rate (output) = 0.625 m3 per hour

Daily working time = 8 hours

Daily output = 5 m3

Let the Labor payment = 30 birr per day

Equipment cost (EC) = 5 % of labor cost = 0.3 birr per m3

Direct cost (DC) = labor cost + equipment cost = 6.3 birr m3

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Indirect cast (IC) = 35% of direct cost = 2.21 birr per m3, which accounts overhead cost and

profit
Total unit cost = 8.51 birr per m3, this is the unit rate of backfill at the back of irrigation

structures

3.1.4. Back fill & Compaction of selected material

Labor cost
Let hourly working rate = 0.188m3 per hour

Daily working time = 8 hour

Daily output = 1.5 m3

Let the Labor payment = 30 birr per day

Equipment cost (EC) = 5 % of labor cost = 1 birr per m3

Direct cost (DC) = 21 birr per m3

Indirect cast (IC) = 35% of direct cost = 7.35 birr per m3, which accounts overhead cost and

profit
Total unit cost = 28.28 birr per m3, this is the unit rate of fill and compaction

3.1.5. Cart away up-to a distance of 50 m

Labor cost

Let hourly working rate = 0.313m3 per hour

Daily working time = 8 hours

Daily output = 2.504 m3

Let the Labor payment = 30 birr per day

Equipment Cost (EC) = 5 % of LC = 0.6 birr

Direct cost (DC) = 12.6 birr
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Indirect cost (IC) = 35% of direct cost = 4.41 birr per m3, which accounts overhead cost and

profit
Total unit cost = 17 birr per m3, which is the unit rate of cart away

3.1.6. Stone masonry

For the construction of 1 m3 of masonry work, the rate analysis is as follows:

Let the mix proportion of cement and sand is 1:3, and daily output of one mason crew is 0.75
m3

Crew composition of one mason consists of 1 main mason + 4 daily laborers

Daily payment for the main mason is assumed to be 80 birr and daily payment for the

laborers is 35 birr each = 220 birr per day

Equipment cost can be taken as 5 % of the labor cost = 14.7 birr per m3
Labor cost + equipment cost = 308 birr per m3 of masonry

Material cost:
From 1 m3 of stone masonry 35% is mortar and 65% is rubble masonry stone, that is 0.35 m3

mortar and 0.65 m3 stone by volume.

Stone = 0.65 m3 *1.5 wastage= 0.975 m3 * 80 birr per m3 = 78 birr

Water = 0.4 m3 for 1m3 of stone masonry * 1.5 birr per m3 = 0.6 birr

Total material cost = 716 birr per 1 m3 of masonry

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Total direct cost = 1024.6 birr/m3

Add 35% indirect costs = 358.61 birr which accounts profit and overhead cost.
Thus, the unit rate of 1 m3 of stone masonry = 1383.21 birr per m3

3.1.7. Concrete work

The unit rate of 1 m3 of concrete which has mix proportion of 1:2:4 can be calculated as

follows: The concrete work is to be constructed for foundation of retaining wall at the
diversion weir site.

Daily output of one mason crew is 1.5 m3

Crew composition of one mason consists of 1 main mason + 6 daily laborers

Daily payment for the main mason is assumed to be 80 birr and let the daily payment for the
laborers is 35 birr for each = 290 birr per day for the mason and daily labors

Labor cost= = 193.3 Birr per m3

Equipment cost can be taken as 5 % of the labor cost = 9.7 birr per m3
Labor cost + equipment cost = 203 birr per m3 of masonry

Material cost

Water = 0.5 m3 per m3 of concrete *1.5 birr per m3 of water= 0.75 birr

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Total material cost = 1216.33 birr

Direct cost = 193.3+9.7+1216.33= 1419.33 birr

Add 35% indirect costs = 496.766 birr, which accounts overhead cost and profit

Thus, the unit rate of 1 m3 of c-20 concrete = 1916.1 birr per m3

3.1.8. Plastering with mix proportion of 1:2 which was mixed by labor

One mason crew consists of 1 main mason and 2 daily laborers

Daily output of one crew = 5 m2

Let the daily payment for labor = 80 + 70 = 150 birr

Equipment cost = 5% of labor cost = 1.5 birr per m2

1 m2 of plastering = 0.03 m3 by volume for 3 cm thickness of plastering

Materials required for producing 0.03 m2 of plaster

Water = 0.1 m3 per m2 of plaster * 1.5 birr per m3 of water= 0.15 birr per m2

Total material cost = 146.15 birr per m2

Labor cost = 30 birr per m2

Equipment cost = 1.5 birr per m2

Direct cost = 177. 65 birr per m2

Indirect cost = 35% of direct cost = 62.18 birr per m2, which accounts overhead cost and
profit
Total unit rate of plastering = 240 birr per m2

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 4. CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION

4.1. Introduction of Contract Administration Process

Contract administration is the process of administering the contracted (out sourced)

construction activities. The process of contract administration starts from assigning

concerned experts from the organization, approval of design for construction, bid

document preparation, invitation to bid, bid evaluation and selection of the winner of the
tender , agreement signing with the winner, work scheduling for the implementation of

activities, approval the work plan, site handovering to the contractor, actual
implementation, monitoring, supervision& evaluation of the construction activity in order

to control the budget planned and time of construction in addition to the quality of
standard and quantity of work planned, measurement of executed activities and

preparation of payment certificate to effect payment for the contractor as per the
agreement document. The payments for the contractor can be effected as per the

agreement document. After the completion of the construction temporary site hand
should be done with the presence of the implementer, donor or client and other

stakeholders, then 5% of the contract amount retained for one year defect liability period
in order to undertake the maintenance of defect that had to be connected with the poor

construction quality of standard, after the maintenance is conducted final acceptance of

the constructed scheme is made by the client and the retention money is to be released to

the contractor. These are the main sequential activities in contract administration.

4.2. Tender Document

A tender document is a document that invites qualified contractors to submit quotations for

the supply of equipment, materials and services for the construction of a project. In order for
the potential contractors to make proper submissions, the tender document should give a

general description of the works to be undertaken and more specific instructions relating to
equipment, materials, earth-works, concrete works, pipe-laying, land preparation and others.

36
Tender documents are prepared when the client, also known as the initiator of the project, is

satisfied with the feasibility and design report prepared by the engineer and gives a go-ahead
for the tendering of the project.

Tendering process
The corner stone principles of any tendering process

1. Transparency: candid, evident, manifest and easy to see through or understand

2. Probity: Virtue or Integrity; honesty

3. Equity: Fairness and Impartiality

4. Fair play: Even playing ground; fairness in tendering. The practice of justice, unaffected by
prejudice or partiality

5. Value for Money: Value implies right price, right quality, right time, right place, and right
quantity. The ultimate purpose of sound procurement/tendering is to obtain maximum value for
money in terms of economy, efficiency and effectiveness) Training manual Tendering & contract
management for construction works

6. Accountability: Good procurement holds its practitioners and other officers responsible for
enforcing and obeying the rules. It makes them subject to challenge and to sanction, if
appropriate, for neglecting or bending those rules. Accountability is a key inducement to

individual and institutional probity, a key deterrent to collusion and corruption, and a key
prerequisite for procurement credibility. All procurement officers and other staff should adhere to
the professional ethical code
Types of tendering: Open tendering and selective tendering

According to the ANRS Bureau of Finance and Economic Development Procurement

Directive (BoFED, 2011), selective bidding can be applied if one of the following three
Preconditions were fulfilled:

i) If the time and resource it took to check and evaluate the open bid is high as compared to
the construction cost and the cost of procurement does not exceed the threshold specified in

respect of restricted bidding in the Directive, i.e. is less than 1, 500,000 birr for the
construction work.

37
ii) When goods and related services and works and physical services, because of their

specialized nature, are available only from a limited number of Suppliers or Contractors.
iii) Invitation to open bid for the procurement must have been published at least twice, and

the invitation must have attracted no bidder, or the bidder or bidders responding to the
second invitation to bid must have failed to meet the technical requirements set forth by the

party calling for a tender.

The tender invitation should be given directly or send to the tenderer by their address. The

employer in its discretion may wave collecting from candidates charges for bidding
documents and send to such candidates the bidding document together with the invitation

to bid. The employer shall not disclose the identity of candidates invited to participate in
procurement by restricted bidding. According to the ANRS procurement directive (BoFED,

2011), the bid invitation using local advertisement only can be made if the amount of
procurement in one budget year is less than 250,000 birr for woreda, zonal and regional

sector office.
As a minimum, the invitation to bid shall include:

• The name and address of the body publicizing the invitation to bid
• The nature and the site of the construction to be effected

• The criteria to be satisfied by the candidates, who can participate in the bid
• The place where the bidding documents can be obtained
• The amount of the bidding security
• The price required to purchase the bid document and the means of payment

• The place and deadline of submission of bids, and the place, date and hour of the bid
opening

 A statement stating that the party calling for a tender reserves the right to reject any or
all bids

• Other matters that the employer deems necessary for bidders to know
The minimum floating period of the bid shall be set taking into account the time required for

collecting the bid document, gathering the required information and analyzing bid document.
38
NB Non complex construction according to the ANRS procurement directives includes

maintenance of building, painting works, temporary house construction, fencing and

portioning office. The bid will be allowed to advertise for the second times if the price offered

by the tenderer is exaggerated compared to the current market price and if there is one
tenderer who submit the tender. Where an invitation to the bid attracts only one bidder, the

Employer may sign a contact with bidder provided that the offer/proposal submitted by the
bidder is satisfactory to the employer and there is no condition on tendering process which

restrictive the participation of others.

It is important for the bidding documents to be ready for issue or sale, as appropriate, at the

time of the appearance of the advertisements. Otherwise potential bidders may be justified in
seeking an extension to the period for the submission of their bids, thus delaying

procurement.
Precondition for a tendering

The following preconditions has to be fulfilled before proceeding to the invitation to tender
and bidding process

i) Sufficient budget should be allocated for the implementation of the project

ii) The design of the project should be finalized and approved by responsible organization

iii) The specification and bill of quantities should be prepared

iv) Engineering estimation should be prepared by engineer or responsible body
The instructions to bidders may contain all or some of the following particulars
(a) Qualification requirements and evaluation criteria

(b) An indication that the bidders shall not alter or amend their offers and that they cannot
withdraw their offers after the deadline for bid submission

(c) An indication that any bidder, in order to win the tender or to secure favourable treatment,
found to be giving gratuities in the form of gifts, entertainment or otherwise, shall be rejected

from participation or the contract shall be terminated if it has already been signed
(d). The measurements to be indicated in the offers to be as requested

(e) The time and place of delivery

39
(f) The validity date of the tender

(g) An indication whether payment in advance is required for tender documents and for bid
bonds, the nature and the amount of sureties

(h) The date and time of the closing and opening of the bids
(i) Specify any conditions or information that are relevant and useful to the bidders

Bid security
Bid security shall not exceed 500,000.00 (five hundred thousand) birr. The validity period of

bid security provided by bidders should extend for at least 20 days after the expiration of bid
price validity. This is to enable the employer to have time to make a claim against a bidder. In

the event of an extension to the validity period of the bid, the bid security shall be extended
for at least 20 days beyond the new expiry date of the bid. The employer shall advise the

bidder of the date by which the extension to the bid security shall be received
The tender guarantee shall not be refunded for the following case (BoFED, 2011)

(a) Withdrawal of tender after tender closing when the tender still remains valid;
(b) If the tenderer is not willing to accept the adjustment made on arithmetic error

(c) Failure to provide a contract performance guarantee and sign the contract without
legitimate reason

(d) Fails to take the bid security within six month after date of receipt of notification
Opening of bids
All tenders which have been submitted in accordance with the requirements set out in the
tender invitation documents shall be opened publicly immediately after the deadline for

tender closing. The tender box shall be opened in public at the time and place indicated in
the invitation to tender, in the presence of the bidders, members of the tender committee,

concerned officials, and any other interested parties.

The main information set out in the tenders of each tenderer must be announced at the

tender opening session and must be recorded in the minutes of the tender opening and
signed by the representative of the employer, the representatives of the tenderers and the

representatives of any relevant bodies present in tender opening proceeding. As attendance

40
of bidders or their authorized representative is optional, the start of the bid opening shall not

be delayed, even if every bidder is not represented. A bid opening sheet, upon which to
record the opening, shall be prepared to enable the bid opening team to record the

information announced at the opening.

For bid documents required to be submitted in one envelope, the tender opening committee

of the employer shall open each bid and read out the name of the bidder, the bid price for
the contract and rebate offered by that bidder and the bidder’s conditions for such rebate,

the amount and kind of bid security, and any other information enabling bidders to know
their relative position in the bid concerned.

Where bid documents are required to be submitted in two envelopes:-

(a) The envelope containing the technical proposal shall first be opened in the bid opening

process and the name and other salient points of the bid shall be read out.
(b) The envelopes containing the financial proposals of all bidders shall be put into one large

envelope unopened. The large envelope containing the financial proposals shall be properly
sealed and labelled with the bid identification number and a statement indicating that the

envelopes therein contain financial proposals written on it and tender committee executing
the bid opening proceeding putting their respective signatures on it. The large envelope

containing the financial proposals shall remain sealed and kept carefully under the custody of
the procurement unit or any other unit entrusted with the custody of the envelope until the
second bid opening preceding.
(c) The result of the technical evaluation shall be communicated in writing to all bidders at the

same time who participated in the bid after approval by the competent body.
(d) The letter of notification to be written to the unsuccessful bidders on the technical

evaluation shall state the reason for not being chosen as the successful bidder. The
unsuccessful bidders have the right of complaint against the result of the evaluation.

(e) The letter of notification to be written to bidders whose technical proposals have been
accepted shall state the time and place of opening of the financial proposals. The notification

41
shall be sent to all such bidders at the same time and adequate time should be given to all

bidders wishing to attend the financial envelopes opening proceeding.

)d) However, if a complaint is lodged against the result of the technical evaluation, the

financial proposals shall not be opened pending decision on such complaint.

(f) The financial proposals shall be opened in the presence of the bidders whose technical

proposals have been accepted and to whom letter of notification is written to attend the
proceeding.

(g) The envelopes containing the financial proposals of bidder successful in the technical
evaluation shall be opened and the name of the bidder, the price offered and any discount

given by such bidder and the conditions for such discount, and any other information related
to price shall be read out to inform the bidders.

(h) Upon disclosure of the result of the technical evaluation, the bid security and the
envelopes containing the financial proposals shall be returned unopened to the unsuccessful

bidders. If, however, a complaint is lodged against the result of the technical evaluation, the
bid security and the financial envelopes shall not be returned to the unsuccessful bidders

pending final decision on such complaints.

Liquidated damages for delay

If the contractor shall fail to achieve completion of the works within the time prescribed in

tender document as time of completion, then the contractor shall pay to the Employer 1/1000
(0.1%) of the contract price per day as liquidated damages for such default. The maximum

limit of the liquidated damage shall be 10% of the contract price.

The employer may, without prejudice to any other method of recovery, deduct the amount of

such damages from any monies in his hands, due or which may become due to the
contractor. The payment or deduction of such damages shall not relieve the Contractor from

any other of his obligations and liabilities under the contract.

The contractor shall not be considered as completed until a Maintenance Certificate shall
have been signed by the engineer and delivered to the employer stating that the Works have
been completed and maintained to his satisfaction.
42
Payment certificate preparation

If the client recruits the consultant and supervision was made by the consultant, the payment
certificate will be prepared by the consultant supervisor and the payment will be effected

after it was accepted and signed by the client engineer and the contractor. If the client
doesn’t recruit the consultant for supervision, the payment certificate will be prepared by the

contractor and payment will be effected after it was accepted and signed by the client
engineer.

Depending on the extent of work, payment certificate can be made once or more. If the
advance payment was made to the contractor, it should be deducted from each payment and

completed before or during the final payment was made to the contractor. If the Minimum
amount of Interim Payment Certificates and the number of time payment will be effected was

set on the contract document, the payment certificate should be made in accordance with
agreement. For example the minimum amount of money that can be requested for payment

was 10,000 birr in the contract agreement; the contractor can request the payment when the
volume of work executed by the contractor in monetary terms reaches 10,000 birr

The supervisor who is responsible for checking the payment certificate should evaluate the
payment in accordance with the following points:

• Arithmetic check
• Contract unit and total prices
• Contract quantities
• Actual measurement sheet

 Variation orders
• Supplementary agreements

• Validity of the performance bond

• Contract time

• Progress reports

43
Content of payment certificate document

The following information/document should be included in payment certificate

• Takeoff sheet

• Reinforcement schedule
• Format for multiplying the executed work quantity by the contract unit price

• Summary of Statements which shows deduction and net payment to contractor

Format showing deduction and net payment to contractor

The following information is included in this format.

 Amount with related to the contract

o Main contract
o Supplementary contract

o Variation orders
 Executed amount cumulated up to the period of request of the payment

 Deduction ( Previous total payment , Rebate, Retention, Penalty, Advance

repayment, Others & Total deduction)

 Net payment to the contractor

Deduction
 Previous total payment made for the project: This will be inserted in the format
if the payment was made more than once. If the payment is made for the

second times, the value of first payment will be filled. If the payment is made for
the third times, the sum of the first and the second payment will be filled and so

on.
 Rebate: This the reduction made by the contractor in percentage during the

tendering.
 Retention: Retention Money should be deducted from each payment certificate.
5% of the executed amount will be retained from the interim payment

44
  Advance repayment: This deduction will be made from each payment if the

contractor receives an advance payment

Contract management

There are many post-contract issues that need to be dealt with, monitored and resolved
before the contract reaches its conclusion including

• Contract effectiveness
• Insurance claims

• Payments to the consultant

• Performance monitoring for works

• Contractual disputes
• Delays in Performance

• Claims for damages

• Initial and final Takeover of construction works

• Release of performance securities and retentions

• Contract closure

There are several reasons why organizations fail to manage contracts successfully. Some
possible reasons include
• Poorly drafted contracts
• Inadequate resources assigned to contract management

• Project team and the contractor team lacking skills or experience (or both)
• Inexperienced people being put in place, also leading to ego clashes

• Contents, responsibilities and obligations of the contract are not well appreciated
• Inadequate delegation of authority and /or responsibility, resulting in financial decisions not

being taken in time

• Failure to monitor and manage retained responsibilities due to external interference and

pressures from stakeholders

45
4.3. Types of Contracts

Contract is an agreement made between two parties and which is enforceable at law. Parties

involved in construction contract are; client- consultant- contractor, users and local Authority.
In preparing the tender document, it is important for the engineer to know the types of

contract under which the job can be classified. The tender document should reflect the type
of contract.

Contracts can be classified as follows:

 Measurement contract

 Fixed fee or lump sum contract

 Cost reimbursable contract

 All-in-all contract, package contract or turnkey contract

Any combination of the types of contracts described below can be built into one contract,

depending on their suitability for the project concerned.

4.3.1. Measurement contract

Under a measurement contract, the contractor is paid for the work done in accordance with

the rates and prices they provide beforehand and included in the contract itself. The Bill of
quantities contract and the Schedule of rates contract are the two most common types of

measurement contracts.

4.3.1.1. Bill of quantities contract

This contract is based upon a detailed bill of estimated quantities prepared by the engineer.
The contractor then enters a price against each item in the bill. The contract price is the total

of the quoted rates. During construction, the actual quantity under each item is measured
and valued at the quoted rate. A provision is made for the valuation and adjustment of rates
for varied or additional work.

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4.3.1.2. Schedule of rates contract

In this contract, a list of the components of the work the client wants to be done is given to
the contractor. No quantities are given. The contractor provides the rates for the different

items. They can be called upon to execute any item(s) within the geographic area and therein
stated time of that contract and will be paid based on the rates provided.

4.3.2. Fixed fee or lump sum contract

Where the cost can be accurately estimated and no price variation is anticipated, a fixed fee

or lump sum contract can be entered into. This contract covers the overall cost of the project
and is normally used for small projects. The contractor is paid for the actual work done in

accordance with the rates and prices they provide at the tendering stage.

4.3.3. Cost reimbursable contract

This contract allows for the payment of the actual expenditure on wages, plant and
equipment plus overhead costs and profit. The profit is subject to negotiation or competitive

tendering and can be a fixed fee or a percentage of costs.

4.3.4. All-in-all contract

This type of contract, also called a package or turnkey contract covers everything from design
to construction. It can be any of the above types of contract.

4.4. Contents of Tender Document

A tender document consists of the documents that the client provides to the tenderer. They
may include all or some of the following information:
1. Instructions to tenderers
2. Conditions of contract
47
3. Technical specifications

4. Drawings
5. Bill of Quantities (BOQ)

6. List of documents to be completed and/or submitted by the tenderer: letter of submission,

form of tender, certificate of site visit, tender guarantee, advance payment guarantee,

performance guarantee, bank credit letter and affidavit, programme/schedule of works, list
of staff, list of equipment and machinery, performance characteristics of all equipment to

be installed in the project, list of sub-contractors, variations to tender, company profile,

sworn statement to client. The tenderer completes the tender document, prepares the

priced BOQ and submits both to the client, together with the documents requested for
submission with the tender.

The tenderer completes the tender document, prepares the priced BOQ and submits both to
the client, together with the documents requested for submission with the tender. Method

statement is also to be prepared by the bidders which should state the detailed
methodologies of construction procedures,, equipment and materials required for the

execution of the work.

 Instructions to tenderers

This is usually the first section of bound volumes of a tender document. The purpose of
instructions is to ensure that all the tenderers are properly informed about what to do and
what to submit during tendering. Although instructions may vary from one project to another,
some of the more important items included in the instructions are:

Closing date and time of submission of the tender

Place of submission

Number of copies of tender documents to be submitted

Date of site visit

Information to be submitted
 Conditions of contract

48
The heart of any contract document is section on Conditions of contract. This section sets out

the contract’s legal framework and the general obligations of the contractor, the employing
authority and their employees. The Conditions of contract normally consist of two parts,

general conditions and special conditions. Each country usually has standard General
conditions of contract, while the Special conditions of contract are specifically prepared to

suit the circumstances particular to the nature of project works. General conditions are
normally available to all contractors in a particular country.

General conditions of contract

The document carrying the General conditions of contract is normally not supplied by the

client. The contractors should obtain it, at their own expense, from the relevant authorities in
the country where the works will be carried out.

Condition of contract includes at least the following particulars:

• Form of contract

• Rights and obligations of the parties

• Duration of and schedule for implementation

• Terms and conditions on, and method of payment

• Terms and conditions on provisional hand-over

• Terms and conditions on final hand-over

• Terms and conditions on variation order
• Terms and conditions on check and acceptance
• Liability for breach of contract

• Term of validity of the contract

• Other items depending on each form of contract

Contract
The general conditions of contract, the special conditions of contract (if any), the technical

specifications, the drawings, the priced bill of quantities, the schedule of rates (if any), the
tender, the letter of acceptance, the contract agreement and the deed of surety ship (if any).

Contract price
49
The sum named in the tender, subject to additions or deductions that may be made from

time to time.
Special conditions

This refers to any additions to departures from or amendments of the general conditions of
contract, as set out in an annex or as attached to the Form of tender.

Language and law of the contract

Usually the language of the contract is deemed to be the official language(s) of the country in

which the agreement has been entered into. In Ethiopia the language of the contract can be
Amharic or English. The law of the contract, which is the law that will be used to interpret the

contract, is usually the law of the country in which the work is to be carried out.
Bonds

Normally, tenderers are required to take out bonds at the time of tendering and after the
tender are accepted. Bonds are insurances that safeguard the client against financial loss if

the contractor or tenderer fails to fulfill the commitment undertaken. The contractor has to
pay for the bonds and the cost becomes part of the contract price. Some bonds normally

taken out are as follows;

Tender bond( bid guarantee bond)

This bond is some form of guarantee supplied by the contractor during tendering, usually
from a recognized bank or insurance company. The value of the tender bond should be paid
to the client to meet the expenses of obtaining fresh quotations in the event that the
contractor refuses to accept a contract after tendering. It may be 0.5 to 2% depending up on

the nature of project. The Tender guarantee should be for the sum specified in the instruction
to tenderers and be summarized in the Appendix to the form of tender. It should be an

irrevocable bond from a reputable insurance company or bank.

Performance bond

This bond is intended to compensate the client for extra costs, when the contractor fails to
complete the works as per the contract. Tenderers may be required to provide proof that they

are able, if their tender is accepted, to provide a Performance guarantee, the value of which is
50
specified in the instructions to tenderers and in the form of tender is 10% of the contract

price.
Repayment of advance payment

Advance payment is only required when the contract indicates the need for an advance
payment to assist in the mobilization of the contractor’s equipment and staff to site. The

payment is normally made before the construction of any permanent works commences. The
bond is intended to provide for repayment, should the contractor default at this stage.

The contractor may be given an advance payment upon award of the contract to start the
works. At the tender stage the employer may request the tenderers to provide proof that they

are able, if their tender is accepted and are given an advance payment, to provide a
guarantee for the full amount of the advance payment. The advance payment should be in

the form of an irrevocable bond from a reputable insurance company or bank. It can be 20 to
30 % of the contracting amount.

Retention money
Retention money is payment that the client withholds from the contractor until certain

conditions are fulfilled, such as maintenance of the works for a specified time. For example,
this section of the General conditions of contract may be worded as follows: “The retention

money shall be five percent (5%) for the interim payments and from the retained amount
50% (2.5 %) should be retained until the final payment to be paid at the end of the
maintenance period and upon fulfillment of the guarantee terms.
Provisional quantities

All quantities shown in the BOQ are normally provisional, calculated in good faith and to the
best information available. In cases where certain quantities of work cannot be accurately

determined until execution, these shall be subject to variation. Such variation shall not justify
an alteration in billed unit rates.

Measurement

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For the purpose of measuring the permanent work the record drawings or as built drawings,

prepared by the contractor, are used after verification, checking and approval by the
engineer.

Quality control
The testing of material shall be the responsibility of the engineer. The contractor will only be

required to carry out such specific testing or control procedures as may be individually
detailed as their responsibility elsewhere in the contract. This notwithstanding, the contractor

shall at all times be free to carry out, at their own expense, any tests that they may wish as aid
to the control of their operations. In the event of any lack of agreement on test results, those

from the engineer shall be taken as ruling. Procedures and test results shall at all times be
open and available to the contractor. Based on the results obtained from the tests carried out,

the engineer will direct and advise on alterations in materials and operations that may be
necessary in order to meet the specified quality of the works.

Variation order
Any changes in construction not envisaged in the design stages or at the time of acceptance

of the tender but necessary for the proper execution of the works and/or proper operation of
the system, can be made upon the written instruction of the client’s engineer. The contractor

should respond in writing, stating the cost of such changes. The contractor can only
commence or continue with the construction of the necessary works upon written approval of
the engineer. The variation cost will not be more than 10% of the contracted amount. If the
work variance is more than 10% the management of the client should decide.

Technical specifications: The technical specifications give a detailed engineering description

of the works, nature and quality of materials, workmanship and in some cases the methods to

be used, for example for excavation.

The variety of irrigation equipment in today’s international market makes the procurement

process intricate and sometimes confusing. It is therefore necessary for the potential
contractors or tenderers to know exactly what they would like to purchase and to specify it in

the tender documents. Standards provide the means for specifying what the buyer wants and
52
guide the manufacturer to produce the equipment desired by the market. Therefore,

standards are a common language between buyers and sellers in the process of equipment
and material procurement. Generally, the more detailed the specifications, the less conflict

there is between the buyer and the seller, therefore less variable orders.
Drawings

The elevations shown on all layout drawings should refer to the benchmarks located on the
site and, while executing the works, the contractor shall refer all works to the known

elevations. Drawings should be accurate pictorial representations of the proposed works.

They set out the situation and constructional details of the works. The drawings included in

the tender documents are diagrammatic. They should be sufficiently detailed to allow the
contractor to price the bill of quantities satisfactorily. On their part the contractor should

verify these drawings according to the actual situation in the field and prepare Working
drawings, with all the required details, to assist in implementing the works properly and

accurately. The engineer should approve these drawings before implementation. The
contractor should update the Working drawings on a daily basis. These drawings, which show

the actual field situation and the system as it has been built, will be the basis for the
preparation of the as built or record drawings. The drawings are submitted to the engineer in

a reproducible form (tracing) for filing and future reference.

Bill of Quantities
The Bill of Quantities (BOQ) is a descriptive list of each item of work, material or provision
included in the project along with an estimate of the quantity required for each. The

quantities and the description of the works are derived from the drawings and specifications.
Blank columns should be provided in the table of the BOQ, for tenderers to fill in their unit

prices (rates) against each item. The BOQ has the following advantages:
It provides equal opportunity for all tenderers to enter a unit price or rate against each

item. By summing up the total cost for each item, along with the quantities entered by
the engineer, the total tender sum is thus derived on a basis common to all tenderers.

53
It provides a basis for making progress payments, deriving costs for additional work and

evaluating deductions which could arise as a result of deletion of some items from the
contract. It can be used as reference for cases of adjudication.

During construction the actual quantity relating to each item is measured and entered into a
blank bill, which is held for measurement and payment purposes. The payment is at the

tender rate.
Letter of submission

The Letter of submission is completed on the letterhead of the tenderer and should include:
The full name, Postal address, Telephone numbers, Fax and telex numbers.

Addendum
The change of contract agreement when unforeseen item of works arise during construction

stage. The unit rates and bill of quantities can be fixed with negotiation and market study.

Specification- means the specification referred to in the tender and any modification thereof
or addition thereto as may from time to time be furnished or approved in writing by the

engineer. The technical specification give a detail engineering description of the works, nature
and quality of materials, workmanship and in some cases the methods to be used, for

example for excavation.

Exercises 7.
a. What is contract? And what are the types of contract
b. What is method statement?

c. What is addendum in tendering?

d. What are the types of bonds? And their importance?

e. What are the parties involved in construction contract?

f. What do mean by unbalanced bid?

g. What are the contents of contract document, and which is the heart of the document?

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 5. CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND PROCEDURES

5.1. Planning of Construction Activities

The planning of construction projects can be done by different methods, such as Gantt chart

(bar chart and location time diagram), network scheduling (CPM, PERT) and Microsoft project.
In planning of construction project we should consider the following items;

Materials required accomplishing the project, Human resources (skilled and unskilled labor
forces), Equipments, Machinery& vehicles, Time to complete each item of work and total

project, financial resource, Culture and religion of people living around the project site.
The five main resources that the planner uses are; labor, materials, equipment, money, and

time.
Table 11. Man power requirement schedule

SNo Job title Unit Qty Time ( three months for actual construction)
Jan Feb Mar April May
1 Project manager (engineer) No 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 surveyor No 1 1 1 1 1
3 Forman No 1 1 1 1 1
4 Mason No 3 3 3 3

5 Bar bender No 1 1
6 Carpenter No 1 1
7 Daily laborers No 10 10 20 20 12

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Table 12. Material and equipment schedule

Sno Job title Unit Qtty Time

Jan Feb Mar April May

1 Cement Qt 304 204 100

2 Sand M3 70 70

3 Gravel M3 7 7

4 stone M3 98 98

5 Formwork, 30cm width M2 23 23

and 2.5cm thick
6 mixer No 1 1

7 Nails kg 15 15

8 shovel No 10 10 10 10 10

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Table 13. Activity schedule

SNO Item of work Unit Qtty No of Time

days
Jan Feb Mar Apr May

1 Main canal construction m 100 120

1.1 Mobilization and camping day 5 5

1.2 Site clearing for 3m width M2 300 3

1.3 Excavation for 1.2 m depth, M3 204 15

and 1.7 m width
1.4 Cart away M3 382 15

1.5 Masonry work of 1:4 mix M3 74 33

1.6 Plastering M2 210 14

1.7 Concrete for road crossing M3 9.8 3

1.7.1 Reinforcement bar cutting kg 45 5

& bending
1.7.2 Form work M2 23 3

1.8 Demobilization day 2 2

5.2. Construction Procedures

5.2.1. Irrigation canal construction procedures

The construction of irrigation canal should follow the following steps

 Setting out of works (Alignment of canal layout), use canal layout working drawing,
pegs, measuring meter, surveying equipment and install the canal layout on actual the

ground.
 Site clearing on the surface such as bushes, outcropped stones , grass and 0.2 m depth

top soil based on the setting out dimensions

57
  Bulk excavation for the canal dimension including working spaces if the canal has cut,

if the canal is in fill after clearing fill and compaction for the canal section, then
excavate the canal section after compaction

 During excavation for the canal section, take the longitudinal slope of the canal and
keep the bed slope at each chain age, i.e. the level of the bed of the canal should be

kept as Reduced level = (First chain age) – (Slope* length of canal)

 After the excavation work is completed, construct masonry canal and irrigation

structures such as drops, division boxes, turn outs, checks , bed bars, chutes, cross
drainage works in parallel

5.2.2. Diversion weir construction procedures

 Setting out of works (Alignment of weir axis and body, retaining wall, divide wall,

aprons ,intake structure, cutoff), use designed working drawings, pegs, measuring
meter, surveying equipment and install the weir and apartment structures layout on

the actual ground.

 Site clearing with 0.3 m depth including bushes, grass trees, and outcropped stones

 Foundation excavation for the weir body, cutoff, retaining wall , divide wall and apron
 Construct concrete cutoff, apron, weir body foundation, retaining wall foundation,

 Construct retaining wall, weir body, inlet structure, divide wall, gate operation slabs
 Construct weir capping,
 Install intake and scouring gates
 Plastering of retaining wall and weir body

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 6. MONITORING AND SUPERVISION

Monitoring and Supervision is the art of checking of the construction process including:

Materials planned and used in actual

Construction procedures

Finished products ( actual drawings with the plan)

Comparing with established standards

Objective of supervision & monitoring

 Improve the quality of the work

 Increase the lifespan, durability and stability of the structure

 Place and shape all available resources in economical output

 Reduce unnecessary repairs and maintenance

 Accomplish with planned time and budget

 Maintain the reputation of the institute and credibility of the program

Construction management requires full knowledge of implementation process with

appropriate construction supervision and monitoring. In order to ensure the safety and
quality of structures, appropriate supervision and monitoring with responsible expert shall be

carried out. The whole construction process requires supervision and monitoring works.
Supervision shall be carried out in accordance with the specification of the design and

drawings.
Supervision includes:

 Checking the validity of the design assumption

 Identifying the difference between the actual ground condition and those assumed

in the design
 Checking that construction is completed according to the design and possibly

modified, and
 Checking quality, quantity and time of construction
Supervision of construction schemes needs assigning supervisor with action plan:
 Specifying the type, quality and frequency of supervision
59
  The degree of uncertainty in the design, the complexity of the ground, the potential
risk of failure during construction and implementing corrective measures during
construction
6.1. Minimum Professional Requirements of a Supervising Engineer

 He should understand the ultimate goal of quality control of any construction project

 He must have knowledge of the general ways and method of testing of construction
material and finished works

 He has to well understand the agreement document and all technical specifications
available

 He should be able to control various deteriorating factors of the quality

 He should be able to investigate the deteriorating factors and suggest ways and
methods of improvements without hindering the progress

 He must always try to stick to specifications

 Understand design and drawing very well and has to be able to modify on the way

 Capable of understanding any material changes and must know the properties of
cement, sand, gravel, stone, concrete grades very well

 He has to clearly know different aggregates depending on the type of work

 Able to scan the existing environment /sunny, cloudy, rainy/ and must justify the
existing work in relation to such sever climate. He is also responsible to make
adjustments accordingly

 Have standard construction material specifications on his logbook and check the actual
material property by comparing with the standard

 He must have the design material test results approved by the designer. For example.

 Soil physical condition

 Stone size and quality

 Course aggregate size and quality

 Fine aggregate size and quality

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  Cement type and quality

 Reinforcement steel diameter and quality of steel

 Steel sheets thickness

 Pipe dimension and nominal thickness

 Water quality

 Minimum number of curing days for concrete and masonry works

6.2. Minimum Guiding Statements for Construction Field Supervision and Quality
Inspection

Major supervision checklists:

 Checking all the working(design) drawings, and agreement document which
should be available at construction site

 Checking project construction profile (construction crew)

 Checking action plan submitted by the contractor with actual activity process

 Checking that the site engineer is available at the construction site or not

 What is the current work force in each activity currently working?

 How many daily laborers are undertaking?

 How many types and or number of machinery are working?

 How many types and/or number of equipment are working?

 How much construction materials of each major item are there during
supervision?

 What is the daily performance norm for each machinery? And daily laborers?

 What volumes or lengths of work are being done per day per crew? Is this
compatible with the regions intention?

 What do you conclude on the quality of construction materials (cement?

Sand? Gravel? Stone? And the concrete or earth work?)

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  What is your expectation on observed cement mix ratio for specific work
item?

 Have you interviewed the local people for their comments?

 What are sequential works undergoing? And parallel works?

 What is the percentage of the remaining total physical work?

 As per the agreement document and work schedule, how many days is
required to complete the rest task?

 What is the percentage of the remaining payment to be effected?

 Can you give grade the performance of the contractor as

(delayed/timely/progressing)?

 How clean is the work in general?

 What do you conclude from the supervision observation?

6.3. Monitoring

Construction work shall be inspected visually on continuous basis and results must be
obtained with appropriate measurements or standards (monitoring is a day to day activity).

Monitoring is the process of ensuring the required quality of construction through daily
controlling and checking of each items of construction materials and workmanship. Each work

man ship has acceptable range of quality in which each volume of work shall be measured in
situ.
Monitoring should be followed by a good record of the following;
- sequential works
- quality of materials
- deviations from the design
- as-built drawings
- environmental conditions
- Unforeseen events should also be recorded and presented to decision
makers.

6.4. Common Mistakes of Contractors With Regard to Monitoring and Supervision

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The most repeatedly mistakes during construction committed by the contractors are listed
below:
• Miss-positioning of weirs, and protection walls or alignment of structures

• Lack of readiness for modification of structures for example wing walls with the
abatement height and anchorage, constructing canals on heavy clay soil which
need good foundation (did not take care about the foundation condition
existed)

Figure 12. Canal constructed on heavy clay soil.

 Though not a mandate to contractors, unable to properly organize

construction processes, for example excavated soil can help to protect
flood as it could serve as a cut off drain (considering flood)

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 Figure 13. Excavated soil could be used to construct cutoff drain in the u/s side

 Miss alignment of canals

 Miss-procedural completion of work components

 Inaccuracy of canal slopes and profiles

 Use of poor quality sands (poorly graded, and soil mixed)
 Use of oval, poor graded and soil coated (dirty) stones for masonry
 Water un-tightness and contact with freshly concrete mixes /poor
workmanship/ causes leakage before completion
 Concentrating on rock excavation beyond the agreement because of its high
unit rate
 Inadequate or non compaction of foundations and back fills
 Use of extremely sun or air exposed (expired) cement mixes
 Use of un-recommended cement mix/ reducing the cement amount/
 Dalliance in completion and being claimant
 Not suggest and create harmonized link and communication with the
community and other stakeholders

64
 Figure14. Comments of communities for turn out were accepted during few projects
constructions

 Creating non harmonized link and communication with the community and the
Woreda experts

Figure 15. Foot bridge constructed by comment of communities

6.5. Common Mistakes Committed by Construction Supervision Engineers During

Supervision
• Less organized and less check list- based supervision
• Unplanned supervision
• Missing all components of the work to monitor and conduct inadequate
thorough inspection as the rule obeys
• Little written feedback given to the contractor whether the contractor is highly
delayed or progressively doing very well according to the agreed upon schedule
• Little involvement of the Woreda concerned and administrative body
(stakeholders)

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 • Inadequate ways or mechanism to inspect the quality except visual observation
(the work is not tested either in laboratory or by other means)

6.6. Outstanding Points to be Checked Before Handingover the Constructed Structures

• Is the alignment of the whole project right?

• Is there enough cut off trench or keying?
• Is there right water way?
• Is the compaction of any earth work done in the right way?
• Check the quality of all work items before handing over the project
• Check the quantity of work items
• Cross-check the structures on the ground and in the working drawing given by
the designer
• Checking the sectional dimensions of canal and weir or retaining walls
• Check all items of work accordingly done on the basis of the agreement
document
• Check the additional work-done or omitted activities

6.7. Amhara Region Bureau of Water Resources Development Construction Quality

Control Directions on Contractor’s Side

 During handing over for construction every contractor shall receive every items of work
both in drawing form and checking all design items on ground before any start of
construction; any variations and claims not raised during hand over are not reliable
unless natural forcing conditions occur
 The quality of each construction materials and/or the final work item shall be as per
the quality standards indicated in specifications. The contractor has also a full
responsibility for the loss of any construction quality. Care has to be made on the
reduction of cement mix ratio
 The contractor shall submit any items of additional (variation) of works to the client
before he has to continue in construction. However, the supervision engineer has the
right to make changes up to 15%. Any changes beyond 15% shall be transferred to the
higher officials for decision
 The contractor shall call upon the supervising engineer at important steps of work
before proceeding to the next step for approval what he has done

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  Every contractor shall submit to the client his construction schedule, the assigned
engineer, construction management schedule and others. He shall also submit periodic
performance report to the client which is to be governed by the agreement
On the client side
 The supervising engineer shall investigate on field that if there are any design changes,
overlooked items of work and check that all those variation lie in the ranges of up to
10% of the total including VAT. He shall also submit to higher officials the details of
work items greater than 10%
 The engineer shall observe the nature of work components whether it can be done
sequentially or in parallel. But he should check that the total manpower and machinery
whether it is enough or not when work is being done in parallel
 He shall submit to the client any misconstruction items that are bad in quality. He has
also the right to stop, to make demolish it and to reject or make action according to
the agreement document
 He should also check all the construction materials, the workman force, and the
proportion of mixes in detail and record accordingly

7. PROPERTIES OF BASIC CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Aggregates
 Use fine aggregates or sands and coarse aggregates (gravel) that comply with the
standards approved and in addition they should be chemically inert
 Use coarse aggregates or gravels not rounded in shape
 Ensure that the nature and grading of aggregates remain reasonably constant to
ensure that the overall grading remains constant for each section of the work
 Don’t allow dust during mixing
 Use clean gravel and sand aggregates of various sizes separately
 Deliver aggregates to the site in clean and suitable vehicles, and
 Store it in appropriate site for ease of use during construction
Gravel
 Gravel is a coarse aggregate (natural or crushed) used in concrete making,
Use the following gravel sizes for the specified purpose:
 10mm maximum size, graded, for all "fine" concrete for foundation spreading.
 20mm maximum size, graded, for all reinforced concrete for weirs, walls and slabs.
 36mm maximum size graded for all mass concrete walls and slabs
Sand

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  Sand is a fine aggregate to be used in concrete making
 For common mixes, natural sand aggregate is used
 Sand size range between 0.075mm to 4.75mm
 Using sieve analysis when we sieve the sand with 4mm diameter sieve the sand will
pass and the remaining is the gravel
 Then when we sieve the sand with a sieve of diameter 200 micro mm all clay and silt
will pass and the sand will remain
 Good sand is that which contains equal proportions of fines and courses free from silt
and clay
 In any case the percentage of silt plus clay in usable sand should not be greater than
5%
 If the sand is too dirty washing with water is strongly recommended
Cement
 Use ordinary Portland cement of an approved type in the permanent works complying
with approved standards
 Cement should be free flowing and free of lumps and must be supplied in sealed bags
 Use protected cement from weather effect
 Cement in bags should be stored in a suitable weatherproof, dry and well ventilated
store house, the floor must be raised above the surrounding ground level
 Cement from unfasten bags should not be used in the permanent works
 Remove cement, which has become hardened or lumpy
 Cement which is stored more than six months should not be used
The following types of hydraulic cement
(a) Portland cement: Types I, II, and IV
(b) Blended cement: Types IS and IP

(c) Cements other than Portland cements:

Slag cement and natural cement (used only with Portland cement) Also, mixtures of

Portland cement and pozzolan, Portland cement and slag cement, and Portland cement
and natural cement batched separately on the job have been used in mass concrete

construction. Economy and low temperature rise are both achieved by limiting the cement
content to as small a value as possible.

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 Type I Portland cement, also referred to as "normal," or "regular," or "standard" cement

is the common type of cement usually used in ordinary construction.

Type II Portland cement was developed for dam construction where moderate heat of

hydration is desired. Specifications require that it contain no more than 8 percent

tricalcium aluminates, the compound that contributes substantially to early heat

development in the concrete. Also, at the option of the purchaser the sum of tricalcium
silicate (C3S) and tricalcium aluminates may be limited to 58 percent or less and the heat

of hydration to 70 calories per gram at 7 days and 80 calories per gram at 28 days.
Type IV Portland cement, also referred to as "low heat" cement, is used mainly where it

is desired to produce low heat development in massive structures. It has not been used in
recent years because it has been found that in most cases heat development can be

controlled satisfactorily by other measures.

Type IV specifications limit the CA to 7 percent, the CaS to 35 percent and place a

minimum on the C2S of 40 percent. The heat of hydration is limited to 60 calories per
gram at 7 days and 70 calories per gram at 28 days.

Type IS Portland blast-furnace slag cement is an intimate and uniform blend of Portland
cement and fine blast-furnace slag produced either by inter grinding Portland cement

clinker and granulated blast-furnace slag or by blending cement and finely ground blast-
furnace slag. The amount of slag used may vary between 25 and 65 percent by weight of
the Portland blast furnace slag cement. At the option of the purchaser the C;\A may be
limited to 8 percent and the heat of hydration limited as in the case of Type II cement.

Type IP portland-pozzolan cement is an intimate and uniform blend of Portland cement or

Portland blast-furnace slag cement and fine pozzolan produced either by inter grinding

Portland cement clinker and pozzolan or by blending Portland cement or Portland blast-
furnace slag cement and finely divided pozzolan in which the Pozzolan constituent is between

15 and 40 percent by weight of the portland-pozzolan cement.

Slag cement is finely divided material consisting essentially of an intimate and uniform blend

of granulated last-furnace slag and hydrated lime. The amount of granulated blast furnace
69
slag makes up at least 60 percent by weight of the slag cement. Because of its low strength

producing characteristics, it is recommended that slag cement be blended with Portland

cement for making concrete.

Natural cement is the product obtained by finely pulverizing calcined argillaceous limestone.
The temperature of calcination is no higher than is required to drive off carbonic acid gas.

Natural cement is subject to lack of uniformity of its properties and is not recommended for
use where uniform control is required. Natural cement is usually blended with Portland

cement for making concrete.

Low-alkali cements are defined by ASTM C 150 as Portland cements containing not more

than 0.60 percent alkalies calculated as the percentage of Na20 plus 0.658 times the
percentage of K20. These cements should be specified when the cement is to be used in

concrete with aggregate that may be deleteriously reactive. Some engineers believe, that for
more assured protection from reactive aggregate, the alkalies should be limited to 0.40

percent.
Pozzolans: A pozzolan is defined as "A siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material which in

itself possesses little or no cementitious value but will, in finely divided form and in the
presence of moisture, chemically reacts with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to

form compounds possessing cementitous properties." Pozzolans react chemically with the
alkalies (K20 and Na20) of the Portland cement as well as with the calcium hydroxide or
hydrated lime liberated during the hydration of Portland cement to form a stable strength-
producing cementitious compound. For best activity the siliceous ingredient of a pozzolan

must be in an amorphous state such as glass or opal.

There are many varieties of cements and numerous ways of classification. One of the simplest

classifications is by the chemical constituent that is responsible for the setting or hardening of
the cement. On this basis, the silicate and aluminates cements, wherein the setting agents are

calcium silicates and aluminates, constitute the most important group of modern cements.
Included in this group are the Portland, aluminous, and natural cements Limes, wherein the

hardening is due to the conversion of hydroxides to carbonates, were formerly widely used as
70
the sole cementitious material, but their slow setting and hardening are not compatible with

modern requirements. Hence, their principal function today is to plasticize the otherwise
harsh cements and add resilience to mortars and stuccoes. Use of limes is beneficial in that

their slow setting promotes healing, the re-cementing of hairline cracks. Another class of
cements is composed of calcined gypsum and its related products. The gypsum cements are

widely used in interior plaster and for fabrication of boards and blocks; but the solubility of
gypsum prevents its use in construction exposed to any but extremely dry climates.

Ox chloride cements constitute a class of specialty cements of unusual properties. Their cost
prohibits their general use in competition with the cheaper cements; but for special uses, such

as the production of spark proof floors, they cannot be equaled. Masonry cements or mortar
cements are widely used because of their convenience. While they are, in general, mixtures of

one of more of the above-mentioned cements with some admixtures, they deserve special
consideration because of their economies. Other cementitious materials, such as polymers, fly

ash, and silica fume, may be used as a cement replacement in concrete. Polymers are plastics
with long-chain molecules. Concretes made with them have many qualities much superior to

those of ordinary concrete. Silica fume, also known as micro silica, is a waste product of
electric-arc furnaces. The silica reacts with limes in concrete to form a cementitious material. A

fume particle has a diameter only 1% of that of a cement particle.

Types of Portland cement

The ASTM has designated five types of Portland cement, designated Types I-V. Physically

and chemically, these cement types differ primarily in their content of C3A and in their
fineness. In terms of performance, they differ primarily in the rate of early hydration and in

their ability to resist sulphate attack. The general characteristics of these types are listed in
Table 14 below.

71
 Tables 14. The oxide and mineral compositions of typical Type I –v Portland cements
Classification Characteristics Applications

Type I General purpose Fairly high C3S content for General construction (most

good early strength buildings, bridges, pavements,

development precast units, etc)

Type II Moderate sulphate Low C3A content (<8%) Structures exposed to soil or

resistance water containing sulphate ions

Type III High early strength Ground more finely, may Rapid construction, cold weather
have slightly more C3S concreting

Type IV Low heat of hydration Low content of C3S (<50%) Massive structures such as dams

(slow reacting) and C3A

Type V High sulphate Very low C3A content (<5%) Structures exposed to high levels
resistance of sulphate ions

The differences between these cement types are rather subtle. All five types contain about

75 wt% calcium silicate minerals, and the properties of mature concretes made with all five
are quite similar. Thus these five types are often described by the term “ordinary Portland

cement”, or OPC.
Types II and V OPC are designed to be resistant to sulphate attack. Sulphate attack is an
important phenomenon that can cause severe damage to concrete structures. It is a chemical
reaction between the hydration products of C3A and sulphate ions that enter the concrete

from the outside environment. The products generated by this reaction have a larger volume
than the reactants, and this creates stresses which force the concrete to expand and

crack. Although hydration products of C4AF are similar to those of C3A, they are less
vulnerable to expansion, so the designations for Type II and Type V cement focus on keeping

the C3A content low. There is actually little difference between a Type I and Type II cement,
and it is common to see cements meeting both designations labeled as “Type I/II”. It should

be noted here that the most effective way to prevent sulphate attack is to keep the sulphate
72
ions from entering the concrete in the first place. This can be done by using mix designs that

give a low permeability (mainly by keeping the w/c ratio low) and, if practical, by putting
physical barriers such as sheets of plastic between the concrete and the soil.

Type III cement is designed to develop early strength more quickly than a Type I cement. This
is useful for maintaining a rapid pace of construction, since it allows cast-in-place concrete to

bear loads sooner and it reduces the time that precast concrete elements must remain in their
forms. These advantages are particularly important in cold weather, which significantly

reduces the rate of hydration (and thus strength gain) of all Portland cements. The
downsides of rapid-reacting cements are a shorter period of workability, greater heat of

hydration, and a slightly lower ultimate strength.

Type IV cement is designed to release heat more slowly than a Type I cement, meaning of

course that it also gains strength more slowly. A slower rate of heat release limits the
increase in the core temperature of a concrete element. The maximum temperature scales

with the size of the structure, and Type III concrete was developed because of the problem of
excessive temperature rise in the interior of very large concrete structures such as dams. Type

IV cements is rarely used today, because similar properties can be obtained by using blended
cement.

White Portland cement (WPC) is made with raw ingredients that are low in iron and
magnesium; the elements that give cement its grey color. These elements contribute
essentially nothing to the properties of cement paste, so white Portland cement actually has
quite good properties. It tends to be significantly more expensive than OPC, however, so it is

typically confined to architectural applications. WPC is sometimes used for basic cements
research because the lack of iron improves the resolution of nuclear magnetic resonance

(NMR) measurements.

Mortar
 Mortar is the mixture of cement and sand with water the mix cement: sand proportions
must be as in the ratio of 1:2, 1:3 or 1:4 parts by weight

73
  Small quantities of mortar may be hand mixed, for over 0.5 m3 mechanical mixer is
needed
 Use appropriate water content for the mortar so as to make it consistent with the use
for which it is required but in any case the water/cement ratio shall not be more than
0.58 by weight

Reinforcement bar (deformed iron bars)

 Reinforcement used for attaining strength of concrete and protects tension failure.
 At the time of fixing, reinforcement should be free from rust, and should not be
contaminated by grease, dirt, oil, paint, soil
 When placed in the work reinforcement should be free from coatings or dirt,
detrimental scale, paint, oil or other foreign substances
 All reinforcing bars, ties links and fabric must be fixed in the positions. Displacement
of reinforcement beyond the specified tolerance shall be prevented by supporting the
bars sufficiently and securely fixing them together at intersections where necessary
 The ends of all tying wires shall be turned into the body of the concrete and not
allowed to project towards the surfaces of the concrete
 Maintain space bars to be made of dense cement mortar of one part cement and three
parts sand

Form work
 The form work may be of seasoned, planed, blackboard or steel.
 All forms must be protected from injury of any source while using to prevent fresh
concrete they are holding from damage
Standard concrete specification and properties:
Select concrete mix proportions to ensure that the workability of the fresh concrete is suitable
for the conditions of:
 Handling and placing
 The nature of reinforcement, and
 The climatic conditions prevailing
 Use the Concrete and water-Cement relationships in Table 7 to ensure adequate
durability of the finished concrete
 Water for mixing or curing of concrete or mortar must be as pure as possible. Not
mixed with soil or other chemicals or impurities
Strength

74
  The basis for assessing the strength of concrete must be related to the characteristic
strength, defined as the Strength of the concrete at 28 days, as determined by an
approved standard method of testing below which not more than 5% of the test
results falls
 The relationship between the class of the concrete and characteristic strength may
accord with indicated in annex 1
Mixes
 Aggregates, cement and water must be proportioned by volume
 A highly workability of fresh concrete must be such that the concrete can be handled
and placed without segregation and, after compaction, shall completely fill the Form
work and around all reinforcement
 The quantity of water used must not exceed that required to produce a concrete with
appropriate workability to be placed and compacted in the required location. Any
quality below the above property looks medium to low workability
 Standard sand and gravel volume measuring Boxes used in manual mixes is the
following size. Volume of box is 0.4*0.4*0.25 =0.0347 m3

0.40m

0.22m

0.40m

Fig 16. Cement sand batching box

 Its volume is 0.22 * 0.40 * 0.40=0.0347 m3 which is the volume of one bag of cement.
All volume calculations are done using measurement box full up to top level.
Concrete placement and compaction:
 Use any batch of concrete mix as immediately as practicable and in any case no longer
time is permitted to complete placing and compaction. If the placing of any batch of
concrete is delayed beyond the period, the concrete should not be placed in the
permanent works
 Protect any freshly prepared concrete mixes from any flow of water into it
 The mortar must be kept ahead of the concrete. The mortar shall be well worked into
all parts of the excavated surfaces and shall be not less than 5 mm thick

75
  The amount of mortar placed at any one time shall be limited so that it does not
necessarily dry out or set before being covered with concrete
 Deposit the concrete as neatly as possible in its final position so as to avoid
segregation of the concrete and displacement of the reinforcement
 Don’t place concrete during rain, which is sufficiently heavy or prolonged to wash
mortar from coarse aggregate on the exposed faces of fresh concrete. Means shall be
provide to remove any water accumulating on the surface of the placed concrete
 In dry weather, covers shall be provided for all fresh concrete surfaces, which are not
being worked on. Water shall not be added to concrete for any reason
 Compact the concrete fully throughout the full extent of the placed layer. It shall be
thoroughly worked against the formwork and around any reinforcement and other
embedded items, without displacing them
Curing

 Protect the concrete during the first stage of hardening from loss of moisture and from
the development of temperature differentials within the concrete sufficient to cause
cracking
 Continue curing for 21 days but in any case for at least ten days or until the concrete is
covered by later construction whichever is the shorter period
 The curing process shall commence as soon as the concrete is hard enough to resist
damage from the process, and in the case of large areas or continuous pours shall
commence on the completed section of the pour before the rest of the pour is finished
 Exposed concrete surfaces may be closely covered with impermeable sheeting,
properly secured to prevent its removal by wind and the development of air spaces
beneath it
 Protect freshly placed concrete from rainfall and from water running over the surface
until it is sufficiently hard to resist damage from this cause
 Don’t allow any traffic on any concrete surface until such time as it is hard enough to
resist damage by such traffic
 Protect the placed concrete from any structural loading until it has attained at least its
minimum average strength
Stone for masonry work

 Stone for all kinds of work shall be of good quality, solid and durable, void-less and
without soft weathered or decomposed parts.

76
  Use sound and clean stones. Any stones, which in perfectly clean, washed before use.
Stones shall be set in position with their natural beds as near as possible to the
horizontal between the stones shall be completely filled with mortar
 The stones are to be selected and placed so as to keep the amount of mortar to a
minimum. One exposed face, stones shall be selected and where necessary roughly
dressed so as to provide a fair face showing an even distribution of stone sizes
 Building stones must be similar in size, the longer side placed horizontal
Stone pitching
 Pitching is used for paving of horizontal or sloping ground surfaces. It includes one
layer of manually placed stone forming an even smooth surface
 “Dry pitching” means pitching without using of binding material, instead of it, the
clearances are wedged by stone fragments and filled with well compacted gravel or
sand
 “Pitching on mortar” means pitching in which clearances are filled with cement mortar.
Stone shall be placed in the layer of fresh concrete the grade of which is indicated on
the drawings
 For all pitching types the quality of stone must be of random length and width but not
less than 0.2 * 0.2 * 0.2cm thickness. The sides of all stones shall be roughly shaped
with a hammer to obtain a sufficiently good fit
 The site for pitching shall be well compacted and even surfaces
 For pitching on mortar, the under the joints shall consist of concrete of the grade
specified on the drawings and 5-20mm thick. Over this layer the stones are laid with
each stone rigidly fixed with its natural surface square to the open surface to form an
even face with broken joints
Plastering
 Plaster the inner face of the structure and the face where water is available
 Good sand should be used in plaster and the plaster is to be 10 – 20 mm thick
 The proportion of sand and cement should be 1:3 by volume
 Plaster should be kept wet for a period of not less than 14 days
 plastering concrete/masonry surface and rounding at angles
 Preparing, cleaning and watering surfaces to be plastered
 Watering and protecting completed plastered surfaces

Foundation and concrete work

Verify dimensions and foundation levels as per drawing
 Wet the foundation surface to a depth of 150mm or to impermeable material

77
 Compact with suitable bedding materials in case of over excavation, with C-5 concrete
in case of rock
 Ensure the rock surface free from oil, contaminating coating, soils
 Check the correct mix ratios
 Cure with water for 28 days
 Don’t allow segregation of concretes
 Don’t lay the concrete under water and over mud,
 Don’t lay the foundation concrete without wetting the surface,
 Don’t allow admixtures which will harm the strength.

78
 8. ANNEXES
Annex 8.1: Proportions of cement, sand and gravel components in concrete mix of a 50kg cement for each nominal gravel size
CONCRETE construction materials Nominal size of Gravel Aggregate (mm) Remarks
GRADE 40 mm(04) 20mm(02) 14mm 10 mm(01)
C5 Gravel (kg) 362 293 Optimum workability of
Sand (kg) 215 217 the concrete
Cement (kg) 50 50
Total concrete mass 627 560
Volume of finished concrete (m3) 0.2435 0.2645
C15 Gravel (kg) 219 173 Optimum workability of
Sand (kg) 130 127 the concrete
Cement (kg) 50 50
Total concrete mass 399 350
Volume of finished concrete (m3) 0.1915 0.169
C20 Gravel (kg) 190 172 136 116 Optimum workability of
Sand (kg) 97 193 101 104 the concrete
Cement (kg) 50 50 50 50
Total concrete mass 337 415 287 270
Volume of finished concrete (m3) 0.16 0.1495 0.38 0.129
C25 Gravel (kg) 167 148 119 101 Optimum workability of
Sand (kg) 85 79 88 91 the concrete
Cement (kg) 50 50 50 50
Total concrete mass 302 277 257 242
Volume of finished concrete (m3) 0.142 0.132 0.124 0.117
C30 Gravel (kg) 149 130 105 95 Optimum workability of
Sand (kg) 76 70 77 43 the concrete
Cement (kg) 50 50 50 50
Total concrete mass 275 250 232 188
Volume of finished concrete (m3) 0.1305 0.1195 0.1105 0.103
Annex 8.2: Invitation for Bids Format
Contract Identification Number [number]

1. The ……….. [Institution/office] has been taken the initiative to support the irrigation
schemes/ Project and intends to apply part of the funds to cover the eligible payments

under the Contract for construction of the following small scale Irrigation projects in

………….Zone, Woreda, Kebele.

2. The …………….[the client/employer] invites eligible contractors to submit sealed bids for the

execution and maintenance of the following Project. [project name and location,
contractors grade etc]

3. Bidding is open to all bidders to those domestic contractors with the Category of as stated
above and licensed in water works construction having license valid for the current

Ethiopian fiscal year.

4. Interested eligible bidders could purchase the bidding documents upon payment of

non-refundable fee of ………………………………………………….Birr (…………..birr only) from

procurement, Transport and supplies management services of [client and address].

5. All bids shall be in fixed price, no price adjustment will be allowed.

6. Bids shall be valid for a period of ……. days after Bid closing and must be accompanied by

security of as Stated in the above in the form of a certified check, bank draft, letter of
credit, or a bank guarantee from a reputable bank located in the country of the Employer.
7. Bid closing date shall be [on the 21st working day after counting 20 calendar days] from
the date of the first bid advertisement appeared on the notice board at [clients address].

8. Bids will be opened in the presence of bidders or their legal representative who choose to
attend at the conference room of [clients place ant time of opening date] same date of

bid closing specified above.

9. Water resource development Bureau reserves the right to accept or reject all or part of the

bid.
[Clients address in full]

80
Annex 8.3. Contract Agreement format

The Employer [Client] is ………………………………………………………

The Contractor is ………………………………………………………………….

The Employer desires the execution of certain works known as ……………………. Irrigation
project.

OFFER
The Contractor has examined the documents listed in the Appendix which forms part of this
Agreement and offers to execute the works in conformity with the Contract for the sum of
…………………. (Birr ………………………………………) with VAT

This offer, of which the Contractor has submitted two signed originals, may be accepted by
the Employer by signing and returning one original of this document to the Contractor.

The Contractor understands that the Employer is not bound to accept the lowest or any offer
received for the works.
ACCEPTANCE
The Employer has by signing below, accepts the Contractor’s offer and agrees that in
consideration for the execution of the works by the contractor, the Employer shall pay the
Contractor in accordance with the contract. This agreement comes into effect and full force
upon its signature by the parties to the contract.

Authorized to sign on behalf of Client Authorized to sign on behalf of contractor

Name: ……………………. Name: …………………….
Signature: ……………………… Signature: ………………………
Date:………………………. Date:……………………….

81
Annex 8.4. Bid security (bank guarantee) Template

Whereas, [name of Bidder] (hereinafter called “the Bidder”) has submitted his Bid dated [date]
for the construction of [name of Contract] (hereinafter called “the Bid”).
Know all people by these presents that We [name of Bank] of [name of country] having our
registered office at [address] (hereinafter called “the Bank”) are bound unto name of Employer]
(hereinafter called “the Employer”) in the sum of [amount] for which payment well and truly to
be made to the said Employer, the Bank binds itself, its successors, and assigns by these
presents.
Sealed with the Common Seal of the said Bank this [day] day of [month], [year].
The conditions of this obligation are:
(1) If, after Bid opening, the Bidder withdraws his Bid during the period of Bid validity
specified in the Form of Bid; or
(2) If the Bidder having been notified of the acceptance of his Bid by the Employer
during the period of Bid validity:
(a) Fails or refuses to execute the Form of Agreement in accordance with the
Instructions to Bidders, if required; or
(b) Does not accept the correction of the Bid Price pursuant to Clause 24,
we undertake to pay to the Employer up to the above amount upon receipt of his first written
demand, without the Employer’s having to substantiate his demand, provided that in his
demand the Employer will note that the amount claimed by him is due to him owing to the
occurrence of one or any of the three conditions, specifying the occurred condition or
conditions.
This Guarantee will remain in force up to and including the date [28 days] after the deadline for
submission of bids as such deadline is stated in the Instructions to Bidders or as it may be
extended by the Employer, notice of which extension(s) to the Bank is hereby waived. Any
demand in respect of this Guarantee should reach the Bank not later than the above date.
Date _____________________ Signature of the Bank _____________________
Witness Seal __________________________________

[Signature, name, and address]__________________________

82
Annex 8.5. Bank guarantee for advance payment Template
To: [name and address of Employer]

[Name of Contract]
Gentlemen:
In accordance with the provisions of the Conditions of Contract, Clause 11 (“Advance Payment”)
of the above-mentioned Contract, [name and address of Contractor] (hereinafter called “the
Contractor”) shall deposit with [name of Employer] a Bank Guarantee to guarantee his proper
and faithful performance under the said Clause of the Contract in an amount of [amount of
Guarantee] [amount in words].
We, the [Bank or Financial Institution], as instructed by the Contractor, agree unconditionally
and irrevocably to guarantee as primary obligator and not as Surety merely, the payment to
[name of Employer] on his first demand without whatsoever right of objection on our part and
without his first claim to the Contractor, in the amount not exceeding [amount of Guarantee]
[amount in words].
We further agree that no change or addition to or other modification of the terms of the
Contract or of Works to be performed there under or of any of the Contract documents which
may be made between [name of Employer] and the Contractor, shall in any way release us from
any liability under this Guarantee, and we hereby waive notice of any such change, addition, or
modification.
This Guarantee shall remain valid and in full effect from the date of the advance payment under
the Contract until [name of Employer] receives full repayment of the same amount from the
Contractor.
Yours truly,
Signature and seal:

Name of Bank/Financial Institution/:

Address:
Date:

83
 Annex 8.6. Invitation to bid (የጨረታ ማስታወቂያ)

የ---------------------(የመስሪያቤቱ ስም) ----------------------(የግንባታው አይነትና ስያሜ) ግንባታ

ማሰራት ይፈልጋል፡፡ በዚህም መሰረት ከዚህ በታች የተዘረዘሩትን መሰፈርቶች የምታሟሉ ተጫራቾች
መወዳደር የምትችሉ መሆኑን እንገልፃለን፡፡
1. ደረጃ GC/WWC ነከዛ በላይ የሆነ ተቋራጭ፣
2. በ-------- ዓ/ም የታደሰ የንግድ ሥራ ፈቃድ፣
3. በንግድና ኢንዱስትሪ ቢሮ የተሰጠ የዋና ምዝገባ የምስክር ወረቀት፣
4. በውሃ እና ኢነርጅ ሚኒስቴር/ቢሮ ለ ------ዓ/ም የሥራ ዘመን የተመዘገበ ስለመሆኑ ማስረጃ
ማቅረብ የሚችል፣
5. የተጨማሪ እሴት ታክስ ተመዝጋቢ ለመሆኑ ከሚመለከተው አካል የተሰጠ የምስክር ወረቀት፣
6. ፈቃዳቸውን በፌዴራል ላወጡ ተቋራጮች በአብክመ ጥቃቅንና አነስተኛ ንግድ ኢንዱስትሪ ልማት
ቢሮ የተሰጠ የአጭር ምዘገባ ምስክር ወረቀት፣
7. ፈቃዳቸው በፌዴራል ላወጡ ተቋራጮች ከገቢዎች ኤጄንሲ በግንባታ ሥራዎች ለመሳተፍ ይችሉ
ዘንድ የተሰጠ የትብብር ደብዳቤ፣
 ተጫራቾች ለሥራው የሚያስፈልገውን የሰው ኃይልና ማቴሪያል ማሟላት ይጠበቅባቸዋል፡፡
 ተጫራቾች የጨረታውን ሰነድ ጨረታው ከወጣበት ከ -------------------- ዓ.ም ጀምሮ እስከ -----
------------ ዓ/ም ድረስ ከ---------------------- (የመስሪያቤቱ ስም) ቢሮ ቁጥር------
የማይመለስ ብር ----------- በመክፈልና የፅሁፍ ማመልከቻ በማቅረብ መግዛት ይችላሉ፡፡
 ተጫራቾች የጨረታ ሰነዱን በመሙላት ከጨረታ ማስከበሪያ ቢድ ቦንድ ጋር በማድረግ በሰም
በታሸገ ኢንቨሎኘ እስከ -------------- ዓ.ም ቀን ከቀኑ -------- ሰዓት ድረስ በ------------------
(የመስሪያቤቱ ስም) ቢሮ ቁጥር--------- ለጨረታው በተዘጋጀው ሳጥን ውስጥ ማስገባት
ይኖርባቸዋል፡፡ (የጨረታ ማስከበሪያ ቢድ ቦንድ ከኦርጂናል የፋይናንሻል ጨረታ ሰነድ ጋር መታሸግ
አለበት፡፡)
 ጨረታው ተጫራቾች ወይም ህጋዊ ወኪሎቻቸው በተገኙበት በ-------------- ዓ.ም ቀን ከቀኑ -----
---ሰዓት በ-------------- (የመስሪያቤቱ ስም) ቢሮ ቁጥር ------- ይከፈታል፡፡
 በጨረታው መክፈቻ ዕለት የቴክኒካል ሰነድ የሚከፈት ሲሆን፣ በማግስቱ በ------------- ዓ.ም
የቴክኒካል መመዘኛው ላለፉ ተጫራቾች የፋይናንሻል ሰነዳቸው እንዲከፈት በማስታዎቂያ ጥሪ
ይደረጋል፡፡
ተጫራቾች ከላይ ከተዘረዘሩት በተጨማሪ የሚከተሉትን ማሟላት ይጠበቅባቸዋል፡፡
1.1 ተጫራቾች ከእያንዳንዱ የጨረታ ሰነድ ኦርጂናልና ፎቶ ኮፒ ላይ መፈረምና
ማህተም ማድረግ ይጠበቅባቸዋል፡፡
2.2 ተጫራቾች የጨረታውን ማስከበሪያ ቢድ ቦንድ ከጠቅላላ የጨረታ ዋጋ 1% በባንክ በተረጋገጠ ቼክ
ወይም ሲፒኦ (CPO) ማስያዝ ይኖርባቸዋል፡፡
3.3 ሁሉም የጨረታ ኢንቪሎፖች በሰም ሊታሸጉ ይገባል፡፡
4.4 ሁሉም ተጫራቾች በሰነዱ የተካተተውን የቴክኒካል መመዘኛ መሥፈርት አሟልቶ ማቅረብ
ይኖርባቸዋል፡፡

84
 5.5 የቴክኒካል መመዘኛ ሰነድ፣ የፋይናንሻል ሰነድ ዋናና ኮፒ ለየብቻ በማሸግ በጥቅል በአንድ ላይ
በአንድ ፖስታ በጥቅል በማሸግ ሊቀርብ ይገባል፡፡
6.6 የፋይናንሻል ፖስታ ሰነድ የሚከፈተው የቴክኒክ መመዘኛውን ላለፉ ተቋራጮች ብቻ ይሆናል፡፡
7.7 የቴክኒካል መመዘኛ ውጤት ከፋይናንሻል ውጤት ጋር የማይደመርና የፋይናንሻል ሰነድ
ለማስከፈት ብቻ የሚጠቅም ሲሆን፣ አሸናፊው ተጫራች የቴክኒክ መመዘኛ ካለፉ ተጫራቾች
መካከል ዝቅተኛ ዋጋ ያቀረበው ተጫራች ይሆናል፡፡
8.8 ዝቅተኛ የቴክኒክ መመዘኛ ማለፊያ ውጤት 70% ሲሆን ከዚህ ነጥብ በታች ያመጡ ተጫራቾች
የፋይናንሻል ሰነዳቸው ሳይከፈት ይመለስላቸዋል፡፡
9.9 በሁሉም የጨረታ ፖስታዎች ላይ “የ--------------- (የመስሪያቤቱ ስም) ----------------------
(የግንባታው አይነትና ስያሜ) ግንባታ የተዘጋጀ የጨረታ ሰነድ”” የሚል በጉልህ ሊፃፍበትና
የተጫራቾቹ አዳራሻ በግልጽ ሊቀመጥበት ይገባል፡፡
10.10 በኮፒነት የሚቀርበው የጨረታ ሰነድ የኦርጂናሉ ፎቶ ኮፒ መሆን ይኖርበታል፡፡
 ተጫራቾች ተጨማሪ ማብራሪያ ከፈለጉ በ-------------- (የመስሪያቤቱ ስም) ቢሮ ቁጥር-------
--በግንባር በመቅረብ ወይም በስልክ ቁጥር ------------------ ደውለው መጠየቅ ይችላሉ፡፡
 አሰሪው መ/ቤት የተሻለ መንግድ ካገኘ ጨረታውን በሙሉም ሆነ በከፊል የመሰረዝ መብቱ
የተጠበቀ ነው፡፡

Annex8. 7. የቴክኒክ ብቃት መመዘኛ መሥፈርት

ማሳሰቢያ፡
1. ይህ የቴክኒክ መመዘኛ መሥፈርት ከ100% የሚታሰብ ይሆናል፡፡
2. የቴክኒካል መመዘኛ መሥፈርት ውጤት ከፋይናንሻል ውጤት ጋር የማይደመርና የፋይናንሻል
ሰነድ ለማስከፈት ብቻ የሚጠቅም ይሆናል፡፡
3. የፋይናንሻል ሰነድ የሚከፈተው የቴክኒካል መመዘኛውን ላለፉ ተጫራቾች ብቻ ይሆናል፡፡
4. ዝቅተኛ የቴክኒካል መመዘኛ ማለፊያ ውጤት 70% ሲሆን ከዚህ ነጥብ በታች ላመጡ ተጫራቾች
የፋይናንሻል ሰነዳቸው ሳይከፈት ይመለስላቸዋል፡፡
5. እያንዳንዱ የቴክኒካል መመዘኛ ሰነድ በኮፒ የሚቀርብ ከሆነ በሚመለከተው የፍትህ አካል ስለ
ትክክለኛነቱ ምስክርነት የሚሰጥበት መሆን ሲገባው ወይም በጨረታ ትንተናው ወቅት በጨረታ
ኮሚቴው ፊት ኦርጂናል ሰነዶቹ ቀርበው መገናዘብ ይኖርባቸዋል፡፡

መመዘኛ መስፈርት፡

1. የሰው ሃይልን በተመለከተ 20%

የድርጅቱን የሰው ኃይል መዋቅር 5%
የሰራተኛ የመጨረሻ ደመወዝ ሲከፍል የሥራ ግብር የተከፈለበት ማስረጃ፣5%
የባለሙያዎች የሙያ ሰርቲፊኬትና የትምህርት ማስረጃ 5%
የባለሙያዎች /CV/ በተለያየ ወረቀት ተሟልቶ ሲቀርብ 5%
ድምር 20%

85
 2. ማሽነሪን በተመለከተ 20%
ለድርጅቱ የተፈቀደ ዝቅተኛ ማሽነሪ ሰለሟሏላቱ ማስረጃ የቀረበ 20%
ለድርጅቱ የተፈቀደውን ዝቅተኛ ማሽነሪ ያላቀረበ ከሆነ 0%

3. ተመሣሣይ ኘሮጀክትን በተመለከተ 30%

ባለፋት 5 /አምስት/ አመታት ግንባታ ገንብቶ የተጠናቀቀ ኘሮጀክት በካፒታልና በቁጥር ተዘርዝሮ ከድጋፍ
ሰነድ ጋር ሙሉ በሙሉ ካቀረበ 15%
ባለፉት አመታት ግንባታ ገንብቶ የተጠናቀቀ ፕሮጀክት ቀርቦ ግን መረጃው ያልቀረበ ከሆነ /10%/
ስለገነባው ግንባታ ምንም መረጃ ያላቀረበ ከሆነ 0%
ተመሣሣይ ኘሮጀክት ያጠናቀቀ ከሆነ ድምር 15%
 ተመሣሣይነቱ በካፒታል መጠን ከሆነ 5%
 በስትራከቸራል ውስብስብነቱ የተመሣሰለ ከሆነ 5%
 በሚሰጠው አገልግሎት የተመሳሰለ ከሆነ 5%

4. የሂሣብ ሥራን በተመለከተ 25%

እስከ 2001 ዓ/ም በጀት ድረስ በህጋዊ ኦዲተር ስለማሥመርመሩ ማስረጃ የሚያቀርብ 25%
ከ2001 ዓ/ም በፊት አስመርምሮ ማስረጃ ካቀረበ 10%
ምንም አይነት የኦዲት ሪፖርት ያላቀረበ 0%

5. የሰነድ ዝግጅትና ጥራትን በተመለከተ 5%

የተዘጋጀው የቴክኒካል ሰነድ በሥርዓት የተጠረዘ፣ማዉጫ ያለው፣ ቅደም ተከተሉን የተከተለና ጥራት
ያለው ከሆነ 5%

ጠቅላላ የቴክኒካል መመዘኛ መስፈርት ድምር = 100%

ማሳሰቢያ
የንግድ ፈቃዳቸው በውሃ እና ኢነርጅ ሚኒስቴር/ቢሮ/ ምዘገባቸው ከ -------ዓ.ም ለሚጀምር ተቋራጭ
ድርጀቶች በተራ ቁጥር 4 የተቀመጠው መመዘኛ ሳይመለከታቸው ሙሉ ነጥብ እንዲያገኙ ይደረጋል፡

86
 Annex 8.8. Reinforcement bar schedule

Dr. No Location Type Shape Ø (mm) Length No. of No. of Total

(m) bars per member no. of
member bars Total length
(m)

Ø Ø Ø 10 Ø Ø Ø Ø 20 Ø
6 8 12 14 16 24

Total length(m)

Weight per m (kg/m) 0.222 0.395 0.617 0.888 1.209 1.579 2.467 3.552

Total weight(kg)

87
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