Unit 2 Chapter 4determinant Cramers Rule

Unit 2
Chapter 4
Determinant
The determinant of the 2 2 matrix is the number . In symbol,
writing the entries of the matrix between two vertical lines such as represent the
determinant.
If there is a matrix A, the determinant of that matrix is denoted by .

Note that a determinant has same number of rows and columns. A determinant that has two
rows and two columns is called a 2nd order determinant. In the similar manner a determinant
that has three rows and three columns is called a 3rd order determinant. A 2nd order
determinant has four elements (or entries). Every element has a minor. The minors of the
elements in the first row are shown in the figure below:
i.e. the minor of the element
the minor of the element
Similarly, the minor of the element
the minor of the element
So, we can see that the minor of the element is the number which is not situated in the ith
row and jth column.
Example 1
Write the minors of every element of the 2nd order determinant

Solution:
The minor of 3 = -5
The minor of -1 = 4
1
The minor of 4 = -1
The minor of -5 = 3
Calculation of the value of a Determinant
The value of a 2nd order determinant is calculated by taking elements of any row or any
column of the determinant. Multiplying the elements of a row (or column) by its co factor
and taking the sum of these products we get the value of the determinant.
Cofactor: Like minors, every element has a cofactor. For 2nd order determinant
The cofactor of the minor of
The cofactor of the minor of
Similarly, the cofactor of
the cofactor of
The value of the determinant , taking the first row
its cofactor) + its cofactor)
(You can take the other row or column and see that the value of the determinant is the same).
Example 2
Calculate the value of the determinant .

Solution:
its cofactor) + its cofactor)
2
We should note that the sign of the cofactors of a 2nd order determinant can be shown as
is 3rd order determinant. What is the minor of element ?

According to the rule, the minor is the number which is not in the 1st row and the 1st column.
But here eliminating 1st row and 1st column we have a 2nd order determinant
which is the minor of . Similarly, minor of is another 2nd order determinant

.
The sign of the cofactors of a 3rd order determinant is shown as .

Example 3
Evaluate the value of the 3rd order determinant .

Solution:
=2 +5 +1 = 2(0 + 14) – 5 (-1 - 14) + (-2 - 0)

= 28 + 75 – 2 = 101
Cramer’s Rule for Systems in Two Variables
Now we will see how we can make use of the determinants to solve a system of two linear
equations in two unknowns.
Suppose that where and are real

numbers. To eliminate y, we multiply equation (1) by b2 and equation (2) by –b1:
3
The numerator and the denominator of the right hand side of the above equation can be
expressed as determinants such as:
, provided .
We can notice that is the determinant of the coefficient matrix of the system. In a
similar manner removing x we can determine , provided , i.e.
. We should notice that there are three determinants involved to solve for x and y. Let
us name them as,
Where and and . We can form the determinant Dx by replacing the

1st column of D (representing the coefficients of x) by the column of matrix b, i.e.
, ,
Similarly,
These formulae for solving a system of linear equations with two unknowns are known as
Cramer’s rule.
4
Example 4
Applying Cramer’s rule, solve the system:
Solution:
We can rewrite the system as
The matrix form is
Here, D = =9–2=7
Dx = = 27 + 6 = 33 (replacing the 1st column)
Dy = = 9 + 9 = 18 (replacing the 2nd column)
Now, and
We can check that and satisfy the original system. Therefore, the solution
set is .
Now how can we solve an inconsistent and dependent system by the Cramer’s rule? Let us
see one example.
Example 5
Use Cramer’s rule to solve

Solution:
D= , Dx = and Dy =
5
D = 4 – 4 = 0, so it is not possible to apply Cramer’s rule to solve this system.
Example 6
Use Cramer’s rule to solve

Solution:
D= = -24 + 24 = 0, Cramer’s rule is not applicable.

A system of two linear equations in two variables has a unique solution if and only if the
determinant of the coefficient matrix is non zero. Similarly, a system of n linear equations
with n unknowns has a unique solution if the coefficient matrix of this system has non – zero
determinant.
In the previous section we have seen how we can make use of the inverse of the coefficient
matrix to solve a system of linear equations with n unknowns.
Theorem: Invertible Matrices
A matrix is invertible if and only if it has a non – zero determinant.
Example 7
Is the matrix invertible?
Solution: Let A = , = 10 + 12 = 22 0, so A is invertible.

Example 8
Is the matrix invertible?
Solution: Let B = , = 30 - 30 = 0 = 0, so B is not invertible.

Cramer’s rule for System of 3 Equations and 3 variables
In Cramer’s rule the solution to the system
6
Is given by , and , where
and
for D 0. Here Dx, Dy and Dz are obtained by replacing the first, second and third column of
D by the constants d1, d2 and d3 respectively.
Example 9
Solve the system

Solution:
=1 -1 +1 =4
= -20
=-8
and = 28
Therefore, and . So, the solution

set is .
Exercises
7
1. Find the minors of the entries and for the following if
possible.
a)
e)
b)
f)
c)
d)
2. Write the cofactors of the entries mentioned in the above question and the above
determinants.
3. Find the determinant of each matrix: (about the row or column of your choice)
a)
f)
b)
g)
c)
d)
e)
4. Solve each system using Cramer’s rule when possible.
8
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)

Unit 2 Chapter 4determinant Cramers Rule

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What is a determinant?

What is a determinant?

How is the value of a 2nd order determinant calculated?

How is the value of a 2nd order determinant calculated?

Unit 2

The determinant of the 2 2 matrix is the number . In symbol,

If there is a matrix A, the determinant of that matrix is denoted by .

i.e. the minor of the element

the minor of the element

Similarly, the minor of the element

the minor of the element

Write the minors of every element of the 2nd order determinant

The cofactor of the minor of

The cofactor of the minor of

Similarly, the cofactor of

The value of the determinant , taking the first row

its cofactor) + its cofactor)

Calculate the value of the determinant .

its cofactor) + its cofactor)

is 3rd order determinant. What is the minor of element ?

which is the minor of . Similarly, minor of is another 2nd order determinant

The sign of the cofactors of a 3rd order determinant is shown as .

Evaluate the value of the 3rd order determinant .

=2 +5 +1 = 2(0 + 14) – 5 (-1 - 14) + (-2 - 0)

Suppose that where and are real

similar manner removing x we can determine , provided , i.e.

Where and and . We can form the determinant Dx by replacing the

We can rewrite the system as

The matrix form is

Dx = = 27 + 6 = 33 (replacing the 1st column)

Dy = = 9 + 9 = 18 (replacing the 2nd column)

Use Cramer’s rule to solve

Use Cramer’s rule to solve

D= = -24 + 24 = 0, Cramer’s rule is not applicable.

Is the matrix invertible?

Solution: Let A = , = 10 + 12 = 22 0, so A is invertible.

Is the matrix invertible?

Solution: Let B = , = 30 - 30 = 0 = 0, so B is not invertible.

Solve the system

Therefore, and . So, the solution

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