ClassNotes-Mathematics SSS3 First Term-881635007117

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Mathematics SSS3 First Term
Mathematics S.S.S 3 First Term
WEEK 1
MATRICES I
Performance Objectives
Student should be able to:
1. Define matrix, identify matrix notation, identify different types of

matrices.
2. Perform the operation of addition and subtraction of matrices.
3. Perform the scalar multiplication of 2 2 and 3 3 matrices.
Content
Matrix is a set of numbers arranged in rows and columns to form a rectangular

array and enclosed within large brackets. These set of numbers enclosed
within large brackets are called element or entries of the matrix.
The following are examples of matrices (plural of matrix)
etc.
The matrix
Has 2 rows and 3 columns, and it is said to have an order of (2 × 3) read as “2
by 3”. Also, have orders (2 2), (3 1) and (1 3)

respectively.
In general, a matrix with m rows and n columns is said to have an order of

m×n read as “m by n ” matrix, hence in describing a matrix the
number of rows is stated first before the number of columns.
A matrix is usually denoted by capital letter and the elements or entries are
denoted by small letters. Each element has double suffixes which indicate the
exact position of each element in the matrix e.g.
If then and
Types of Matrix
1. Row matrix: this is a matrix with only one row of elements e. g (1 4 6)

which has an order 1 x 3.
2. Column matrix: This is a matrix with only one column of elements e.g.
which has an order 2 1.
3. Zero or null matrix: Any matrix whose elements are all zero is called a
zero or null matrix e.g. .
4. A square matrix: This is a matrix with equal number of rows and
columns e.g. , . The elements 1

and 7 in A and 1, 3 and 2 in B are said to be along the leading/main
diagonal of the matrices. Square matrices have leading diagonals.
5. A diagonal matrix: This is a square matrix whose elements are all zeros
except those along the leading diagonal e.g.
6. Unit or identity matrix: This is a diagonal matrix whose elements in the
leading diagonal are all unity (one) e.g. ,
7. Equal matrices: Two matrices are equal if they are of the same order
and if they contain the same number of elements e.g. if
and
Then implies that abcd=432-1 ∴ a=4, b=3, c=2
and d=-1
Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
The sum or difference of two matrices a and b of the same order is a third
matrix whose elements are obtained by adding or subtracting the
corresponding elements.
Generally, if
Then
Example 1: Let and . Find

1. ii. iii.
Solution:
1.
2.
3.
Scalar Multiplication of Matrices
The product of a matric A and a scalar number say H is called the scalar
product of the matrix A and the scalar H and is defined by the matrix HA
i.e.
If then . Take for example the if given
that then
Example 2: Let and , find

1. ii.
Solution:
1.
2.
Note that ii. Can also be solved as follows

Mathematics SSS 3 First Term
WEEK 2
MATRICES II
1. Perform matrix multiplication of 2 2 and 3 3 matrices.
2. Find the transpose of a matrix.
3. Calculate the determinant of matrices.
4. Solution to simultaneous equation using determinant method.
5. Inverse of 2 2 matrix.
Content
Let and
The product of the matrices and wriiten as or is a matrix
such that
Therefore, two matrices and can be multiplied together only when the
number of columns of the first matrix is equal to the number of rows of the
second matrix . Now suppose is a matrix of order and is a matrix of
order , the product of and , written can be obtained since the
number of columns of i.e. 2 is equal to the number of rows B i.e. 2 and this
product is a matrix of order .
Example 1: Let A= 230-245 and B=132-106 .

Find
1. AB ii. BA
Solution:
1. AB is defined since the number of colums of A is equal to the

number of row of B and AB is a 3 × 3 matrix therefore
2. Since is a (2 3) matrix and is a (3 2) then is defined and is a

(2 2) matrix. Therefore
Note that for two matrices and
Example 2: Given that and
. Compute the following:
1. ii. iii.
Solution:
1. Since is a (2 2) and is (2 3) then is defined and it is a (2 3)

matrix. therefore
2. Since is a (2 3) and is (2 2), the number of columns of (i.e. 3)
is not equal to the number of rows of (i.e. 2, hence ( ) is not defined
and thus cannot be computed.
3. , solve the bracket first
is defined since is a (2 2) matrix and is of order
Using and as stated in example 2(iii) above show that
Transpose of a Matrix
The transpose of a matrix A written as AT is a matrix gotten by

interchanging the row and columns of A i.e. the first row become the
first column while the second row become the second column etc.
Example 3: if and Find
1. ii. iii. iv.
Solution
1.
2.
3. is defined since is (2 3) and is (3 2)
4. From i. and ii. is defined since is of order (2 3) and

is of order (3 2)
Ask students to say what they notice about the result in iii. And iv.
Determinant of (2 × 2) and (3 × 3)Matrices

Determinant of (2 × 2)
Let be a 2 by 2 matrix
then the determinant of denoted by or det is given by
Determinant of (3 × 3)
Let be a 3 by 3 matrix, then
Where
5. are called minors and they are

obtained by deleting respective leading row and column
6. The sign attached to b11, b12, b13 on and on is the
cofactor signs given by the chess board format

or where is row and
7.
and so on
Example 4: If and Find

1. det ii. det iii.
Solution
1. ∴det
2. ∴det
3. From i. and ii. above
Example 5: If , Find N
Solution
Example 6: Find the determinant of the following matrix in terms of x
Solution
Inverse of (2 × 2) Matrix
If then the inverse denoted as is given as exchanging

and and negating and
Example 7: Find the inverse of matrix
Where
Given that show that
Solution of Simultaneous Equation Using Determinant Method
(Crammer’s Rule)
Two Equation in Two Unknown
Given the equations

Where are all constants. To solve for and , we
put the coefficient in determinant form as follows:
Find the determinant , then
is obtained by replacing the column of by .
is obtained by replacing the column of by
then divide by to get and by to get . i.e.
Example 8: use the determinant method to solve the following

simultaneous equation
Solution
Putting the coefficients in determinant form, we have
Therefore x=2 and y=-1

Three Equation in Three Unknown
Given the equations
Where are all constants. To solve for x, y and

z , we put the coefficient in determinant form as follows:
is obtained by replacing by
Therefore
Example 9: Solve the following simultaneous equations using the

determinant method
Solution
Putting the coefficient in the determinant form we have
Therefore and

WEEK 3
ARITHMETIC of FINANCE
1. Calculate simple and compound interest.
2. Define and compute depreciation.
3. Define and compute annuity.
Content
Simple interest and Compound interest
Interest is paid on either money paid or borrowed. The principal is the

initial amount of money deposited or borrowed.
When an interest is calculated and added to the principal at the end of

an agreed time interval e.g. 3 months, 6 months, 1 year etc. Is called
simple interest ( or ). This is given by the formula
Where principal, rate and time
The amount at the end of the investment period is
When an interest is calculated and added to the principal at a regular

interval so that the principal grows as interest is added, is called
compound interest. Principal in the first year is not the same as in the
second year, it is calculated yearly.
Mathematically this is given by the formula
Where amount is given below

time
Examples1:
Find the simple interest on N 60000 for 4 years at 9% per annum. How
much would the principal amount to in the given time frame?
Solution
Interest = N 21 600
Amount = principal + interest = 60 000 + 21 600 = N 81 600
Example 2: How many years will it take for N 240,000 to amount to N

288,000 at 8% compound interest per annum.
Solution
Recall
Thus
Divide both sides by 240,000

Now, we take the log of both sides
Divide both sides by we would have
Hence is approximately 2 years.
Example 3: A woman borrowed N 500 000 from a lender and pays at

12% per annum. If she repaid 100 000 at the end of each year. What
amount does she owe at the end of 2 years?
Solution
First year N
Principal = 500 000
12% of principal = + 60 000
560 000
Amount repaid = – 100 000
460 000
Second year
Principal = 460 000
12% of principal = + 55 200
515 200
Amount repaid = – 100 000
415 200
12% of principal
= 12100×460 000
12% of principal
= 12100×500 000
Therefore, the total amount owed at the end of two years is N 415 200
ASSESSMENT
Find the compound interest on 600 for 3 years at 6% per annum
Answer = N 114 ∙ 61
Depreciation
The loss in value of items like cars electrical goods, machines, buildings
as time passes is called depreciation. Depreciation is usually given as a
percentage of the value of the item at the beginning of the year.
Example 4: The value of a car depreciates by 20% of its value at the

beginning of each year. If the car cost 1.2 million, find the values after 2
years.
20% of principal
= 20100×960 000
20% of principal
= 20100×1 200 000
Solution
First year N
Principal = 1 200 000
20% of principal = – 240 000
960 000
Second year
Principal = 960 000
20% of principal = – 192 000
768 000
Therefore, after 2 years the car will cost N 768 000
Example 5: The fixed asset of a company is depreciated by 15% each

year. What will be the book value at the end of 5 years of a car bought
for N 120 000.00?
Solution:
First year N
Principal = 120 000.00
15% of 120 000 = – 18 000.00
102 000.00
Second year
15% of 102 000 = – 15 3000.00
86 700.00
Third year
15% of 86 700 = – 13 005.00
73 695.00
Fourth year
15% of 73 695 = – 11 054.25
62 640.75
Fifth year
15% of 62 640.75 = – 9 396.11
53 244.64
Book value at the end of 5 years = N 53 244.64
Annuity
Anonymity can simply be defined as a series of even cash flow paid at

regular interest. Suppose a man decides to save a certain amount of
money say 300 at the end of every year in a bank, if the bank pays 13%
interest on every saving made, then each 300 saved will earn this
interest this year.
The amount of annuity can be calculated using the relation
Example 3: find the amount of an affinity of N 10 000 paid yearly for 3

years at 8% per annum.
Solution
Therefore, amount of annuity = N 32 464
Example 4: Find the amount of an annuity of N 4 000 payable yearly

for 10 years at 12% interest per annum.
Solution
To ease our calculation, we see that the bracket gives a geometric

progression (G.P) where 2 .
Recall the formula for the sum of a G. P
Then we have the bracket to be

Hence
Therefore, amount of annuity ≅ N 70 193
ASSESSMENT
Compute the terminal value of an annuity of N 320.00 at 10% per

annum for 5 years.
Answer = N 1 953.60
WEEK 4
ARITHMETIC OF FINANCE 2
1. To solve problems in the capital market by calculating interest on

bond, debenture and share.
2. Understand the concepts of income tax and value-added tax.
Content
Bonds, Debenture and Shares
Bond
A formal long term contract between a borrower or debtor or bond

issuer usually a corporation or the government and a lender or creditor
or bondholder is called a bond.
The bondholder gets interest known as coupon. The bondholder gets
interest known as coupon every year on the principal (phase value) at a
specified interest rate known as bond rate at specified date called the
maturity date. The bondholder receives the coupon on the specified
maturity on the bond certificate.
Example 1: What is the maturity value of a N 180 000, bond

paying interest for 6 years.
Solution:
Interest on coupon =
Maturity value = principal + coupon
= 180 000 + 102 600
= N 282 600
Example 2: Calculate the coupon on N 20,000, 212% bond sold

for 10 years.
Solution
Interest on coupon = P×R×T
Maturity value = principal + coupon
= 20 000 + 5 000
= N 25 000
Debenture
This is a long document issued by big companies or government to

generate funds. Debentures are unsecured investment because there is
no guarantee unlike bonds,
Example 3: Compute the maturity value of a N 100,000 debenture
which pays 5 ½% interest rate over 8 years.
Solution
Interest =
Maturity value = 100,000 + 44,000 = N 144,000
Shares
Shares are sold by companies to generate funds for investment. Shares

are sold to the public, individuals, corporate bodies or government.
Another name for shares is stocks. The buyers of shares are called
shareholders. Share is sold in money form he N 10, N 1, 50k, etc. Per-
share.
This value of monies is called nominal values or phase values. The

selling price of a share is called market price or quoted price. If the
market price is
 The same as the nominal value it is said to be at par.
 Above the nominal value, it is at a premium value.
 Below the nominal value, it is at a discount value.
The shareholder Collet the profit of his gain made at the end of each
year. That profit paid to the shareholder is called dividend. The
dividend is calculated as a percentage of the value of the shares or as a
fixed amount per share held by each shareholder.
Shareholders are privileged to sell their shares any time to make a profit
or buy additional shares to the existing shares. We have two types of
shares
1. Ordinary shares.
2. Preferred shares.
Example 5: A man invested N 120 000 in N 1 ordinary shares of a

company. He bought the shares at N 1.50 each.
1. How many shares did he buy?
2. If a dividend of 8 Kobe per share is declared, how much dividend

does he receive?
Solution
1. Number of shares brought is given as
2. Dividend on 80 000 shares = 80 000 ×8 kobo = N 6 400
Example 6: A man bought 480 N1.00 shares at 125k. The dividend

declared was 8%. Calculate
1. How much he would receive.
2. What rate is this on the investment?
Solution
1. Dividend =
2. Sum invested = N 480 × 1.25 = N 600.00
Therefore, rate R is given as
ASSESSMENT
Find the cost of 520 shares at N 1.25 each.

Answer N 650.00
Income Tax: Citizens of every country pay to the government part of

their money from their earning (salaries, wages, rents etc.) Usage of
some public utilities (roads, schools, hospitals etc.) and purchase of
certain goods. These payments are called tax. There are two types of
taxes: direct / income tax and indirect tax.
Parts of a person’s annual income which includes personal dependent

allowance is called tax free income. The remainder of the annual
income after removing the allowance is called taxable income. The tax
paid by the payer on the taxable income is called income tax. Tax is
usually calculated using the agreed rate of each country i.e. tax rate.
Tax rate is the percentage of the taxable income.
Value Added Tax (VAT): This is a form of tax in which a sum of

money is carried or charged for the sake of products or rendering of
services. The tax is usually collected from the consumers by selling or
service agents who then remits it to government: local, state and
federal.
WEEK 5
APPLICATION OF LINEAR AND QUADRATIC EQUATION
1. Solve simultaneous linear and quadratic equations.
2. Solve word problem on simultaneous linear equations.
3. Solve word problem on simultaneous equations one linear one

quadratic.
Content
Simultaneous Linear Equations

At this stage, we already have an idea or two on the steps taken to
solve problems involving simultaneous linear equations hence, we go
straight to examples to refresh our memory on the steps involved. Now
simultaneous equations can be solved using either the substitution
method or the elimination method.
Example 1: Solve the simultaneous equation

using
1. Substitution method b. Elimination method
Solution:
1. Substitution method
Make y the subject in equation (1)
Now substitute equation (3) into equation (2) and simplify to get x
Now substitute into any of equation (1), (2), or (3). So I would be

using equation (3) since is already the subject of the equation.
Therefore, the solution is x=3, y=2

2. Elimination method
Since the coefficient of in both equation is the same, we add equation

(1) and (2) to eliminate or remove
Now substitute x=3 into either equation (1) or (2). Let us use
equation (1) hence,
6
Solution:
To make things easy here we would be using the elimination method
At this point we simplify the equations above by clearing the fractions

out. This is done by multiplying each of the equation with the LCM of
the various fractions involved
Now to eliminate x we make sure the coefficient of x in both equation

(3) and (4) are the same hence:
Now we subtract equation (6) from equation (5) and simplify to get y
To get x we substitute y=4 into either of equation (1) to (6). Let’s

use equation (4)
The solution is
ASSESSMENT
Student solve example 2 above using substitution method
Quadratic Equation
A quadratic equation is one in which two is the highest power of the

unknown in the equation e.g. etc. This equation
takes the general form
where c is the constant term. This equation can be solved using either
the factorization method or completing the square method or
formula method or graphical method
Example 3: solve by factorization method the equation
Solution: To factorization a quadratic equation means to express it as a

product of its factors.
Step 1: Find the product of the first and last terms.
Step 2: Find two terms / numbers such that their product is and
their sum is the middle term . These terms arex
Step 3: Replace the middle term +5x by y and then group the
terms and simplify
Example 4: Solve the equation by
1. Formula method b. completing the square method
Solution
The general form of a quadratic equation takes the general form
Therefore, we arrange the given equation to be in the same pattern as

the general form hence,
1. Formula method
Where . Recall formula is given as
2. Completing the square
Step 1: Rearrange the given equation so that the constant term is on

the right hand side of the equation i.e.
Divide through by the coefficient of (2) to make unity
Now add half the square of the middle term to both sides of the
equation i.e.
At this point simplify and solve for x
5 the same as in a.
ASSESSMENT
Solve using either formula method or completing the square method the
equation (WAEC)
Answer:
Simultaneous Linear and Quadratic Equations
Example 5: Solve the equations
From equation (1) and (2), we see that y is already the subject of both
equations hence we equate both equations and simplify
By factorizing we get
or
or
or
Hence, substituting the value of x into equation (1) or (2) we have that
or
Solution
From equation (i) make x the subject of the equation
Now substitute (iii) into (ii), simplify and solve for the unknown variable
Divide through by 10 to reduce the value of the coefficients
Now that we have , we substitutes its value into equation (iii) to get .
Hence,
When
ASSESSMENT
Solve the following pair of equation
Answer (4, 1), (– 8, – 3)
Word Problems
Example 7: The perimeter of a rectangle is 24cm and its area is 32cm 2.

Find the dimension of the rectangle.
Solution
Let the length of the rectangle be cm, and its width be cm

The perimeter of the rectangle = .
Perimeter = 24 cm. hence,
Area of rectangle = cm2
From the question, area of rectangle = 32cm2. Hence,
From equation (1), make x the subject to get equation (3) and
substitute into equation (2)
On rearranging we get a quadratic equation thus solving the equation

we get that
Substituting the value of y into equation (3), we have that
or
Pairing the terms terms together we have (4, 8), (8, 4)
Now, looking at the ordered pair above we can conclude that the answer
cannot be (4, 8) because the length x of the rectangle is shorter than
the width y hence our answer is the pair (8, 4) i.e. length x=8 and
width
Check: perimeter = , Area =

Example 8: Find two numbers whose difference is 4 and whose
product is 192.
Solution
Let the smaller number be x . Then the larger number is . Their

product is. Therefore,
The other number is 4 more, i.e. 12 + 4 =16 or – 16 + 4 = – 12.
The two numbers are 12 and 16 or – 16 and – 12.
Check: 12 ×16 = 192 and – 16 ×– 12 = 192.

Example 9: The product of two consecutive positive odd number is
195. By constructing a quadratic equation and solving it, find the two
numbers. (WAEC)
Solution
Let the first number = x
For two numbers to be consecutive it means after the first one comes
the second one immediately. Also, when 2 is added to an odd number it
gives us the next immediate odd number e.g. 1 + 2 = 3, 3 + 2 = 5, 5 +
2 = 7, and so on.
Therefore, let the second number =
The product of these two number equal 195 which implies that
Solving the above equation by completing the square method, we have

that
or
or
But x cannot be negative since it is a positive odd number hence the

two odd numbers are or
Check
WEEK 6
TRIGONOMETRY (GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS)
Construct table of values for , plot the graphs of the table of

values and interpreting and reading out given values.
Content
Sine and Cosine Graphs
The diagram above shows how the sine and cosine graphs looks like but before
we proceed to solving / plotting our graphs, it is important we note a few key
points
1. All values of sinθ and cosθ lie between +1 and – 1.
2. The sine and cosine curves have the same wave shape but they start
from different points.
3. Each curve is symmetrical about its highest point / maximum point /

peak and lowest point / minimum point / trough. Therefore for any
value of sinθ there are usually two corresponding values of θ
between 0o and 360o . Likewise for cosθ . The only
exceptions to this are at the quarter points, where sinθ and cosθ
have the values shown below.
0o 90o 180o 270o 360o
sinθ 0 1 0 -1 0
cosθ 1 0 -1 0 1
The graphs of sinθ , cosθ and even tanθ can be drawn as

follows:
5. Prepare the table of values of the trigonometric ratios for values of θ

from 00 to 360o at equal intervals.
6. Using an appropriate scale to plot and draw the curve.
Example 1: Draw the graph of the function y=sin3θ for the values of
θ from 0o to 360o
Solution
Step 1: prepare the table of values using any suitable interval for θ . Here we
would be using an interval of 20o for θ and y=sin3θ at 2
decimal place.
θ
3θ
y=sin3θ -0∙5
Step 2: using the scale 2 cm to on the axis and 2 cm to 1 unit on the

y-axis, we draw the graph of .
Example 2: Draw the graph of from to . Use your graph
to solve the equation in the given range.
Solution
Let
Using the step as outlined in example 1 above and with an intervals of up to

, we prepare the table and also the graph
The graph of is shown below

Now we wish to solve the equation
using our graph, the solution to equation (*) simply can be found on the points
P, Q, where the line AB along which meets the
curve . Therefore, the solution of the equation 0∙8cos6x=-
0∙26 are and
Example 3:
1. copy and complete the table below given values of ,

correct to one decimal place.
x 0o 30o 60o 90o 120o 150o 180o
2x 0o 180o 360o
cos 2x 1 -1 1
1+cos 2 0 2
2x
x 210o 240o 270o 300o 330o 360o
2x 480o 720o
cos 2x -0∙5 1
1+cos 2x 0∙5 2
2. using a scale of 2cm to on the horizontal axis and 2 cm to 1 unit on

the vertical axis, draw the graph of for .
3. Use your graph to solve the following equations. Give your answers to
the nearest degree
1.
2.
Solution
1. The table of values is given below

x 0o 30o 60o 90o 120o 150o 180o
2x 0o 60o 120o 180o 240o 300o 360o
cos 2x 1 0∙5 -0∙5 -1 -0∙5 0∙5 1
1+cos 2 1∙5 0∙5 0 0∙5 1∙5 2

2x
x 210o 240o 270o 300o 330o 360o
2x 420o 480o 540o 600o 660o 720o
cos 2x 0∙5 -0∙5 -1 -0∙5 0∙5 1
1+cos 2x 1∙5 0∙5 0 0∙5 1∙5 2
2. The graph of drawn to a reduced scale

1. From the graph:
1. We wish to solve i.e. , therefore the

value we seek are the values of when y=0. That is and
2. We wish to solve i.e. ,

therefore the value we seek are the values of when . That is
.
ASSESSMENT
1.Determine the order of the matrix
1. 3× 2 b) 3 × 3 c) 2 × 4 d) 2 × 3
e) 2 × 2
2. Given the matrix , find

1. 1 b) 2 c) – 1 d)
0
e) 4
3. If Find
1. b) c) d)
e)
4. Find if
1. b) 3 c) d)
e)
5. If and evaluate
where I is a 3 3 identity matrix.
6. If and then the matrix PQ is
1. b) c) d)
e)
7. If then the matrix is
1. b) c) d)
e)
8. Given that obtain
1. b) c)
d) e)
9. Use determinant method to solve the simultaneous equation
x-y=1
2x+3y=12
1. x=2, y=3 b) x=3, y=2 c)

x=3, y=1
d) x=2, y=2 e) x=4, y=3
10. Use determinant method to solve the simultaneous equation

2x-5y+2z=7
x+2y-4z=3
3x-4y-6z=5
1. x=3, y=2, z=1 b) x=5, y=2, z=1
c) x=1, y=5, z=1 d) x=5, y=1, z=1
e) x=5, y=2, z=5
11. Calculate the amount on N 450 in 5 months at 2 ½% per annum.
1.
a. N 4.69 b) N 454.69 c) N 56.25 d) N506.25
e) N 454
12. Find the compound interest on N 400 for 3 years at 10% per annum
at the end of 3 years
1.
a. N 532.40 b) N 132.40 c) N 123.40 d) N 312.40
e) 100.40
13. Find the amount created by an annuity of N 60 000 payable yearly

for 4 years at 4% interest.
1.
a. N 254,788 b) N 62,500 c) N 800,000
d) N 245,785 e) N 788,254
14. Find the amount if simple interest is paid on N 150 000 at 12% per
annum for 3 years.
1.
a. N 54 000 b) N 96 000 c) N 204 000
d) N 204 540 e) N 200 000
15. What is the book value of a machinery bought for N 30 000 if it is

depreciated at 12 1/2% each year for 3 years?
1.
a. N 20 930 b) N 20 903 c) 20 039 d) 20

390
e) 20 093
16. How many shares can be bought for N 24 000 invested in Bugamu
breweries N 1 shares at N 3.20
1.
a. 7500 b) 24 000 c) 750 d) 75240
e) 75050
17. Calculate the cost of 5 000 Niger star 50k shares at N 5.02
1.
a. N 25,200 b) N 25,000 c) N 25,100
d) N 25,500 e) N 2,510
18. A man bought 1 000 N 2.00 shares at 275k the dividend declared
was 10%. What was the sum invested?
1.
a. N 100 b) N 2097 c) N 9720 d) N 2750
e) N 2570
19. Find the cost of the shares on d nominal value of D 1 quoted price of
D 1.55 that is 200 in number
1.
a. D 301 b) D 310 c) D 103 d) D 300
e) D 311
20. If the simple interest on a sum of money invested at 3% per annum

for 4 years is N 1200.00. find the principal.
1.
a. N 1000 b) N 10,000 c) N 12,000 d) N

100,000
e) N 12,500
21. Solve the simultaneous equation
1. b) c) d)
e)
22. Solve the quadratic equation given below
1. b) c)
d) e)
23. Solve the pair of equation
1. b)
c) d)
e)
24. Find the positive number n such that twice its square is equal to six
times the number.
1. 6 b) 18 c) 3 d) 54 e) All of the above

(WAEC)
25. Find the number n such that when 13 of it is added to 8, the

result is the same as when 12 of it is subtracted from 18.
1. 13 b) 15 c) 18 d) 21 e) 12
Use the table below to answer question 1, 2, 3 and 4
2θ
26. What is the value of when ?
1. –1 b) – 0∙ 37 c) 0∙ 37 d) 0
e) 1
27. The solution of the equation
1. b) c) d)
e)
28. Find the solution of the equation
1. b) c) d) e)
Draw the graph of the function for
using a scale of 2 cm to on the horizontal axis and 5 cm to 1 unit on
the vertical axis.
29.Find the value of , between and which satisfy the equation
1. b)
c) d)
e)
hint
NOTE: All the correct answer are in BOLD

WEEK 7
SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME OF SPHERE
1. Calculate the volume and surface are of a sphere
2. Calculate the volume and surface area of the hemisphere
Content
Surface Area and Volume of Solids

Before we talk about the sphere and the hemisphere it is important we
refresh our memory on the formulae for the surface area and volume of
some common solid
No Shape
1. Cube
2. Cuboid
3. Cone
4. Cylinder
5. Prism
6. Pyramid
The Sphere
A sphere is a solid or hollow object with a round shape. Examples of a

sphere are a tennis ball, football, orange etc.
A solid sphere with radius r can be represented below thus we have
 volume = 43πr3
 surface area / curved surface area = 4πr2
Example 1: Calculate the surface areas of the following spheres: (Take

π=227 )
1. radius is 7 cm b) radius is 2.8 cm
Solution
surface area =
1. surface area = cm2
2. surface area = 6 cm2
Example 2: Find the volume of a sphere of radius 3 m. give the answer

to 4 significant figures. (Take π=227 )
Solution
Volume of sphere
m3 to 4 s.f.
Example 4: A solid has a radius of 5 cm and is made of metal of

density 7.2g/cm3. Calculate the mass of the sphere in kg.
Solution
Radius = 5 cm, density = 7.2g/cm3 =0.0072kg/cm3
Volume of sphere
Mass of sphere = density × volume

kg to 3 s.f.
Hemisphere
If we cut an orange, through the middle, into two equal parts, what we
get is a hemisphere. It does not matter whether we cut it vertically,
horizontally or in a slant direction. The hemisphere has a curved surface
and a flat surface. If we look at the flat surface, we see a circle and it
has a centre. The distance from this centre to any point on the surface
of the sphere is the same. This distance is called the radius of the
sphere.
 Volume = 46πr3
 Curved surface area = 2πr2
 Total surface area = curved surface area + area of flat surface
Example 4: A solid hemispherical bowl has a radius of 11.2 metres.

What is the area of the curved surface area of the bowl? (Take π=227
)
Solution
Area of curved surface =2 . Therefore taking
Area of curved surface =
Example 5: Calculate the volume of a hemispherical bowl with radius

0.5 m to 3 significant figures. (Use π=227 ).
Solution
Volume
m3 to 3 s.f.
Example 6: John is to present a gift of a wooden bowl which is

hemispherical in shape. If the diameter is 12.6 cm, what is the size of
wrapping paper that can be used to wrap it? Take π=3.142
Solution
Diameter = 12.6 cm, radius = half of the diameter =3
Total surface area = curved surface + area of flat surface
Area of wrapping paper needed = 374.12 cm2
ASSESSMENT
1. If the volume of a sphere is 180 cm3, what is its radius to 1

decimal place?
2. Calculate the total surface area of a solid hemisphere of radius 6.8

cm.
Answer
1. Radius = 3.5 cm to 1 d.p.
2. Total surface area = 436 cm2 to 3 s.f.
Example 7: The figure below shows a wooden structure in the form of

a cone, mounted on a hemispherical base. The vertical height of the
cone is 24cm and the base radius is 7cm. calculate, correct to 3
significant figures, the surface area of the structure. (Take π=227
) (WAEC)
Solution
Let the slant height of the cone be l .
cm
Recall that curved surface area of cone cm2
Curved surface area of hemisphere = cm2
Therefore, surface is of structure =
curved surface area of cone + curved surface area of

hemisphere cm2
Example 8:
1. Find the volume of a right solid cone of base radius 4 cm and

perpendicular height 6 cm. (Take π=3.142 )
2. A hemispherical tank of diameter 10 m is filled by water issuing
from a pipe of radius 20 cm at 2 m per second. Calculate, correct
to 3 significant figures, the time, in minutes, it takes to fill the
tank. (WAEC)
Solution
1. Volume of cone
cm3 to 3 s.f.
2. Volume of hemisphere
m3
Volume of water per sec
m3
Time taken to fill hemisphere
min to 3 s.f.

WEEK 8
THE EARTH AS A SPHERE
1. Describe the earth as a sphere and identify the lines of longitude,

latitude, equator, north pole and south pole, small circle and great
circle.
2. Calculate the distance along the great circle.
3. Calculate radius of parallel of latitudes.
4. Calculate distance along the parallel of latitudes
Content
Various photographs of the earth taken from space has revealed that
the earth is spherical in shape and has a radius varying between 6300
km and 6400 km. The figure below shows a model of the earth which
consists of the following: The North and South poles, The polar axis NS
(the imaginary straight line through the centre of the earth from the
north to south ploe), The centre of the earth, The radius .
of the earth, R and The equator (the horizontial plane through the
centre and the perpendicular to the polar axis)
The circles drawn on the surface of the earth are imaginary line used to
represent the position of points on the earth surface. These circles are
called lines of latitude and lines of longitude
Concept of Latitude
A latitude is an angular displacement along the surface of the earth. The

displacement could be to the North or South. The circle on the surface
of the earth measured to the north or south are called lines of latitude.
The NS {North - South} pole is called the polar axis while the WE {West
- East} poles is called perpendicular to the polar axis. The meeting point
of NS and WE poles is the centre of the earth.
Other circles {lines of latitude} are called small circles or parallels of
latitudes except that circle that has the same centre with the centre of
the earth called the great circle or the equator. The range of latitude
is or of the equator. The latitude of the equator is
Concept of Longitude
Longitude are imaginary lines running from North to South on the

surface of the earth. They are angular displacements about the polar
axis of the earth. Longitude are called Great Circles because each of
them divides the earth into two equal halves. Longitudes are measured
along 180oE and 180oW of the Greenwich meridian. The
Greenwich meridian or sometimes called the Prime meridian is a
spherical longitude; it is longitude 0o . all other longitudes takes their
bearing from the Greenwich meridian. The Greenwich meridian is the
longitude that passes through a town called Greenwich in Britain and the
town Tema in Ghana.
Location of Latitude and Longitude
Any place on the earth’s surface can be specifically located by usually

writing an ordered pair of latitude (Lat) first and longitude (Long)
second for example or simply P(αoN, βoW
).
Example 1: sketch the positions of the following places on the earth’s

surface, ,
Solution
Angular Difference
The angle subtended at the centre of the great or small circle by the
minor arc formed by joining two places on the great or small circle
respectively is known as the angular difference between the two places.
These angular difference involves places usually along the same latitude
or longitude hence the following
1. Angular Difference on the same Longitude
Example 2: Find the angular difference between the following pairs of

places on the earth’s surface.
1. and
2. and
Solution
1. The positions of E and F on the surface of the earth and the X-

section through the same long . The angular difference
between the points are shown below.
Angular difference is
2. Figure below shows the position of and on the earth’s surface

and the cross section through .
Angular difference
Note:
5. Generally, if two latitude lie on the same side of a longitude, the

angle between then is the difference in their angles latitude.
5. If two latitude lie on opposite side of a longitude, the angle

between them is the sum of their angles of latitude.
2. Angular Difference on the same Latitude

Example 3: Find the angular difference between the following pairs of
places on the surface of the earth.
1. and
2. and
Solution
1. The figure below shows the position of and on the earth’s

surface and its cross-section through the latitude (Lat)
.
Angular difference
The angular difference between and
2. The figure below shows the position of and on the earth’s

surface and its cross-section through the latitude (Lat)
.
Angular difference
The angular difference between and

Note:
5. Generally, if two longitude lie on the same side of a latitude, the

angle between then is the difference in their angles longitude.
5. If two longitude lie on opposite side of a latitude, the angle

between them is the sum of their angles of longitude.
Distance Along Great Circles (Shortest Distance)
The great circles as we already know are lines of longitude and the
equator, so the distance along great circles are distance along the
longitudes and the equator. Hence, the distance D between two points
along a great circle on the earth’s surface is given as
D=θ360×2πR
Where R= radius of the earth and θ angular difference between

the two points.
Example 4: Find the distance between the following pairs of point on

the earth’s surface. Take radius of the earth R=6,400 km.
1. A(30oN, 40oW) and B(30oS, 40oW)

2. C(40oN, 15oE) and D(10oN, 15oE)
3. E(0oS, 20oW) and B(0oS, 50oE)
Solution
1.
Point A and B lie along longitude (Long) 40oW with both

latitudes on opposite sides hence
Angular difference = 30o+30o=60o
The distance between and B is given as
km
2.
Point and lie along longitude (Long) with O as the centre of
the earth and both latitudes on the same side hence
Angular difference
The distance between and is given as
km
3.
Point E and F lie along latitude (Lat) 0oS with O as the centre of
the earth and both longitude on opposite sides hence
Angular difference = 20o+50o=70o
But since Lat 0oS is a great circle i.e. the equator hence
The distance D between E and F is given as
km
Radius of a Parallel of Latitude
As we move away from the equator towards the poles, the radii of
parallel of latitudes decreases therefore, the radius of the equator is the
largest and the radii at the North and South poles zero. To determine
the radius along the parallel of latitudes we use the relation
Where r = radius of the latitude, R = the radius of the earth

Lat= latitude in degrees. This is the relationship between r, R and Lat it
is true for all parallel of latitudes.
Example 5: Find the radius of the parallel of latitude 41oN, taking the
earth’s radius as 6370 km
Solution
km
Example 6: Using the value 6400 km for R, A point A(Lat 28oN, Long
33oE) and point B(Lat 28oN, Long 27oW) are two points on the surface
of the earth. Calculate the radius of the circle of Lat 28oN
WAEC
Solution
A(Lat 28oN, Long 33oE) and B(Lat 28oN, Long 27oW)

Since we are only interested in computing the radius along the lines of
latitude Lat=28
Therefore
r=6400×cos(28)=5650 km
ASSESSMENT
1. the latitude and longitude of a point P are 50oN, 32oW and of

another point Q are 50oN, 48oE.calculate, to the nearest 100 km,
the radius of the circle of latitude through and WAEC
2. Two towns A and B on the surface of the earth are given by their
lat. And long. As A(50oS, 15oE) and B(50oS, 75oE). calculate the
radius of the parallel of latitude on which A and B lie.
Answers
1. r = 4 100 km
2. r = 4 114 km
Distance Along Parallels of Latitude (Small Circles)
The distance between two points say and along the parallel of Lat
with r as the radius and R as the radius of the earth is given by
But since therefore,

In a special case where the latitude is the equator, automatically
becomes i.e.
Example 7: Find the distance along the parallel of latitude between the
following pairs of the point on the earth’s surface. Take km
and .
1. and
2. and
Solution
1. and E)
The point P and Q are on the same latitudes i.e.
Since both longitude are on the same side of latitude, we have that
Angular difference
Therefore, distance d is given as
t
km
2. and
Since both longitudes are on different sides of latitude, we have that
Angular difference
Therefore, distance is given as
Example 8: Two places and on the same longitude are 4,800 km

apart. If is due north of and on latitude , find the latitude of .
take , km
Solution
The distance d between and = 4,800 km.
Let be the angular difference between and
Using the formula

Therefore by substituting, we have
Since is north of and both are on the same longitude, the angular
difference between is given as
Therefore latitude of
WEEK 9
CO-ORDINATE GEOMETERY 1
1. Identify Cartesian rectangular coordinate (x, y).
2. Draw and interpret linear graph (Straight line graph).
3. Calculate the distance between two pints.
4. Calculate the midpoint of a line joining two points.
Content
Cartesian Rectangular Coordinate
Where trying to draw a graph, it is important to have two fixed

reference line called coordinate axis. One is horizontal and the other is
vertical, and they intersect one another at right angles. The horizontal
line is generally known as the coordinate or the x axis, while the
vertical line is called the y axis and the point where they intersect is
called the origin.
With reference to these fixed point axes we are able to locate any point
P in a plane sheet of paper by means of its perpendicular distances from
the x and y axes. So a point P with perpendicular distance b and a from
x and y axes respectively is generally expressed as ordered pair of
numbers (a, b) called the Cartesian rectangular coordinate or simply the
coordinates of P. They are said to be ordered because they are written
down in a fixed order with the x number always coming first .
The perpendicular distance from the y axis (b) is called the ordinate
while the perpendicular distance from the x axis (a) is called the abscissa
which is always written first eg H(3, 6), K(2, 7) etc.
Example 1: On a diagram plot the following points
Solution
, .
Drawing of Straight Line Graphs
A graph generally consists of a set of points whose coordinates satisfy

the equation of the graph. So to plot a line or linear graph, we need to
have a linear equation usually called a linear function. The general form
of a linear functions or equation is given as
Where and are constants and has power 1. I trust case we say is
a linear function of . For example, the equation is a linear
funtion of with and .
In order to draw the graph of a linear function like the one above, the
following steps are usually taken
1. Construct the table of values for x and y for the given equation.
2. Find a suitable scale for x and y axes. This depend on the space
available for the graph.
3. Draw the x and y axes on graph paper with the chosen scale.
4. Plot the points from the table of values on the graph paper and
join the points using a ruler.
Example 2: Construct a table of values for the equation

by considering . Hence plot the graph
Solution
Step 1: The table of values is constructed by calculating the value of

y which correspond to each value of x as shown below
x -2 -1 0 1 2
3x -6 -3 0 3 6
2 2 2 2 2 2
y -4 -1 2 5 8
Note: this table if values can be expressed as ordered pair of coordinate

points as follows .
Step 2: the table values show that x ranges from - 2 to 2 and y ranges
from - 4 to 8. This allows us to choose a suitable scale of 2cm to 1 unit
along x axis and 1cm to 1 unit along the y axis.
Now we perform steps 3 and 4 by plotting the points and joining them
up as shown in the graph below.
Example 3: plot a graph to illustrate the relationship between time and

distance for a particular car journey using the table below hence, find
1. How far did the car go in 35 min?
2. How long did it take the car to travel 25 km?
Time t (min) 10 20 30 40 50
Distance d 6 12 18 24 30
(km)
Solution
1. With a suitable scale, the graph of the relationship between time
and distance is shown below
2. From the graph t = 35 mins along the horizontal axis corresponds

to d = 21 km. so the car travelled about 21 km in 35 mins.
3. Similarly d = 25 km along the vertical axis corresponds to t = 42

mins. So it took about 42 mins to travel 25 km
Distance Between Two Coordinate Points

Let P(x1, y2) and Q(x2, y2) be any two points. The distance between
P and Q is found by completing the right-angled triangle PQR with right
angle at R. By Pythagoras theorem
Example 4: Find the distance between the following pairs of points
1. (3, 2) and (6, 4) ii. (1, –2) and (5, –5)
iii. (–2, –3) and ( , –3)
Solution
Distance d between two points and is defined by

1. and
2. and
3. and
Mid-point of a Line Segment

and have coordinate and respectively. Let R with
coordinate (x, y) be the mid-point of PQ. As triangles PRK and PQL are
similar.
As and PK=KL
Similarly,
Hence, the coordinate of the mid-point of the line joining is
Example 5: Find the mid-points of the line joining the following points:
1. and ii. and
iii. and )
Solution
The mid-point between two points and is defined by
1. and
Let the mid-point of A and B be
2. and
Let the mid-point of and be
=(-2, 1)
3. and
Let the mid-point of and be

WEEK 10
CO-ORDINATE GEOMETERY 2
1. Calculate the gradient of a straight line and y intercept.
2. Determine the equation of a straight line and the angle between

two intersecting lines.
3. Know the conditions for parallel line and perpendicular and how to
apply them.
Content
Gradient and Intercepts
In mathematics, the term gradient or slope is often used to describe

how steeply a straight line lies. Given two points and
to form a line , we define the gradient of the line as the ratio
going from one point to another along line .

Let be the gradient of line , then
m=increase in yincrease in 1
By trigonometrical ratio,
Thus the gradient of a line can also be the tangent of the angle which
the line makes with the x axis.
Example 1: Find the gradient of the line joining the following pairs of
points:
1. and ii. and iii.

and
Solution
Given points and) gradient m is given as
1. and
2. x1, y1=(2, 0) and

3. and
Remark: No matter whichever two points we pick on a straight line we

will always find that the gradient is the same. So the gradient of a
straight line is constant. Also, the gradient can either be positive,
negative or zero.
Another important characteristic of a straight line is what is called the

intercept. This is the line that cuts both the x and y axes.
General form of a Straight Line
The general form or equation of a line is given as
y=mx+c
Where m = gradient and c = intercept.
Thus, without drawing the line graph we can get the gradient and
intercept directly from the equation of the line.
Example 2: Write down the gradient and intercept of the following
1. ii. iii. iv.
Solution
Given the equation we have gradient = and intercept = c
1. For , the coefficient of , gradient , and

intercept
2. Line , the coefficient of , gradient ,

and intercept
3. Line , the coefficient of , gradient ,
and intercept
4. For line , we rearrange it to look like ,

bdividing through by 3. This gives so that gradient = 1;
the intercept =
ASSESSMENT
1. Find the gradient of the points and
2. Determine the gradient and intercept of the follow
Answers
1. Gradient = 0
2. Gradient = 0, intercept
Equation of a Line
The equation of a line can be written in different form hence we take a

look at some forms below
Gradient intercept form: Let be any variable point on the line

. If the gradient of is and the intercept of the line on the axis
is , then
This is also the general form of a straight line
Example 3: Determine the equation of the following lines with

1. Gradient 2, intercept 2
2. Gradient – 1, intercept 3
3. Gradient 3, intercept 0
4. Gradient 0, intercept – 3
5. Gradient , intercept 6
Solution
The equation of the line with m as gradient and intercept c is of the

form
1.
Therefore, the equation is
2.
Therefore, the equation is
3.
Therefore, the equation is i.e. the equation is
4.

5.
Gradient and One Point form: Given the point (x1, y1) and the
gradient m , then
This is the required equation
Example 3: Find the equation of the straight lines with the following
1. Gradient passing through point
Solution
The equation form of the line passing through the point and
gradient is given by
1. .
Hence by substitution,
is the required equation
2. .
is the required equation
3. .
is the required equation of the line.
ASSESSMENT
Find the equation of the line passing through point with a

gradient of
Answer is
Intercept Form: The equation of a straight line can be obtained if the
two intercepts which the line makes with the axis are given. Let a and
b be the given intercepts on the x and y axis then
this is known as the intercept form of the equation of a straight line
Example 4:
Write down the equations of the lines making the following intercepts
and on and axes respectively and rewrite the equations in the
form
1. ii.
Solution
Equation of the line which makes a and b intercepts on x and y axis

respectively is given by
xa+yb=1
Now substituting the given values into the formula we have
1. a=3, b=2
x3+y2=1
2x+3y=6
∴ 3y=6-2x
Make the coefficient of y unity, the required equation is
2.
Rearranging the equation, the required equation is 4
Example 5: Two equations c and 1 represent

the equation of a line in two different forms. Find the values of and
Solution
Rearrange we have
Making the subject in this equation we have
Therefore the equations and represent the

same line
Therefore equating the coefficient of x and the constant term in each

side of equation we have and
Hence .
Angles between Two Lines

In the figure above, the line AB (gradient ) and (gradient )
make angles respectively with the x -axis. The acute angle
between the lines is θ .
The exterior angle (of the triangle PQR)
If , we obtain the obtuse angle . The acute angle

between the two lines is therefore given by
If and are known from the equations of the lines, can be found.
Note that if
1. , then θ is acute.
2. , then ( which case the two lines are

parallel to each other)
3. then (i.e. the two lines are perpendicular to
each other)
Therefore, from the above we can clearly state the conditions for
parallelism and perpendicularity below:
Parallelism: Two lines are said to be parallel if the angle between them
is zero and hence
Perpendicularity: Two lines are perpendicular if the angle them is

and hence
Example 6: Find the angle between the following pairs of lines
1. and
2. and
3. and
Solution
The angle θ between two intersecting lines with slope and is

given by
1. In the equations and

and
'
2. In the equations and
and
therefore the lines are

perpendicular to each other
3. implies and implies
and m2=2
So
This implies that the two lines are parallel to each other
Example 7: Find the equation of the following lines
1. Parallel to and passing through (4, – 2 )
2. Perpendicular to and passing through (3, – 7).
Solution
1. We have and which implies

2.
∴ m1=-65
Recall the condition for parallelism that
Recall the gradient and one point form is given as
Therefore the required equation is
2. We have and which implies
Recall the condition for Perpendicularity that
Recall the gradient and one point form is given as
∴ y--7=23x-3
Therefore the required equation is

WEEK 11
DIFFERENTATION
1. Define and explain differentiation and the meaning of derived

function.
2. Perform differentiation from first principle.
3. Apply the rules of differentiation.
Content
Differential Coefficient of a Function
The study of the rates of change of variables with respect to other

variables has led to the emergence of an important branch of
mathematics called differential calculus.
Now suppose , then a little change in y will also lead to a little

change in x therefore,
Thus
Hence the read as “dee dee x” is called the

differential coefficient or derivative of y with respect to x. other notations
equivalent to are read as f prime x , or f dash of x or

y’ read as y prime or y dash.
Note
1. is the slope or gradient of the tangent to the curve
2. It is sometimes called the gradient function of the curve
3. The rate of change of y with respect to x, the derived function.
Differentiation is the process of finding the differential coefficient or

the derivative of a function.
The technique describe by equation (D) is the first principle theory of

differentiation
Example 1: Find from first principle the differential coefficient of the

following functions with respect to x
1. ii. iii.
Solution:
1. i.e. . If x changes by then

.
Applying the above:

vanishes as ∆x→0
2. . If x changes by then
.
Applying the above:
vanishes as ∆x→0
∴ f'x=
3. . If changes by then .
Applying the above:

Simplifying
∴ ∆x vanishes as
∴ f'x=
Example 2: Find the differential coefficient of the follow functions at

the point x=4
1. ii. iii.
Solution
From example 1 above we have already calculated the derivatives of the

given functions respectively therefore
1. hence
2. hence
3. hence
Standard Derivatives of Some Basic Functions
1. General Rule of Differentiation
If then
Where and are any constants. i.e. multiply the coefficient of by

power n and reduce the power of by one.
2. Derivative of a Constant
If where is a constant, then
i.e. the derivative of a constant is always 0
3. Derivative of sinx
If then
4. Derivative of cosx
If then
5. Derivative of ex
If y=ex then
dydx=ex
Example 3: obtain the derivative of the following functions of x :
1. ii. iii. iv.
v. vi.
solution
1.
2.
3.
4.
∴
5. by applying the laws of indices , we have that
by applying the laws of indices and , we have

that
6.
ASSESSMENT
Find the derivatives of the following
1. b)
Answers: a) b)
Rules of Differentiation
1. Sum and Difference Rule: If , where and are

functions of x then
This is called the sum rule, similarly if y=u-v , we have
This is called the difference rule.
Example 4: Find the differential coefficient of the following functions
1. b)
Solution
1.
2.
ASSESSMENT
Find the derivative of the following
Answer =
2. Product Rule: If , where and are functions of then
This is called the product rule.
Example 5: Find the derivative of each of the following functions
1. b.
Solution
1.
Let and
But
Therefore, by product rule

2.
Let u=x2 and v=sinx
But dudx=2x, dvdx=cosx
Therefore, by product rule
ASSESSMENT
Find if
Answer
3. Quotient Rule: Let where and are functions of and

then
This is called the quotient rule
Example 6: Differentiate the following function with respect to x .
1. b. c.
Solution
1. . Let u=1 and therefore
and
By quotient rule:
2. . Let and therefore v
dudx=2x and dvdx=-2x
By quotient rule:
2
3. x . Let and therefore
and x
By quotient rule:
Recall from trigonometric identities that hence

WEEK 12
DIFFERENTIATION II – APPLICATION OF DIFFERENATION
1. Apply the rules of differentiation (function-of-function).

2. Apply differentiation in determining maximum and minimum point,
acceleration, velocity and rate of change.
Content
Chain Rule for Derivative of a Composite Function
Suppose is a function of a variable, say , where u is a function of

another variable , we then say that y is a function of a function of .
Now suppose that where ) then
This is called the chain rule for differentiation.
Example 1: Find the derivative of each of the following functions
1. b.
Solution
1. : let then therefore
dxdu-2u and dudx=6x

By chain rule
Therefore
2.
let therefore
By chain rule
Therefore
Maximum, Minimum and Point of Inflexion
To determine whether a stationary /turning point is a maximum or

minimum point or a point of inflexion, we examine the derivative in their
neighborhoods.
Thus, near the maximum point changes sign from positive to
negative as increases. Therefore is a decreasing function and
so is negative.
Similarly near a minimum point is an increasing function since
changes from negative to positive and hence is positive.
Near point of inflexion dydx does not change: . Hence

at turning points
1. If , then there is a maximum point.
2. If , then there is a minimum point.
3. , then there is a point of inflexion.
Example 2: Investigate the nature of the stationary values of the

following functions
1. ii.
Solution
1. x
Therefore, at turning point
or
Hence the stationary points are at and x=-1
Now
is a minimum point.
∴
is a maximum point.
2.
Therefore, at turning point
or
Hence the stationary points are at and
Now
∴ x=1 is a point of inflexion.
∴ x=4
Example 3: find the minimum value of for all real values of

x
Solution
We let were
At stationary point therefore
To get the minimum value, we substitute into
Minimum value
Example 4: Obtain a maximum value of the function
Solution
were
At stationary point therefore
To know which of the values of and
When x=2
which is a minimum point
When
which is a maximum point. Therefore to get

the maximum value of the function we substitute into
Maximum value
Rectilinear Motion
This is the motion of a particle along a straight line. It is specified by the

equation , where x is the distance of the particle from an initial
point 0, and t is the time.
If a direction is associated with the distance, we have a displacement.

The velocity of a particle P is therefore the time rate of change of
displacement. If is the velocity then
Where x is the displacement. Hence we note that
1. If the particle moves away from 0, the initial point, .
2. If the particle moves towards 0, the initial point .

3. If the particle is momentarily at rest .
The acceleration of a particle P is the rate of change of velocity. If a

particle P has accelerated at a time , then
Therefore, we note the following
1. If the velocity of the particle is increasing then the

particle is said to be accelerating.
2. If the velocity of the particle decreases, then the

particle is said to be decelerating or retarding.
3. If the particle moves at a constant speed .
Example 5: The motion of an object along a straight line is specified by

the equation x=4t4-3t3 , find the velocity and acceleration
after 3 seconds.
Solution
When
Velocity = 351m/s
When
8
Acceleration = 378 m/s2
Example 6: The motion of a particle starting from 0, is described by
the equation, . How far is the particle from 0,

when the particle is momentarily at rest?
Solution
When the particle is momentarily at rest,
where or t=5
so when
When
ASSESSMENT
1. Calculate the volume of the sphere with a radius of cm to 2

decimal place (Take ).
1. 177 cm3 b) 17.7 cm3 c) 17 cm3 d) 71.7 cm3
e)1.77 cm3
2. A sphere has a radius of 21 m. What is its surface area?
1. 5 544 m2 b) 5 540 m2 c) 4 454 m2 d) 5 454 m2
e) 5054 m2
3. What is the volume of a quarter of a sphere of radius 8.4 m?
1. 620 m3 b) 620.93 m3 c) 62.093 m3

d) 6.2093 m3 e) 6209.3 m3
4. The diameter of an iron ball used in ‘putting the shot’ is 12 cm. the
density of iron is 7.8g/cm3. Calculate the mass of the ball in kg to 3 s.f.
1. 706 kg b) 7.06 kg c) 70.6 kg d) 7.60

kg
e) 76 kg
5. A solid consist of a cone attached to a hemisphere. Calculate the

volume of the solid if the diameter of the hemisphere is 3 cm and the
overall height of the object is 7 cm.
1. 20 cm3 b) 32 cm3 c) 7.9 cm3 d) 31.5 cm3
e) 336 cm3
6. Find the angular difference between the following pairs of places on

the earth’s surface. and
1. b) c) d) e)
7. The latitude and longitude of a point are and of

another point are . calculate to the nearest 100 km, the
distance along the parallel of latitude. (Take the radius of the earth
to be 6400 km)
1. 10 057 km b) 5 007 km c) 7 500 km d) 700 km
e) 5 700 km
8. Find the shortest distance on the earth’s surface between

and to three significant figures. (Take π =
3.14 and the radius of the earth as 6 400 km).
1. 6030 km b) 6031 km c) 6300 km d)
3060 km
e) 3600 km
9. A point is on latitude . calculate the speed of due to the

rotation of the earth. Take , radius of the earth = 6 400 km.
1. 1 254.43 km/hr b) 1 244.52 km/hr c) 1 24452 km/hr
d) 244.52 km/hr e) 1 244 km/hr
10. Bakwa and Dekwa are two towns in Africa on latitiude 12oN .
Bakwai is to the east of Dekwa and on longitude 40oE . Assuming
the earth to be a sphere of radius 6,400 km and taking, calculate,
correct to 3 significant figures the longitude of Dekwa if the distance
between them along their parallel of latitude is 2840 km
1. b) c) d)
e)
11. Given the function , what value of correspond to

?
1. b) c) d)
e)
12. Find the point of intersection of the straight line given by the linear
equation and
1. b) c) d)
e)
13. What is the length of the line joining the two points and
?
1. b) c) d) e)
14. Find the midpoint of the line joining the following points and
1. b) c)
d) e)
15. Find the distance between the points &
1. b) c) d) e)
16. Determine the gradient and y intercept of the following linear

equation
1. b)
c) d)
e) None of the above
17. Write down the equations of the lines having the following intercept
and on and y-axis respectively, and rewrite the equation in the
general form.
1. 1 b)
c) d)
e)
18. Find the gradient-intercept form of the equation of the line with the
following properties: gradient , passing through
1. b) c)
d) e)
19. Find the equation of the line which is parallel to the line
and passing through the point (1, 2)
1. b) c)
d) e)
20. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (1, – 5) and
perpendicular to the line .
1. b) c)
d) e)
21. Find the slope of the following curve at the points indicated
1. b) c) d)
e)
22. Find if
1. b) c)
d) e)
23. Find the derivative of the following
2. b) c)
d) e)
24. What is the derivative of the function
1. b)
c) - d)
e)
25. Find the derivative of the function
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
26. Find the derivative of the function
1. b) c)
d) e)
27. Find the value of for which the function has a minimum
value.
1. b) c) d)
e)
28. Find the derivative of the following
1. b) c)
d) 1 e)
29. Determine the maximum value of
1. 0 b) 2 c) 4 d) 6 e) – 6
30. A particle moves such that the distance S metres traveled in t

seconds is given by . Find the speed at sec.
1. 6ms–1 b) 9ms–1 c) 15ms–1 d) 10ms–1 e)

4ms–1
NOTE: All the correct answer are in BOLD
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Student should be able to:

1. Define matrix, identify matrix notation, identify different types of

2. Perform the operation of addition and subtraction of matrices.

3. Perform the scalar multiplication of 2 2 and 3 3 matrices.

Matrix is a set of numbers arranged in rows and columns to form a rectangular

The following are examples of matrices (plural of matrix)

Has 2 rows and 3 columns, and it is said to have an order of (2 × 3) read as “2

by 3”. Also, have orders (2 2), (3 1) and (1 3)

In general, a matrix with m rows and n columns is said to have an order of

1. Row matrix: this is a matrix with only one row of elements e. g (1 4 6)

which has an order 2 1.

zero or null matrix e.g. .

4. A square matrix: This is a matrix with equal number of rows and

columns e.g. , . The elements 1

6. Unit or identity matrix: This is a diagonal matrix whose elements in the

leading diagonal are all unity (one) e.g. ,

and if they contain the same number of elements e.g. if

Then implies that abcd=432-1 ∴ a=4, b=3, c=2

Addition and Subtraction of Matrices

Example 1: Let and . Find

Scalar Multiplication of Matrices

If then . Take for example the if given

Example 2: Let and , find

Note that ii. Can also be solved as follows

Student should be able to:

1. Perform matrix multiplication of 2 2 and 3 3 matrices.

2. Find the transpose of a matrix.

3. Calculate the determinant of matrices.

4. Solution to simultaneous equation using determinant method.

The product of the matrices and wriiten as or is a matrix

Example 1: Let A= 230-245 and B=132-106 .

1. AB is defined since the number of colums of A is equal to the

2. Since is a (2 3) matrix and is a (3 2) then is defined and is a

Example 2: Given that and

. Compute the following:

1. Since is a (2 2) and is (2 3) then is defined and it is a (2 3)

3. , solve the bracket first

is defined since is a (2 2) matrix and is of order

Using and as stated in example 2(iii) above show that

The transpose of a matrix A written as AT is a matrix gotten by

1. ii. iii. iv.

3. is defined since is (2 3) and is (3 2)

4. From i. and ii. is defined since is of order (2 3) and

Determinant of (2 × 2) and (3 × 3)Matrices

then the determinant of denoted by or det is given by

Let be a 3 by 3 matrix, then

5. are called minors and they are

6. The sign attached to b11, b12, b13 on and on is the

cofactor signs given by the chess board format

Example 4: If and Find

3. From i. and ii. above

Example 6: Find the determinant of the following matrix in terms of x

If then the inverse denoted as is given as exchanging

Example 7: Find the inverse of matrix

Given that show that

Solution of Simultaneous Equation Using Determinant Method

Two Equation in Two Unknown

Given the equations

Find the determinant , then