DISPERSED SYSTEM  Most solid in dispersion tend to settle in the bottom of the container

because of their greater density than the dispersion medium

 Magma
 Suspension SUSPENSION
 Emulsion
- Preparations contain finely divided drug particles (the suspensoid)
DISPERSED PHASE distributed somewhat uniformly throughout a vehicle in which the
drug exhibits a minimum degree of solubility.
- Particles are usually solid material that are insoluble in the
- Generally, this type of product is a powder mixture containing the
dispersion medium.
drug and suitable suspending and dispersing agents to be diluted
- In the case of the emulsions, it is a liquid that is neither soluble nor
and agitated with a specified quantity of vehicle, most often
miscible with the liquid of the dispersing phase.
purified water.
- Internal phase
- In the case of aerosol, it may be small air bubbles throughout a CHARACTERISTIC IDEAL SUSPENSION
solution or emulsion
1. UNIFORM DISPERSION
- Dispersion also consist of droplets of liquid (solution or
- Minimize tension of drug
suspension) in air.
- Suspensoid should be properly wetted
DISPERSION MEDIUM - Increase density and viscosity of vehicle
- slow particles
- Serves as a liquid vehicle and also called as dispersing phase
- External phase
2. SLOW TO SETTLE
EMULSIFICATION - Increased density and viscosity of vehicle
- Small particle size of suspensoid
- Results in the dispersion of liquid drug as a fine droplets throughout
the dispersing system. 3. READILY DISPERSE
PARTICLE SIZE OF DISPERSION PHASE  Must form cake or floccule

Classifications Size Examples 4. CONSTANT PARTICLE SIZE

Colloidal Dispersion 1 nm- 0.5 Cheese, butter and milk  5. EASILY TO POUR WHEN ADMINISTER
mcm  - to attain or to maintain product stability
Coarse Dispersion 10 to 50 mcm Suspension and emulsion 
Fine Dispersion 0.5 to 10 mcm Magma and gel  REASON (SUSPENSION):
  to mask undesirable taste of the drug they add as flavouring agent
The particles in coarse dispersion have a greater tendency to separate  for children who have swallowing problem
from the dispersion medium than do the particles of a fine
dispersion. MAIN REASON:
 - Drug stability - Are intended to counteract the effects of gastric hyperacidity such
as peptic ulcer patients
- Its ability is to neutralize gastric acid varies with the chemical agent
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUSPENDING AGENT

1. HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS ANTIBACTERIAL ORAL SUSPENSIONS

- Increases the viscosity of the product by binding water molecule.
- Include preparation of antibiotics substances
EXAMPLES: - The dispersing phase of antibiotic suspensions is aqueous and
usually colored, sweetened, and flavoured to render the liquid more
 Acacia 35% as suspending agent
appealing and palatable.
 Tragacanth 5%
 Methyl cellulose and; RECTAL SUSPENSION
 Carboxyl cellulose
2. SUSPENSION FOR INJECTION
- Particle size must be exhibit syringe ability
2. CLAYS
- Product must have the ability to administer using syringe and does
- Silicate of anionic aqueous dispersion
not clog in syringe
- Strongly hydrated the product isotropy
- While exhibit thixoropy
3. OPTHALMIC SUSPENSION
EXAMPLES: - Must not exceed in micron particle

- Benthonite magma
4. SUSPENSION FOR TROPICAL USE
- It should be impalpable (incapable to be felt)
3. AGAR, GELATIN, AND GELATINIC STARCH
5. RECTAL SUSPENION
- a diagnostic agent to visualize GI tract
TYPES OF SUSPENSION - Example: Barium Sulfate
1. ORAL SUSPENSION PREPARATION OF SUSPENSION
- Antacid and antibacterial suspension
- Needs recommendation; ready to use - Wetting of particles
- Dry powder for suspension - Blending of all the ingredients

EXAMPLES: Augmentin, Co-amoxiclav CLASSESS OF SUSPENSION

ANTACID ORAL SUSPENSION 1. LOTIONS

- For external application
- Intendended to be applied on unbroken skin
 - Low to medium viscosity
2. SYNTHETIC
TYPES:
- 3 CATEGORIES
A. MEDICATED  ANIONIC- Derivatives of soap such as triethanolamine oleate
- EXAMPLE: Kwell (Lindane) and sodium lauryl sulfate
Calamine- antipuritic  ALKALI- oil in water emulsion
B. NON MEDICATED Example: SORBITAN
- EX: Nivea- emollient and moisturizer  CATIONIC- 1% concentration of of benzalconium chloride as
surfactants that is use as resistant effect on acids and electrolytes
2. GELS EMULSIFYERS AND STABILIZERS
3. MAGMAS AND MILK
- Suspension in acqueous vehicle 1. PROTEIN SUBSTANCES
- For oral administration  GELATIN- its disadvantage is the emulsion frequently is too fluid
- EX: Milk of magnesia- for constipation and as a laxative and becomes more fluid upon standing
4. MIXTURES  EGG YOLK
 CASEIN

EMULSIONS 2. HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT ALCOHOLS

- A dispersion in which the dispersed phase is composed of small  STEARYL ALCOHOL employed primarily
globules of liquid distributed throughout another liquid, in which it  CETYL ALCOHOL as thickening agent
is immiscible  GLYCERYL MONOSTREATE
- A two-phase system in which one immiscible liquid is intimately
dispersed in another liquid
THEORIES OF EMULSIFICATION

1. SUFACE-TENSION THEORY
PREPARATION OF EMULSIONS  The use of surface-active and wetting agent as emulsifiers and
TYPES OF EMULSION stabilizers lowers the interfacial tension of the two immiscible
liquid , reducing the repellant force between liquid and diminishing
1. NATURALLY OCCURING each liquid ‘s attraction for its own molecules
- EXAMPLE
 Acacia- used in the preparation of extemporaneous emulsion 2. ORIENTED-WEDGE THEORY
 Tragacanth and Agar – thickening agent in acacia-emulsified  Assumes monomolecular layer of emulsifying agent curved around
product a droplet of the internal phase of the emulsion
 Chondrus
 Pectin 3. INTERFACIAL FILM OR PLASTIC FILM THEORY
  Places the emulsifying agent at the interface between the oil and
water, surrounding at the droplets of the internal phase as a thin 2. ENGLISH OR WET GUM METHOD
layer of film absorbed on the surface of the drops. - The same proportion of oil, water and gum but the order of mixing
is different and the proportion of ingredients may be varied during
4. VISCOSITY THEORY the preparation of the primary emulsion
 Increases the viscosity of the product if the content are agitated by - Mucilage of the gum is prepared by triturating in a mortar granular
applying stress. acacia with twice its weight. The oil is added slowly in portions and
the mixtures is triturated to emulsifying oil.
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
3. BOTTLE OR FORBES BOTTLE METHOD
A. FLAVORS PARTITIONING TO INTERNAL PHASE - Useful for the extemporaneous preparation of emulsion from
- Not compatible volatile oils or oleageninous substances of low viscosities.
B. PRESERVATIVES PARTITIONING TO INTERNAL PHASE - This method is not suitable for viscous oils because they cannot be
C. CREAMING thoroughly aggitated in the bottle when mixed with the emulsifying
- Migration of droples to top or bottom due to density differences agent.
D. COALESCENCE
- Separation of external and internal phase 4. AUXILLARY METHODS
E. PHASE INVERSION - An emulsion is prepared by either the wet gum or the dry gum
method can generally be increased in quality by passing it through
a hand homogenizer
HLB SYSTEM (HYDROPHILIC- LIPOPHILIC BALANCE)
5. NASCENT SOAP METHOD
ACTIVITY ASSIGNED HLB - Performed by mixing equal portion of oil and alkali solution to form
Antifoaming 1-3 a soap that act as emulsifying agent
Emulsifiers (w/o) 3-6 - Olive oil, calcium oleate for calamine lotion
Wetting agents 7-9
Emulsifiers (o/w) 8-18
Solubilizers 15-20
GELS
detergents 13-15
- Semi solid system consisting of dispersions made up of either small
inorganic particels or large organic molecules enclosing and
METHODS IN EMULSION PREPARATION interpenetrated by a liquid.
- Semi rigid system is which movement of the dispersing medium is
1. CONTINENTAL OR DRY GUM METHOD restricted by an interlacing three-dimensional network of particles
- Also referred as 4:2:1 method because every 4 parts by volume of of phase.
oil, 2 parts of water and 1 part of gum are added in preparing the - Some gels system are as clear as water and others are turbid
initial or primary emulsion because the ingredients may not be completely molecularly
- Wedgwood or porcelain mortar is used. dispersed.
 - The concentration of gelling agent is mostly <10%, usually in 0.5% - Composed of inorganic particles and do not spontaneously
to 2.0% range dispersed
- A change in temperature can cause certain gels to resume the sol
or liquid state. 3. AMPHIPHILIC COLLOID OR ASSOCIATION
- Is formed by grouping or association of molecules that exhibit both
lyophilic and lyophobic properties
SINGLE-PHASE GELS
- Gels in which the macromolecules are distributed so that no THIXOTROPY
apparent boundaries exist between them and the liquids - Some gels become fluid on agitation, only to resume their solid or
semisolid state after remaining undisturbed for a period of time
MAGMA OR MILK - is a reversible gel-sol formation with no change in volume or
- When the gel mass consist of floccules of small, distinct particles, temperature
the gel is classified as a two-phase NATURAL COLLOIDS
- They are self dispersing upon addition to the dispersing medium
COLLOIDAL DISPERSION like acacia
- Contain opaque particles that do not scatter light and appear
turbid. ARTIFICIAL COLLOIDS
- Require special means for prompt dispersion
SOL - They may require fine pulvurization of coarse particles to colloidal
- general term to designate a dispersion of a solid substance in a size by colloid mill or micropulvurizer
liquid, solid and gaseous medium.
TERMIMOLOGY RELATED TO GEL
TRUE SOLUTION 1. IMBIBITION
- do not scatter light and its appearance is clear. - Is a taking up of a certain amount of liquid without a
measurable increase im volume.
TYPES OF COLLOIDAL SOL
2. SWELLING
1. LYOPHILIC - Is a taking up of a liquid by a gel with an increase in volume.
- If the disperse phase interacts appreciably with the dispersion - Swelling of protein gels is influenced by the pH and the
medium presence of electrolytes
- Solvent loving
- Large organic molecules capable of being solvated or associated 3. SYNERESIS
with the molecules of the dispersing phase. - Occurs between the interacion of particles of the dispersed phase
become so great that on standing, the dispersion medium is
2. LYOPHOBIC squeezed out in droplets and gels shrink
- If the degree of attraction is small - The syneresis of an acidic gel from Plantago albicans seed gum
- Solvent hating may be decreased by the addition of electrolyte, glucose, and
sucrose
 4. XEROGEL 1. ALGINIC ACID
- Formed when the liquid is removed from a gel and only the - Is obtained from seaweed throughout the world and the prepared
frameworks remains. product is tasteless, odorless, white to yellowish-white color of the
fibrous powder and the concentration is 1% to 5% as thickening
CLASSIFICATION AND TYPES OF GELS agent in gels.
- Can be dispersed in water vigorously stirred for approximately 30
CLASS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLES minutes
Inorganic Usually two-phase system Aluminum hydroxide
gel 2. CARBOMER
Bentonite magma - Are ingredients in variety of dosage system like controlled release
Organic Usually single-phase sytem Carbopol tablets, oral suspension and topical gels.
tragacanth - Carbomer 934 is highly effective in thick formulations such as
Hydrogels Organic hydrogels Pectin paste, viscous gels
tragacanth jelly - Primarily used in aqueous systems
Natural and synthetic gums Methylcellulose, sodium
CMC, Pluronic 3. CMC sodium
Inorganic hydrogels Bentonite gel (10%- - Is a soluble in water at all temperatures
25%), veegum, silica
Organogels Hydrocarbon type Petrolatum, Mineral GEL FORMULATION CONSIDERATION
oil/polyethylene gel  The powdered polymers in preparing gels, when added to water
(plastibase) may form temporary gels that slow dissolution
Animals, vegetbale fats Lard, cocoa butter  As a hot colloidal dispersion cools, the gelatin macromolecules
Soap base greases Aluminum stearate with loose kinetic energy.
heavy mineral oil gel  Polymer solutions tend to be cast as gels because of the solute
Hydrophilic organogels Carbowax bases (PEG consist of long flexible chains of molecules such as thickness.
ointment)  Inorganic salts will compete with the water in a gel and cause
Polar gelation at lower concentration
nonionic  Aqueous polymer should be store for approximately 48 hours
after dissolution to promote full hydration and maximum
PREPARATION OF MAGMAS AND GELS viscosity and clarity
 Precipitating the disperse phase to achieve a fine degree of the
subdividion of particles and a gelatinous to those particles. EXAMPLES OF MAGMAS AND GELS
 Directly hydrating the inorganic chemical which produces the 1. BENTONITE MAGMA, NF
dispersed phase of the dispersion - Is a preparation of 5% bentonite, a native colloidal hydrated silicate
I in purified water
*Gels and magmas should be shaken before use - It may be prepared mechanically in blender

EXAMPLE OF GELING AGENTS

 - The mixture must be allowwed to stand for 24 hours before it may 2. NASAL AEROSOL
be stirred - Aka Nasal MDI
- Suspending agent - produce fine particles or droplets for delivery through the nasal
vestibule and deposition in the nasal cavity.
2. ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE GEL, USP
- Is an aqueous suspension of gelatinous precipitate composed of 3. LINGUAL AEROSOL
insoluble aluminum hydroxide - produce fine particles or droplets for deposition on the surface of
- Suitable for microbial agents the tongue
- DISADVANTAGE: Constipating effect - release one dose with each actuation
- Should be stored in tight container and freezing should be avoided
4. TOPICAL AEROSOL
3. MILK OF MAGNESIA - produce fine particles or droplets for application of the skin
- It contains 7% to 8.5% magnesium hydroxide
- Possesses reasonable acid-neutralizing ability ADVANTAGES OF THE AEROSOL DOSAGE FORM
 a portio of medication can be easily withdrawn from the
AEROSOL package without contamination or exposure to the remaining
- Pressurized dosage forms that emite a fine dispersion of liquid material
and/or solid materials containing one or more ingredients in  the aerosol container protects the medicinal agents adversely
gaseous medium affected by atmospheric oxygen and moisture. Opaque
container protects the aerosol from light.
PRESSURIZED PACKAGE  Topical aerosol may be applied in a uniform thin layer of the
- Is commonly used when referring to the aerosol or completed skin without anything else touching the affected area. It
product. reduces the irritation
SPACE SPRAYS  The physical form and particle size of the emitted product may
- Aerosol used to provide airborne mints be controlled, which may contribute to efficacy of a drug.
- Usually operate at 30-40 psig at 21 degress Celcius Through the use of metered valves dosage may be controlled
SURFACE SPRAYS OR SURFACE COATINGS  Aerosol application is clean process requiring little or no
- Aerosols intended to carry active ingredient to a surface washup bu the user.
- Example is dermatologic aerosols,
COMPONENTS OF AEROSOL
TYPES OF AEROSOLS 1. PRODUCT CONCENTRATE
P  Active ingredient of the aerosol combined with the required
1. INHALATION AEROSOLS OR METERED-DOSE INHALER adjuncts such as antioxidant, surface-active agents and solvents
- Are intended to produce fine particles or droplets for inhalation 2. PROPELLANT
through the mouth and deposition in the pulmonary tree.
- Intended to release measured quantities and of the appropriate AEROSOL SYSTEM
quality of the active substance with each actuation  The pressure of an aerosol is critical to its performance and it can
be controlled by:
 The type and amount of propellant
  The nature and amount of product concentrate
4. SPRING
TWO-PHASED SYSTEM - Holds the gasket in place and is the mechanism by which the
- Consist of a liquid phase, containing the liquefied propellant and actuator retracts when pressure is release returning the valve to
product concentrate and the vapor phase. the close position

THREE-PHASED SYSTEM 5. MOUNTING CUP

- Consist of a layer of water-immiscible liquid propellant a layer of - Attached to the aerosol can or container and holds the valve in
highly aquoues product concentarte and the vapor phase. place

CONTAINERS 6. HOUSING
 Glass, uncoated or plastic coated - Directy below the mounting cup, the housing links the dip tube
 Metal including thin-plated steel, aluminum, and stainless steel and the steam and actuator
 Plastics
 Glass presents fewer problems with respect to chemical
compatibility with the formula than do metal containers and its not 7. DIP TUBE
subjected to corrosion. - Extends the housing down to the product
 Plastic coatings are commonly applied to the outer space of the - Brings the formulation to the container to the valve
glass containers to render them to more resistant to accidental
breakage and in the event breaking the plastic prevents the METERED-DOSE INHALATION
scattering of glass fragments - Are employed when the formulation is potent medication
 Tin-plated steel containers are most widely used metal containers
for aerosol PACKAGING, LABELLING AND STORAGE
 Most aerosol products have a protective cap or cover that protects
VALVE ASSEMBLY the valve against contamination with dust and dirt
- Permit expulsion of the contents of the can in the desired form,  Exposure to temperatures above 45 degrees Celcius may burst an
desired rate and in the case of metered valves aerosol container.
PARTS:  Generally recommended for storage between 15 to 3o degrees
celcius
1. ACTUATOR  Shake before use
- Permits easy opening and closing of the valve  Proper holding

2. STEM TOPICAL AEROSOL

- Supports the actuator and delivers the formulation in the proper - Provides the patient a means of applying the drug in convenient
form to the chamber of the actuator manner.
FOAMS
3. GASKET - Is an emulsion dosage form containing dispersed gas bubbles.
- Placed snugly with the stem and prevents leakage of the - MEDICATED FOAMS:
formulation when the valve is close emulsion
packaged in pressurized containers
fluffy, semisolid consistency
intended to treat severely injured skin or open wound must be
sterile