SUBJECT TITLE: TRENDS, NETWORK, AND CRITICAL THINKING IN THE 21 ST CENTURY

INSTRUCTOR: SCHEDULE: VARIED

CONTACT DETAILS: 09270490261

SUBJECT DESCRIPTION AND RATIONALE:

The course provides opportunities for students to discover patterns and extract meanings from emerging
trends. It aids in developing their critical and creative thinking skills—essential tools for decision making and
understanding “ethics of care”. Global trends in the 21st century are examined and are either accepted or
rejected on a sound set of criteria. Students will be asked to create and analyze scenarios that will challenge
them to
(1) formulate their stances on issues or concerns;
(2) propose interventions and;
(3) formulate alternative futures. The students will realize the interconnections between their neural
connections and social realities.

STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of the course:

LEARNING OUTCOME

CREATIVE & CRITICAL THINKER (CCT)

One who conceptualizes, applies, analyzes, evaluates, and synthesizes information gathered from, or
generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and
action.
Having known the different critical thinking skills and the decision-making strategies, both strategic and
intuitive, the students should be able to critically evaluate issues related to prevailing trends and networks on
various levels—local, global, social, planetary, and neural.

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATOR (EC)

One who articulates effectively and appropriately in a variety of contexts using communication, literacy,
numeracy, and information technology skills to serve the common good and the will of God.
Having understood the difference between trends and fads and the relationships among kinds of networks,
the students should be able to clearly articulate the benefits of democratic processes, the importance of
environmental protection, and the positive and negative effects of technology on their well-being and the
good of society.

REFLECTIVE LIFELONG LEARNER (RLL)

One who passionately pursues his/her field of specialization for the sake of learning and to serve humanity in
accordance with a common belief of what is good and is the will of God.
Having gained the knowledge about the nature of trends and the dynamics of various kinds of networks and
the critical skills for evaluating the impact of technology on individual well-being and social development, the
students should be able to come up with a personal vision of a better future for themselves and the world in
general and the means by which it could be achieved.

SERVICE DRIVEN CITIZEN (SDC)

One who creates products and performances that contribute positively to the accomplishment of team goals
through collaborative processes and are appropriate for his/her intended audience.
Having learned the meaning, dimensions, and benefits of democracy, the students should be able to actively
participate in democratic processes that promote universal justice and respect for human rights.

ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARD (ES)

One who sees the interconnectedness of all life and enables communities and people to improve the quality of
life without compromising that of future generations.
Having known the effects of consumption and production patterns on climate change and the various causes
of environmental damages, the students should be able to devise creative ways to contribute to the solution
of environmental problems and/or actively support advocacies for environmental protection.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS AND GRADING SYSTEM:

I. PERFORMANCE TASKS (60%) Topics Descriptions

1. ESSAYS,TEST (10%) Trends A (100-word) reflective essay on a certain idea arising from the study of trends.
Climate Change An analytical essay on how and why production and consumption habits contribute to the
problem of climate change, and on how to personally contribute to the resolution of the problem.
2. MAPS (10%) (Individual or Group Project)

Local Networks A color-coded map of the networks of power relations (political, economic, cultural, and
kinship ties) within a community.

Global Networks A map tracing any one of the following:

(a) the different geographical origins of the various elements of an industrial / technological / agricultural
product, with personal reflections;
(b) the workplaces of the OFWs in their community, with personal reflections.

Neural and Social Networks

A social map tracing the various roles that students play in the community (family members, community
leader, etc.) and rank the significance of these roles.

3. PRESENTATIONS (40%)
(Individual or Group Project)
Democratic Interventions
A video/oral presentation of the ill effects of undemocratic practices related to factors such as gender
biases, poverty, political marginalization, racial inequality, cultural domination, crisis of representation
and politics of recognition.
Information and Communication Technology

A video/oral presentation of an event dealing with a significant global issue using ICT, which one helps moblize
or participates in.

4. CULMINATING PROJECT:
Video Presentation (40%)
(Individual or Group Project)
The Ideal Future A video presentation of a proposal of the kind of future that you want, taking into
consideration the previous outputs. The presentation should explain why you want that future, and should
illustrate how you intend to get there.

II. EXAM (30%)

III. WRITTTEN WORKS (10%)
TRENDS DEFINITION

A trend is a sequential pattern of change in recorded data. A change evidenced by a rise or fall of variables when
measured between at least two points over time (Gordon, 2008). 

1. It is a way of doing new things individually or one society then followed by many people; it may become a daily
routine or a tradition. 

2. A trend has a big impact in our society and it have the capacity to make a big change in our lives.

3. It is a conceptualized idea that has the prospect of providing or having a continuing influence for a longer period of
time due to its increasing and sustained presence and effect or even demand among its consumers in the case of
a product.

Examples
1. On business in general, it has the direction in which something is developing or changing.
"an upward trend in sales and profit margins"
2. On fashion.
"the latest trends in modern dance"
3. change or develop in a general direction.
"unemployment has been trending upward"
“issues on climatic change has been trending lately”
“gender equality is the new form of racism”
“Democratic ideas are trending around the globe”
4. (of a topic) be the subject of many posts on a social media website within a short period of time.
"I've just taken a quick look at what's trending on Twitter right now"
“his post is trending in Facebook again”

Factors and process that enable us to identify trends

Trendspotting - It is wider than cool hunting and refers more generally to the study of trends and the way they develop
and affect society.

Cool hunters - They find the next big thing and cool in the present while looking for something conventional.

Trends spotter - They use an established idea but are looking for something that will be effective in a long term period.

Trend Analysis - It is the extended analysis that becomes possible if trendspotting pays attention to the wider area of
human behavior.

 Fad- Typically spread quickly but disappear equally quickly. The easiest way to categorize a fad is one word: short-lived.
Typically, fads last for a total of one season. A fad is often referred to as “catching on” with the larger population, but will
often fade as quickly as it appeared. The easiest way to remember a fad is through a simple alliteration: fads fade.
Although engaging in fads can be fun, they are often not worth investing a large amount of money or time. Fads are
always driven by emotions.

Characteristics of fads
1. It is confined to a particular segment in the society
2. Fads are trivial because of its life expectancy
3. Fads are created or just revived from a style that existed all along in the lives of some subgroup

 Difference of Trends from Fads Trends have a much longer lifespan than fads, they can continue to be fashionable for
years and even decades. The primary difference between a trend and a fad is that trends have the potential to be long-
term influences on the market

Elements and characteristics of trend

1. Duration of time, - The lifespan of products or ideas that become trends do not disappear quickly. Trends have
long staying power and enjoy a long period of popularity.

2. Acceptability, - Trends are popularly accepted by many industries and people.

3. Cultural Basis, - A trend is rooted on the people's cultural traditions, beliefs, and values. A trend persists and
continues because people have seen it as part of a society's culture.

4. Transitory increase or decrease - A trend shows a transitory increase or decrease of a particular idea, event or
phenomenon.

Agents in trends

Drivers - continuing what is a trend 

Enablers - an empowering influence and encourages the drivers
Blockers - may take the form of new law, politicking, street protests and other factors
Friction - is a resistance to change that occurs naturally and inevitably 
Kinds of trends

1. Microtrend, - These are the little things that happen all around us. Trends that are so common we get used to it.

Micro-trends are the “nephews” of megatrends and “children” of Macro-trends. They are the most active, diverse
and appearing very fast one after another. The list of micro- trends is the most lengthy and diverse, and that’s because
they are the “solutions” that directly address to consumers. These micro-trends can also be segmented into categories
such as marketing & media innovations, new technologies, service innovations, innovative business models, international
start-ups, and many others.

Holo lens, 3d printers, Dou Al 1 – a mirror computer and touchscreen device that is fitted with artificial intelligence

2. Macrotrend, - These are the trends that can endure for surprisingly a long time. It's also the trends that affect the
society. Macro-trends are the children of megatrends. They are more numerous and all of them related to the
“profession” of their parents. As megatrends are covering a very large area, mega-trends tend to focus on certain
parts of the bigger picture.

Take as example climate change – it comes in a package with melting glaciers, natural disasters, rising level of
the oceans and so on. Or another example would be the megatrend “advances in technology” which comes with Internet
of Things (IoT), Big Data, Smart Homes, Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence and many more. Analysing macro-
trends is done by looking at certain regions and more specific target audiences.

3. Megatrend, - These are the trends that can stay healthy for decades or lasts for 10 years. –

Megatrends events that occur over a longer period of time and of which we can be sure about, influencing all the
aspects of life. These events mostly occur as a reaction to the behavior and activities done by people in the last century
but also more recently. Examples of these trends are demographic changes, urbanization, climate change, advance
in technology and so on. This kind of tendencies cannot be stopped or influenced easily, but it’s possible – and advised
–  to respond to them.

4. Gigatrend, - It is a megatrend that goes on for half a century or more. These are the trends that are so general,
they affect most areas of human life.

5. Nanotrend, - These are the trends that are yet to be expected. It can be an alternative trends that exists in a
trend.

THE MAKING OF Trends the 4 S model

Set up, - It is a part of the 4s model that questions what, when, where of the trend. It is the process of finding up the
whole trend.

Scanning
Wide Scanning, - Observation of numerous field, areas and quick documentation of all the things that might generate
partial answers.
Deep Scanning, - Ethnographic understanding of some specific trending area and thoroughly documenting it.

Scenario, - This is the part where you make your idea tangible, tests your idea and revisions if necessary.

Scrutinize - It's the 4s model part where you examine your product or idea.

Ways of identifying a trend

1. Fringe stage – this stage an innovative idea, where in the form of a new product, service, phenomena, developed
in a society and its market or become known to trendiest consumers
2. Trendy stage – in this stage, consumers and public awareness of the trends grows as early, adopters participate
together
3. Mainstream – during this stage, the conservative consumers join the trend. The idea popularity increases and the
concept continue to infiltrate society and its market.

How to identify emerging patterns. Patterns are the distinctive formations created by the movements on a chart
Two major patterns
1. Continuation patterns
2. Reversal patterns

A. CONTINUATION PATTERNS suggest that the trend is only temporarily pausing for a correction and will most
likely continue in the same direction.
The most common continuation patterns are:
a.1. Triangles
a.2. Wedges
a.3. Pennants
a.4. Flags
a.5. Rectangles
There are three main types of triangles:
a.1.a. Symmetrical
a.1.b. Ascending
a.1.c. Descending
The ascending triangle is bullish whereas the descending triangle is bearish. The symmetrical triangle is a neutral pattern.
  Symmetrical Triangle
In the symmetrical triangle formation, prices consolidate in such a way that the slope (trendline) connecting the highs and
the slope (trendline) connecting the lows converge together to look like a triangle.
  Ascending Triangle
In the ascending triangle formation, the upper trend line is flat, while the lower line is rising. This occurs because buyers
are more aggressive than sellers. It is therefore a bullish continuation pattern which is completed when prices breakout to
the upside.
Descending Triangle
The descending triangle is basically a mirror image of the ascending triangle. In this case, the upper trend line has a
downward slope while the lower line is just horizontal. This occurs because the sellers are more aggressive than buyers.
Therefore, it is a bearish continuation pattern which is completed when prices breakout to the downside.
Wedges
Wedges are another form of continuation pattern since they also signal a pause in the current trend. They are somewhat
similar to triangles since they are identified by two converging trend lines.
The difference with triangles though is that wedges have a noticeable slant against the prevailing trend. Triangles usually
have a more horizontal direction. As a continuation pattern, a falling wedge in an uptrend is considered bullish. A rising
wedge in a downtrend is bearish.
 Pennant
A pennant is usually preceded by a strong move in prices, almost in a straight line, to resemble a flag pole or mast.
Usually, pennants are said to be flying at half-mast.
Flags
Flags are similar to channels. This continuation pattern consists of two parallel lines, acting as support and resistance.
The slope of the lines can be either positive, negative or zero. This depends on the prevailing trend.
Rectangles
A rectangle is another type of continuation pattern. Just like the name implies, it takes the form of two parallel lines where
prices are consolidating into a trading range. Therefore, this shows that the market is taking a pause from the previous
trend and will likely continue in the same direction of the trend once the price breaks out of the rectangle.

B. REVERSAL PATTERNS indicate that an important reversal in the trend is taking place.

The most important reversal patterns are:
b.1. Head and Shoulders & Inverse Head and Shoulders
b.2. Double Tops and Bottoms
b.3. Triple Tops and Bottoms
b.4. Spike (V)
b.5. Rounding (or saucer) Bottom

The head and shoulders pattern is one of the most famous and most recognizable of all reversal patterns. It must be
noted that there must be an existing prior trend to reverse in order for the pattern to be valid.
Prior to this pattern there was an uptrend. Prices are rallying higher with greater momentum to create the highest peak
which is called the head. The lower peaks on either side of the head are called shoulders. A neckline is drawn by
connecting the lowest points of the two troughs on either side of the head.
As prices breakout and fall below the neckline at the right shoulder, this signifies a reversal in the prior trend. A downtrend
now takes place
Inverse Head and Shoulders
Now let us take an example of an inverse head and shoulders pattern. It works the same way as a normal head and
shoulders pattern, the only difference is that the head is upside down!
Double Tops
The double top pattern is another type of reversal pattern which has two peaks at about the same level. These are the
highest peaks reached after an uptrend, where prices find strong resistance. Double top patterns signal a reversal from an
uptrend to a downtrend.

Double Bottoms
The double bottoms chart pattern is a reversal pattern that signals a change in price direction. It is basically the opposite
of a double top reversal pattern. This pattern signals the reversal of a downtrend into an uptrend.
Triple Tops
The triple top chart pattern is similar to the double top. All three tops should be approximately at an equal level. It does not
have to be exact, but very close. These three highs create a “resistance” level. Prices are unable to break resistance and
eventually reverse direction and the trend becomes a down trend.
Triple Bottoms
The triple bottom chart formation is the exact opposite of the triple top pattern. It is a bullish reversal pattern, meaning it
shows the reversal of the prior downtrend to an uptrend.
Spike (V) Reversal Pattern
Most spike reversal patterns (also called V-Reversal patterns) are formed after a sharp previous trend. Prices reverse
direction without giving any signals and as such this is known as the market turning on a dime
Rounding Bottom
The rounding bottom (saucer) pattern is another type of reversal pattern. Unlike the spike reversal pattern, it takes longer
to form and prices change direction very gradually. Saucers are usually spotted on weekly or monthly charts that span
several years.

Cause and Consequences

 butterfly effect is the sensitive dependence on initial conditions in which a small change in one state of a deterministic
nonlinear system can result in large differences in a later state. ... A very small change in initial conditions had created a
significantly different outcome.

Socratic Method is to achieve Critical Thinking

Definition
Critical thinking is the ability to reflect on (and so improve) your thoughts, beliefs, and expectations. It’s a combination of
several skills and habits such as:
 Curiosity, the desire for knowledge and understanding. Curious people are never content with their current
understanding of the world, but are driven to raise questions and pursue the answers. Curiosity is endless — the
better you understand a given topic, the more you realize how much more there is to learn!
 Humility, or the recognition that your own understanding is limited. This is closely connected to curiosity — if
you’re arrogant and think you know everything already, then you have no reason to be curious. But a humble
person always recognizes the limitations and gaps in their knowledge. This makes them more receptive to
information, better listeners and learners.
 Skepticism, a suspicious attitude toward what other people say. Skepticism means you always demand evidence
and don’t simply accept what others tell you. At the same time, skepticism has to be inwardly focused as well! You
have to be equally skeptical of your own beliefs and instincts as you are of others’.
 Rationality or logic. The formal skills of logic are indispensable for critical thinkers. Skepticism keeps you on the
lookout for bad arguments, and rationality helps you figure out exactly why they’re bad. But rationality also allows
you to identify good arguments when you see them, and then to move beyond them and understand their further
implications.
 Creativity, or the ability to come up with new combinations of ideas. It’s not enough to just be skeptical and knock
the holes in every argument that you hear. Sooner or later you have to come up with your own ideas, your own
solutions, and your own visions. That requires a creative and independent mind, but one that is also capable of
listening and learning.
 Empathy, the ability to see things from another person’s perspective. By seeing things from someone else’s
perspective, you can generate far more new ideas than you could by relying on your own knowledge alone.

The Paradox of Our Time

we have taller buildings, but shorter tempers;

pwider freeways, but narrower viewpoints;
we spend more, but have less;
we buy more, but enjoy it less

We have bigger houses and smaller families;

more conveniences, but less time;
we have more degrees, but less sense;
more knowledge, but less judgment;
more experts, but more problems;
more medicine, but less wellness.

We drink too much, smoke too much,

spend too recklessly,
laugh too little, drive too fast,
get angry too quickly,
stay up too late, get up too tired,
read too seldom, watch TV too much, and pray too seldom.

We have multiplied our possessions, but reduced our values.

We talk too much, love too seldom, and hate too often.
We've learned how to make a living, but not a life;
we've added years to life, not life to years.

We've been all the way to the moon and back,

but have trouble crossing the street to meet the new neighbor.
We've conquered outer space, but not inner space;
we've done larger things, but not better things.

We've polluted the air, and cannot care less;

we've split the atom, but not our prejudice.
We write more, but learn less;
we plan more, but accomplish less.

We've learned to rush, but not to wait;

we have higher incomes, but lower morals;
we have more food, but less appeasement;
we build more computers to hold more information to produce more copies than ever,
but have less communication;
we've become long on quantity, but short on quality.

These are the times of fast foods and slow digestion;

tall men, and short character;
steep profits, and shallow relationships.
 These are the times of world peace, but domestic warfare;
more leisure, but less fun;
more kinds of food, but less nutrition.

These are days of two incomes, but more divorce;

of fancier houses, but broken homes.

These are days of quick trips, disposable diapers,

throw away morality, one-night stands,
overweight bodies, and pills that do everything from cheer,
to quiet,
to kill.

It is a time when there is much in the show window and nothing in the stockroom;
a time when technology has brought this letter to you,
and a time when you can choose either to make a difference,
or to just hit delete...

strategic thinking
By J. Glenn Ebersole Jr.

Strategic thinking is a process that defines the manner in which people think about, assess, view and create the future for
themselves and others. One can apply strategic thinking to arrive at decisions that can be related to work or personal life

A sustainable successful future requires strategic thinking and involves developing a set of critical skills. What are they?

Here is a list.
The abilities to:

1: Use the left (logical) and right (creative) sides of their brain. This skill takes practice as well as confidence and can be
tremendously valuable.

2: Develop a clearly defined and focused business vision and personal vision. They are skilled at thinking with a strategic
purpose as well as creating a visioning process, and use both to complement each other.

3: Clearly define their objectives and develop a strategic action plan with each objective broken down into tasks and each
task having a list of needed resources and a specific time.

4: Design flexibility into their plans by creating benchmarks in their thinking to review progress. Then they use those
benchmarks to as a guide and to recognize the opportunity to revise their plans as needed. 

5: Be amazingly aware and perceptive. They will recognize internal and external clues, often subtle, to help guide future
direction and realize opportunities for them and their companies or organizations. Great strategic thinkers will listen, hear and
understand what is said and will read and observe whatever they can so that they will have very helpful and strategic
information to guide them. Strategic thinkers often have those "Aha" experiences while on vacation, walking, sitting and
relaxing or during many other activities.

6: Commit to lifelong learners and learn from each of their experiences. They use their experiences to enable them to think
better on strategic issues.

7: Take time out for themselves. Their time out may be in the form of a retreat; a walk in a special environment; relaxing in a
comfortable chair in the lobby of a historic hotel; or an afternoon in a quiet place with a blank sheet of paper or their laptop. 

8: Commit to and seek advice from others. They may use a coach, a mentor, a peer advisory group or some other group that
they can confide in and offer up ideas for feedback.

9: Balance their tremendous amount of creativity with a sense of realism and honesty about what is achievable in the longer
term. This ability to balance does not deter them in their thinking. Sometimes they refer to themselves as realistic optimists.

10: Be nonjudgmental. They don't allow themselves to be held back or restricted by judging their own thinking or the thinking
of others when ideas are initially being developed and shared. This is especially true during brainstorming to ensure a flow of
great ideas. There will be time to test the ideas afterward.

11: Be patient and not rush to conclusions and judgments. Great ideas and thoughts require time to develop into great
successes in the future to reach your defined vision.

Glenn Ebersole, strategic vice president for business development and marketing and a member of the strategic leadership
team at Hollenbach Construction

January 21, 2019

Intuition could be called “knowing without knowing why”, “thinking with your heart” or “gut feeling”.
Intuitive thinking is an unconscious process for rapid action, judgment, and decisions. Most decisions we make are
automatic.
Your brain develops unconscious habits for handling situations over time.
Our intuitions have been finely honed over evolutionary history for making quick decisions mostly in the social realm.
Using intuition, we translate our experiences into judgments, responses and actions. You rely on intuition when you make
decisions without concrete proof, scientific facts, psychological evidence, or active reasoning.
Intuitive thinking: it is unfocused, nonlinear, contains "no time," sees many things at once, views the big picture, contains
perspective, is heart centered, oriented in space and time, and tends to the real or concrete. Intuition comes into its own
where analytical thinking is inadequate: under time pressure, where conditions are dynamic, where the differentiation
between observer and observed is unclear. It works best where the observer has experience in the particular situation, is
difficult to teach in the classroom, eschews seeking the ‘best’ option in favor of the ‘workable,’ and is prepared to act on
feelings or hunches where explanations are either not required or there is no time for them. Intuition is experience
translated by expertise to produce rapid action.
Intuition is limited where the task is complex and uncertain, where the observer lacks experience, or the observation is
distorted by biases or fixed ideas. Its weakness is a tendency to produce a fixed attitude or mindset that ignores new data;
that is why the analytical thinking of the Enlightenment was so revolutionary. Intuition is ineffective for predicting the stock
market, or for discovering that the heart is a pump, or for dissecting a legal problem.
Two common use of intuition

Inference: An inference is a step of the mind, an intellectual act by which one concludes that something is so in light of
something else’s being so, or seeming to be so. If you come at me with a knife in your hand, I would probably infer that
you mean to do me harm. Inferences can be strong or weak, justified or unjustified.

Assumption: An assumption is something we take for granted or presuppose. All human thought and experience is
based on assumptions. Assumptions can be unjustified or justified, depending upon whether we do or do not have good
reasons for what we are assuming.
Four Theories on types of intuitive thinking
1. Emotional intuitive thinking. This has to do with your ability to immediately pick up on other people’s personality
traits or emotional states. You can see who they are, or how they are, without them having to say anything.
2. Mental intuitive thinking. This is about finding an immediate answer to a problem, without analyzing it. It’s very
common in people with jobs that require quick decisions, like firefighters or bomb technicians.
3. Psychic intuitive thinking. This means having the ability to choose the best path to overcome a personal
difficulty, without putting much mental effort into it. It also means being able to pick up on social and work-related
dynamics.
4. Spiritual intuitive thinking. This has to do with states of “enlightenment” or “revelations”. They’re more of an
experience than a fact. Buddhists talk about this kind of intuition more than anyone else, which has given it a
mystical quality.
Strategic thinking

There are five attributes of strategic thinkers:

 Understanding your place in the system
 Focusing on the goal
 Understanding past, present, and future events
 Asking the right questions
 Identifying opportunities
Habits of strategic thinkers

1. Anticipate : Most of the focus at most people is on what’s directly ahead. The people lack “peripheral vision.” This can
leave you vulnerable to rivals who detect and act on ambiguous signals. To anticipate well, you must:
Look for game-changing information at the periphery of your idea
Search beyond the current boundaries of your idea
Build wide external networks to help you scan the horizon better

2. Think Critically :Conventional wisdom opens you to fewer raised eyebrows and less second-guessing. But if you
swallow every management fad, herd like belief, and safe opinion at face value, you loses all competitive advantage.
Critical thinkers question everything. To master this skill, you must force yourself to:
Reframe problems to get to the bottom of things, in terms of root causes
Challenge current beliefs and mindsets, including your own
Uncover hypocrisy, manipulation, and bias in every decision

3. Interpret : Ambiguity is unsettling. Faced with it, you are tempted to reach for a fast (potentially wrongheaded) solution.
A good strategic person holds steady, synthesizing information from many sources before developing a viewpoint. To get
good at this, you have to:
Seek patterns in multiple sources of data
Encourage others to do the same
Question prevailing assumptions and test multiple hypotheses simultaneously

4. Decide: Many leaders fall prey to “analysis paralysis.” You have to develop processes and enforce them, so that you
arrive at a “good enough” position. To do that well, you have to:
Carefully frame the decision to get to the crux of the matter
Balance speed, rigor, quality, and agility. Leave perfection to higher powers
Take a stand even with incomplete information and amid diverse views

5. Align : Consensus is rare. A strategic person must foster open dialogue, build trust, and engage key stakeholders,
especially when views diverge. To pull that off, you need to:
Understand what drives other people's agendas, including what remains hidden
Bring tough issues to the surface, even when it's uncomfortable
Assess risk tolerance and follow through to build the necessary support
6. Learn: As your learning and idea grows, honest feedback is harder and harder to come by. You have to do what you
can to keep it coming. This is crucial, because success and failure--especially failure--are valuable sources of
organizational learning. Here's what you need to do:
Encourage and exemplify honest, rigorous debriefs to extract lessons
Shift course quickly if you realize you're off track
Celebrate both successes and (well-intentioned) failures that provide insight

Kinds of strategic thinkers

1.
1. Critical thinking means making reasoned judgments that are logical and well-thought out. It is a way of
thinking in which you don't simply accept all arguments and conclusions you are exposed to but rather have an
attitude involving questioning such arguments and conclusions. It requires wanting to see what evidence is
involved to support a particular argument or conclusion. People who use critical thinking are the ones who say
things such as, 'How do you know that? Is this conclusion based on evidence or gut feelings?' and 'Are there
alternative possibilities when given new pieces of information?'

2. Divergent thinking, also referred to as lateral thinking, is the process of creating multiple, unique ideas or
solutions related to a problem that you are trying to solve. Divergent thinking is similar to brainstorming in that it
involves coming up with many different ideas to solve a single problem.
When you use divergent thinking, you are looking for options instead of just choosing among the ones that are
already available. 

3. Convergent thinking is the process of finding a single best solution to a problem that you are trying to solve.
Convergent thinking works best in situations where a single best correct answer exists and it is possible to
discover the answer through analyzing available stored information. For example, if someone asked you what 2 +
2 is, you know there is only one solution that works and that you can use your understanding of addition and
numbers to find the best answer, which is 4.

4. Logical thinking is a process that involves moving from one related statement or thought to another, ‘twas
composed of two statements.

Two kinds of Statements

Antecedents are statements that are given to you.
Consequents are logical results of statements that follows the antecedents

5. Practical thinking is defined as considering ways to adapt to your environment, or changing your environment to
fit you, so that you are able to pursue a goal. Practical sense is sometimes referred to as street smarts or
common sense. Practical thinking is not concerned with gathering additional information or analyzing what you
already know in multiple ways. It is concerned with taking the knowledge that you already have and effectively
using it to solve problems in the real-world. In other words, practical knowledge is not concerned with gaining new
knowledge, but rather using or applying knowledge to guide some action.

What is a Network?
What are the Basic Elements of a Network?

We always encounter networks. They are everywhere. There are networks, for instance, at home, at school, in the
community, in the church, in the workplace, at the malls, and in nature. There are even networks inside our own bodies
(the cellular and neural networks, for instance). Furthermore, we always hear the word “network.” We often hear some
people talking, for instance, about their social network (that is, their friends in Facebook) and about networking (usually in
the business context).
Gross and Sayama (2009, vii) observe that the said word is also “one of the most influential buzzwords seen in almost
every corner of science, from physics and biology to economy and social sciences.”

But what is a network? Let us begin with how some scholars understand it.
For Anders Kariqvist (1995, 82), it represents “the idea of connections between entities in space.”
For Charles Kadushin (2012, 14), it “contains a set of objects … and a mapping or description of relations between the
objects or nodes.”
And for David Batten (1995, vii), it is “a system in which some elements are connected to other elements in a systematic
way.” For our purposes, we can think of a network as any system or group of interconnected people or things.

A network has three basic elements.

1. The first are the actors (or nodes). They are the entities that are interconnected in some systematic way. Actors
in networks are generally composed of humans (such as friends, peers, colleagues, co-nationals, and others),
non-humans (such as computers, nonhuman organisms, ecological systems, and others), or both humans and
non-humans (such as people who are operating machines). They can be individuals (such as individual persons
and particular computers) or collectivities (like corporations, teams, universities, governments, or other networks).

2. The second are the links (or ties) among the actors. Any collection or group of objects is not automatically a
network. What will make it a network is the existence of links among its objects or actors. Links refer to the
connections among the actors in networks. They define the relationships the exist among the actors. Links can be
any relationship like marriage, friendship, kinship, professional, and others.

3. The third are the flows, referring to the things that are being exchanged (given and received) by the actors
through their links. They are, as it were, what flow or pass through the links. The actors are not connected without
a reason. They are connected because there is something that they want to exchange with one another. Flows
are usually information (data or knowledge) and resources (such as money, people, goods, and equipment). But
flows may also be beliefs, power, norms, attitudes, and values.
Classifications of networks

1. Human and Non-Human Networks. Networks, in terms of their actors, can generally be divided into human and
non-human networks.
a. human networks are networks whose actors are humans. Examples are networks involving family
members, peers, classmates, colleagues, and co-nationals.
b. non-human networks are networks whose actors are non-humans. Examples are networks involving
televisions, radios, mobile phones, non-human organisms, computers, and railways.
c. both humans and non-humans as actors. Examples are ecological systems that involve both human
and non-human members of nature, and networks involving humans and machines such as those found
in some factories.

2. Social and Computer Networks. Basically, what we call social networks are human networks, for when people
connect with one another they are in effect socializing with one another. So social networks have been existing
ever since humans began to connect with one another. Nowadays, however, social networks are usually aided by
technology (by facilitating the links), in particular using telecommunication networks like the internet and mobile
phones, through e-mails and social networking websites like Facebook and Twitter. (Because of the current
practice of social networking to use these websites, these websites are sometimes referred to as “social
networks.”) With the use of these technologies, social networking has become convenient, fast, and wide-ranging.
a. A computer network is a group of interconnected computers exchanging information and sharing some
other devices such as a printer. The range or geographical coverage of a computer network varies from a
computer network at home and school to a computer network involving an entire country and whole world.
As computer networks are usually made the models for studying networks, some usually associate the
word “network” to computer network.
b. Social network is closely linked to computer network in that social networking today is done using
computer networks such as the internet.

3. Local and Non-Local Networks. A standard way of classifying networks is in terms of their geographical
boundaries or coverage. Networks, in this regard, are either local or not. Let us examine what this means
particularly in the contexts of computer and social networks.
a. A local computer network corresponds to what is called LAN, which stands for local area network. A LAN
covers a relatively small area such as a classroom, school, or a single building. LANs may be wired,
wireless, or a combination of both. A LAN is wired when it uses the transmission technology of Ethernet,
which connects devices through data cables. It is wireless when it uses the transmission technology of
WIFI, which connects devices through radio waves.
b. LANs are contrasted with WANs, which stands for wide area networks. A WAN covers a larger area,
such as cities, an entire country, or the entire world. A WAN actually interconnects multiple LANs to cover
a wide area. The internet is considered as the largest WAN. Though no longer recognized, an
intermediary level between LAN and WAN was previously identified. It was called MAN, standing for
metropolitan area network (which covered big cities).
Trends, Networks and Critical Thinking in the 21st Century
January 27, 2019

Collaboration is working together to create something new in support of a shared vision. ... 
Cooperation is important in networks where individuals exchange relevant information and resources in
support of each other's goals, rather than a shared goal.

Parts are the composition of the whole

Mereolgy = is the study of parts and the wholes they form

reflexive if every element of X is related to itself and the relation "is equal to" on the set of real numbers, since
every real number is equal to itself. Reaction or movement occurs immediately in response to something that
happens.

Transitory or transitive parts - such that, if it applies between successive members of a sequence, it must
also apply between any two members taken in order. For instance, if A is larger than B, and B is larger than C,
then A is larger than C
The relationship with the property that if the relation holds between a first element and a second and between
the second element and a third, it holds between the first and third elements equality is a transitive relation.

Antisymmetric - relating to or being a relation (such as "is a subset of") that implies equality of any two
quantities for which it holds in both directions

What is Globalization?

Globalization is simply the process through which integration and interaction of countries, companies,
and people across the globe. The process is as a result of the investment, outsourced manufacturing
and international trade.  All these are supported by information technology, with an aim of bringing economies
of various countries together. It is only through globalization that people, services, and goods get to move
freely across the world, in a manner that is linked and smooth.

Globalization has enabled international trade, thus allowing different countries to utilize competitive advantages
in terms of production. This means if two countries are producing the same product, but say country D
produces the product at a lower cost than country C, then country D will be producing and export the product to
country D.
How does globalization work?
Globalization is an economic concept that works by easing the movement of goods and people across
borders.  To ease the process, all investments, trade, and markets get integrated, and barriers get minimized
or eliminated, to ensure different nations enjoy the flow of goods and services.

What causes globalization?

The primary components that led to the integration of international market are:
 International finance.
 Multinational production.
 Trade.
The three components lead to variation in basic causes of globalization.  For example, various governments
possess all political incentives they need to regulate the movement of cross-border capital, but the revolution of
information technology has made it almost impossible.
Although governments have the ability to control multi-nationalization of production, the macroeconomic
benefits that they gain have made them not to control, but instead, liberalize the production increase.
When it comes to trade, the liberalization trend is greatly impacted by the rising interest of exporters to open up
domestic markets.  On the other hand, cross-national variations remain, when it comes to integration of
market.

How does technology drive globalization?

Technology is the main drive behind globalization, with enhanced technology leading to rapid increase
in globalization over the last century.
For example, people from all over the world can now share ideas within some minutes through the
internet, which has enhanced communication and connectivity.  In the 15th century, communication was
revolutionized, when the printing press was invented. Besides, communication was made swift than ever, when
email was introduced.
Similarly, you can now move around the world with ease, due to improvements that have been made in
transport, such as modern airplanes, ships, and trains which are faster.
Positive effects of Globalization.
It is not easier to discuss the extent of positive globalization in the world.  However, the positive impacts have
been experienced in various societal demographic segments. For example
 Global market
The privatization of industries owned by the state has enabled the emerging markets to be successful.  Most
of the companies are increasing the consumer demand through extension and expansion of their value
chain to international levels.  As a result, the positive effects of globalization are expressed by the rising
transactions across the borders.
Globalization has resulted in the formation of multinational corporations.  The concentration of corporations
in specific geographical economies has led to investment in other new geographical areas, where market
competition is very high.  Due to increased competition, the corporations continue to enlarge their market, in
order to enjoy the economies of scale. This is because globalization enables economies to compete fairly at all
levels, hence attracting investors.
 Competition
Competition in the market is largely due to globalization.  As a result, the positive effects are visible, since
global competition leads to products of high quality.  The enhanced quality of both products and services are
based on production approaches of customer demands and customer services.
For domestic companies to survive in the market, they are forced to raise their customer satisfaction levels, as
well as their standards, while fighting competition from foreign companies.  Besides, a global product must live
to its goodwill when it gets into a new country.  For example, the competition between Samsung and Apple has
raised the market standards, as well as the customer service.  Also, the two brands are living on their goodwill
to survive the competition.
 Culture
Globalization has resulted in numerous positive effects on culture. There is no single civilization that had all
good practices. Instead, the coming together of various cultures has made the world today a better place.  The
welcoming of people from various backgrounds and civilizations has resulted in the creation of new cultures,
thus leading societal growth.
 Legal effects
Human rights have been improved as a result of globalization since media coverage on violations of the
rights receives attention from all over the world. 
 Stable security
Although the effect cannot be seen directly, globalization has contributed greatly in enhancing the world
security. For example, it is extremely difficult to see two countries attacking each other if the economy of one of
the countries depends largely on the economy of the other country.
Irrespective of the many violence that is being experienced in the world today, it is evidently clear that if some
countries were not depending on each other’s  economy, deadlier conflicts could have or would occur, but all
have been halted by globalization. In most cases, the result is enhanced prosperity and democracy.
Negative Effects of Globalization
 Environmental Damage
Increased production means increased utilization of natural resources.  Besides, increased trade results to
increased transport, which uses fossil fuels.  As a result, pollution has increased, leading to climate change. 
The changes in climate are now a serious threat to humanity and the future of the world, all because of
globalization.
 Fluctuation in prices
Globalization has led to increased market competition, hence leading to fluctuation in prices.  For example,
developed countries like the USA have been forced to reduce their products prices, because countries such as
China offer the same products at cheaper prices.  This is because the production cost in China is lower than in
the USA. As a result, for developed countries like the US to withstand the competition and have customers,
they are forced to lower their prices.  The impact is adverse, as the ability to sustain social welfare in the US
gets reduced.
 Job insecurity
Due to globalization, most global economy jobs are insecure and temporary.  The impact is mostly felt in
developed countries since they can outsource cheaper white collar and manufacturing jobs.   For example,
wages and manufacturing costs are lower in India and China, making countries like US and UK to outsource
cheaper labor.  The effect is people in developed countries losing or having fewer jobs.

Summary

Defining and explaining the contested meanings of globalization is not an easy task. Globalization as a concept or
process must be read in a critical fashion and understood as being inherently uneven over time and space.

Globalization is quintessentially geographical in scope. Globalization is not only about the interplays between local,
regional, national and global scales, but also about interconnectedness, flows and uneven development in the world.

The strategic practices of transnational corporations, aided significantly by technological change, have been central to
shaping processes of economic globalization with respect to geographies of production, employment and, ultimately,
location.
Globalization is not just about economy, international trade and employment. Globalization affects all walks of life in
many different ways, from the cultural to the political. Contrary to some beliefs, processes of globalization have not
produced homogeneity or standardization in everyday life, but have instead brought much difference and diversity to
global society.

Globalization remains a highly emotive and uneven process throughout the world. Geographers have a key role in
unpacking and critiquing globalization in order to illustrate to others that globalization is uneven in scope and has
negative as well as positive impacts on people in their everyday lives.

Trends, networks and critical thinking in the 21st century

February 11, 2019

What is Climate change?

Climate change, also called global warming, refers to the rise in average surface temperatures on Earth. An overwhelming
scientific consensus maintains that climate change is due primarily to the human use of fossil fuels, which releases carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the air. The gases trap heat within the atmosphere, which can have a range of
effects on ecosystems, including rising sea levels, severe weather events, and droughts that render landscapes more
susceptible to wildfires.

Is climate change real?

There is broad-based agreement within the scientific community that climate change is real. The U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration concur that climate change is indeed occurring and is almost certainly due to human activity.

What are the causes of climate change?

The primary cause of climate change is the burning of fossil fuels, such as oil and coal, which emits greenhouse gases
into the atmosphere—primarily carbon dioxide. Other human activities, such as agriculture and deforestation, also
contribute to the proliferation of greenhouse gases that cause climate change.
While some quantities of these gases are a naturally occurring and critical part of Earth’s temperature control system, the
atmospheric concentration of CO2 did not rise above 300 parts per million between the advent of human civilization
roughly 10,000 years ago and 1900. Today it is at about 400 ppm, a level not reached in more than 400,000 years.

What are the effects of climate change?

Even small increases in Earth’s temperature caused by climate change can have severe effects. The earth’s average
temperature has gone up 1.4° F over the past century and is expected to rise as much as 11.5° F over the next. That
might not seem like a lot, but the average temperature during the last Ice Age was about 4º F lower than it is today.
Rising sea levels due to the melting of the polar ice caps (again, caused by climate change) contribute to greater storm
damage; warmin g ocean temperatures are associated with stronger and more frequent storms; additional rainfall,
particularly during severe weather events, leads to flooding and other damage; an increase in the incidence and severity
of wildfires threatens habitats, homes, and lives; and heat waves contribute to human deaths and other consequences.

Effects of climate change in Philippine cities ( by Pia Ranada )

1. More intense El Niño

The El Niño phenomenon occurs when the surface of ocean waters in the southern Pacific becomes abnormally warm.
The energy created by this warming is so great that it can create an imbalance in the weather in different parts of the
world. In Southeast Asia, it can lead to abnormally dry conditions. El Niño can also make other weather events like storms
highly unpredictable. Weather will have extreme highs and lows, making it "increasingly difficult to accurately predict
weather patterns for p urposes of planning and normal business operations," says a WWF-Philippines study.

2. Sea surface temperatures to rise

By the end of the century, sea surface temperatures are expected to rise by 1 to 4 degrees Celsius. This can lead to more
powerful storms because storms get their strength from heat rising from the sea.
In the Philippines, 4 and 5 degree Celsius spikes above the normal sea surface temperature have been recorded. Warmer
seas kill coral reefs and can thus lead to a decline in fish catch, putting food security in danger.

3. Ocean acidification
The shift in the Ph levels of our oceans can lead to widespread coral reef death. Because of the imbalance, shrimps are
not able to develop skins, oysters cannot develop shells. Fish larvae may not be able to develop bones. This further
endangers food security and the livelihood of fishermen.

4. Sea levels to rise by 4 to 6 meters

Current data show an increase in sea surface heights. Scientists say this is due to the melting of ice sheets in northern
portions of the globe like Antarctica and Greenland. Sea level rise by 4 to 6 meters can submerge low-lying communities
like Tacloban City which stands only 3 meters above sea level.

5. Tropical cyclones to intensify

The creation of tropical cyclones is already being recorded in areas where the phenomenon had never been observed. On
Nov 8, 2013, Super Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan), said to be the strongest storm in recorded history, devastated cities in
Visayas.

6. Rainfall, river flow and flooding to intensify

Monsoon rainfall in the Philippines will reach new highs and lows. Some parts of the country will experience an upward
trend in rainfall while other parts will experience an intensification of drought. These two extreme poles of weather will
make it more difficult for agriculture and aquaculture sectors which are highly dependent on weather.
Philippine cities are already experiencing unprecedented amounts of rainfall. In Tacloban City, rainfall increased by 257%
from 1998 to 2011. More rainfall will lead to more flooding and can trigger landslides in upland communities.
– Rappler.com

Democracy meaning- a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state.

What is democracy?
Democracy is simply a system of government where the citizens directly exercise their power, and have the right
to elect government representatives who collectively create a government body for the entire nation (like, a parliament).
Another way to say the same thing is that it’s a type of government that’s ruled by citizens, or in other words, people who
are members of a society. In a democratic government, people have certain basic rights that the government can’t take
away from them, and these rights are internationally recognized and guaranteed.

Anyone reading this is probably quite familiar with the word democracy. Thanks to years of schooling under our
collective belts, we know that democracy is a form of government that has played a major role in modern history.
Democracy dragged us away from archaic systems, such as authoritarian monarchies, into more liberal and rational forms
of governance.

Types of democracy
Every country interprets the meaning of democracy in their own particular way. With a wide range of different
geopolitical atmospheres, we see a large spectrum of democratic governments in existence around the globe.

The main types/forms of democracy are:

Direct democracy
Representative democracy
Presidential democracy
Parliamentary democracy
Authoritarian democracy
Participatory democracy
Islamic democracy
Social democracy

I want to try to shed light on some of the major types of democracy seen today.

Direct Democracy
A direct democracy is when citizens get to vote for a policy directly, without any intermediate representatives or
houses of parliament. If the government has to pass a certain law or policy, it goes to the people. They vote on the issue
and decide the fate of their own countries. The people can even bring up issues themselves, as long as they have a
substantial consensus on the issue. Even taxes cannot be raised without the public support!
When the population is small, educated and mostly homogeneous (at least politically), a direct democracy doesn’t
seem like a bad idea. Switzerland, for example, has had a long history of a successful direct democracy. This model of
democracy drives people to form parties for their own agendas. Comically enough, due to this system of governance, one
of the political parties in Switzerland is called, believe it or not, the Anti-Powerpoint Party. The party’s singular aim is to
prohibit the use of Powerpoint in office presentations!
However, most countries are too large and too complicated for direct democracy to work within their political
borders. In those cases, people prefer to elect representatives on their behalf, rather than vote on every single issue.

Representative Democracy
Representative democracy or indirect democracy is when people choose to vote for who will represent them in a
parliament. This is the most common form of democracy found across the world. Its emphasis lies on protecting the rights
of not only the majority of the people in the state, but also the minorities. By electing a more qualified representative, a
minority population would be able to vocalize its grievances in a more efficient manner.
Most of the representative democracies of the world consider themselves to be liberal democracies. This is
because they value the needs of their individual citizens more than that of the entire state. This is why in countries like
India and the USA, it is difficult to proclaim a state of emergency.
Some states, however, feel constantly threatened by outsiders or civil unrest. These states, such as Israel and
South Korea, prefer a defensive democracy over a liberal one. This is done so that the government can marshal an army
at a moment’s notice. There are also a number of other less liberal forms of democracy – from those that are almost
liberal in nature to those that are just shy of being dictatorships. One classic example of such a flawed model of
democracy is the Republic of Singapore.

However, we’re talking about democracy here, so let’s stick to the liberal ones, shall we?
A liberal democracy can take on different forms, since different countries have different needs and different ideologies.
The following types are just a few subsets of representative democracy.

Presidential Democracy
Under a presidential democracy, the president of a state has a significant amount of power over the government.
He/she is either directly or indirectly elected by citizens of the state. The president and the executive branch of the
government are not liable to the legislature, but cannot, under normal circumstances, dismiss the legislature entirely.
Similarly, the legislature cannot remove the president from his/her office either, unless the case is extreme. In a
presidential democracy, the head of state is also the head of the government. Countries like the USA, Argentina, and
Sudan employ this kind of democracy.

Parliamentary Democracy
A democracy that gives more power to the legislature is called a parliamentary democracy. The executive branch
derives its democratic legitimacy only from the legislature, i.e. the parliament. The head of state is different from the head
of government, and both have varying degrees of power. However, in most cases, the president is either a weak monarch
(e.g. the United Kingdom) or a ceremonial head (e.g. India).

Authoritarian Democracy
This is when only the elites are a part of the parliamentary process. The individuals of the state are allowed to
vote for their chosen candidate, but “regular people” cannot enter the elections. Therefore, in the end, it is only the ruling
elite that decide on the various interests of the state’s population. Modern-day Russia under Vladimir Putin is a classic
example of this type of governance. Even Hong Kong generally falls under the same category.

Participatory Democracy
The exact opposite of an authoritarian democracy is the participatory form of democracy. There are different types
of participatory democracy, but all of them yearn to create opportunities for all members of a population to make
meaningful contributions to the decision-making process. It empowers the dis-empowered by breaking up the state into
small networks and prefers to empower community-based grassroots politics. It values deliberation and discussion, rather
than merely voting.
Today, no country actively practices this form of democracy. Although the theories behind it are sound, the real-
life application of this approach is fraught with complications. However, many social movements, like the international
Occupy movement, the Bolivarian movement in Venezuela and the Narmada Bachao Andolan in India organize
themselves around a participatory model of democracy.

Islamic Democracy
This form of democracy seeks to apply Islamic law to public policies, while simultaneously maintaining a
democratic framework. Islamic democracy has three main characteristics. Firstly, the leaders are elected by the people.
Secondly, everyone is subject to the Sharia law – including the leaders. Thirdly, the leaders must commit to practicing
‘shura’, a special form of consultation practiced by Prophet Muhammad.
The only countries that fulfill these three characteristics are Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Other Islamic
countries, such as Saudi Arabia, fit the bill of authoritarian regimes better than that of democracies.

Social Democracy
As you can see, I tried to avoid including individual stances or opinions of varying political parties (such as a
religious democracy, i.e. political parties that advertise themselves to be the upholders of religious decorum). However,
one particular stance is worth mentioning. This is simply due to the sheer number of political parties that swear by it –
Social Democracy.
Social Democracy arose as a reaction to neoliberal policies in international economics. Under neoliberalism,
profit-making entities like multinational corporations can easily infiltrate other political states. They maintain a level of
sovereignty and mobility that no government can counter. The power of the political state seems flimsy in comparison.
Social Democracy aims at empowering the state over the mere whims of the neoliberal market. The state can
increase its expenditure by providing free alternatives to overpriced private ventures. It may focus on providing free
education or free healthcare, so that people don’t have to depend on profit-making corporations.

Important points AND IDEALS of a democratic system

They are:
1) Respect for basic human rights,
2) A multi-party political system paired with political tolerance,
3) A democratic voting system,
4) Respect for the rule of law,
5) Democratic governance, and
6) Citizen participation.
7)Checks and balances.
8) freedom of election and being elected;
9)freedom of assembly and political participation;
10)freedom of speech, expression and religious belief;

Suffrage is the right or exercise of the right to vote in public affairs. ... Any exclusion from the right of suffrage, or as it is
also called, the franchise, excludes that person from a basic means for participating in the political decision-making
process.

Crisis of representation', it is the increasing disconnect between citizens and political parties, system and it ruling body.

Politics of recognition owes its philosophical roots to Georg Hegel who postulated that the individual identity is
constructed through a process of mutual recognition between different persons or subjects. Thus, social recognition, or
acceptance, is essential for the development of one’s idea of self. Politics of recognition, as developed by political
philosophers inc luding Charles Taylor and Nancy Fraser, played an important role in the fight for the rights of
marginalized sexual, ethnic, linguistic or religious minorities, who saw themselves as both equal and distinct from the
dominant majority within a nation-state.

Crisis of democracy in the Philippines

1. Our history.
2. Elections.
3. The shift of the center of power.
4. Civil strife.
5.
6. Inability to resist foreign invasion.