BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LECTURE Note ON

3 Phase Induction Machines

By Mezigebu Getinet

1
2
 Out lines
 Introduction

 Construction

 Types Of Induction Machine

 Principles Of Operation Of 3 Phase Induction Machine

 Rotating Magnetic Field

 Slip And Rotor Speed

 Rotor Frequency

 Equivalent Circuit Model

 Power And Torque In Induction Machines

 Performance Characteristics

 Determination of Equivalent Circuit Parameters

3
Introduction
Three electrical Machines (DC, induction &
synchronous) are used extensively for electromechanical
energy conversion.

In these machines, conversion of energy results from the

following two electromagnetic phenomena.

1. When a conductor moves in a magnetic field voltage

is induced in the conductor: (generator action)

2. When a current carrying conductor is placed in a

magnetic field, the conductor experiences a mechanical
force (Motor action)
4
 Figure Electromechanical energy conversion
 In electrical system the primary quantities involved are
voltage & current
 In mechanical system, the analogous quantities are
torque & speed. The coupling medium between these
different systems is the magnetic field. 5
 The induction machine is the most rugged and widely
used machine in industry.

The induction machine has a stator and a rotor mounted

on bearings and separated from the stator by an air gap.

However, in the induction machine both stator winding

and rotor winding carry alternating current.

The alternating current (Ac) is supplied to the stator

winding machine.

6
 The induction machine can operate both as

a motor and a generator.

However, it is seldom used as a generator supplying

electrical power to a load.

The performance characteristics as a generator are not

satisfactory for most applications.

The induction machine is extensively used as a motor in

many applications.

7
 Large three-phase induction motors (in tens or
hundreds of horsepower) are used in pumps, fans,
compressors, paper mills, textile mills and so forth.

 Small single-phase induction motors (in fractional

horsepower rating) are used in many household
appliances, such as blenders, lawn mowers, juice
mixers, washing machines, refrigerators, and stereo
turntables.
‰ 8
 Advantages
Induction machine is the most widely used machine in
industries. They are well known by the following
advantages .

 It has very simple and extremely rugged, almost

unbreakable construction (especially squirrel cage type).

 Its cost is low(inexpensive) .

 It has sufficiently high efficiency.

 It requires minimum of maintenance.

 It starts up from rest and needs no extra starting motor and

has not to be synchronized.
9
Disadvantage
Induction machines has the following disadvantages

 Its speed cannot be varied without sacrificing some of its

efficiency.

 The speed is not easily controlled

 Large starting current

 They run at low and lagging power factor when lightly

loaded.

 Its speed decreases with increase in load.

 Its starting torque is somewhat inferior .

10
Constructional Features

 Three-phase AC induction motors are commonly used

in industrial applications. This type of motor has three
main parts,

1. Rotor

2. Stator

3. Enclosure

The stator and rotor do the work, and the enclosure protects
the stator and rotor.
11
 1. Stator
 The stator is composed of laminations of high-grade sheet
steel and is built up of sheet steel lamination of 0.4 to 0.5mm
thickness.

 Laminations are insulated from each other by means of

varnish coating or oxide.

‰
A three-phase winding is put in slots punched out on the
inner surface of the stator frame.

 It is made up of a number of stampings which are slotted to

receive the windings.
 The stator carries a 3-phase winding and is fed from a 3-phase
supply.
12
Fig. Stator and rotor laminations
13
2 Rotor
 The rotor consists of laminated ferromagnetic material,
with slots punched out on the outer surface.

‰
The frequency of the rotor flux is very low; as a result
thicker laminations can be used without excessive iron
losses.

‰
Two types of rotor construction is normally used for three
phase induction motor.

A. Squirrel-cage rotor: Motors employing this type of

rotor are known as squirrel-cage induction motors.

B. Phase-wound or wound rotor: Motors employing this

14
type of rotor are variously known as slip-ring motors.
 3. Enclosure

 Consists of a frame(yoke) and two end brackets (or bearing

housings ).

 Protects the internal parts of the motor from water and other
environmental elements. The degree of protection depends
up on the type of enclosure.

15
 Types Of Induction Machine
I. Squirrel-cage Rotor Induction Machines

II. Wound Rotor (Slip Ring) Induction Machine

16
 Squirrel-cage Rotor Induction Machines

 Almost 90 per cent of induction motors are squirrel-cage

type, because of it’s simplest and rugged construction.

 The rotor consists of a cylindrical laminated core with

parallel slots for carrying the rotor conductors,( bars of
copper, aluminum or alloys).

 One bar is placed in each slot

 The bars are short circuited at either ends by shorting rings.

 As the rotor bars are shorted, no external resistance can be

inserted in the rotor windings.

17
Fig. Cut-away view of squirrel cage Induction machine

18
19
 Wound Rotor (slip ring) induction machine
 ‰
This type of rotor is provided with 3-phase, double-layer,

distributed winding consisting of coils as used in alternators.

 The rotor is wound for as many poles as the number of

stator poles

 The three phase are starred internally.

 Other three winding terminals are brought out and connected

to three insulated slip-rings mounted on the shaft with
brushes resting on them.

 These three brushes are further externally connected to a 3-

phase star- connected rheostat. 20

Cont…

This makes possible the introduction of additional resistance in

the rotor circuit during the starting period

 for increasing the starting torque

 for decreasing starting current and

 for changing its speed-torque characteristic.

The wound rotor is short –circuited on itself just like the

‰

squirrel-cage rotor.
21
Cont…

Fig. Cut-away view of wound-rotor IM

22
23
Comparison of squirrel cage and wound rotors
The squirrel cage motor has the following advantages as

compared with the wound rotor machine

 No slip rings, brush gear, short circuiting devices, rotor
terminals for starting rheostats are required. The star delta
starter is sufficient for staring.
 It has slightly higher efficiency.
 It is cheaper and rugged in construction.
 It has bare end rings, a larger space for fans and thus the
cooling conditions are better.
 The greatest disadvantage of squirrel cage rotor is that
 It is not possible to insert resistance in the rotor circuit for
the purpose of increasing the starting torque.
‰ has a smaller starting torque and larger starting current as
compared with wound rotor motor.
24
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF 3 PHASE INDUCTION MACHINE

 When the 3-phase stator winding are fed by a 3-phase

supply, then a magnetic flux of constant magnitude but
rotating at synchronous speed is set up.

 The flux pass through the air gap sweeps past the rotor
surface and so cuts the rotor conductors which as yet
stationery.

 Due to the relative speed between the rotating flux and the
stationary conductors, an emf is induced in the latter
according to Faraday’s laws of electro-magnetic induction.

25
 Its magnitude is proportional to the relative speed between the flux
and the conductors.

 Since the rotor bars or conductors form a closed circuit, rotor current
is produced.

 Induction motor running at no load will have a speed very close to

synchronous speed and therefore emf in the rotor winding will be very
small.

 This small emf gives a small current producing a torque.

 As the mechanical load is applied on the motor shaft, it must slow

down because the torque developed at no load will not be sufficient to
keep the rotor revolving at the no load speed against the additional
opposing torque of load.

26
 Cont…
 As the motor slows down, the relative motion between the
magnetic field and the rotor is increased. This results in
greater rotor emf, rotor current and greater developed torque.

 Thus, as the load is increased, the motor slows down until the
relative motion between the rotor and the rotating magnetic
field is just sufficient to result in the development of the
torque necessary for that particular load.

27
 Rotating Magnetic Field
 When a 3-phase winding is energized from a 3-phase
supply, a rotating magnetic field is produced.
 This field is such that its poles do not remain in a fixed
position on the stator but go on shifting their positions
around the stator.

 For this reason, it is called a rotating field

It will now be shown that when three-phase windings

displaced in space by 120 degree are fed by three-phase
current displaced in time by 120 degree, they produce a
resultant magnetic flux of which is rotated in space.

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Cosine law

R2 =a + b -2abcosø
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
 Slip And Rotor Speed
 The difference between the synchronous speed Ns and the
actual speed N of the rotor is known as slip.

 it is usual to express slip speed as a percentage of the

synchronous speed .

36
37
 Rotor Frequency
 When the rotor is stationary, the frequency of the rotor
current is the same as the supply frequency.

 when the rotor starts revolving, then the frequency depends

upon the relative speed or on slip-speed.

Let at any slip, the frequency of the rotor current be fr . Then,

38
 Equivalent Circuit Model

 We now proceed to develop an equivalent circuit model that

can be used to study and predict the performance of the
induction machine with reasonable accuracy.

 For convenience, consider a three-phase wound-rotor

induction machine as shown in Figure below.

 If currents flow in both stator and rotor windings, rotating

magnetic fields will be produced in the air gap.

39
 Figure Three-phase induction machines equivalent circuit model

 Because they rotate at the same speed in the air gap, they
will produce a resultant air gap field rotating at the
synchronous speed.
 This resultant air gap field will induce voltages in both stator
windings and rotor windings.
 It appears that the equivalent circuit may assume a form
identical to that of a transformer. 40
Stator Equivalent Circuit

41
 Cont…
Note that there is no difference in form between this equivalent
circuit and that of the transformer primary winding.
The difference lies only in the magnitude of the parameters.
 For example, the excitation current Io is considerably large in the
induction machine because of the air gap.
 In induction machines it is as high as 30 to 50 percent of the rated
current, depending on the motor size where as it is only 1 to 5
percent in transformers.
 Moreover, the leakage reactance X1 is large because of the air
gap and also because the stator and rotor windings are distributed
along the periphery of the air gap rather than concentrated on a
core, as in the transformer.
42
 Rotor Equivalent Circuit

Note that this circuit is at frequency f2. The rotor current I2 is

43
 In an induction motor, when the voltage is
applied to the stator windings, a voltage is
induced in the rotor windings of the machine
 In general, the greater the relative motion
between the rotor and the stator magnetic
fields, the greater the resulting rotor voltage
and rotor frequency
 When the rotor is locked (or blocked), i.e. s
=1, the largest voltage and rotor frequency are
induced in the rotor
 On the other side, if the rotor rotates at
synchronous speed, i.e. s = 0, the induced
voltage and frequency in the rotor will be
equal to zero 44
  Therefore, the magnitude of the induced
voltage at any slip will be given by the
equation
ER  sER 0
 Where ER0 is the largest value of the rotor’s induced voltage obtained at s = 1
(locked rotor)
 The same is true for the frequency, i.e. the frequency at any slip

f R  sf e

The reactance of an induction motor rotor depends on the inductance of the

rotor and the frequency of the voltage and current in the rotor.

X   L  2 fL X R  r Lr  2 f r Lr
 2 sf e Lr
 sX R 0 45
Then, we can draw the rotor equivalent circuit
as follows

46
Now we can calculate the rotor current as
ER
IR 
( RR  jX R )
sER 0

( RR  jsX R 0 )

Dividing both the numerator and denominator by s , then we get

ER 0
IR 
RR
(  jX R 0 )
s

Where ER0 is the induced rotor voltage and XR0 is the rotor
reactance at blocked rotor condition (s = 1)

47
48
 Complete Equivalent Circuit

The stator equivalent circuit, and the rotor equivalent circuit

are at the same line frequency f1 and can be joined together.

However, E1 and E2 may be different if the turns in the stator

wining and the rotor winding are different.

Note that the form of the equivalent circuit is identical to that

of a two-winding transformer, as expected. X 2  aeff
2
X R0
R2  aeff
2
RR
IR
I2 
aeff
E1  aeff ER 0
NS
aeff 
NR 49
Approximate equivalent circuits
 If the voltage drop across R1 and X1 is small and the
terminal voltage V1 does not appreciably differ from the
induced voltage E1, the magnetizing branch (i.e. Rc and Xm),
can be moved to the machine terminals as shown in Figure
below

50
This approximation of the equivalent circuit will
considerably simplify computation, because the excitation
current (Io) and the load component (I'2) of the machine
current can be directly computed from the terminal
voltage V1 by dividing it by the corresponding impedance.

If a machine operates from a constant voltage and constant-frequency source, the
sum of core losses and friction and windage losses remains essentially constant at
all operating speeds.
 These losses can thus be lumped together and termed the constant rotational
losses of the induction machine.
If the core loss is lumped with the windage and frication loss Rc can be removed
from the equivalent circuit, as shown in Figure below

51
IEEE Recommended
Equivalent Circuit
 In the induction machine, because of its air gap,
 the exciting current Io is high of the order of 30 to 50 percent
of the full-load current.
 the leakage Reactance X is also high
1

 The IEEE recommends that in such situation, the

magnetizing reactance Xm not be moved to the machine
terminals (as is done in the above Figures), but be
retained at its appropriate place, as shown in Figure
below.
 The resistance RC is however, omitted, and the core loss
is lumped with the windage and friction losses.

52
 This equivalent circuit is to be preferred for
situation in which the induced voltage E1
differs appreciably from the terminal voltage
V1.

53
POWER and TORQUE in INDUCTION MACHINES

 An induction motor can be basically described as a rotating

transformer

 Its input is a three-phase system of voltages and currents.

For an ordinary transformer, the output is electric power from

the secondary windings.

 The secondary windings in an induction motor (the rotor)

are shorted out, so no electrical output exists from normal
induction motors.

 Instead, the output is mechanical.

54
 F.g power-flow diagram of an induction motor.
the stator copper losses, the core losses, the rotor copper losses
and rotational losses can be found. The stator copper losses &
The core losses in the three phases are given by,
55
so the air-gap power can be found as

the air-gap power can also be given by

The actual resistive losses in the rotor circuit are given by the equation

 Since power is unchanged the rotor copper losses can also be

expressed as
56
After stator copper losses, core losses, and rotor copper losses
are subtracted from the input power to the motor, the
remaining power is converted from electrical to mechanical
form. This power converted , which is sometimes called
developed mechanical power, is given by

Again
57
Cont…
Finally, if the friction and wind age losses and the stray losses
are known, the output power can be found as

The induced torque is given by

58
Cont…
The torque is also called the developed torque of the machine.
The induced torque of an induction motor can be expressed in
a different form as well.

59
Performance characteristics
 The equivalent circuits derived in the preceding section can be
used to predict the performance characteristics of the
induction machine.
 The important performance characteristics in the
steady state are:
 Efficiency
 Power factor
 current
 Starting torque
 Maximum (or pull-out) torque and
 etc.
1/13/2015 60
Torque-speed characteristics of IM
The induced torque in an induction motor is given by
Equation
Pconv
 ind 
m
PAG

sync
 The latter equation is especially useful, since the
synchronous speed is a constant for a given frequency and
number of poles
 The air-gap power is the power crossing the gap from the
stator circuit to the rotor circuit which gives the induced
torque.
61
1/13/2015
Refer to the equivalent circuit given in Figure below, the air gap
power supplied to one phase of the motor can be seen to be

R2
PAG ,1  I 2
2
s
Threrefore, the total air gap power is
2 R2
PAG  3I 2
s
If I2 can be determined , then the air gap power and induced
torque will be known
I2 is easily calculated by determining thevenin’s equivalent circuit
for the portion of the circuit

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Thevenin’s theorem can be used to transform the network to the
left of points ‘a’ and ‘b’ into an equivalent voltage source VTH in
series with equivalent impedance RTH+jXTH

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 jX M
VTH  V
R1  j ( X 1  X M )

XM
| VTH || V |
R12  ( X 1  X M )2

ZTH  RTH  jX TH   R1  jX 1  // jX M
jX M  R1  jX 1 

R1  j  X 1  X M 

64
1/13/2015
The simplified thevenin’s equivalent circuit is

Fig. c

1/13/2015 65
Since XM >> X1 and XM >>R1 , the magnitude of the thevenin
voltage is approximately
XM
VTH  V
X1  X M

Because XM >>X1 and XM+X1>>R1 , the thevenin resistance

and reactance are approximately given by
2
 XM 
RTH  R1  
 1
X  X M 

X TH  X 1

1/13/2015 66
From the circuit fig. c above, the magnitude of current I2 is

VTH VTH
I2  
ZT  R2 
2

 TH
R    ( X TH  X 2 ) 2

 s 

Then the air-gap power (PAG)

2 R2
R2 3V
PAG  3I 2
 s TH
2 2
s  R2 
 RTH  s    X TH  X 2 
2

 

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And the rotor induced torque is given by

R2
Pconv 3I 22
 ind  
Pconv

PAG
 s
m (1  s )s s s

2
 
 
3  VTH   R2 
 ind    s 
s   R2 
2
 
  2 
  RTH   ( X TH  X2) 
  s  

 R2 
2
3V   TH
 ind   s 
 R2 
2
2
s  RTH     X TH  X 2  
 s  
1/13/2015 68
Torque-speed characteristics
A plot of induction motor torque as a function of speed (and slip)
is shown in figure below

Fig. A typical induction motor torque-speed characteristic curve.

1/13/2015 69
Note
1. The induced torque is zero at synchronous speed.
2. The curve is nearly linear between no-load and full load. In
this range, the rotor resistance is much greater than the
reactance, so the rotor current, torque increase linearly
with the slip.
3. There is a maximum possible torque that can’t be
exceeded. This torque is called pullout torque and is 2 to 3
times the rated full-load torque.

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4. The starting torque of the motor is slightly higher than
its full-load torque, so the motor will start carrying any
load it can supply at full load.
5. The torque of the motor for a given slip varies as the
square of the applied voltage.
6. If the rotor is driven faster than synchronous speed it
will run as a generator, converting mechanical power to
electric power.

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 Complete Speed-torque Characteristics of
IM

Fig. Induction motor torque-speed characteristic curve. showing the extended operating ranges (braking region
and generator region).
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Maximum (pullout) torque
Maximum torque occurs when the power transferred to R2/s is
maximum (when the air gap power is maximum).
 This condition occurs when R2/s equals the magnitude of the
source impedance. i.e Zsouce = RTH + j (XTH + X2)
So the maximum power transfer occurs when

R2
 RTH
2
 ( X TH  X 2 )2
s
Solving the above equation for slip, the slip at pullout torque is
given by
R2
sT max 
2
RTH  ( X TH  X 2 )2 The slip at maximum torque is directly
proportional to the rotor resistance R2

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The corresponding maximum torque of an induction motor
equals
3VTH2
 max 

2s RTH  RTH   X TH  X 2 
2

The pullout torque is proportional to the square of the supply
voltage and is also inversely related to the size of the stator
impedances and the rotor reactance.

The smaller a machine's reactances, the larger the maximum

torque it is capable of achieving.

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Stator current
From IEEE recommended equivalent circuit, the input impedance is

 R '2 ' 
Z1  R1  jX 1  X m //   jX 2 
 s 
=R1  jX 1  X m // Z 2'
 R2' ' 
jX m   jX 2 
Z1  R1  jX 1  '  s 
 j  X m  X 2' 
R2
s
= Z1 1
The stator current is
V1
I1   I 0  I 2'
Z1 1/13/2015 75
 At synchronous speed (i.e., S = 0), R2'/s is infinite and so I2' =
0. The stator current I1 is the exciting current Io.
 At larger values of slip Z2'(=R2'/s +jX2’) is low and therefore
I2'(and hence I1) is large.
 In fact, the typical starting current (i.e. at S=1) is five to eight
times the rated current.
 The typical stator current variation with speed is shown in
Figure below

Fig. Stator current as a function of speed

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Input power factor
The supply power factor is given by

PF  Cos1 where  1 is the phase angle of the stator

current I1.
The typical power factor variation with speed is shown in
Figure below

Fig. Power factor as a function of speed

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Efficiency
 In order to determine the efficiency of the induction machine as a power
converter, the various losses in the machine are first identified.

 These losses are as illustrated in the power flow diagram.

 The efficiency of the induction motor is

Pout

Pin
PAG  Pin
P2  sPAG
Pout  Pmech  PAG 1  s 

The efficiency is highly dependent on slip. If all losses are neglected

except those in the resistance of the rotor circuit,
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And the ideal efficiency is

Pout
ideal   1 s
Pin

 Sometimes η(ideal) is also called the internal efficiency as it

represents the ratio of the power output to the air gap power.

 The ideal efficiency as a function of speed is shown in Figure

below. It indicates that an induction machine must operate near
its synchronous speed if high efficiency is desired.

 This is why the slip is very low for normal operation of the
induction machine.
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 If other losses are included, the actual efficiency is lower than the
ideal efficiency as shown in Figure.

 The full-load efficiency of a large induction motor may be as high

as 95 percent

Fig. Efficiency as a function of speed

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Determination of motor parameters
Due to the similarity between the induction motor equivalent
circuit and the transformer equivalent circuit, same tests are
used to determine the values of the motor parameters.
 DC test: determine the stator resistance R1
 No-load test: determine the rotational losses and
magnetization current (similar to no-load test in
Transformers).
 Locked-rotor test: determine the rotor and stator
impedances (similar to short-circuit test in Transformers).

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DC test
The purpose of the DC test is to determine R1.
A variable DC voltage source is connected between two stator
terminals.
The DC source is adjusted to provide approximately rated stator
current, and the resistance between the two stator leads is
determined from the voltmeter and ammeter readings.

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then
VDC
RDC 
I DC

If the stator is Y-connected, the per phase stator resistance is

RDC
R1 
2

If the stator is delta-connected, the per phase stator resistance is

3
R1  RDC
2

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No-load test

1. The motor is allowed to spin freely (run at no load, rated

voltage and frequency)
2. The only load on the motor is the friction and windage losses,
so all Pconv is consumed by mechanical losses
3. The slip is very small

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No-load test

4. At this small slip

R2 (1  s) R 2 (1  s)
 R2 &  X 2
s s
The equivalent circuit reduces to…

1/13/2015 85
5. Combining Rc & RF+W we get……

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6. At the no-load conditions, the input power
measured by meters must equal the losses in
the motor.
7. The PRCL is negligible because I2 is extremely
small because R2(1-s)/s is very large.
8. The input power equals

Pin  PSCL  Pcore  PF &W

 3I12 R1  Prot

Where
Prot  Pcore  PF &W

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9. The no-load reactance Xnl seen from the stator
terminal is input impedance is thus
approximately
X nl  X 1  X M

9. From the instrument readings at no load, stator

no-load impedance:

Vnl
Z nl 
I nl

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 and stator no-load resistance:
Pnl
Rnl 
I 2 nl

 Hence,
X nl  Znl2  Rnl2
 The rotational losses Prot (friction, windage loss and core loss)
are usually assumed constant and can be obtained from the
relation.
Prot   Pnl  mI nl2 R1 

Where: m is the number of stator phases and R1is the per phase stator resistance

 Thus the no-load test gives Xn1and the rotational losses PRot.

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Blocked-rotor test

 In this test, the rotor is locked or blocked so that it cannot

move, a voltage is applied to the motor, and the resulting
voltage, current and power are measured.

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The AC voltage applied to the stator is adjusted so that the
current flow is approximately full-load value.

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 The locked-rotor power factor can be found as
Pin
PF  cos  
3Vl1 I l1
 The blocked-rotor impedance
VLR
Z LR 
I LR
and the blocked rotor resistance
PLR
RLR  2
I LR
Z LR  RLR  jX LR
'

 Z LR cos   j Z LR sin 

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 Cont’d…
 Blocked-rotor reactance

X ' LR  Z LR
2
 RLR
2

RLR  R1  R2
'
X LR  X1'  X 2'

Where X’1 and X’2 are the stator and rotor

reactances at the test frequency respectively
R2  RLR  R1

f rated '
X LR  X LR  X 1  X 2
ftest 1/13/2015 93
Blocked-rotor test

X1 and X2 as function of XLR

Rotor Design
X1 X2

Wound rotor 0.5 XLR 0.5 XLR

Design A 0.5 XLR 0.5 XLR

Design B 0.4 XLR 0.6 XLR

Design C 0.3 XLR 0.7 XLR

Design D 0.5 XLR 0.5 XLR

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Speed Control of Induction Motors

 The synchronous speed Ns of an ac motor is related to supply

frequency f and poles P by the equation.
120 f
Ns 
P
 As regards induction motor, the rotor speed is given by

N r  (1  s ) N s
Where S is the slip
 It is found from the above two equations that the basic
methods of speed control of an induction motor are:
a) by changing the number of poles and
b) by varying the line (input) frequency.

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 By the above two methods, the synchronous speed of an
induction motor can only be changed. These methods are
applicable only to cage induction motors
 The slip can be changed by the following methods.
(c). by varying the input voltage
(d). by varying the rotor resistance
 The methods (c-d) are applicable to slip-ring (wound rotor)
induction motors, whereas only the method (c) can be applied to
machines with cage rotor.

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Starting of IM
 Most induction motors large and small are rugged enough that
they could be started across the line without incurring any
damage to the motor windings, although about five to eight
times the rated current flows through the stator at rated
voltage at standstill.
 However, in large induction motors, large starting current are
objectionable in two respects:
 First, the mains supplying the induction motor may not be of a
sufficiently large capacity.
 Second, because of large starting current, the voltage drops in the
lines may be excessive, resulting in reduced voltage across the
motor.
 Because the torque varies approximately as the square of the
voltage, the starting torque may become small at the reduced
line voltage that the motor might not even start on load.
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 Thus we formulate the basic requirement for starting:
 The line current should be limited by the capacity of the mains, but
only to the extent that the motor can develop sufficient torque to
start (on load , if necessary).
 A number of methods is available of for starting both cage-
rotor and wound-rotor motors:
Starting of squirrel-cage motors
 For cage motors, the choice of any particular method of starting
depends i.on size and design of the motor
i. capacity of the power lines and
ii. type of the driven load.

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 There are primarily two methods of starting of squirrel-cage
induction motors:
a) full-voltage starting and
b) reduced-voltage starting
 The full-voltage starting consists of DOL (direct-on-line)
starting only.
 The reduced-voltage starting has the advantage of reducing the
starting current, but it produces an objectionable reduction in
the starting torque, on account of the fact that torque is
proportional to square of voltage.
 Despite this, reduced-voltage starting is the most popular
method of starting three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors
and consists of
 stator resistor (or reactor) starting,
 auto-transformer starting and
 star-delta starting.

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 Cont’d…
Starting of wound rotor motors
 The methods used for starting squirrel-cage motors can also be employed
for starting wound-rotor motors, but it is usually not done so because then
the advantages of wound-rotor induction motors can't be fully realized.
 The simplest and cheapest method of starting wound-rotor induction
motors is by means of added rotor resistance, with full-line voltage across
the stator terminals.
 It has already been discussed that at the time of start, the addition of
external resistance in the rotor circuit of a wound-rotor induction motor
 decreases its starting current
 increases its starting torque (for a suitable external resistance) and
 improves its starting power factor.

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Thank you for
your
Attention
101