Cellular Networks

Cellular Networks.
Our Members
Contents
01 Introduction
02 Working
03 Benefits & Drawbacks
04 Characteristics
05 Movement From Cell To Cell
06 Cell Phone Networks

Introduction
What is a
Cellular Network?
Cellular network is an underlying technology for cell phones,

personal communication systems, wireless networking etc. The
technology is developed for mobile radio telephone to replace high
power transmitter/receiver systems. Cellular networks use lower
power, shorter range and more transmitters for data transmission.
Cellular Network
An example of a simple non-telephone cellular

system is a taxi drivers radio system where the
taxi company has several transmitters based
around a city that can communicate directly
with each taxi.
How does Cellular Networks Works?
Mobile communications follow the general principle of telephony:

connecting two remote users through the network equipment of
an operator responsible for managing the service. But unlike fixed
phones, in the mobile network, it is not copper wires or fiber optics
but radio transmissions that provide the final link.
A user’s mobile telephone communicates through the air with a

base station antenna, which in turn links to the central exchange
of the operator – a computer. This routes the communication to
the corresponding party on the fixed network or via other base
stations.
Benefits
01 It provides voice/data services even while roaming.
02 It connects both fixed and wireless telephone users.
03 It is used in areas where cables can not be laid out due to its wireless nature.
04 It is easy to maintain.
05 It is easy to upgrade the equipment.
06 The mobile and fixed subscribers are connected immediately with cellular network as soon as
cell phones are switched on. All the handshake signals between mobile and base station are
automatically exchanged.
Drawbacks
01 It offers less data rate compare to wired networks such as fiber optics, DSL etc. The data rate varies based
on wireless standards such as GSM, CDMA, LTE etc.
02 Macro cells are affected by multipath signal loss.
03 The capacity is lower and depends on channels/multiple access techniques employed to serve subscribers.
04 As the communication is over the air, it has security vulnerabilities.
05 It requires higher cost in order to setup cellular network infrastructure.
06 The wireless communication is influenced by physical obstructions, climatic conditions and interference
from other wireless devices.
Characteristics
PAGING
Paging takes place by sending the broadcast message to all the cells.
In mobile telephony systems, the most important use of broadcast information
is to set up channels for one-to-one communication between the mobile
transceiver and the base station. Paging messages can be used for
information transfer.
FREQUENCY REUSE
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access or FDMA is a channel access
method used in multiple-access protocols as a channelization protocol.
FDMA gives users an individual allocation of one or several frequency bands,
or channels. Multiple Access systems coordinate access between multiple
users.
Characteristics
CDMA
Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method utilized by
various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with the
cell phone standards called cdmaOne and CDMA2000 (which are often
referred to as simply "CDMA"), which use CDMA as an underlying channel
access method.
TDMA
Time division multiple access. A method of digital wireless communications
transmission that allows many users to access (in sequence) a single radio
frequency channel without interference by allocating unique time slots to each
user within the channel. Each frequency is broken into time slots through which
bits of data flow. TDMA is used in second generation wireless phone systems,
such as GSM.
Cell To Cell
RADIO TAXI NETWORK
In a primitive taxi system, when the taxi moved away from a first tower
and closer to a second tower, the taxi driver manually switched from one
frequency to another as needed. If a communication was interrupted due
to a loss of a signal, the taxi driver asked the base station operator to
repeat the message on a different frequency.
CELLULAR NETWORK
In a cellular system, as the distributed mobile transceivers move from cell
to cell during an ongoing continuous communication, switching from one
cell frequency to a different cell frequency is done electronically without
interruption. •This is called the handover or handoff.
Cell Phone Networks
The most common example of a cellular network is a cell phone

(cell phone) network. A cell phone is a portable telephone which
receives or makes calls through a cell site (base station) or
transmitting tower. Since almost all cell phones use cellular
technology, including GSM, CDMA, and AMPS (analog), the term
"cell phone" is in some regions, notably the US, used
interchangeably with "cell phone". However, satellite phones are
cell phones that do not communicate directly with a ground-
based cellular tower but may do so indirectly by way of a satellite.
Cell Phone Networks
There are several different digital cellular technologies,:

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO)
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE or GSM EDGE)
3GSM Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT)
Digital AMPS (IS-136/TDMA) Integrated Digital Enhanced Network
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Cellular Networks.

03 Benefits & Drawbacks

05 Movement From Cell To Cell

06 Cell Phone Networks

Cellular network is an underlying technology for cell phones,

An example of a simple non-telephone cellular

Mobile communications follow the general principle of telephony:

A user’s mobile telephone communicates through the air with a

The most common example of a cellular network is a cell phone

There are several different digital cellular technologies,:

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