Comprehensive Viva 405 - CMC
Comprehensive Viva 405 - CMC
Comprehensive Viva 405 - CMC
VIVA
[TCSS, CMC, STLD]
-Anand Lahoti
(07E31A0405)
CELLULAR AND
MOBILE
COMMUNICATIONS
MOBILE NETWORK
A mobile network is a radio network distributed over land areas
called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location
transceiver known as a cell site or base station.
When joined together these cells provide radio coverage over a
wide geographic area.
This enables a large number of portable transceivers (mobile
phones, pagers, etc) to communicate with each other and with
fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network, via
base stations, even if some of the transceivers are moving
through more than one cell during transmission.
Mobile networks offer a number of advantages over alternative
solutions:
• increased capacity
• reduced power usage
• larger coverage area
• reduced interference from other signals
CELL SIGNAL ENCODING
To distinguish signals from several different transmitters,
frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and code division
multiple access (CDMA) were developed.
With FDMA, the transmitting and receiving frequencies used in
each cell are different from the frequencies used in each
neighbouring cell.
In a simple taxi system, the taxi driver manually tuned to a
frequency of a chosen cell to obtain a strong signal and to avoid
interference from signals from other cells.
The principle of CDMA is more complex, but achieves the same
result.
Other available methods of multiplexing such as polarization
division multiple access (PDMA) and time division multiple
access (TDMA) cannot be used to separate signals from one cell
to the next since the effects of both vary with position and this
would make signal separation practically impossible.
Time division multiple access, however, is used in combination
with either FDMA or CDMA in a number of systems to give
multiple channels within the coverage area of a single cell.
FREQUENCY REUSE
The key characteristic of a cellular network is
the ability to re-use frequencies to increase
both coverage and capacity.
Radio waves are used to transfer signals to and from the cell phone.
As the phone user moves from one cell area to another cell whilst a
call is in progress, the mobile station will search for a new channel to
attach to in order not to drop the call. Once a new channel is found,
the network will command the mobile unit to switch to the new
channel and at the same time switch the call onto the new channel.
As the user moves from one cell to another, the handset sets up radio
links with multiple cell sites simultaneously.
A synonym for "cell site" is "cell tower", although many cell site
antennas are mounted on buildings rather than as towers. In
GSM networks, the technically correct term is Base Transceiver
Station (BTS), and colloquial British English synonyms are
"mobile phone mast" or "base station".
GSM FREQUENCY BANDS
Car phone
A type of telephone permanently mounted in a vehicle, these
often have more powerful transmitters.
Satellite phone
This type of phone communicates directly with
an artificial satellite, which in turn relays calls to
a base station or another satellite phone.
IP Phone
This type of phone delivers or receives calls over
internet, LAN or WAN networks using VoIP as
opposed to traditional CDMA and GSM networks.
In business, the majority of these IP Phones tend
to be connected via wired Ethernet, however
wireless varieties do exist. Several vendors have
developed standalone WiFi phones.
Additionally, some cellular mobile phones
include the ability to place VoIP calls over
cellular high speed data networks and/or
wireless internet.
CHANNEL REUSE AND SIGNAL STRENGTH
Channel reuse-
The concept of "maximum" range is misleading, however, in a
cellular network. Cellular networks are designed to create a mass
communication solution from a limited amount of channels (slices
of radio frequency spectrum necessary to make one conversation)
that are licensed to an operator of a cellular service. To overcome
this limitation, it is necessary to repeat and reuse the same
channels at different locations. Just as a car radio changes from
one local station to a completely different local station with the
same frequency when you travel to another city, the same radio
channel gets reused on a cell mast only a few miles away.
Signal strength-
In telecommunications, particularly in radio, signal strength
refers to the magnitude of the electric field at a reference point
that is a significant distance from the transmitting antenna. It may
also be referred to as received signal level or field strength.
Typically, it is expressed in voltage per length or signal power
received by a reference antenna.
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
Synchronous CDMA
Synchronous CDMA exploits mathematical properties of
orthogonality between vectors representing the data
strings. For example, binary string 1011 is represented
by the vector (1, 0, 1, 1). Each user in synchronous
CDMA uses a code orthogonal to the others' codes to
modulate their signal.
REASONS FOR WEAK SIGNAL
Rural areas-
In many rural areas the housing density is too low to make construction of a new
base station commercially viable.
Building size-
Large buildings, such as warehouses, hospitals and factories, often have no cellular
reception further than a few meters from the outside wall.
Multipath interference-
Even in urban areas which usually have strong cellular signals throughout, there are
often dead zones caused by destructive interference of waves which have taken
different paths (caused by the signal bouncing off buildings etc.).
Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.
Alternative Proxies: