BMC - Lime-1

LIME (CaO)
Lime (CaO)
• Major building material for Romans and
Egyptians
• Replaced by cement in modern era
• Calcium carbonate as raw material
• Obtained from calcination of limestone
(burning at 800degC)
Characteristics and Uses
• Possesses good plasticity
• Easily workable
• Stiffens easily and resistant to moisture
• Suitable for masonry works (high cementious
property)
• Shrinkage on drying is less as it has high water
retentivity
• Used in masonry and plastering works
• In manufacturing of lime bricks, artificial stone,
paints, glass, as stabilizer for soils
Source of Lime
• Lime stone from the stone hills
• Boulders of limestone from the beds of old
rivers
• Kankars found below the ground
• Shells of sea animal
Slaking of Lime
• Quick lime, obtained by burning limestone,
when sprinkled with water slakes within 10
minutes and becomes powder.
• It is then used for various engineering
purposes such as white washing, plastering,
making mortars and lime putty
• The process is also known as hydration of lime
Classification
According to the percentage of CaO and clayey impurities
1. Lean or Poor Lime

• CaO + MgO 80 to 85% (MgO less than 5%) & clayey impurities > 7%
• It sets on absorbing CO2 from atmosphere.
Characteristics
• Slaking requires more time and so it hydrates slowly.
• Its expansion is less than that of fat lime
• It makes thin paste with water
• Setting and hardening is very slow
• The colour varies from yellow to grey
Uses:
• It gives poor and inferior mortar
• Recommended for less important structure
2. Hydraulic Lime
• Clay - 5-30 %
• CaO + MgO 70-80% (MgO less than 5%)
• Excess water during slaking cause the lime to harden
• It sets under water
Characteristics
• Setting time varies from 2hrs to 21 days depending on clay
content
• Slaking also varies from mins to hrs (slow process)
• Dull white in color
• Very strong, so adopted where strength is required
Uses
In damp places
3. Pure or Fat Lime (soft lime)
• CaO + MgO > 85% (with MgO less than 4%)
• Im urities of clay and stones, < 5%
• It sets on absorbing CO2, from atmosphere
Characteristics
• Slaking is vigorous and the volume becomes 2-3 times, accompanied by sound
and heat
• It sets slowly in contact with air, and hence is not suitable for thick walls or in wet
climate
• If kept under water a fat lime paste does not lose its high plasticity and
consequently does not set and hard
• Pure white in color
• Not that strong as hydraulic lime
Uses
• In making mortar, matrix for concrete
• Base for distemper and in white wash
• Manufacturing of cement and metallurgical industry.
Classificafion (IS: 712)
Bureau of Indian standards has classified lime based on the
purpose of its use in construction.
Class A-Eminently Hydraulic Lime

• Used for making mortar and concrete for construction and
foundation works, i.e. for structural purposes
Characteristics
• Grey in color
• CaO and clay are 60-70% and 25% respectively
• Slakes with difficulty
• Sets and hardens readily under water with initial setting
time 2 hrs and final setting time 48 hrs
Class B—Semi Hydsaulic Lime
• Used for masonry mortars, flooring and for concrete in ordinary
constructions and plaster undercoat
Characteristics
• Grey color
• 70% CaO & 15% clay
• Slakes and sets at slow rate taking about a week to set under water
Class C—Fat Lime

• Used for finishing coat in plastering, white washing and with puzzolana in
mortars
Characteristics
• White color
• Slakes vigorously and increases to three times its original volume
• 93% CaO & 5-7% clay
• Non hydraulic
Class D—Wagnesium/Dolomi€ic Lime
• Used for finishing coat in plastering and white washing.
Characteristics
• White color
• 85% CaO & MgO
• Slakes promptly
• Sets slowly
Class E—Kankas Lime
• Used for making masonry mortars, plastering and white washing
Characteristics
• Grey color
• 20% CaO & 5% MgO and remaining impurities
• Slakes and sets slowly
Manufacturing Process
• Fat lime is obtained by burning limestone and hydraulic lime is
obtained by burning kankar
• Limestone is burned in vertical kiln which may be a tunnel or flare
shaped working on continuous or intermittent systems
• In the mixed-feed type, bituminous coal and limestone are fed into
top of the kiln and in alternate layers
• The mixed-feed kiln uses less fuel, but does not produce as high
grade product as the separate-feed kiln
• In the separate-feed type, the limestone is not brought into contact
with the fuel during the burning process: the fuel is burned in a
grate which is attached to the sides of the kiln and is so arranged
that the heat produced will ascend into the stack.
• Modern furnace fired lime kilns yield about 25-35 cu m of good
hydraulic lime per day.
Manufacturing Flow Chart

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LIME (CaO)

1. Lean or Poor Lime

Class A-Eminently Hydraulic Lime

Class C—Fat Lime

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