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    II. Plate Elements

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    yared sitotaw

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    II. Plate Elements

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    Plate

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    II. Plate Elements

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    Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 5.

    Plate and Shell Elements

    II. Plate Elements


    Kirchhoff Plate Elements:

    4-Node Quadrilateral Element

    z y

    Mid surface 4
    3

    x
    1 2
    ∂w  ∂w  t
    w1 ,   ,    ∂w   ∂w 
    w2 ,   ,  
     ∂x  1  ∂y  1  ∂x  2  ∂y  2

    ∂w ∂w
    DOF at each node: w, , .
    ∂y ∂y
    On each element, the deflection w(x,y) is represented by
     4
    ∂w ∂w 
    w( x, y ) = ∑  N i wi + N xi ( ) i + N yi ( ) i  ,
    i =1  ∂x ∂y 
    where Ni, Nxi and Nyi are shape functions. This is an
    incompatible element! The stiffness matrix is still of the form
    k = ∫ B T EBdV ,
    V

    where B is the strain-displacement matrix, and E the stress-


    strain matrix.

    © 1999 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 129


    Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 5. Plate and Shell Elements

    Mindlin Plate Elements:

    4-Node Quadrilateral 8-Node Quadrilateral

    z y z y

    4 4 7 3
    3
    8 6
    x x
    1 2 1 2
    t t 5

    DOF at each node: w, θx and θy.


    On each element:
    n
    w( x, y ) = ∑ N i wi ,
    i =1
    n
    θ x ( x, y ) = ∑ N iθ xi ,
    i =1
    n
    θ y ( x, y ) = ∑ N iθ yi .
    i =1

    • Three independent fields.


    • Deflection w(x,y) is linear for Q4, and quadratic for Q8.

    © 1999 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 130


    Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 5. Plate and Shell Elements

    Discrete Kirchhoff Element:


    Triangular plate element (not available in ANSYS).
    Start with a 6-node triangular element,
    z y 3

    4 6

    1 2
    t 5 x

    ∂w ∂w
    DOF at corner nodes: w, , ,θ x ,θ y ;
    ∂x ∂y
    DOF at mid side nodes: θ x ,θ y .

    Total DOF = 21.


    Then, impose conditions γ xz = γ yz = 0 , etc., at selected
    nodes to reduce the DOF (using relations in (15)). Obtain:
    z y 3

    1 2
    x

    ∂w   ∂w 
    At each node: w,θ x  = ,θ y  = .
     ∂x   ∂y 
    Total DOF = 9 (DKT Element).
    • Incompatible w(x,y); convergence is faster (w is cubic
    along each edge) and it is efficient.

    © 1999 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 131


    Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 5. Plate and Shell Elements

    Test Problem:

    P
    y
    C
    L
    L
    x L/t = 10, ν = 0.3

    ANSYS 4-node quadrilateral plate element.

    ANSYS Result for wc


    Mesh wc (× PL2/D)
    2×2 0.00593
    4×4 0.00598
    8×8 0.00574
    16×16 0.00565
    : :
    Exact Solution 0.00560

    Question: Converges from “above”? Contradiction to what


    we learnt about the nature of the FEA solution?
    Reason: This is an incompatible element ( See comments
    on p. 177).

    © 1999 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 132


    Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 5. Plate and Shell Elements

    III. Shells and Shell Elements

    Shells – Thin structures witch span over curved surfaces.

    Example:
    • Sea shell, egg shell (the wonder of the nature);
    • Containers, pipes, tanks;
    • Car bodies;
    • Roofs, buildings (the Superdome), etc.

    Forces in shells:
    Membrane forces + Bending Moments
    (cf. plates: bending only)

    © 1999 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 133


    Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 5. Plate and Shell Elements

    Example: A Cylindrical Container.

    p p

    internal forces:

    p
    p
    membrane stresses
    dominate

    Shell Theory:
    • Thin shell theory
    • Thick shell theory
    Shell theories are the most complicated ones to formulate
    and analyze in mechanics (Russian’s contributions).

    • Engineering ≠ Craftsmanship
    • Demand strong analytical skill

    © 1999 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 134


    Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 5. Plate and Shell Elements

    Shell Elements:

    plane stress element plate bending element

    flat shell element

    cf.: bar + simple beam element => general beam element.

    DOF at each node:

    w
    v

    u θx
    θy

    Q4 or Q8 shell element.

    © 1999 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 135


    Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 5. Plate and Shell Elements

    Curved shell elements:

    θz
    i w
    v

    i u θx
    θy

    • Based on shell theories;


    • Most general shell elements (flat shell and plate
    elements are subsets);
    • Complicated in formulation.

    © 1999 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 136


    Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 5. Plate and Shell Elements

    Test Cases:

    L/2
    q L/2
    F
    A
    R A
    80o R

    F
    Roof Pinched Cylinder

    F2
    F R F
    b
    A

    A F L
    F1
    F

    Pinched Hemisphere Twisted Strip (90o)

    ð Check the Table, on page 188 of Cook’s book, for


    values of the displacement ∆A under the various loading
    conditions.

    Difficulties in Application:
    • Non uniform thickness (turbo blades, vessels with
    stiffeners, thin layered structures, etc.);
    ð Should turn to 3-D theory and apply solid elements.

    © 1999 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 137

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